A PROJECT REPORT ON WHAT PEOPLE WANT IN THEIR NEWSPAPER

SUBMITTED TO EMPI B-SCHOOL, NEW DELHI IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE POST GRADUATE PROGRAMME OF RESEARCH & BUSINESS ANALYTICS

2008-2010

SUBMITTED BY

PALAK SHARMA

SUBMITTED TO MR. DAVID EASOW DIRECTOR, VC-MAGTICS

INDEX

SR. NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 03

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 04

3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 05

4 OBJECTIVE OF SURVEY 06

5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 07

6 INTRODUCTION 09

7 GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE 37 QUESTIONNAIRE

8 FINDING 49

9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 50

10 QUESTIONNAIRE

11 SPREADSHEET

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2

BEFORE I GO ON TO ELABORATE AND EXPLAIN THIS EXHAUSTIVE PIECE OF WORK, I WOULD FIRST AND FOREMOST LIKE TO EXPRESS MY HEARTFELT GRATITUDE TO A FEW PEOPLE WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF MY THESIS.

HEADING THE LIST IS MY GUIDE MR. SANDEEP SHARMA AND OTHER PEOPLE IN MARKETING DEPARTMENT, MY EDUCATIONAL GUIDE MR. NISHIKANT BELE AND MY HOD MR. DAVID EASOW WITHOUT WHOSE INVALUABLE SUPPORT AND CONSTANT GUIDANCE THIS THESIS WOULD NOT HAVE SEEN THE LIGHT OF DAY.

3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

THE COMPILED REPORT SIGNIFIES THE STUDY WHICH HAS BEEN ON TOPIC ³ WHAT PEOPLE WANT IN THEIR NEWSPAPER´.THIS SURVY IS DONE UNDER DANIK BHASKAR .THE SAMPLE SIZE TAKEN IS 100. AND ALL RESPONDENT WERE DIVIDED IN DIFFERENT SEGMENTS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR OCCUPATIONS.THEREFORE 20 STUDENTS , 20 WORKING WOMEN, 20 WORKING MEN,AND 20 RETIRED PEOPLE WERE CONSIDED.THE WHOLE SURVEY WAS DONE IN 2 MONTHS . THE WHOLE DATA IS INTERPRETED AND ANALYSED ON MICROSOFT EXCEL. THE FOLLOWING IS THE CONCLUSIONS OF MY SURVEY: FEW YEARS BACK MOBILE CONNECTIONS WERE NOT COMMON AMONG THE STUDENTS. BUT WITH THE MOBILE REVOLUTION NOW WE CAN FIND ALMOST EVERY STUDENT WITH MOBILE PHONE. MOST OF THE STUDENTS PREFER PREPAID CONNECTIONS THAN POSTPAID CONNECTIONS.MOST PREFERRED CELLULAR COMPANY AMONGST THE STUDENTS IS AIRTEL AND THE LEAST PREFERRED COMPANY IS RELIANCE.MOSTLY THE STUDENTS ARE SATISFIED WITH THE SERVICES PROVIDED BY THE DIFFERENT CELLULAR COMPANIES. MAXIMUM NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS WERE ATTRACTED TOWARDS THE COVERAGE FACILITY AND THE LEAST LIKE THE ROAMING SERVICES. T.V. AND INTERNET ARE THE BEST MEDIA ADVERTISEMENTS THAT PUT MORE IMPACT ON THE STUDENTS BUYING DECISIONS.THE MONTHLY EXPENSE OF MAXIMUM STUDENTS WAS RANGING FROM 150-300. MAXIMUM NUMBER OF STUDENTS ARE LOYAL TO THERE PARTICULAR SERVICE PROVIDERS AND THEY WERE USING THERE CONNECTIONS SINCE 2 YEARS.

4

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

AS LEARNING IS A HUMAN ACTIVITY AND IS AS NATURAL, AS

BREATHING. DESPITE OF THE FACT THAT LEARNING IS ALL PERVASIVE

IN OUR LIVES, PSYCHOLOGISTS DO NOT AGREE ON HOW LEARNING

TAKES PLACE. HOW INDIVIDUALS LEARN IS A MATTER OF INTEREST TO

MARKETERS. THEY WANT TO TEACH CONSUMERS IN THEIR ROLES AS

THEIR ROLES AS CONSUMERS. THEY WANT CONSUMERS TO LEARN

ABOUT THEIR PRODUCTS, PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES, POTENTIAL

CONSUMERS BENEFIT, HOW TO USE, MAINTAIN OR EVEN DISPOSE OF

THE PRODUCT AND NEW WAYS OF BEHAVING THAT WILL SATISFY NOT

ONLY THE CONSUMER¶S NEEDS, BUT THE MARKETER¶S OBJECTIVES.

THE SCOPE OF MY STUDY RESTRICTS ITSELF TO THE ANALYSIS OF

STUDENTS PREFERENCES, PERCEPTION OF DIFFERENT MOBILE SERVICE

PROVIDERS. THE SCOPE OF MY STUDY IS ALSO RESTRICTS ITSELF TO

DELHI ONLY.

5

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

THE SUBJECT MATTER FOR THIS RESEARCH PROJECT IS TO STUDY THE

STUDENTS PREFERENCE TOWARDS THE VARIOUS MOBILE SERVICE

PROVIDERS IN DELHI. THIS PROJECT CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT

OBJECTIVES. THEY ARE AS FOLLOWS:

 TO KNOW ABOUT WHAT PEOPLE WANT IN THEIR NEWS PAPER

ESPECIALLY IN DANIK BHASKAR.

 TO FIND OUT THE PEOPLE SATISFACTION TOWARDS THEIR

NEWSPAPER ESPECIALLY DANIK BHASKAR.

 TO KNOW WHAT MAKE THEM TO BUY THAT NEWSPAPER.

 TO KNOW WHAT THEY WANT TO CHANGE IN THEIR

NEWSPAPER AND WHY

6

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

SURVEY DESIGN:

THE STUDY IS A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY BECAUSE THE DATA WERE

COLLECTED AT A SINGLE POINT OF TIME. FOR THE PURPOSE OF

PRESENT STUDY A RELATED SAMPLE OF POPULATION WAS SELECTED ON

THE BASIS OF CONVENIENCE.

SAMPLE SIZE AND DESIGN:

A SAMPLE OF 100 PEOPLE WAS TAKEN ON THE BASIS OF

CONVENIENCE..

RESEARCH PERIOD:

RESEARCH WORK IS ONLY CARRIED FOR 2 MONTHS.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT:

THIS WORK IS CARRIED OUT THROUGH SELF-ADMINISTERED

QUESTIONNAIRES. THE QUESTIONS INCLUDED WERE OPEN ENDED,

DICHOTOMOUS AND OFFERED MULTIPLE CHOICES.

DATA COLLECTION:

THE DATA, WHICH IS COLLECTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF STUDY, IS

DIVIDED INTO 2 BASES:

 PRIMARY SOURCE: THE PRIMARY DATA COMPRISES

INFORMATION SURVEY OF WHAT PEOPLE LIKE IN THEIR

NEWSPAPER AND WHAT THEY WANT TO CHANGE.THE DATA HAS

BEEN COLLECTED DIRECTLY FROM RESPONDENT WITH THE

HELPOF STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRES.

7  SECONDARY SOURCE: THE SECONDARY DATA IS BEEN

COLLECTED FROM INTERNET AND REFERENCES FROM LIBRARY.

 DATA ANALYSIS:

THE DATA IS ANALYZED ON THE BASIS OF SUITABLE TABLES

BY USING MICROSOFT EXCEL. THE TECHNIQUE THAT I HAVE USED IS

BAR GRAPHS AND PIE CHATS .

8 COMPANY PROFILE

INTRODUCTION OF DANIK BHASKAR GROUP

VISION MEETS MISSION

³BHASKAR GROUP HAS A DREAM TO CREATE A NICHE FOR ITSELF IN THE INTERNATIONAL MEDIA SCENARIO´.

BHASKAR HAVE ROOTS IN INDIA BUT THEIR ACTIONS AND THOUGHTS ARE OF WORLD STANDARD. THEY WOULD STAND BEST IN THE WORLD AND IMPLEMENT THEIR THOUGHTS AS PER THE LOCAL REQUIRMENTS, WHICH WOULD ENABLE THEM TO EMERGE AS A STRONG MEDIA GROUP IN FUTURE .THEIR EFFORTS IN THIS DIRECTION WILL NOT BE LIMITED TO THE NEWSPAPER ALONE. THEY WILL MARCH AHEAD THE TIME AND WOULD REACH WHER THEIR CONSUMERS ARE.

9

PRICIPLES OF BHASKAR GROUP

1) THEIR ACTION AND THOUGHTS ARE BASED ON FOLLOWING PRINCIPLES:

y ENTERPRENEURSHIP y AMBITION y INNOVATION y PROFESSIONALISM

2) THEY ARE TOTALLY PROFESSIONAL AND COMMITED TO A GOAL. THERE MIGHT BE

10

INTRODUCTION .

HISTORY OF NEWSPAPER A newspaper is a publication containing news, information, and advertising. General- interest newspapers often feature articles on political events, crime, business, art/entertainment, society and sports. Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing columns that express the personal opinions of writers. Supplementary sections may contain advertising, comics, and coupons. Newspapers are most often published on a daily or weekly basis, and they usually focus on one particular geographic area where most of their readers live. Despite recent setbacks in circulation and profits, newspapers are still the most iconic outlet for news and other types of written journalism. Features a newspaper may include are: Editorial opinions and op-eds Comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords, sudoku and horoscopes Weather news and forecasts Advice, gossip, food and other columns Critical reviews of movies, plays, restaurants, etc. Classified ads

11 A MODERN REMAKE OF KAI YUAN ZA BAO

In Ancient Rome, Acta Diurna, or government announcement bulletins, were made public by Julius Caesar. They were carved on stone or metal and posted in public places. In China, early government-produced news sheets, called tipao, circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao (³Bulletin of the Court´) of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582 there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming Dynasty;[1] In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly Notizie scritte, which cost one gazetta.[2] These avvisi were handwritten newsletters used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently throughout Europe, and more specifically Italy, during the early modern era (1500-1700CE) ² sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered as fully being ones.[3]

[edit] Modern era Newspapers printed with movable type date to the beginning of the 17th century.

