THE ECONOMIC WEEKLY March 12, 1955 The Story of the Indian Press Reba Chaudburi (Continued from page 292 of issue dated February 26, 1955) BOUT this time two domi­ social and administrative evils and dealt with printing presses and news­ A nating personalities appeared critically examined the British policy papers and later came to be known on the scene—James Silk Bucking­ both in India and Ireland. With as ' The Press and Registration of ham and Raja Ram Mohan Roy, the extinction of Calcutta Journal, Books Act '. After this it was —who were destined to play a sig­ the John Bull and Hurkara took up amended by Act X of 1890 and by nificant part in the fight for the free­ the controversy of the freedom of Acts III and X of 1914 and it was dom of the Press. Both attracted the Press. further modified in 1952 and 1953. staunchest supporters from among VERNACULAR PRESS ACT their countrymen and at the same LORD BENTINCK'S ENCOURAGEMENT time provoked the bitterest anta­ Meanwhile, Government was be­ John Adam's regulations were the gonisms. Buckingham edited his coming increasingly uneasy about the fore-runner of the Vernacular Press paper, Calcutta Journal, fearlessly attitude of the Press generally and Act of 1878 which both in concep­ till 1823 when he was deported. its relation with Government. It tion and its application drew a clear Raja Ram Mohan's incursion into was particularly apprehensive of the distinction between the two sections Indian language press as preparations journalism was only to propagate of the Press. Following the Press for the rebellion of 1857 were made the truth and have it tested in the regulations,, the Indian-owned Indian with the use of seemingly harmless light of discussion. His conception language papers seemed to have kept words and symbols. In 1878, the of freedom of the Press was freedom clear of political topics for about Vernacular Press Act was passed with to pursue the truth and to evolve seven years. In July 1824, C J Fair, a view to having better control over a way of life proved by the test of Editor of the Bombay Gazette, was newspapers published in Indian reason. hauled up for casting aspersions on languages, in spite of the representa­ the Supreme Court and asked to tion made from all the Indian presses VIEWED WITH FEAR furnish a security of Rs 20,000. As concerned. A deputation on behalf he was unable to do so, he was de­ Raja Ram Mohan's paper and the of the Indian Press Association wait ported. During this period, though progressive Indian Press were view­ ed upon the Viceroy under the lead­ liberal concessions were allowed to ership of Surendranath Banerjee, ed with apprehension in official cir­ papers published by the Scrampore But it was all in vain. The gagging cles, while newspapers which favour­ missionaries, only nominal conces­ Act of 1857 was a much milder piece ed the orthodox point of view did sions were given to Indian-owned of legislation than the Press Act of not attract the same measure of hos­ Indian language newspapers. Ford tile attention. Almost simultaneous­ Bentmck's assumption of Governor- 1878. ly with Raja Ram Mohan's news­ Generalship was marked by a signi­ The Vernacular Press Act was re- paper, a powerful orthodox Hindu ficant change in the attitude of the pealed in December 1881 under the Press came into being which oppos­ Government towards the Press in enlightened regime of Lord Ripon. ed social and religious reforms at general and the Indian language 'The Nationalist movement since 1883 every stage throughout the nine­ Press in particular. Bentinck saw gave an impetus to the development teenth century. James Silk Bucking­ the obvious advantage of newspapers of the Press in India. As a matter ham, more than any other single per­ published in Indian languages pur­ of fact, it is very difficult- to distin­ son, by a tireless campaign against suing freely social controversies, and guish the development of the Press the restrictions and censorship im­ of generally relaxing the restrictions and important events in this respect posed on the Press, convinced many on all sections of the Press in the from the crucial events and develop­ eminent minds in England and in interest of efficient administration. ments of the Nationalist movement, India of the useful function which He extended facilities to newspapers, a free press could perform by an and between 1831-1833 nineteen A number of Press Laws and res­ exposure of the lapses of the ad­ newspapers came into existence. A trictions were enforced and placed on ministration and by criticising its noteworthy development at this time the statute book from time to time. policies. Governor-General John was that both Bengal and Bombay After the establishment of the Indian Adam passed