European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021 HEALTH ISSUE AMONG LANDFILL SCAVENGERSAT KAYU MADANG LANDFILL SITE, , ,

Abdul Hair Beddu Asis1, Abang Mohd. Razif Abang Muis2,Mohammad Tahir Mapa3,Syamsul Azizul Marinsah4& Mohd. Nur Hidayat Hasbollah Hajimin5

Pusat Penataran Ilmu Dan Bahasa Universiti Malaysia Sabah [email protected] Pusat Penataran Ilmu Dan Bahasa Universiti Malaysia Sabah 2 [email protected] Fakulti Sains Sosial Dan Kemanusiaan3 Universiti Malaysia Sabah [email protected] Pusat Penataran Ilmu Dan Bahasa Universiti Malaysia Sabah 4 [email protected] Pusat Penataran Ilmu Dan Bahasa Universiti Malaysia Sabah 5 [email protected]

Abstract Waste management system based on landfill is one of the most popular method used in Malaysia. Uncontrolled dumping of waste and the difficulties to find a new landfill area make recycling program as one way to solve the waste problem in urban areas.The existence of scavengers community in the landfill area has contributed significantly to the success of recycling program (Seow Ta Wee & Indera Syahrul Mat Radzuan, 2011). Thefactor for their involvement in the program is difficulties in getting employment in the urban area due to their education background. This study tries to answer the questions of what are the health issues faced by the scavengers in the study area and what protective equipment is used during scavenging? Therefore this study set the two main objectives : to identify the health issues faced among the scavengers and to identify the protective equipment used during scavenging. Observation and questionnaires were used to obtain the relevent data in order to answers the research questions. Observations and interviews were conducted on this study. The interviews were conducted for all scavengers on that day. A total of 39 respondents were interviewed during this study.The study revelead that landfill scavengers faced serious health problems due to their continous exposure to the landfill environment. This include direct exposure to landfill gaseous such as methane and carbon dioxide. Therefore this issue need to be addressed which is not in the attention of the authorities. Because of their status as illegal, there is no security act adopted in protecting the scavengers at the landfill. Scavengers contribution in reducing the amount of waste in landfills is significant. Therefore the government should focus on this community particularly provide the group with health care and also legal protection on their activity. Besides that, the local authority must consider the best method to protect this group from the deadly disease and to

456 European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021 continue support their activities because this group could assist the local authorities in managing the landfill in more sustainable manner. This study could serve as a model for the national management of the landfill. By this, it is not only benefit the country but also the economic of the scavengers community.

Keywords Health scavengers, landfill site management, recycling programs.

INTRODUCTION

Issues of landfill management are increasingly critical nowadays. The increase in the amount of solid waste is directly proportional to the increase in population. Malaysia, with total population of 30 million is experiencing an increase in the generation and accumulation of waste (Mohammad Tahir et., al., 2019). One of the solutions suggested by many researchers, which can reduce the amount of waste landed at the landfill site is through recycling practice at a community level. Other parties that also could influence the success of recycling rate are the scavengers group. The positive contribution of the scavengers is by diverting the recyclable item from entering landfill site and hence increases the material for recycling and on the other hand, saving the natural resources through resource conservation. At the same time, the waste management costs can be reduced between 78% to 99.5% (Agunwamba, 2003). Recycling practices need to be culturized and targeted at household and communities as almost 90% of the waste is produced from the home (Abdul Hair & Mohammad Tahir, 2020). In general, general, the government need to acknowledge and welcomed the group, as their role is important in recycling performance. The activities of this group should be supported and suggested this group to join the formal sector in waste management (Medina, 1997).

Health Issues Of Scavenger The Scavengers are also faced with a range of risks such as health problems at the landfills. The dirty, carriers of disease, poor and criminals is the label given to this group. However, this group is not the poorest among the poor, but their jobs representing the status of the poor (Medina, 1997). Health risk experienced by scavengers during collection activities is because there is no formal system embraced by the scavengers. Therefore, incorporating scavenger with the formal sector is one way in protecting scavengers from health risks. (Medina, 1997, Thirarattanasunthon P, et al, 2012).

Scavengers who operate in open landfills very risky to various disease problems (Theng et al, 2006, Thirarattanasunthon P, et al, 2012). Back pain and aching, flu, skin rashes, headaches, fatigue, respiratory problems and infectious skin diseases are one of the common illnesses experienced by Scavengers. Most of the scavenger will experience symptoms of these diseases after six months working in landfills (Thirarattanasunthon P, et al, 2012). In Manila, more than 35 types of disease have been identified in the community scavengers such as diarrhea, typhoid, cholera,

457 European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021 dysentery, tuberculosis, anthrax, polio, skin disorders, pneumonia and malaria (Adan et al. 1982). They also exposed from heavy vehicle engine vibration, improper ventilation, noise, odor, heat, contaminated water and disease-carrying animals (rats, Reptilia and insects).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study used qualitative and quantitative approaches in answering the research questions. The combination of these two approaches is essential in order to gain relevant data for the research. These methods are field observations (survey) and interview.