[edit] Asia

By 1638 the Peking Gazette had switched from woodblock print to movable type.[1]

[edit] Europe Johann Carolus¶ Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien, published in 1605 in Strassburg, is often recognized as the first newspaper. Strassburg was a free imperial city at that time in Germany; the first newspaper of today¶s Germany was the Avisa, published in 1609 in Augsburg. The Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. of 1618 was the first to appear in folio- rather than quarto-size. Amsterdam, a center of world trade, quickly became home to newspapers in many languages, often before they were published in their own country.[4] 12 The first English-language newspaper, Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc., was published in Amsterdam in 1620. A year and a half later, Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the Low Countreys. Was published in England by an ³N.B.´ (generally thought to be either Nathaniel Butter or Nicholas Bourne) and Thomas Archer.[5] The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, La Gazette (originally published as Gazette de France).[2] Post- och Inrikes Tidningar (founded as Ordinari Post Tijdender) was first published in Sweden in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence, though it now publishes solely online.[6] Opregte Haarlemsche Courant from Haarlem, first published in 1656, is the oldest paper still printed. It was forced to merge with the newspaper Haarlems Dagblad in 1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Since then the Haarlems Dagblad appears with the subtitle Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656 and considers itself to be the oldest newspaper still publishing. The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant, was published from 1702 to 1735.[4][7]

UNTITLED WATERCOLOR OF A MAN READING A NEWSPAPER, ABOUT 1863, BY HENRY LOUIS STEPHENS. THE PAPER¶S HEADLINE REPORTS THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

13

NORTH AMERICA In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick. This is considered the first newspaper in the American colonies even though only one edition was published before the paper was suppressed by the government. In 1704, the governor allowed The Boston News-Letter to be published and it became the first continuously published newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began publishing in New York and Philadelphia. These early newspapers followed the British format and were usually four pages long. They mostly carried news from Britain and content depended on the editor¶s interests. In 1783, the Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first American daily. In 1751, John Bushell published the Halifax Gazette, the first Canadian newspaper.

FRONT PAGE OF THE NEW YORK TIMES ON ARMISTICE DAY, NOVEMBER 11, 1918.

[edit] Industrial Revolution 14 By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences.[8] Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated means of communication. In 1814, The Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per minute.[9] Soon, it was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population. In 1830, the first penny press newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walter¶s Boston Transcript.[10] Penny press papers cost about one sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience.[11]

[edit] Impact of television and Internet

By the late 1990s the availability of news via 24-hour television channels and then the Internet posed an ongoing challenge to the business model of most newspapers in developed countries. Paid circulation has declined, while advertising revenue ² which makes up the bulk of most newspapers¶ income ² has been shifting from print to the new media, resulting in a general decline in profits. Many newspapers around the world launched online editions in an attempt to follow or stay ahead of their audience. However, in the rest of the world, cheaper printing and distribution, increased literacy, the growing middle class and other factors have more than compensated for the emergence of electronic media and newspapers continue to grow.[12]

[edit] Categories

While most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually geographically defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by their interests than their location: for example, there are daily and weekly business newspapers and sports newspapers. More specialist still are some weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed within limited areas; these may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations, or the local gay community.

[edit] 15 Daily A daily newspaper is issued every day, sometimes with the exception of Sundays and some national holidays. Saturday and, where they exist, Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more specialized sections and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically, the majority of these newspapers¶ staff work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and Monday editions largely depend on content done in advance or content that is syndicated. Most daily newspapers are published in the morning. Afternoon or evening papers are aimed more at commuters and office workers.

[edit] Weekly Weekly newspapers are common and tend to be smaller than daily papers. In some cases, there also are newspapers that are published twice or three times a week. In the United States, such newspapers are generally still classified as weeklies.

[edit] National Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a national newspaper, as contrasted with a local newspaper serving a city or region. In the United Kingdom, there are numerous national newspapers, including The Independent, The Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Observer, The Daily Mail, The Sun, The Daily Express and The Daily Mirror. In the United States and Canada, there are few national newspapers. Almost every market has one or two newspapers that dominate the area. Certain newspapers, notably The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and USA Today in the US, and The Globe and Mail and The National Post in Canada are available throughout the country. Large metropolitan newspapers with also have expanded distribution networks and, with effort, can be found outwith their normal area.

International There is also a small group of newspapers which may be LrganizesLzed as international newspapers. Some, such as Christian Science Monitor and The International Herald Tribune, have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers or ³international editions´ of national-scale or large metropolitan newspapers. Often these international editions are scaled down to remove articles that might not interest 16 the wider range of readers. As English has become the international language of business and technology, many newspapers formerly published only in non-English languages have also developed English-language editions. In places as varied as Jerusalem and Bombay (Mumbai), newspapers are printed to a local and international English-speaking public. The advent of the Internet has also allowed the non-English newspapers to put out a scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a global outreach. With the introduction of the Internet, web-based ³newspapers´ have also started to be produced as online-only publications, like the Southport Reporter.[13] To be a Web-Only newspaper they must be web-published only and must not be part of or have any connection to hard-copy formats. To be classed as an Online Only Newspaper, the paper must also be regularly updated at a regular time and keep to a fixed news format[citation needed], like a hardcopy newspaper. They must also be only published by professional media companies and regarded under the national/international press rules and regulations[14] unlike blog[15] sites and other news websites, it is run as a newspaper and is recognized by media groups in the UK, like the NUJ and/or the IFJ. Also they fall under the UK¶s PCC rules.

[edit] Employment

Job titles within the newspaper industry vary greatly. In the United States, the overall manager of the newspaper ² sometimes also the owner ² may be termed the publisher. This usage is less common outside the U.S., but throughout the English- speaking world the person responsible for content is usually referred to as the editor. Variations on this title such as editor-in-chief, executive editor, and so on, are common.

[edit] Zoned and other editions

Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and editioning. Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to reflect the location to which the product is delivered. The editorial content often may change merely to reflect changes in advertising ² the quantity and layout of which affects the space available for editorial ² or may contain region-specific news. In rare instances, the advertising may not change from one zone to another, but there will be different region -specific editorial content. As the content can vary widely, zoned editions are often produced in 17 parallel. Editioning occurs in the main sections as news is updated throughout the night. The advertising is usually the same in each edition (with the exception of zoned regionals, in which it is often the µB¶ section of local news that undergoes advertising changes). As each edition represents the latest news available for the next press run, these editions are produced linearly, with one completed edition being copied and updated for the next edition. The previous edition is always copied to maintain a Newspaper of Record and to fall back on if a quick correction is needed for the press. For example, both the New York Times and Wall Street Journal offer a regional edition, printed through a local contractor, and featuring locale specific content. The Journal¶s global advertising rate card provides a good example of editioning.[16]

FORMAT

Most modern newspapers are in one of three sizes: Broadsheets: 600 mm by 380 mm (23½ by 15 inches), generally associated with more intellectual newspapers, although a trend towards ³compact´ newspapers is changing this. Tabloids: half the size of broadsheets at 380 mm by 300 mm (15 by 11¾ inches), and often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to broadsheets. Examples: The Sun, The National Enquirer, The National Ledger, The Star Magazine, New York Post, the Chicago Sun-Times, The Globe. Berliner or Midi: 470 mm by 315 mm (18½ by 12¼ inches) used by European papers such as Le Monde in France, La Stampa in Italy, El Pais in Spain and, since 12 18 September 2005, The Guardian in the United Kingdom. Newspapers are usually printed on inexpensive, off-white paper known as newsprint. Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality letterpress printing to higher-quality, four-color process, offset printing. In addition, desktop computers, word processing software, graphics software, digital cameras and digital prepress and typesetting technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative layouts and better design. To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on coloured newsprint. For example, the Financial Times is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, and the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport is printed on pink paper. Sheffield¶s weekly sports publication derives its name, the ³Green ¶Un´, from the traditional colour of its paper, while L¶Équipe (formerly L¶Auto) is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major cycling races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; thus, the leader in the Giro d¶Italia wears a pink jersey.

[edit] Circulation and readership

THE NUMBER OF COPIES DISTRIBUTED, EITHER ON AN AVERAGE DAY OR ON PARTICULAR DAYS (TYPICALLY SUNDAY), IS CALLED THE NEWSPAPER¶S CIRCULATION AND IS ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL FACTORS USED TO SET ADVERTISING RATES. CIRCULATION IS NOT NECESSARILY THE SAME AS COPIES SOLD, SINCE SOME COPIES OR NEWSPAPERS ARE DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT COST. READERSHIP FIGURES MAY BE HIGHER THAN CIRCULATION FIGURES BECAUSE MANY COPIES ARE READ BY MORE THAN ONE PERSON, ALTHOUGH THIS IS OFFSET BY THE NUMBER OF COPIES DISTRIBUTED BUT NOT READ (ESPECIALLY FOR THOSE DISTRIBUTED FREE).

NEWSPAPER VENDOR, PADDINGTON, LONDON, FEBRUARY 2005

19 According to the Guinness Book of Records, the daily circulation of the Soviet newspaper Trud exceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the Soviet weekly Argumenty i Fakty boasted the circulation of 33,500,000 in 1991. According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers ²the Yomiuri Shimbun, Asahi Shimbun, and Mainichi Shimbun ² with circulations well above 5.5 million. Germany¶s Bild, with a circulation of 3.8 million, was the only other pa per in that category. In the United Kingdom, The Sun is the top seller, with around 3.2 million copies distributed daily (late-2004). In India, The Times of India is the largest English newspaper, with 2.14 million copies daily. According to the 2006 National Readership Study, the Dainik Jagran is the most- read, local-language (Hindi) newspaper, with 21.2 million readers. [17] In the U.S., USA Today has a daily circulation of approximately 2 million, making it the most widely distributed paper in the country.

AMERICAN NEWSPAPER VENDING MACHINE FEATURING NEWS OF THE 1984 SUMMER OLYMPICS.

A common measure of a newspaper¶s health is market penetration, expressed as a percentage of households that receive a copy of the newspaper against the total number of households in the paper¶s market area. In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved market penetration of 130 percent (meaning the average U.S. household received 1.3 newspapers). As other media began to compete with newspapers, and as printing became easier and less expensive giving rise to a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to decline. It wasn¶t until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below 100 percent. By 2000, it was 53 percent.[18] Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example, someone might want only a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a workweek subscription, or perhaps a daily subscription. 20 Some newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a fee. In some cases, free access is available only for a matter of days or weeks, after which readers must register and provide personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided.

[edit] Advertising

The bulk of newspapers¶ revenue comes from advertising ± the contribution from sales is small by comparison. On average, a newspaper generates 80% of its revenue from advertising and 20% from sales. The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial content, editorial matter, or simply editorial, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their opinions. Newspapers have been hurt by the decline of many traditional advertisers. Department stores and supermarkets could be relied upon in the past to buy pages of newspaper advertisements, but due to industry consolidation are much less likely to do so now. [19] Additionally, newspapers are seeing traditional advertisers shift to new media platforms. The classified category is shifting to sites including craigslist, employment websites, and auto sites. National advertisers are shifting to many types of digital content including websites, rich media platforms, and mobile. In recent years, the advertorial emerged. Advertorials are most commonly recognized as an opposite-editorial which third-parties pay a fee to have included in the paper. Advertorials commonly advertise new products or techniques, such as a new design for golf equipment, a new form of laser surgery, or weight-loss drugs. The tone is usually closer to that of a press release than of an objective news story.

