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Health Issue Among Landfill Scavengersat Kayu Madang Landfill Site, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

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Health Issue Among Landfill Scavengersat Kayu Madang Landfill Site, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021 HEALTH ISSUE AMONG LANDFILL SCAVENGERSAT KAYU MADANG LANDFILL SITE, KOTA KINABALU, SABAH, MALAYSIA Abdul Hair Beddu Asis1, Abang Mohd. Razif Abang Muis2,Mohammad Tahir Mapa3,Syamsul Azizul Marinsah4& Mohd. Nur Hidayat Hasbollah Hajimin5 Pusat Penataran Ilmu Dan Bahasa Universiti Malaysia Sabah [email protected] Pusat Penataran Ilmu Dan Bahasa Universiti Malaysia Sabah 2 [email protected] Fakulti Sains Sosial Dan Kemanusiaan3 Universiti Malaysia Sabah [email protected] Pusat Penataran Ilmu Dan Bahasa Universiti Malaysia Sabah 4 [email protected] Pusat Penataran Ilmu Dan Bahasa Universiti Malaysia Sabah 5 [email protected] Abstract Waste management system based on landfill is one of the most popular method used in Malaysia. Uncontrolled dumping of waste and the difficulties to find a new landfill area make recycling program as one way to solve the waste problem in urban areas.The existence of scavengers community in the landfill area has contributed significantly to the success of recycling program (Seow Ta Wee & Indera Syahrul Mat Radzuan, 2011). Thefactor for their involvement in the program is difficulties in getting employment in the urban area due to their education background. This study tries to answer the questions of what are the health issues faced by the scavengers in the study area and what protective equipment is used during scavenging? Therefore this study set the two main objectives : to identify the health issues faced among the scavengers and to identify the protective equipment used during scavenging. Observation and questionnaires were used to obtain the relevent data in order to answers the research questions. Observations and interviews were conducted on this study. The interviews were conducted for all scavengers on that day. A total of 39 respondents were interviewed during this study.The study revelead that landfill scavengers faced serious health problems due to their continous exposure to the landfill environment. This include direct exposure to landfill gaseous such as methane and carbon dioxide. Therefore this issue need to be addressed which is not in the attention of the authorities. Because of their status as illegal, there is no security act adopted in protecting the scavengers at the landfill. Scavengers contribution in reducing the amount of waste in landfills is significant. Therefore the government should focus on this community particularly provide the group with health care and also legal protection on their activity. Besides that, the local authority must consider the best method to protect this group from the deadly disease and to 456 European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021 continue support their activities because this group could assist the local authorities in managing the landfill in more sustainable manner. This study could serve as a model for the national management of the landfill. By this, it is not only benefit the country but also the economic of the scavengers community. Keywords Health scavengers, landfill site management, recycling programs. INTRODUCTION Issues of landfill management are increasingly critical nowadays. The increase in the amount of solid waste is directly proportional to the increase in population. Malaysia, with total population of 30 million is experiencing an increase in the generation and accumulation of waste (Mohammad Tahir et., al., 2019). One of the solutions suggested by many researchers, which can reduce the amount of waste landed at the landfill site is through recycling practice at a community level. Other parties that also could influence the success of recycling rate are the scavengers group. The positive contribution of the scavengers is by diverting the recyclable item from entering landfill site and hence increases the material for recycling and on the other hand, saving the natural resources through resource conservation. At the same time, the waste management costs can be reduced between 78% to 99.5% (Agunwamba, 2003). Recycling practices need to be culturized and targeted at household and communities as almost 90% of the waste is produced from the home (Abdul Hair & Mohammad Tahir, 2020). In general, general, the government need to acknowledge and welcomed the group, as their role is important in recycling performance. The activities of this group should be supported and suggested this group to join the formal sector in waste management (Medina, 1997). Health Issues Of Scavenger The Scavengers are also faced with a range of risks such as health problems at the landfills. The dirty, carriers of disease, poor and criminals is the label given to this group. However, this group is not the poorest among the poor, but their jobs representing the status of the poor (Medina, 1997). Health risk experienced by scavengers during collection activities is because there is no formal system embraced by the scavengers. Therefore, incorporating