Field Observations

Observations were made at the Kayu Madang landfill site. Observations were made for two months starting from 1 January 2020 until 28Februari 2020. This observation provides information on scavenger's activities. Among the subjects observed are related to health issues, and challenges faced by them.

Interview

The purpose of this method is to strengthen the first method. The interviews targeted scavengers involved directly into landfills. Among the issues raised in the interviews are their involvements in recyclable collection and health issues. Interviews with the scavengers community involved a total of 39 respondents who operate in the area.

STUDY AREA

Kayu Madang landfill is located in Telipok, about 25 km from Kota Kinabalu city (figure 1). This site has been in operation since September 1997. The area covers 150 hectares. This area is divided into four parts; landfill area, pump it, gas pipeline and oxidation pond. Kayu Madang landfill also accepts waste from several areas in Kota Kinabalu in accordance with defined zones (Mr. Richard 2013),

458 European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021

Figure 1: Study Area - Kayu MadangLandfill Site, Telipok

RESEARCH FINDING

Background of the scavengers. A total of 39 respondents comprised of 27 males and 12 females. In general, the ages of the respondents are ranging from 13 years to 85 years. The study found that the characteristics of the scavenger are very similar with the one found in other Asian countries (Rishikesh Pandey, 2004).

This study shows a total of 9 scavenger work on a full-time basis. The remaining 30 make scavenging as a part-time job. The part-time worker come from villagers located surrounding the landfill area. Due to the site closed to their homes, this allows them to spend time after their normal job. From the sample interviewed, 2 of them have been working in the site for the past five years.

459 European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021 Health Issues faced by "scavengers"

The findings show that there are eight types of diseases experienced by the scavengers in the area (table 1); Table 1: Types of disease experienced by scavengers Type of Illnesses Respondent Back pain / One vein 4 Flu 6 Headaches 10 Exhaustion 3 Skin rash 8 Respiratory / Asthma / Chest Pain 1 Infectious Skin Diseases 5 Cough 6

The most common disease experienced by the scavengers is headache (10 respondent) Followed by a skin rash (eight respondent), cough and flue (six respondent) and five respondents claim to have Infectious Skin Disease and three respondents experienced exhaustion. Scavengers in other countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, Peru and the Philippines also experienced these types of illness suffered by scavengers in Kayu Madang landfill (Rishikesh Pandey, 2004). i. Headache Headache is the major illness suffered by scavengers in Kayu Madang. The number of respondent claim to have headache represent 25% of the total scavengers.Table 2 shows the number of Scavengers who experience headache. The results showed that the headache is not influenced by the involvement of either part-time or full-time. However, the hours worked at the site greatly affects the occurrence of headaches among the respondent. The disease occurs in the beginning of their involvement as early as 1 day to 10 months. Other studies in the city of Bandung, Indonesia by Siti Kusumawati found that 6% of the scavenger in Bandung experiencing headaches as early as their involvement. The headache is caused by methane gas released at the site. Gas is caused by the decomposition of organic waste. This gas can cause headaches when inhaled (Georgia Department of Human Resources, 2012). Ages groups 20 to 85 are the most suffer from this disease. Most of them (82%) taking paracetamol and a small number (18%) went to the government clinic (Thirarattanasunthon P, et al, 2012).

Table 2: Headache Experienced by Respondent Participation In Activities Sex Age Working period 50 10 month and below Male 57 10 month and below Full time scavenger 45 10 month and below, Female 11 – 20 month 15 31 – 70 month Part Time Scavenger Male 13 31 – 70 month

460 European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021 17 10 month and below 29 10 month and below Female 85 21 – 30 month ii. Skin Rashes

Table 3: Skin Rashes Experienced by Respondent Participation In Activities Sex Age Working Period 50 10 month and below Male 57 10 month and below Full time scavenger 10 month and below Female 45 11 – 20 month 30 21 – 30 month 40 10 month and below Male Part Time Scavenger 17 10 month and below 29 10 month and below Female 85 21 – 30 month

The table above shows more men suffer from skin rash (6 persons) than females (2 persons). Duration of work does not affect the disease among scavenger. Age between 40 to 85 suffered the most skin rashes. The same study also found in landfills Ratchas Nakhon Thailand (66%) (Thirarattanasunthon P, et al, 2012).