[edit] Journalism

Main article: Journalism Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called journalism. In the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. The restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around World War II. 21 Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or perceived bias; and scandals involving plagiarism and fabrication. In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-called press barons, and were used either as a rich man¶s toy, or a political tool. More recently in the United States, a number of newspapers are being run by large media corporations such as Gannett, The McClatchy Company, Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, Landmark Media Enterprises LLC, Morris Corporation, The Tribune Company, Hollinger International, News Corporation. Newspapers have, in the modern world, played an important role in the exercise of freedom of expression. Whistle-blowers, and those who ³leak´ stories of corruption in political circles often choose to inform newspapers before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who would rather cover them. However, there have been many circumstances of the political autonomy of newspapers being curtailed. Opinions of other writers and readers are expressed in the op-ed (³opposite the editorial page´) and letters to the editors sections of the paper. Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are: appointing ombudsmen, developing ethics policies and training, using more stringent corrections policies, communicating their processes and rationale with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication.

[edit] Future

Main article: Future of newspapers Further information: Online Newspapers The future of newspapers has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much classified advertising and precipitous drops in circulation. In recent years the number of newspapers slated for closure, bankruptcy or severe cutbacks has risen ± especially in the United States, where the industry has shed a fifth of its journalists since 2001.[20] Revenue has plunged while competition from internet media has squeezed older print publishers.[20] The debate has become more urgent lately, as a deepening recession has shaved profits,[21] and as once-explosive growth in newspaper web revenues has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hoped would become an important source of revenue.[22] 22 At issue is whether the newspaper industry faces a cyclical trough, or whether new technology has rendered obsolete newspapers in their traditional format.

HISTORY OF INDIAN NEWSPAPER

BASIC DATA

INDIA

Official Country Name: Republic of India Region (Map name): East & South Asia Population: 1,029,991,145 English, Bengali, Teluga, Language(s): Marathi Literacy rate: 52.0% Area: 3,287,590 sq km GDP: 456,990 (US$ millions) Number of Daily 398 Newspapers: Total Circulation: 30,772,00 Circulation per 1,000: 50 Number of Nondaily 98 Newspapers: Total Circulation: 7,774,000 Circulation per 1,000: 13 Total Newspaper Ad Receipts: 35,624 (Rupees millions) As % of All Ad Expenditures: 50.40 Number of Television Stations: 562 Number of Television Sets: 63,000,000 Television Sets per 1,000: 61.2 Number of Cable Subscribers: 39,112,150 Cable Subscribers per 1,000: 38.5 Number of Radio Stations: 312 Number of Radio Receivers: 116,000,000 23 Radio Receivers per 1,000: 112.6 Number of Individuals with 4,600,000 Computers: Computers per 1,000: 4.5 Number of Individuals with 5,000,000 Internet Access: Internet Access per 1,000: 4.9 BACKGROUND & GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

India is the world¶s largest democracy. Its mass media culture, a system that has evolved over centuries, is comprised of a complex framework. Modernization has transformed this into a communications network that sustains the pulse of a democracy of about 1.1 billion people. India¶s newspaper evolution is nearly unmatched in world press history. India¶s newspaper industry and its Westernization²or mondialisation as French would call it²go hand in hand. India¶s press is a metaphor for its advancement in the globalized world.

The printing press preceded the advent of printed news in India by about 100 years. It was in 1674 that the first printing apparatus was established in Bombay followed by Madras in 1772. India¶s first newspaper, Calcutta General Advertise, also known as the Hicky¶sBengal Gazette was established in January 1780, and the first Hindi daily, Samachar Sudha Varshan, began in 1854. The evolution of the Indian media since has been fraught with developmental difficulties; illiteracy, colonial constraints and repression, poverty, and apathy thwart interest in news and media. Within this framework, it is instructive to examine India¶s press in two broad analytical sections: pre- colonial times and the colonial, independent press (which may, again be classified into two: preceding and following the Emergency rule imposed by Indira Gandhi¶s government in 1975). The post-Emergency phase, which continues at the present, may be the third independent phase of India¶s newspaper revolution (Jeffrey).

The Nature of the Audience 24 While a majority of the poor working people in rural and urban areas still remain oppressed and even illiterate, a significant proportion of people²roughly about 52 percent of the population over 15 years of age were recorded as being able to read and write. That breaks down to 65.5 percent of males and an estimate of 37.7 percent of females. After the liberalization of the economy, the growth of industry, and a rise in literacy, the post-Emergency boom rekindled the world¶s largest middle class in news, politics, and consumerism. Since private enterprise began to sustain and pay off, mass communications picked up as a growth industry.

In 1976, the Registrar of Newspapers for India had recorded 875 papers; in 1995 there were 4,453. Robin Jeffrey comments:

³Newspapers did not expand simply because the technology was available to make Indian scripts live as they had not been able to live before. Nor did newspaper grow simply because more people knew how to read and write. They grew because entrepreneurs detected a growing hunger for information among ever-widening sections of India¶s people, who were potential consumers as well as newspaper readers. A race began to reach this audience advertising avenues were the prizes and these would come largely to newspapers that could convince advertisers that they had more readers than their rivals. Readers, meanwhile, were saying implicitly: µWe will read newspapers that tell us about ourselves and reflect our concerns.´ (48)

Common contenders for readership and advertising are: the National Herald, the Hindustan Times, Time, Illustrated Weekly, e Pioneer, and Filmfare.

Historical Traditions

³Newspaper history in India is inextricably tangled with political history,´ wrote A. E. Charlton (Wolseley 3). James Augustus Hicky was the founder of India¶s first newspaper, the Calcutta General Advertiser also known as Hicky¶s Bengal Gazette, in 1780. Soon other newspapers came into existence in Calcutta and Madras: the Calcutta Gazette, the Bengal Journal, 25 the Oriental Magazine, the Madras Courier and the Indian Gazette. While the India Gazette enjoyed governmental patronage including free postal circulation and advertisements, Hicky¶s Bengal Gazette earned the rulers¶ wrath due to its criticism of the government. In November 1780 its circulation was halted by government decree. Hicky protested against this arbitrary harassment without avail, and was imprisoned. The Bengal Gazette and theIndia Gazette were followed by the Calcutta Gazette which subsequently became the government¶s ³medium for making its general orders´ (Sankhdher 24-32).

The Bombay Herald , The Statesmen in Calcutta and the Madras Mail and The Hindu, along with many other rivals in Madras represented the metropolitan voice of India and its people. While Statesman voiced the English rulers¶ voice, The Hindu became the beacon of patriotism in the South. The Hindu was founded in Madras as a counter to the Madras Mail.

Patriotic movements grew in proportion with the colonial ruthlessness, and a vehicle of information dissemination became a tool for freedom struggle. In the struggle for freedom, journalists in the twentieth century performed a dual role as professionals and nationalists. Indeed many national leaders, from Gandhi to Vajpayee, were journalists as well. Calcutta, Madras, Bombay and Delhi were four main centers of urban renaissance which nourished news in India. It was only during and after the seventies, especially after Indira Gandhi¶s defeat in 1977, that regional language newspapers became prevalent.

There were nationalist echoes from other linguistic regional provinces. Bengal, Gujarat, Tamil, Karalla, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh produced dailies in regional languages. Hindi and Urdu were largely instrumental in voicing the viewpoints and aspirations of both Hindus and Muslims of the Northern provinces. As communalism and religious intolerance increased before and after partition, Urdu remained primarily the language of Muslims, as Pakistan chose this language as its lingua franca. After partition, the cause of Urdu and its newspapers, suffered a setback as Hindu reactionaries began to recognize the association of Urdu with Islam and Pakistan. 26 Diversity and the Language Press

Naresh Khanna summarizes the trends in circulatory growth and decline varied in regional language papers during 1998-2000: In the three-year period from 1998-2000, circulation of dailies in the country increased marginally from 58.37 to 59.13 million copies. This represents a growth of 1.3 percent on the basis of data published by the Registrar of Newspapers for India in its annual reports. In this time, two distinct groups of newspapers emerge ² the first including five languages that have collectively grown in

circulation by a healthy 5.65 percent and representing a combined circulation of 43.35 million copies. Amongst these newspapers, those in Malayalam and Bengali grew fastest at 12.9 percent and 12.8 percent respectively, while Hindi dailies grew by 5 percent and English dailies by 4.7 percent over the three-year period. Although Marathi newspapers increased circulation by 2.75 percent over the three years it would seem that they are in danger of falling out of this group and perhaps entering the phase of stagnation and circulation decline (Khanna 2002).

The second group of stagnating and declining circulations includes newspapers in seven languages with a combined circulation of 14.8 million copies in 2000. These dailies lost almost 1.8 million copies (10.62 percent) of their combined circulation in the last three years. Daily newspaper circulation plummeted most dramatically in Telugu, which fell from 2.28 million to 1.68 million copies, a fall of more than 26 percent. Urdu newspaper circulation fell by more than 12 percent and Tamil dailies¶ circulation declined by 10.8 percent with circulation of Gujarati dailies falling by 10.5 percent. Over the same period circulations of Oriya dailies declined by 2.8 percent and that of Punjabi dailies by 3.2 percent. Although over the three years Kannada newspapers show an insignificant fall in circulation they seem to have entered a period of stagnation and decline of their own. It would seem that in spite of new editions 27 being added by Hindi, English, Malayalam and Bengali dailies, the print media is losing its dominance of advertising market share to television, radio and outdoor media (Khanna 2002). ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK

India¶s language newspapers enjoy a relatively new entrepreneurial prowess. A mutually convenient relationship between the owners and capitalists keeps a financial balance between local/regional and national spheres in both private and public sectors. ³Like coral in a reef, newspapers grew and died in a process inseparable from the creation of a µpublic sphere¶ in the classical liberal sense. Individual proprietors sometimes brought to their newspapers a crusader¶s zeal for a particular cause or a diehard¶s loathing for a rival´ (Jeffrey 105). The Second Press Commission in 1982 tried to liberate the press from the monopoly houses. In 1995 the Audit Bureau of circulations had 165 newspapers as members, with a combined circulation of about 16 million copies a day. The top ten newspapers control roughly 50 percent of daily circulations in all languages. Bennett Coleman and the Indian Express own roughly 20 percent of daily circulations (Jeffrey 108).

While capitalists sustained national newspapers, the big houses, Dalmias, Jains, Goenka et al., monopolized and corrupted free journalism. The family and caste controlled small newspapers regionally maintain their freedom from big monopolies, thriving on their loyal supporters in north and south India. Diversity of ownership is reflective of cultural variation in India¶s multilingual landscape. Twenty-one newspapers control two- thirds of all circulations.