an ordinance in De­ started official gazettes, the Bombay National Congress, there were sec­ cember 1823 which required that Government Gazette and the Cal­ tions 124A and 153A of the Penal all matters to be printed in a press cutta Gazette. In Madras about this Code enacted in 1898. There was also section 565 of the Indian Penal or to be published thereafter, except time two newspapers were started, one in Tamil and the other in Code. Four new measures were shipping intelligence, etc, should be Telugu. In NW Provinces, a Hindi enacted between 1908-191;, namely, printed and published under a journal and an Urdu journal were the Newspapers (Incitement to licence from the Governor-General successfully launched under Govern­ Offences) Act of 1908, the Press Act in Council. The application for a ment patronage. of 1910, the Prevention of Seditious a license should give all the details Meetings Act of 1911 and the Crimi­ regarding printer, publisher, pro­ In 1867, an act for the regulation nal Law Amendment Act of 1908. prietor, etc. Among the newspapers of printing presses and newspapers, There was also" the Official Secrets whose writings were cited in justi­ for the preservation of copies of books Act as amended in 1903. fication of these regulations was Ram printed in British India and for the Mohan's Mirat-ll-Akbar. The paper regulation of these was passed to DEFENCE OF IINDIA ACT was restrained in its language and replace the Metcalfe Act XI of 1835. In 1914 the enactment of the constructive in criticism, but dealt In this Act were incorporated all the Defence of India Act added to the provisions of the Metcalfe Act which restrictions imposed on the Press. 347 March 12, 1955 THE ECONOMIC WEEKLY The Press Association of India in a at the suppression of all news relat­ Procedure Code should not be appli- memorandum on the operation of ing to Congress activities. The noti­ ed to the Press. the Press Act of 1910 stated that fication was withdrawn after consul­ (6) All action taken against the nearly 1,000 papers had been prose­ tation with the All-India Newspaper Press in the exercise of emergency cuted under the Act. The total Editors' Conference which gave an powers should be preceded by con-. amount of securities and forfeitures assurance that newspapers would sultation between the Provincial which went into the hands of Gov­ observe certain voluntary restraints Governments and Press Advisory ernment during the first five years in the matter of publication of news Committees or similar bodies. of the Act was nearly Rs 5 lakhs regarding the ' Quit India ' move­ according to another official return ment organised by the Congress. THE PRESS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION made in 1918. Over 500 publica­ An account of the development With the adoption of the Consti­ tions were proscribed under the Act. of the Press would be incomplete tution m January 1950, the Govern­ The Defence Act Rules in India were without a reference to unauthorised ment of India was confronted with not merely used for war purposes, and cyclostyled news-sheets which a new set of problems in regard to but also for all political purposes so were circulated from time to time. the Press. Certain newspapers as to carry out the policy of the Some were published when press against which action had been taken Indian Government in regard to re­ restrictions resulted either in the successfully appealed to the High pression of political agitation or free closing down of newspapers or in Court and the Supreme Court which public criticism of its normal acts newspapers being compelled to ex­ overruled the action of the Executive and methods of administration in clude the news of the national move­ on the ground that they were ultra India. ment from their columns, while vires of Article XIX (2) of the Con­ others were underground publications stitution. This Article laid down PRESS EMERENCY ACT 1931 even in normal times. At one time, that ' Nothing in the sub-clause (a) instructions were communicated by When Gandhiji started his Salt of clause 1 of the Article (which means of writings on walls and Satyagraha in March 1930, the peace guaranteed the right of freedom of streets. In 1930, the promulga­ between the Press and Government, speech and expression to all citizens) tion of a Press Ordinance made the which had been maintained for nine shall affect the operation of any exist­ printing of Gandhiji's Young India years, snapped, A Press Ordinance ing law in so far as it related to, or impossible, and it was issued in was issued, reproducing the stringent prevent the State from making any cyclostyled sheets. provisions of the repealed Press Act law regarding, libel, slander, defama­ of 1910, on January 4, 1932.