Other researchers less discover problem of skin rashes among Scavengers. Factors that cause skin rash through contact with poisonous plants, fungi and viruses of herpes zoster. The rash usually starts within 48 hours after contact with poisonous plants, fungi and viruses, herpes zoster (Healthwise, 2010). The landfill area is perfect for fungus. This disease occurs when the scavenger carry out their activities, namely when collecting recycled materials. iii. Flu Table 4: scavengers Having Flu Participation In Activities Sex Age Working Period 40 10 month and below Full time scavenger Male 57 10 month and below

15 31 – 70 month 23 21-30 month Male Part Time Scavenger 29 10 month and below 29 10 month and below Female 29 10 month and below

The table above shows flu virus suffered by all age groups both young and adult. The study found that those aged 15 to 57 often suffer from this disease. Flu symptoms usually encountered in their early involvement in scavenging (witihin the first

461 European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021 month). Flu caused by the spread of the flu virus that caused by the groundwater and by migratory birds from other areas to the landfill (Daniel M. Barry, 2011).

iv. Cough Table 5: Having Cough scavengers Participation In Activities Sex Age Working Period Male 40 10 month and below Full time scavenger 45 10 month and below Female 11-20 month 40 0-10 month 19 0-10 month Part Time Scavenger Male 11-20 month 41 21-30 month

The results showed more male respondents experienced cough (4 people) than women (1 person). In terms of age, coughing more easily attacked respondents aged 40 to 45 years compared to young adults. This disease usually affects scavenger in the first 10 months of their involvement.

Factors that cause cough among scavenges is due to contineus exposure to bioerosols. Bioerosols formed from the decomposition of organic waste in landfills, thus creating aerosols microorganisms such as pathogenic, bacteria, fungi and toxins. This material will float in the air (EA, 2010).

v. Infectious Skin Diseases

Table 6: Having scavengers Infectious Skin Diseases Participation In Activities Sex Age Working Period Male 57 0-10 month Full time scavenger 45 Female 0-10 month

40 0-10 month Part Time Scavenger Male 13 31-70 month 19 0-10 month

The table above shows the number of the scavenger suffering from infected skin. The study found a total of 5 people consisting of 5 men and 1 womancomplains had experienced the disease. Male respondents more easily suffer from this disease. The adults are more easily infected than teenagers. The disease is usually experienced as early as their involvement in landfills. The disease is caused by emissions from fire in landfills. This smoke contains dangerous chemicals such as dioxins. Dioxin is associated with infectious skin disease (Margaret Bates, 2004). In addition, the gas released through decomposition in landfills as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

462 European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021 (PAHs) can cause the creation of tumours in the respiratory tract, skin diseases and some surf others diseases (HPA, 2011).

vi. Back pain / One vein

Table 7: scavengers Encountered Diseases Back Pain / One vein Participation In Activities Sex Age Duration of work Full-time Female 45 11 – 20 month

Male 29 0 – 10 month Part-time 0 – 10 month Female 50 11 – 20 month

Scavengers often plague back pain or the occurrences of the disease between veins. This study found that of the overall respondents only 4 people complained of experiencing it (3 women and 1 man). Those aged between 45 to 50 years more experiences this problem. The back pain issue is caused by the nature of the work of Scavengers. The study by Thirarattanasunthon P, et al, (2012), showing the number of people with back pain among Scavengers in landfills Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, which is approximately 95%. Lifting heavy stuff over and over again is the origin of the incidence of sore back (J W Frymoyer et al, 2011).

vii. Fatigue

Table 8: Experiencing scavengers Fatigue Participation In Activities Sex Age Duration of work 30 0 – 10 month Full-time Male 40 0 – 10 month

Female 45 11 – 20 month Part-time Female 50 11 – 20 month

This study found that 4 respondents suffer from this problem (2 males and 2 females). The study also shows that men suffer from this problem at the beginning of involvement while women experience it between 11 to 20 month of involement. Odor pollution is one of the causes of fatigue among Scavengers. EA (2010) has been identify chemicals such as dimethyl sulfide methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl disulphide cause the pollution odors in landfills. ix. Respiratory / Asthma / Chest Pain

463 European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021 Table 9: Having scavengers Respiratory Diseases / Asthma / Chest Pain Participation In Activities Sex Age Duration of work Part time Male 19 0 – 10 month

This study found that only one respondent has shortness of NAFA / asthma / chest pain (Table 1). A gas such as methane and carbon dioxide, which is released at the site, is the main cause of this disease (Steinheider, 1999). The carbon dioxide concentration of 6% may cause an increase in shortness of breath (HPA, 2010). Methane emissions can cause symptoms such as nausea, dizziness and shortness of breath (HPA, 2009).

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The increase in solid waste composition at present is due to the rapid population growth in line with the current development. Increased amount of solid waste has posed a challenge to the country's solid waste management. The presence of scavengers community has a positive impact in the operation of solid waste management particularly in landfills. The role and contribution of the community in the management of waste is very important in recycling activities. Their ability to collect the amount of recycled materials has reduced the amount of waste disposed and in turn can sustaine the life of the landfill. Therefore, the parties involved should take initiative to develop this community more effectively.

Appreciation Acknowledgments are extended to Universiti Malaysia Sabah through the UMS Research Grant under the Special Fund Scheme SDK0160-2020 which has been funded by field research for data collection in this paper.

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