PRESS LAWS

Much of India¶s legal framework is built upon its colonial 28 legacy. Legal statutes and regulations have been undergoing certain changes as India¶s democracy grows. India¶s freedom came at a high cost. The country was divided. India¶s border conflicts with two hostile neighbors, which forced at least three large scale wars, eclipsed other political issues. The democratic process, corrupted by criminals, unscrupulous bureaucrats and politicians, created a social climate that widened social and economic inequality.

Freedom of speech and expression is a constitutionally guaranteed fundamental right of the Indian people. Article 19 (1; a) ensures the implicit freedom but Article 19 (2) qualifies this in explicit terms. The Parliamentary Proceedings (protection of Publication) Act of 1977 and the Prevention of Publication of Objectionable Matter (Repeal Act) of 1977 further reinforce and restrict these freedoms. While constitutional guarantees ensure freedom of the press and expression, press and media are obligated by a self-regulatory system of ethics that protect individuals and organizations from libelous behavior. ³Freedom of the press is an institutional freedom,´ wrote Sachin Sen (19). The Press Council Bill of 1956, introduced in the Indian parliament, stipulated the establishment of the Press Council of India representing working journalists, the newspaper management, literary bodies and the Parliament. The Indian Press commission

accepted the following postulate: ³Democratic society lives and grows by accepting ideas, by experimenting with them, and where necessary, rejecting them«The Press is a responsible part of a democratic society´ (quoted by Sen 42).

While The Central Press Accreditation Committee seeks to ensure quality and self-renewal, The Press Council of India was established in 1966 to uphold editorial autonomy. Restrictions on free speech were imposed after Indira Gandhi¶s infamous Emergency rule. The Press Council of India was abolished after editor George Verghese¶s criticisms of the Indira government. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting carefully regulates the press and its liberties. The Maintenance of Internal 29 Security Act (MISA) was enforced to intimidate reputedly autonomous newspapers in the seventies. The Press Council, resurrected in 1979, has no legal standing to impose penalties. The Indian press, generally believed as ³managed,´ is a self-restrained institution generally reluctant to take on the governmental policies. All India Radio (AIR) and its management exemplify this ³man-aged´ system.

The Registrar of Newspapers

The Registrar of Indian newspapers, among these official and professional agencies, regulates and records the status of newspapers. Electronic news, Web sites, magazines and house publications, and a number of professional organizations (like Editors Guild of India, Indian Language Newspapers¶ Association, and All India Newspapers Editors¶ Conference etc.) enrich the self-renewal process of the news enterprise. Educational and training programs are gaining importance as professionalization of specialized fields is a prioritized activity under the privatization process.

The Office of the Registrar

The Office of the Registrar of Newspapers for India, popularly known as RNI came into being on July 1, 1956, on the recommendation of the First Press Commission in 1953 and by amending the Press and Registration of Books Act (PRB Act) 1867. The functions of RNI involve both statutory and non- statutory functions.

Statutory Functions The RNI compiles and maintains a register of newspapers containing particulars about all the newspapers published in the country; it issues certificates of registration to the newspapers published under valid declaration. It scrutinizes and analyzes annual statements sent by the publishers of newspapers every year under Section 19-D of the Press and Registration of Books Act containing information on 30 circulation, ownership, etc. The RNI informs the District Magistrates about availability of titles to intending publishers for filing declaration and ensures that newspapers are published in accordance with the provisions of the Press and Registration of Books Acts. It verifies under Section 19-F of the PRB Act of circulation claims, furnished by the publishers in their Annual Statements and Preparation and submission to the Government on or before September 30 each

year, a report containing all available information and statistics about the press in India with particular reference to the emerging trends in circulation and in the direction of common ownership units.

Non-Statutory Functions Non-statutory functions of the RNI include the formulation of a Newsprint Allocation Policy² guidelines and the ability to issue Eligibility Certificates to the newspapers to enable them to import newsprint and to procure indigenous newsprint. The RNI assesses and certifies the essential needs and requirements of newspaper establishments to import printing and composing machinery and allied materials.

From April 1998 to February 1999, RNI scrutinized 18,459 applications for availability of titles, of which 7,738 titles were found available for verification, while in the remaining applications, titles were not found available. During the same period, 2,693 newspapers/periodicals were issued Certificates of Registration (2,145 fresh CRs and 548 revised CRs) and circulation claims of 1536 newspapers/periodicals were assessed.

Newsprint

Until 1994-95, newsprint allocation was regulated by the Newsprint Control Order (1962) and the Newsprint Import Policy announced by the government every year. Newspapers were issued Entitlement Certificates for importation and purchase from the scheduled indigenous 31 newsprint mills. However, Newsprint Policy is modified every year depending upon the import policy of the government. Newsprint has been placed under µOpen General License¶ with effect from May 1, 1995, and all types of newsprint became importable by all persons without any restriction. Under the latest newsprint policy/guidelines for the import of newsprint issued by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, authentication of certificate of registration is done by the Registrar of Newspapers for India for import of newsprint, on submission of a formal application and necessary documentary evidence.

De-Blocking of Titles

For the first time in the history of RNI, a massive work of de- blocking 200,000 titles was undertaken. As per the decision, all such titles of newspapers were certified till December 31, 1995, and those publications which had not registered with RNI have been de-blocked.

The work of entering registered titles has been completed and the lists have been dispatched to state governments. Nearly 150,000 of unused titles have become available for allocation to other newspapers from January 1, 1999.

Printing Machinery

The RNI is the sponsoring authority for the import of printing machinery and allied materials at the concessional rate of custom duty available to the newspapers. During April 1998- February 1999, applications of four newspaper establishments were recommended for import of printing machinery and allied equipment.

32 CENSORSHIP

Even though India is committed to the freedom of the press, censorship is not unknown to the media. With increased privatization and entrepreneurial advancements, colonial and bureaucratic censorship no longer exists. However, the nexus of criminal politics and unethical monopolies continue to threaten the freedom of press.

Nehru famously said: ³I would rather have a completely free press with all the dangers involved in the wrong use of that freedom than a suppressed or regulated press´ (quoted by Kamath 272). After 1977 people¶s interest and involvement in regional and national affairs increased dramatically. This development helped promote the dualism of India¶s patriotic passions marked by linguistic chauvinism and national unity.

STATE-PRESS RELATIONS

Public Grievances

A Public Grievances Cell is functioning in the Main Secretariat of the Ministry headed by the Joint Secretary (Policy). In order to tone up the Grievance Redressal System of the Ministry, its time limits have been fixed for completion of various activities coming under the purview of the grievance redressal mechanism. Grievance Officers have been appointed in all the subordinate organizations of the Ministry who have been made responsible for timely redress of grievances. Keeping in view the need for effective monitoring of the progress in the grievance redressal, the Ministry has developed a computerized Grievance Monitoring System. The grievances received in the Ministry are sent to the concerned Grievance Officer in the attached subordinate offices of the Ministry. Periodical review 33 meetings are held in the Ministry to ensure that the grievances are processed within a stipulated time limit.

ATTITUDE TOWARD FOREIGN MEDIA

India is a founding member of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). UNESCO¶s main goal is to promote international cooperation in the field of education, science and technology, social sciences, culture and mass communication. In order to promote the communication capabilities of developing countries. The 21st Session of the General Conference of UNESCO in 1981 approved the establishment of an International Program for the Development of Communication (IPDC). India played a significant role in its inception and has been a member of the Inter-governmental Council (IGC) and also of the IPDC Bureau. India has played a leading role in its activities over the years. Being one of the founding members of IPDC, this Ministry has been a representative at the meetings of the General Conference of UNESCO and Bureau Session of IPDC.

India participated in the First South Asian Association for Regional Cooperarion (SAARC) Information Ministers Meeting held in Dhaka (Bangladesh) in 1998. The Meeting discussed the need for greater cooperation among media personnel, cooperation among news agencies, improving the programs under SAARC Audio Visual Exchange, and taking steps to project SAARC outside the region.

More indications of India¶s support of international cooperation is its participaton in the meeting of Asia-Pacific Regional Experts on the Legal Framework for Cyberspace from 8 to 10 September 1998 and the Third Regulatory Round Table for the Asia and the Pacific at Seoul from 14 to 16 September 1998 for 34 finalizing the report on Trans-border Satellite Broadcasting.

NEWS AGENCIES

News agencies provide regularity and authenticity to news. K.C. Roy is credited with establishing the first Indian news agency, which became The Associated Press of India (API). However, it soon became a British-controlled agency unwilling to report about the national freedom movement. The Free Press of India News Agency came into existence under the management of S. Sadanad who had served Reuters. The United Press of India, The Orient Press, The Globe News Agency, The NAFEN News Agency, The United News of India and a number of syndicates later came to serve the news business.

The Non-aligned News Agencies Pool (NANAP), formally constituted in 1976 for the purpose of correcting imbalances in the global flow of information, is an arrangement for exchange of news and information among the national news agencies of non-aligned countries, including Asia, Africa, Europe and Latin America. Its affairs are managed by a coordinating committee elected for a term of three years. India is at present a member of the coordinating committee. The cost of running the pool is met by the participating members. The Press Trust (PTI) continued to operate the India News Pool Desk (INDP) of the NANAP on behalf of the government of India. India continued to contribute substantially to the daily news file of the Pool Network. The reception of news into the Pool Desk during the year 1998-99 has been in the range of 20,000 words per day. INDP¶s own contribution to the Pool partners during the year has averaged 7,000 words per day.

The organization and structure of Indian news agencies has been undergoing a controversial transformation for quite sometime. This represents a mutual mistrust between privately owned news agencies and governmental structures. Their autonomy, believed to be crucial for objectivity and fairness, is based on their role as cooperatives and non-profit groups. News agencies in general are 35 discouraged from taking any governmental favors. There is nothing in the Indian constitution, however, that can prevent government to nationalize its news agencies. There are four dominant news agencies in India: The Press Trust of India (PTI); the United News of India (UNI); the Hindustan Samachar (HS); and Samachar Bhatia (SB).

BROADCAST MEDIA

The Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, through the mass communication media of radio, television, films, the press, publications, advertising and traditional modes of dance and drama, plays a significant part in helping the people to have access to information. It fosters the dissemination of knowledge and entertainment in all sectors of society, striking a careful balance between public interest and commercial needs in its delivery of services. The Ministry of Information & Broadcasting is the highest body for formulation and administration of the rules, regulations and laws relating to information, broadcasting, the press and films. The ministry is responsible for international cooperation in the field of mass media, films and broadcasting, and interacts with its foreign counterparts on behalf of Government of India. The mandate of the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting is to provide:

News Services through All India Radio (AIR) and Doordarshan (DD) for the people Development of broadcasting and television Import and export of films Development and promotion of film industry Organization of film festivals and cultural exchanges Advertisement and visual publicity on behalf of the Government of India Handling of press relations to present the policies of Government of India and to seek feedback on government policies Administration of the Press and Registration of Books Act of 1867 in respect of newspapers 36 Dissemination of information about India within and outside the country through publications on matters of national importance Research, reference, and training to assist the media units of the Ministry to meet their responsibilities Use of interpersonal communication and traditional folk art forms for information/publicity campaigns on public interest issues International co-operation in the field of information and mass media The main Secretariat of the Ministry is divided into three wings: the information wing, the broadcasting wing, and the film wing. The media units engaged in press and publicity activities include:

Press: 1) Press Information Bureau; 2) Photo Division; 3) Research Reference & Training Division; 4) Publications Division Publicity: 5) Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity; 6) Directorate of Field Publicity; 7) Song and Drama Division Regulation of the Press: 8) Registrar of Newspapers for India; 9) Press Council of India Training: 10) Indian Institute of Mass Communication (Government of India, 2002)

ELECTRONIC NEWS MEDIA

Most Indian newspapers, magazines, and media outlets are easily accessible through the Internet. Internet Public Library (IPL) is a concise Internet source for information on Indian newspapers. The Onlinenewspapers.com Web site lists about 120 online newspapers for India with access to each of those papers for reading.