scavenger with the formal sector is one way in protecting scavengers from health risks. (Medina, 1997, Thirarattanasunthon P, et al, 2012). Scavengers who operate in open landfills very risky to various disease problems (Theng et al, 2006, Thirarattanasunthon P, et al, 2012). Back pain and aching, flu, skin rashes, headaches, fatigue, respiratory problems and infectious skin diseases are one of the common illnesses experienced by Scavengers. Most of the scavenger will experience symptoms of these diseases after six months working in landfills (Thirarattanasunthon P, et al, 2012). In Manila, more than 35 types of disease have been identified in the community scavengers such as diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, 457 European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021 dysentery, tuberculosis, anthrax, polio, skin disorders, pneumonia and malaria (Adan et al. 1982). They also exposed from heavy vehicle engine vibration, improper ventilation, noise, odor, heat, contaminated water and disease-carrying animals (rats, Reptilia and insects). RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This study used qualitative and quantitative approaches in answering the research questions. The combination of these two approaches is essential in order to gain relevant data for the research. These methods are field observations (survey) and interview. Field Observations Observations were made at the Kayu Madang landfill site. Observations were made for two months starting from 1 January 2020 until 28Februari 2020. This observation provides information on scavenger's activities. Among the subjects observed are related to health issues, and challenges faced by them. Interview The purpose of this method is to strengthen the first method. The interviews targeted scavengers involved directly into landfills. Among the issues raised in the interviews are their involvements in recyclable collection and health issues. Interviews with the scavengers community involved a total of 39 respondents who operate in the area. STUDY AREA Kayu Madang landfill is located in Telipok, about 25 km from Kota Kinabalu city (figure 1). This site has been in operation since September 1997. The area covers 150 hectares. This area is divided into four parts; landfill area, pump it, gas pipeline and oxidation pond. Kayu Madang landfill also accepts waste from several areas in Kota Kinabalu in accordance with defined zones (Mr. Richard 2013), 458 European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021 Figure 1: Study Area - Kayu MadangLandfill Site, Telipok RESEARCH FINDING Background of the scavengers. A total of 39 respondents comprised of 27 males and 12 females. In general, the ages of the respondents are ranging from 13 years to 85 years. The study found that the characteristics of the scavenger are very similar with the one found in other Asian countries (Rishikesh Pandey, 2004). This study shows a total of 9 scavenger work on a full-time basis. The remaining 30 make scavenging as a part-time job. The part-time worker come from villagers located surrounding the landfill area. Due to the site closed to their homes, this allows them to spend time after their normal job. From the sample interviewed, 2 of them have been working in the site for the past five years. 459 European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 8, Issue 2, 2021 Health Issues faced by "scavengers" The findings show that there are eight types of diseases experienced by the scavengers in the area (table 1); Table 1: Types of disease experienced by scavengers Type of Illnesses Respondent Back pain / One vein 4 Flu 6 Headaches 10 Exhaustion 3 Skin rash 8 Respiratory / Asthma / Chest Pain 1 Infectious Skin Diseases 5 Cough 6 The most common disease experienced by the scavengers is headache (10 respondent) Followed by a skin rash (eight respondent), cough and flue (six respondent) and five respondents claim to have Infectious Skin Disease and three respondents experienced exhaustion. Scavengers in other countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, Peru and the Philippines also experienced these types of illness suffered by scavengers in Kayu Madang landfill (Rishikesh Pandey, 2004). i. Headache Headache is the major illness suffered by scavengers in Kayu Madang. The number of respondent claim to have headache represent 25% of the total scavengers.Table 2 shows the number of Scavengers who experience headache. The results showed that the headache is not influenced by the involvement of either part-time or full-time. However, the hours worked at the site greatly affects the occurrence of headaches among the respondent. The disease occurs in the beginning of their involvement as early as 1 day to 10 months. Other studies in the city of Bandung, Indonesia by Siti Kusumawati found that 6% of the scavenger in Bandung experiencing headaches as early as their involvement. The headache is caused by methane gas released at the site. Gas is caused by the decomposition of organic waste. This gas can cause headaches when inhaled (Georgia Department of Human Resources, 2012). Ages groups 20 to 85 are the most suffer from this disease.
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