The official Web site for the Library of Congress in New Delhi is also accessible on the Internet, where e-mail contact information is provided. This directory is published biennially. 37 The directory includes newspapers published in India, the name and language of the newspapers, circulation, frequency of publication, and names and addresses for the publishers of each paper. Paper status is also included.

Internet Public Library¶s list of India¶s contemporary newspapers exists to enable instant access to existing information resources. Among them in 2002 were 62 Indian newspapers that were available online.

EDUCATION & TRAINING

The first diploma in Journalism was offered at Aligarh Muslim University in 1938 by the late Sir shah Muhammad Sulaiman, a Judge in India (Wolseley 224). Later on, after partition, universities in Punjab, Madras, Delhi, Calcutta, Mysore, Nagpur, and Osmania offered courses at undergraduate levels. Professional education in India is largely a need-based enterprise. Journalists and other mass communicators can perform without specialized training and skills, and can succeed without advanced degrees.

SUMMARY

The media in India represents a confluence of paradoxes: tradition and modernity; anarchy and order; diversity and unity; conflict and cooperation; news and views; feudalism and democracy; the free market and monopoly.

Economic realities and relationships between press, television and those who own these engines of control and change will eventually determine the future of India¶s communication culture. India¶s complex cultural mosaic, especially linguistic and communal, strengthens its diversity. The media and press continue to play a dominant role in deconstructing the diversity discourse that sometimes flares up in explosive situations.

Capitalism, the press, and public hunger for news promote a culture of media that is fast replacing the legacy of a 38 feudal/colonial system. While corporatization and state regulations can muffle free expression, the force of public interest and the market economy strive for greater freedom and openness. Both politics and capitalism thrive on the liberties of a democratic system that continues to evolve into a functional hybrid of chaos and order.

Rajasthan Patrika Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner Rajasthan Patrika Pvt. Ltd. Founded 1956 Political Liberal allegiance 39 Language Hindi Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bhopal and Headquarters Indore Website patrika.com Rajasthan Patrika is a Hindi language daily newspaper published from Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Kota and other cities of Rajasthan and from major Indian cities such as Bhopal, Indore, Ahmedabad, Gwalior, Kolkata , Jabalpur and Bangalore. Late Shri ³Karpoor Chandra Kulish founded Rajasthan Patrika on 7 March 1956. It is one of the leading newspapers of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh highly trusted, and known for the use of excellent Hindi, featuring famous writers such as Gulab Kothari.

Recently Rajasthan Patrika instituted the Karpoor Chandra Kulish International Journalism Award in the hallowed memory of late Karpoor Chand Kulish,the founder editor. This annual international award carries prize money of US $ 11000 and a trophy. The award aimed at recognizing efforts of thought leaders in media, journalist¶s outstanding contributions to upholding professional values as well as protecting and promoting ethics and morality, right and freedom of the people for better quality of life. Dawn Pakistan and Hindustan Times Delhi were jointly awarded with the inaugural Karpoor Chandra Kulish International Award-2007 in New Delhi on 12 March 2008. Former President of India Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam bestowed the prizes to the winners. The function was chaired by Lok Sabha Speaker Somnath Chatterjee

Patrika Group launched a Hindi news portal www.patrika.com in August 2008.

[edit] Editions

Rajasthan Patrika is printed from the following places

Jaipur 40 Jodhpur Sikar Sriganganganagar Udaipur Alwar Bikaner Banswara Ajmer Pali Kota Bhilwara Bhopal Indore Gwalior Jabalpur Bangalore Surat Kolkatta

OVERVIEW

We introduce ourselves as a pioneer in the development of µJournalism in Rajasthan¶. Rajasthan Patrika is one of the largest daily Hindi newspaper of the Indian sub-continent and the top most newspaper of the state of Rajasthan. The rise of Patrika from a local quarter size double -sheet evening daily (1956) to a full-fledged sixteen page newspaper, commanding a Rajasthan-wide circulation of over TEN LAKH is a saga of trials, travails and tribulations faced by its founder, proprietor, and editor Late Karpoor Chand ³KULISH´ with unflinching courage, tenacity and perseverance. The idea of starting a daily newspaper originated in his mind while he was working on the editorial staff of Rashtradoot, then a prominent Hindi daily. Within five year of his working with Rashtradoot, Shri Kulish began to realize the need of an independent newspaper, free from politi cal affiliations and proclivities and devoted to the problems, hopes and aspirations of the people of Rajasthan as a whole.

Although the task of starting a newspaper from a scratch appeared to be with many difficulties, particularly of finance, Late Kulish resolved to embark upon this venture with grit and determination. For this purpose, he took a leave of three months from his job and discussed the project with some of his trusted and experienced friends. He toured all over Rajasthan for this purpose.

The encouragement and response he got from his well -wishers ultimately resulted in launching of PATRIKA in March 1956, with a borrowed capital of Rupees Five Hundred. Day by day Patrika began to gain increasing popularity due to its honest, selective and detailed coverage of local news and 41 highlighting of the problem and matter of topical interest to entire Rajasthan. After a regular publication of three months, the State as well as Central Government approved Patrika for publication of their advertisement s. Today Patrika is simultaneously published from major cities of Rajasthan viz. Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Udaipur, Kota, Sikar, SriGanganagar, Bhilwara, Alwar, Ajmer, Ahmadabad, Bangalore and also from Surat. The industrial capital of South India. Hence today the company has a number of publications, which are being appreciated by the masses. Patrika figured among the top five successful Asian Community Newspaper in a survey conducted by AMIC, Singapore for UNESCO and among the top ten most read daily news papers of India.

HISTORY

The journey of Rajasthan Patrika from a local quarter size double -sheet evening daily to a full- fledged sixteen page newspaper started in 1956. The dream of commanding a Rajasthan wide circulation of over four hundred forty thousand was given the form of reality by the founder, proprietor and editor Late Karpoor Chand ³KULISH´ who is the epitome of unflinching courage, tenacity and perseverance. The idea of starting daily newspaper originated in his mind while he was working for Rashtradoot, a prominent newspaper of that time. The other two hindi dailies Lokvani (1946-1965) and a Navayug (1955-1963), during that time Delhi based newspapers dominated the redearship of Rajasthan due to their better resources and wide coverage of news. While working for Rashtradoot Kulishji ;rganize the need of an independent newspaper free from political affiliations and devoted to the problems, hopes and aspirations of the people. With the help and encouragement of his well wishers, Kulishji ultimately launched Rajasthan Patrika.

The success of any daily newspaper has to be measured in terms of numbers of its editions, its circulation and the revenue it generates from the market. Rajasthan Patrika on this count right from its inception has not o nly come out with flying colours but has achieved landmarks on several occasions and has to its credit several achievements in making history in the newspaper journalism. The figures themselves tell the history of such spectacular development of the newspaper that is no less than a miracle: 15 editions with a readership crossing in a short span of fifty years. To have a feel of this success story one has to look back at the fifty years of amazing journalism that Rajasthan Patrika has to its credit.

42 1956-1965 The magnificent role the newspaper played in the public agitation with regard to establishing the Jaipur bench of the Rajasthan High Court by way of its powerful editorials including playing up the cause by publishing news stories and reviews of the public opinion earned the laurels of the people apart from earning the credibility of its ever increasing readership. This was crucial and rewarding also. The image of the newspaper went up in the eyes of the masses. The circulation increased by leaps and b ounds and in 1964 i.e. Patrika became a morninger.

1965-1975 By the third Vidhan Sabha (Assembly) Election in Rajasthan, the journalistic expertise that included unbiased and objective reporting along with analytic reviews and articles added four thousand copies to its ever growing circulation. 1966 saw the introduction of the new German Printing Machine that awarded one additional column in the seven column page. The honest objective and right analysis of the 1967 Vidhan Sabha (Assembly) Election made by Rajasthan Patrika again proved what it projected to be correct which led to its future approach in the hearts of the people. The credibility factor was rewarded in the form of an increase of circulation to 10,000 copies. At the same time the newspaper go t the membership of Audit Bureau of Circulation (ABC) which helped in boosting the revenue side thus making the newspaper economically stronger. Steep increase in the number of ads, quality printing and journalistic expertise including vast coverage of rur al Rajasthan resulted in a runaway success which was proved in 1977 when its circulation crossed 30,000 copies. The development continued unabated when circulation crossed 24000 in 1974, 26000 in 1975 and 33000 in 1976.

1975-1979 During the dark days of emergency from 1975 to 1977 Rajasthan Patrika played its glorious role which will be written in golden words in the history of journalism. When the famous national dailies started crawling in front of the powerful, congress leaders of the Government, Rajasthan Patrika without any fear carried on the crusade for journalistic freedom. This caught the imagination of the people, Rajasthan patrika became the newspaper of the Masses. By the end of emergency the circulation figure went up to 53000 and in a short span of three month the circulation shot up to 75000. The emergency thus proved to be a boon for the development and progress of Rajasthan Patrika.

1979-1997 After the emergency the publishing of the newspaper started from new premises at Kesargarh, where in nearly 15 months a history was created when the figure crossed one lac while Patrika launched its first Jodhpur Edition in 1981 and with the starting of Udaipur Edition a new milestone was achieved. All the three editions got the national awards for p rinting and designing. In March 1986 Kota Edition and in August 1987 Bikaner Edition were added to the newspaper. Patrika¶s grand success continued and increased day by day. In 1995 National Readership Survey (NRS ± 1995) showed that an astounding 84.68% (27.42 Lac readers) of the Hindi Newspaper readers in urban areas of Rajasthan read Rajasthan Patrika.

1997 Onwards 43 In 1997 Rajasthan Patrika readership continued to soar high and touched 10 million mark by 2000. In the year 2000 the new editions at Bhil wara, Sikar, Sriganganagar were started. On 11 th August 2002 Ahmedabad Edition and on 28th October Ajmer Edition and in the year 2003 Surat Edition were added in the list. This was not an easy job but it was made easy by the capable employees of Rajasthan Patrika. Its march onward continues and many more achievements in the field of journalism await it.

HINDUSTAN TIMES

Hindustan Times (HT) is India¶s leading newspaper, published since 1924 with roots in the independence movement.[2] Hindustan Times is the flagship publication of HT Media Ltd.In 2008, the newspaper reported that with a (circulation of over 1.14 million) it was certified by the Audit Bureau of Circulations ranking them as the third largest circulatory daily English Newspaper in India. It has a wide reach in northern India (barring Southern India), with simultaneous editions from New Delhi, Mumbai, Lucknow, Patna, Ranchi and Kolkata. It is also printed from Bhopal and Chandigarh. The print location of Jaipur was discontinued from June 2006. HT has also launched a youth daily HT Next in 2004. The Mumbai edition was launched on 14 July 2005. Indian Readership Survey(IRS)2008-R2 revealed that it has readership of (6.6 million) raking them as the second most widely read English Newspaper after Times of India. Other sister publications of Hindustan Times are Mint (English business daily), Hindustan (Hindi Daily), Nandan (monthly children¶s magazine) and Kadambani 44 (monthly literary magazine). The media group also owns a radio channel Fever and Lrganizes an annual Luxury Conference which has featured speakers like designer Diane von Fürstenberg, shoemaker Christian Louboutin, Gucci CEO Robert Polet and Cartier MD Patrick Normand. Hindustan Times is owned by the KK Birla branch of the Birla family. Critics allege that the paper often toes the line of Congress (I), the political party presently leading the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), which is in power in India.

The front page of Hindustan Times on July 12, 2006 Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner HT Media Ltd Founded 1924 Political Centrist[1] allegiance Headquarters New Delhi, India Circulation 1,143,000 Daily website = http://www.hindustantimes.com/

45

History

Hindustan Times was founded in 1924 by Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri, founder-father of the Akali Movement and the Shiromani Akali Dal in Punjab. S Mangal Singh Gill (Tesildar) and S. Chanchal Singh (Jandiala, Jullundur) were made in charge of the newspaper. Pt Madan Mohan Malayia and Master Tara Singh were among the members of the Managing Committee. The Managing Chairman and Chief Patron was Master Sunder Singh Lyallpuri himself. K. M. Panikkar was its first Editor with Devdas Gandhi (son of Mahatma Gandhi) also on the editor¶s panel. The opening ceremony was performed by Mahatma Gandhi on September 15, 1924. The first issue was published from Naya Bazar, Delhi (now Swami Sharda Nand Marg). It contained writings and articles from C. F. Andrews, St. Nihal Singh, Maulana Mohammad Ali, C. R. Reddy (Dr. Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy), T. L. Vaswani, Ruchi Ram Sahni, Bernard Haton, Harinder Nath Chattopadhyaya, Dr Saifuddin Kichlu and Rubi Waston etc. It has its roots in the independence movement of the first half of the twentieth century. It was edited at times by many important people in India, including Devdas Gandhi (the son of Mahatma Gandhi) and Khushwant Singh. Sanjoy Narayan, has been appointed the Editor in Chief of the Paper and is due to take over in August 2008 [3] Recently the editorial page has seen a major make-over and has been named ³comment´ to bring in more flexibility and some-what less seriousness to the page.

[edit] HT Mumbai Edition

HT Mumbai has a daily lifestyle supplement (in tabloid format) called HT Cafe (32 pages). Five days a week HT Cafe devotes a pullout to niche subjects such as travel, health, automobiles, weekend, comics and gizmos. It has its Education supplement called µHorizons¶ on Wednesdays; High-life and luxury supplement called Splurge and a Real Estates section called µHT Estates¶. The paper also comes with a free magazine 46 on Sundays called Brunch. The Mumbai Edition is managed by Mohit Ahuja, an alumnus of NMIMS, Bombay[citation needed]. The Resident Editor in Mumbai is Samar Halarnkar.

[edit] HT Delhi Edition

HT Delhi has a daily lifestyle supplement called HT City with a special Weekend edition on Fridays called HT City WE. It has its jobs supplement called µPower Jobs¶ on Tuesdays; Education supplement called µHorizons¶ on Wednesdays; Real Estates section called µHT Estates¶and Luxury supplement µHT Splurge¶ on Saturdays. HT Delhi has a magazine called Brunch every Sunday. It also includes a matrimonials section on Sundays and a financial paper (Berliner format) called MINT on weekdays. After the resignation of Chaitanya Kalbag, the editorial responsibility was shared by Pankaj Paul and V.Krishna. In August, 2008, Sanjoy Narayan was appointed Editor-in- Chief and Samar Halarnkar was appointed Managing Editor.

[edit] Ownership

The Delhi-based English newspaper Hindustan Times is part of the KK Birla group and managed by Shobhana Bhartia, granddaughter of GD Birla. It is owned by HT Media Ltd. The KK Birla group at present owns 69 per cent stake in HT Media, currently valued at Rs 834 crore. When Bhartia joined Hindustan Times in 1986, she was the first woman chief executive of a national newspaper. Shobhana has been nominated as a Rajya Sabha MP from Congress Party.

[edit] Awards

HT has a good track record at the IFRA and has won several awards this year [citation needed]

[edit] Columinsts 47 Vir Sanghvi- One of the most popular faces of Indian journalism, Vir Sanghvi has been the editor of Hindustan Times for the past few years. He writes two columns every Sunday, one entitled Counter Point for the main paper and ³Rude Food´ for Brunch, a weekly supplement. Karan Thapar- Currently the President of Infotainment Television and one of India¶s noted television commentators and interviewers, Karan Thapar writes the weekly column Sunday Sentiments. Barkha Dutt- Journalist and NDTV Group Editor. Writes column Third Eye every Saturday. Manas Chakravarty- Capital market analyst for Mint. Writes weekly column Loose Canon on Sundays¶ Indrajit Hazra- A Novelist and a Senior Editor at Hindustan Times, Hazra writes the weekly column Red Herring. Sonal Kalra ± An author and Editor of HT City, the daily entertainment and lifestyle supplement of Hindustan Times, Writes the weekly column A Calmer You. Khushwant Singh ± An editorial writer whose column With Malice towards One and All appears in the Saturday edition.

THE TIMES OF INDIA

48 THE TIMES OF INDIA (TOI) IS A POPULAR ENGLISH-LANGUAGE BROADSHEET DAILY NEWSPAPER IN INDIA. IT IS OWNED AND MANAGED BY BENNETT, COLEMAN & CO. LTD. WHICH IS OWNED BY THE SAHU JAIN FAMILY. THE NEWSPAPER HAS THE WIDEST CIRCULATION AMONG ALL ENGLISH-LANGUAGE BROADSHEETS IN THE WORLD.[2] IN 2008, THE NEWSPAPER REPORTED THAT (WITH A CIRCULATION OF OVER 3.14 MILLION) IT WAS CERTIFIED BY THE AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRCULATIONS AS THE WORLD¶S LARGEST SELLING ENGLISH BROADSHEET NEWSPAPER AND MAKING THEM AS THE 8TH LARGEST SELLING NEWSPAPER IN ANY LANGUAGE IN THE WORLD. ACCORDING THEINDIAN READERSHIP SURVEY (IRS) 2008-R2 IT HAS GAINED READERSHIP BY 13.3 MILLION RANKING THEM AS THE TOP ENGLISH NEWSPAPER IN INDIA BY READERSHIP[3]

A CHANGE PROCESS FINALLY RESULTING IN OPENING UP OF TELECOM

SERVICES SECTOR FOR THE PRIVATE SECTOR. NATIONAL TELECOM

THE PAPER¶S FRONT PAGE AFTER 11 JULY 2006 MUMBAI TRAIN BOMBINGS

Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. Editor-in-chief Jaideep Bose Associate editor Jug Suraiya 49 Founded 1838 Political allegiance Classical liberal[1] Language English Headquarters Mumbai Circulation 3,146,000 Daily OCLC 23379369 Website timesofindia.com

History

The Times of India was founded on November 3, 1838 as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce[4], during the British Raj. It adopted its present name in 1861. Published every Saturday and Wednesday, The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce was launched as a bi-weekly edition. It contained news from Europe, the Americas, and the Subcontinent, and was conveyed between India and Europe via regular steamships. The daily editions of the paper were started from 1850 and by 1861, the Bombay Times was renamed The Times of India. In the 19th century this newspaper company employed more than 800 people and had a sizable circulation in India and Europe. Originally British-owned and controlled, its last British editor was Ivor S. Jehu, who resigned the editorship in 1950. It was after India¶s Independence that the ownership of the paper passed on to the then famous industrial family of Dalmiyas and later it was taken over by Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the Sahu Jain group from Bijnore, UP. The Times of India is published by the media group Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. This company, along with its other group companies, known as The Times Group, also publishes The Economic Times, Mumbai Mirror, the Navbharat Times (a Hindi-language daily broadsheet), the Maharashtra Times (a Marathi-language daily broadsheet).

The Times is self declared as a liberal newspaper [1], and is sometimes described as irreverent.[5] The present management of The Times Group has been instrumental in changing the outlook of Indian journalism. In India, as is elsewhere in the world, the Editor of a newspaper has traditionally been considered as the most notable position in a newspaper set up. The Times of India, however, changed this in the early 1990s, in keeping with the management policy of treating the newspaper as just another brand in the market. The main newspaper and its many sub-editions are now run by individuals often referred to as µfaceless editors¶. The paper has diluted the authority of the editor to 50 a great extent, with Managers and Marketing staff involved in selling advertisement space, occupying the top slot in the practical order of hierarchy. The parent company has recently launched a controversial new business initiative, called ³Private Treaties,´ offering to take an equity stake in a company in exchange for advertising. While the management has weakened the Editorial, it has strengthened the technical, circulation, and the business sides of the newspaper, making it the most profitable newspaper in the country. In January 2007, the Kannada edition was launched in Bangalore and in April 2008 the Chennai edition was launched. The launch of the Chennai edition is considered to be last major English Newspaper battle in.Their main rivals are The Hindu and Hindustan Times in India,which holds second and third position by circulation .[6]

[edit]

Editions

The Times of India is printed from the following places (in alphabetical order):

TOI press at Indore Ahmedabad Bhubaneswar Bengaluru 51 Bhopal Chandigarh Chennai Delhi Goa Hyderabad Indore Jaipur Kanpur Kolkata Lucknow Mangalore Mumbai Mysore Nagpur Patna Pune Ranchi Surat

[edit] People associated with the Times of India

Indu Jain, current Chairman Samir Jain, Vice-Chairman and Publisher Vineet Jain, Managing Director Jug Suraiya (associate editor, columnist, ³Jugular Vein,´ cartoonist, ³Dubyaman II´) Swaminathan Aiyar (columnist, ³Swaminomics´) R. K. Laxman (³You Said It´ editorial cartoon, featuring the famous Common Man) Bachi Karkaria, columnist, ³Erratica´ Shobha De, columnist 52 Jaideep Bose, Executive Editor M J Akbar, Columnist, ³The Siege Within´ and former Editorial Team Gurcharan Das, Columnist K. Subrahmanyam, Columnist and Strategic Affairs commentator Gautam Adhikari, former Executive Editor, Editorial Consultant

[edit] Supplements

The Times of India comes with several city-specific supplements, such as Delhi Times, Bombay Times, Hyderabad Times, Lucknow Times, Nagpur Times, Bangalore Times, Pune Times, Ahmedabad Times and Chennai Times, Calcutta Times, The Times of South Mumbai. Other regular supplements include: Times Wellness (Saturdays) Education Times Times Ascent (Wednesdays) ZIG WHEELS Times Life (Sundays) Wee Wonder Rouge What¶s Hot Address Tabloids: Mumbai Mirror (website) Bangalore Mirror (website) Pune Mirror (website) Ahmedabad Mirror

[edit] Critisism

New York City-based human rights and media activist Partha Banerjee critisises Indian media, including Times of India, of bias in favour of ruling Congress party[7][8]

53

DNA

Daily News and Analysis (DNA) is a daily English newspaper published from Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Pune, Jaipur and Bengaluru in India. Launched on July 30, 2005, targeted at a young readership, DNA is India¶s fastest growing English newspaper[citation needed]. A high-profile advertisement campaign with the tagline µSpeak up, it¶s in your DNA¶ preceded the birth of DNA, and was countered by advertisement campaigns by competitors.[1][2] The hype led to high expectations and at least for Dance with Shadows, the initial edition of the paper did not contain enough to stand out from other papers, such as big stories or high production values.[3] The newspaper competition around the time of the launch of DNA was fierce, with price cuts, hiring of staff from rival newspapers, and other competitive activity.[4][5] DNA is owned by Diligent Media Corporation, a joint venture between media industry majors ± the Dainik Bhaskar Group and Essel Group. [5] 54

DNA, After Hrs, DNA Money on Weekdays

Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner Diligent Media Corporation Editor R Jagannathan Founded July 30, 2005 Language English Headquarters Mumbai Circulation 4,00,000 Website Official siteE-PaperSyndication site

Editorial stand

The paper has a liberal outlook, and supports reformists in Mumbai and across the world. Through news, views, analysis and interactivity, DNA provides readers with a composite picture of India and the world. Its interactive platforms seek to bring the reader and surfer at the centre of its news activity.

[edit] Format

DNA is the first daily newspaper in India to introduce an all-colour page format.

55 The paper is broken up into sections. The main section includes an interactive Speak Up page, and City, Nation and World news pages. There is also an Editorial page, and a technology page (Iknow). The other sections include Money, Sports and After Hours. DNA Money is a section on Business & Economy. After Hours is a 10 page section with news from Bollywood, Art & Fashion, and other such topics.[3] In Mumbai edition there are three zone-targeted supplements for Thane, West Coast and Navi Mumbai Two magazines ± a women¶s magazine called Me, and a children¶s magazine called YA! Young Adults completes the repertoire

[edit] Circulation

In April 2008, the Indian Readership Survey(IRS) Round I determined DNA¶s readership to be 6,76,000 ranking DNA 8th amongst the Top Ten English Dailies in India. DNA, Mumbai is the second most read English broadsheet in the city of Mumbai According to the National Readership Study (NRS 2006) findings released in August 2006, DNA¶s readership in Mumbai city is 5,18,000. Meanwhile, the readership figures released by NRS 2006 show DNA had the largest increase (29%) for any general English newspaper in Mumbai, and indicates that DNA was by far the fastest growing newspaper in that city, giving it the second largest circulation among Mumbai newspapers. On February 11, 2007, DNA announced that its paid circulation has crossed 4,00,000 in Mumbai. It had crossed 3,00,000 in October 2006. In May 2006, DNA authorized Ernst & Young to certify its circulation figures.[6] E & Y submitted its report in July, putting its paid circulation at 2,70,000.

[edit]

Editions

DNA is currently published from Mumbai, Bengaluru, Pune, Ahmedabad, Surat and Jaipur. 56

[edit]

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

DEMOGARPHIC FEATURES OF REPONDENTS 57

1. SEX RATIO OF THE REPONDENTS

PARTICULARS NUMBER

YES 10

NO 10

INTERPRETATION: THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE

TABLE SHOWS THAT OUT OF 20 RESPONDENTS 10 WERE MALE AND 10

WERE FEMALE.

58

1. DO YOU READ NEWSPAPER REGULARLY? PARTICULARS NUMBER %AGE

YES 99 99%

NO 1 1%

INTERPRETATION

OUT OF 100 PEOPLE THERE WERE 99 PEOPLE WHO READ NEWSPAPER REGULARLY .

59

2. WHICH NEWSPAPER DO YOU READ?

PARTICULAR NO. OF RESPONDENTS

DANIK BHASKAR 75 RAJASTHAN PATRIKA 16 HINDUSTAN TIMES 1 THE TIMES OF INDIA 3 DNA OTHERS 1

INTERPRETATION

60 3. YOU CHOOSE YOUR NEWSPAPER ON WHAT GROUNDS?

PARTICULAR NO. OF RESPONDENT CONTENT BASIS 93 READY TO SWICH 3 NEWSPAPER IF SCHEMES ARE OFFERED PRICE BASIS 2 OTHERS 1

INTERPRETATION

IT HAS BEEN FOUND THAT 91% OF READERS READ NEWSPAPER ON

61 4. HOW WILL YOU RATE YOUR PRESENT YOUR PRESENT

NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO.OF RESPONDENTS

EXCELLENT 19

GOOD 70

FAIR 4

AVERAGE 5

POOR 1

INTERPRETATION OUT OF 20 RESPONDENT 70% USE AIRTEL . NO ONE USE RELIANCE.

62 5. WHAT DO YOU READ FIRST AND WHY?

PATICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENT

INTERPRETATION ABOUT 80%ARE SATISFIED WITH THE CONNECTION THEY HAVE.

63

6. WHAT YOU WANT ON THE FRONT PAGE OF YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

LOCAL NEWS 10

NATIONAL NEWS 0

INTERNATIONAL NEWS 6

ALL THREE 4

INTERPRETATION THE MAXIMUM IMPACT IS PUT BY T.V ON RESPONDENT THAT IS 50%.

64 8.WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CONTENT YOU FEEL SHOULD BE IN

MORE DETAIL IN YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

STOCK MARKET AND MUTUAL FUNDS

MANDI/COMMODITIES

SPORTS

NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL/STATE

NEWS

CITY NEWS

OTHERS (SPECIFY)

INTERPRETATION MOST OF RESPONDENT THAT IS 75% OF RESPONDENT EXPEND 150- 350 RS MONTHLY

65

9. HOW MUCH TIME YOU GIVE TO YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

15 MINS 41

15-30 MINS 28

30MINS ± 1 HRS 26

1 ± 1 HRS 30 MINS 1

1 HRS 30 MINS ± 2 HRS 3

BLANK 1

INTERPRETATION 66 MOST OF RESPONDENT ARE AVAILING THE SERVICES OF THIS

PARTICULAR SERVICE PROVIDER FOR 2 YEARS.

10. DO YOU FEELCOMPLETLY SATISFIED BY READING YOUR

NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

YES 79

NO 20

INTERPRETATION 67

1.Do you read newspaper regularly?

PARTICULARS NUMBER %AGE

YES 19 95%

NO 1 5%

INTERPRETATION

68

FINDINGS y FEW YEARS BACK MOBILE CONNECTIONS WERE NOT COMMON

AMONG THE STUDENTS. BUT WITH THE MOBILE REVOLUTION

NOW WE CAN FIND ALMOST EVERY STUDENT WITH MOBILE

PHONE. y MOST OF THE STUDENTS PREFER PREPAID CONNECTIONS THAN

POSTPAID CONNECTIONS.

69 y MOST PREFERRED CELLULAR COMPANY AMONGST THE

STUDENTS IS AIRTEL AND THE LEAST PREFERRED COMPANY IS

RELIANCE.

y MOSTLY THE STUDENTS ARE SATISFIED WITH THE SERVICES

PROVIDED BY THE DIFFERENT CELLULAR COMPANIES.

y MAXIMUM NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS WERE ATTRACTED

TOWARDS THE COVERAGE FACILITY AND THE LEAST LIKE THE

ROAMING SERVICES.

y T.V. AND INTERNET ARE THE BEST MEDIA ADVERTISEMENTS

THAT PUT MORE IMPACT ON THE STUDENTS BUYING DECISIONS

y THE MONTHLY EXPENSE OF MAXIMUM STUDENTS WAS RANGING

FROM 150-300.

y MAXIMUM NUMBER OF STUDENTS ARE LOYAL TO THERE

PARTICULAR SERVICE PROVIDERS AND THEY WERE USING THERE

CONNECTIONS SINCE 2 YEARS.

FROM ABOVE FINDINGS ITS CLEAR THAT THERE

WERE 75 RESPONDENT WHO ARE DANIK BHASKAR

READERS. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE VIEWS OF

THOSE READERS

70 Q1. SEX RATIO OF THE RESPONDENT

INTEPRETATION

FROM ABOVE IT CAN BEEN CONCLUDED THAT THERE ARE 53%

OF FEMALE WHO READ DANIK BHASKAR. THAT MEANS MORE

NUMBER OF FEMALE ARE DANIK BHASKAR READER

71

Q3. YOU CHOOSE YOUR NEWSPAPER ON WHAT GROUNDS?

PARTICULAR NO. OF RESPONDENT CONTENT BASIS 69 READY TO SWICH 3 NEWSPAPER IF SCHEMES ARE OFFERED PRICE BASIS 2 OTHERS 1

INTERPRETATION

72

4.HOW WILL YOU RATE YOUR PRESENT YOUR PRESENT

NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO.OF RESPONDENTS

EXCELLENT 19

GOOD 70

FAIR 4

AVERAGE 5

POOR 1

73

Q5.WHAT DO YOU READ FIRST AND WHY?

PATICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENT

74

Q.6 WHAT YOU WANT ON THE FRONT PAGE OF YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

LOCAL NEWS 11

NATIONAL NEWS 27

INTERNATIONAL NEWS 11

ALL THREE 26

75 8.WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CONTENT YOU FEEL SHOULD BE IN

MORE DETAIL IN YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

STOCK MARKET AND MUTUAL FUNDS 15

MANDI/COMMODITIES 5

SPORTS 12

NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL/STATE 28

NEWS

CITY NEWS 12

OTHERS (SPECIFY) 3

76 9. HOW MUCH TIME YOU GIVE TO YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

15 MINS 32

15-30 MINS 24

30MINS ± 1 HRS 18

1 ± 1 HRS 30 MINS 0

1 HRS 30 MINS ± 2 HRS 1

77

10. DO YOU FEELCOMPLETLY SATISFIED BY READING YOUR

NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

YES 59

NO 16

78

NOW

DEMOGARPHIC FEATURES OF REPONDENTS

2. SEX RATIO OF THE REPONDENTS

PARTICULARS NUMBER

YES 6

NO 8

79

6. DO YOU READ NEWSPAPER REGULARLY? PARTICULARS NUMBER %AGE

YES 99 99%

NO 1 1%

80

7. WHICH NEWSPAPER DO YOU READ?

PARTICULAR NO. OF RESPONDENTS

DANIK BHASKAR 75 RAJASTHAN PATRIKA 16 HINDUSTAN TIMES 1 THE TIMES OF INDIA 3 DNA OTHERS 1

81

Q3. YOU CHOOSE YOUR NEWSPAPER ON WHAT GROUNDS?

PARTICULAR NO. OF RESPONDENT CONTENT BASIS 13 READY TO SWICH 0 NEWSPAPER IF SCHEMES ARE OFFERED PRICE BASIS 0 OTHERS 1

82

4.HOW WILL YOU RATE YOUR PRESENT YOUR PRESENT

NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO.OF RESPONDENTS

EXCELLENT 1

GOOD 12

FAIR 1

AVERAGE 0

POOR 0

83 5.WHAT DO YOU READ FIRST AND WHY?

PATICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENT 4 5

4 1

84

Q.6 WHAT YOU WANT ON THE FRONT PAGE OF YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

LOCAL NEWS 0

NATIONAL NEWS 5

INTERNATIONAL NEWS 6

ALL THREE 3

85

8.WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CONTENT YOU FEEL SHOULD BE IN

MORE DETAIL IN YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

STOCK MARKET AND MUTUAL FUNDS 4

MANDI/COMMODITIES 0

SPORTS 5

NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL/STATE 3

NEWS

CITY NEWS 3

OTHERS (SPECIFY) 0

86

9. HOW MUCH TIME YOU GIVE TO YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

15 MINS 10

15-30 MINS 4

30MINS ± 1 HRS 0

1 ± 1 HRS 30 MINS 0

1 HRS 30 MINS ± 2 HRS 0

87

10. DO YOU FEELCOMPLETLY SATISFIED BY READING YOUR

NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

YES 12

NO 2

88 1.DO YOU READ NEWSPAPER REGULARLY? PARTICULARS NUMBER %AGE

YES 99 99%

NO 1 1%

89

2.WHICH NEWSPAPER DO YOU READ?

PARTICULAR NO. OF RESPONDENTS

DANIK BHASKAR 18 RAJASTHAN PATRIKA 2 HINDUSTAN TIMES 0 THE TIMES OF INDIA 0 DNA 0 OTHERS

90

3.YOU CHOOSE YOUR NEWSPAPER ON WHAT GROUNDS?

PARTICULAR NO. OF RESPONDENT CONTENT BASIS 15 READY TO SWICH 2 NEWSPAPER IF SCHEMES ARE OFFERED PRICE BASIS 1 OTHERS 0

INTERPRETATION 91

4.HOW WILL YOU RATE YOUR PRESENT YOUR PRESENT

NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO.OF RESPONDENTS

EXCELLENT 3

GOOD 15

FAIR 0

AVERAGE 0

POOR 0

INTERPRETATION 92

5.WHAT DO YOU READ FIRST AND WHY?

PATICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENT 12 1 2 0 0 0 3

INTERPRETATION 93 6. WHAT YOU WANT ON THE FRONT PAGE OF YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

LOCAL NEWS 8

NATIONAL NEWS 4

INTERNATIONAL NEWS 2

ALL THREE 4

INTERPRETATION THE MAXIMUM IMPACT IS PUT BY T.V ON RESPONDENT THAT IS 50%. 94

7.WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CONTENT YOU FEEL SHOULD BE IN

MORE DETAIL IN YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

STOCK MARKET AND MUTUAL FUNDS 0

MANDI/COMMODITIES 5

SPORTS 1

NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL/STATE 6

NEWS

CITY NEWS 6

OTHERS (SPECIFY) 0

INTERPRETATION 95

9. HOW MUCH TIME YOU GIVE TO YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

15 MINS 11

15-30 MINS 4

30MINS ± 1 HRS 3

1 ± 1 HRS 30 MINS 0

1 HRS 30 MINS ± 2 HRS 0

INTERPRETATION 96

10. DO YOU FEELCOMPLETLY SATISFIED BY READING YOUR

NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

YES 16

NO 2

INTERPRETATION

97

AGE OF RESPONDENT

98

2.WHICH NEWSPAPER DO YOU READ?

PARTICULAR NO. OF RESPONDENTS

DANIK BHASKAR 18 RAJASTHAN PATRIKA 1 HINDUSTAN TIMES 0 THE TIMES OF INDIA 0 DNA 1 OTHERS

99

3.YOU CHOOSE YOUR NEWSPAPER ON WHAT GROUNDS?

PARTICULAR NO. OF RESPONDENT CONTENT BASIS 15 READY TO SWICH 2 NEWSPAPER IF SCHEMES ARE OFFERED PRICE BASIS 1 OTHERS 0

INTERPRETATION 100

4.HOW WILL YOU RATE YOUR PRESENT YOUR PRESENT

NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO.OF RESPONDENTS

EXCELLENT 5

GOOD 8

FAIR 1

AVERAGE 3

POOR 1

INTERPRETATION 101

5.WHAT DO YOU READ FIRST AND WHY?

PATICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENT 10 7 2 0 1 0 3

102 INTERPRETATION 6. WHAT YOU WANT ON THE FRONT PAGE OF YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

LOCAL NEWS 2

NATIONAL NEWS 7

INTERNATIONAL NEWS 0

ALL THREE 9

103

INTERPRETATION THE MAXIMUM IMPACT IS PUT BY T.V ON RESPONDENT THAT IS 50%.

8.WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CONTENT YOU FEEL SHOULD BE IN

MORE DETAIL IN YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

STOCK MARKET AND MUTUAL FUNDS 10

MANDI/COMMODITIES 0

SPORTS 4

NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL/STATE 3

NEWS

CITY NEWS 1

OTHERS (SPECIFY) 0

104

INTERPRETATION

9. HOW MUCH TIME YOU GIVE TO YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

15 MINS 7

15-30 MINS 5

30MINS ± 1 HRS 6

1 ± 1 HRS 30 MINS 0

1 HRS 30 MINS ± 2 HRS 0

105

INTERPRETATION

10. DO YOU FEELCOMPLETLY SATISFIED BY READING YOUR

NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

YES 8

NO 10

106

1.DO YOU READ NEWSPAPER REGULARLY? PARTICULARS NUMBER %AGE

YES 99 99%

NO 1 1%

107

2.WHICH NEWSPAPER DO YOU READ?

PARTICULAR NO. OF RESPONDENTS

DANIK BHASKAR 18 RAJASTHAN PATRIKA 2 HINDUSTAN TIMES 0 THE TIMES OF INDIA 0 DNA 0 OTHERS

108

3.YOU CHOOSE YOUR NEWSPAPER ON WHAT GROUNDS?

PARTICULAR NO. OF RESPONDENT CONTENT BASIS 7 READY TO SWICH 1 NEWSPAPER IF SCHEMES ARE OFFERED PRICE BASIS 1 OTHERS 0

INTERPRETATION 109

4.HOW WILL YOU RATE YOUR PRESENT YOUR PRESENT

NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO.OF RESPONDENTS

EXCELLENT 3

GOOD 6

FAIR 0

AVERAGE 0

POOR 0

110

INTERPRETATION

5.WHAT DO YOU READ FIRST AND WHY?

PATICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENT 4 0 1 4 0 0 0

111

INTERPRETATION 6. WHAT YOU WANT ON THE FRONT PAGE OF YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

LOCAL NEWS 0

NATIONAL NEWS 6

INTERNATIONAL NEWS 1

ALL THREE 2

INTERPRETATION 112 THE MAXIMUM IMPACT IS PUT BY T.V ON RESPONDENT THAT IS 50%.

8.WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CONTENT YOU FEEL SHOULD BE IN

MORE DETAIL IN YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

STOCK MARKET AND MUTUAL FUNDS 0

MANDI/COMMODITIES 0

SPORTS 0

NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL/STATE 8

NEWS

CITY NEWS 1

OTHERS (SPECIFY) 0

113

INTERPRETATION

9. HOW MUCH TIME YOU GIVE TO YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

15 MINS 0

15-30 MINS 2

30MINS ± 1 HRS 6

1 ± 1 HRS 30 MINS 1

1 HRS 30 MINS ± 2 HRS 0

114

INTERPRETATION 10. DO YOU FEELCOMPLETLY SATISFIED BY READING YOUR

NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

YES 9

NO 0

115 REST WHO DON¶T READ READ NEWS PAPER

3.YOU CHOOSE YOUR NEWSPAPER ON WHAT GROUNDS?

PARTICULAR NO. OF RESPONDENT CONTENT BASIS 11 READY TO SWICH 0 NEWSPAPER IF SCHEMES ARE OFFERED PRICE BASIS 0 OTHERS 0

116

INTERPRETATION

4.HOW WILL YOU RATE YOUR PRESENT YOUR PRESENT

NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO.OF RESPONDENTS

EXCELLENT 2

GOOD 9

FAIR 0

AVERAGE 0

POOR 0

INTERPRETATION 117

5.WHAT DO YOU READ FIRST AND WHY?

PATICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENT 4 0 1 4 0 0 0

118 INTERPRETATION 6. WHAT YOU WANT ON THE FRONT PAGE OF YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

LOCAL NEWS 0

NATIONAL NEWS 7

INTERNATIONAL NEWS 1

ALL THREE 3

INTERPRETATION 119 THE MAXIMUM IMPACT IS PUT BY T.V ON RESPONDENT THAT IS 50%.

8.WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CONTENT YOU FEEL SHOULD BE IN

MORE DETAIL IN YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

STOCK MARKET AND MUTUAL FUNDS 0

MANDI/COMMODITIES 0

SPORTS 0

NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL/STATE 8

NEWS

CITY NEWS 1

OTHERS (SPECIFY) 0

120

INTERPRETATION

9. HOW MUCH TIME YOU GIVE TO YOUR NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

15 MINS 0

15-30 MINS 2

30MINS ± 1 HRS 6

1 ± 1 HRS 30 MINS 1

1 HRS 30 MINS ± 2 HRS 0

121

INTERPRETATION 10. DO YOU FEELCOMPLETLY SATISFIED BY READING YOUR

NEWSPAPER?

PARTICULARS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

YES 9

NO 0

122

123