DOCSLIB.ORG

The East Coast Districts Are the Possible Epicenter of Severe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The East Coast Districts Are the Possible Epicenter of Severe Kaur et al. Journal of Physiological Anthropology (2020) 39:19 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-020-00230-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access The east coast districts are the possible epicenter of severe dengue in Sabah Narinderjeet Kaur1, Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim1, Joel Judson Jaimin2, Jiloris Julian Frederick Dony2, Koay Teng Khoon3 and Kamruddin Ahmed4,5* Abstract Background: Malaysia recorded the highest number of dengue cases between 2014 and 2017. There are 13 states and three federal territories in Malaysia, and each area varies in their prevalence of dengue. Sabah is one of the states situated in Borneo, Malaysia. Although dengue has been increasing for the last several years, no study was being done to understand the burden and serotype distribution of the dengue virus (DENV) in Sabah. Therefore, the present study was carried out to understand the epidemiology of the dengue infection and the factors responsible for severe dengue in Sabah. Methods: Data on dengue infection were extracted from the dengue database of the state of Sabah from 2013 through 2018. DENV NS-1-positive serum samples from multiple sites throughout Sabah were sent to the state public health laboratory, Kota Kinabalu Public Health Laboratory, for serotype determination. The analysis of factors associated with severe dengue was determined from the data of 2018 only. Results: In 2013, there were 724 dengue cases; however, from 2014, dengue cases increased exponentially and resulted in 3423 cases in 2018. Increasing dengue cases also led to increased dengue mortality. The number of dengue deaths in 2013 was only five which then gradually increased, and in 2018, 29 patients died. This is an increase of 580% from 2013 to 2018. Deaths were considerably more in the districts of the east coast of Sabah compared with districts in the west coast. During the study period, all DENV serotypes could be identified as serotypes circulating in Sabah. In 2018, the predominant serotype was DENV-3. The monthly peak of dengue infection varied in different years. In the logistic regression analysis, it was identified that children were 6.5 times, patients infected with mixed serotype of DENV were 13 times, and cases from the districts of the east coast were 5.2 times more likely to develop severe dengue. Conclusions: An increasing trend of dengue infection has been observed in Sabah. The burden of dengue, severe dengue, and mortality was noted especially in the districts of the east coast of Sabah. Severe dengue was most likely developed in children, cases from the east coast, and patients infected with mixed serotype of DENV. Keywords: Dengue, Severe dengue, Sabah, Serotype, Genotype * Correspondence: [email protected] 4Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 5Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Kaur et al. Journal of Physiological Anthropology (2020) 39:19 Page 2 of 11 Background cause of this increase is not known, this might be due to Dengue fever is a viral infection that is transmitted to improved notification rates as well as access to better diag- humans by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. Glo- nostic tools. However, the possible reasons for the in- bally, every year, an estimated 390 million people are in- crease in mortality remain obscure leading us to wonder fected with dengue [1]. About 75% of these occur in whether the variation in serotype is the contributing factor Southeast Asia and Western Pacific regions [2]. Before to the increasing cases and mortality [14]. 1970, only nine countries were endemic for dengue; A similar pattern of increasing trend of dengue infection however, now, 120 countries are affected indicating den- is also observed in Sabah which needs immediate mea- gue is spreading at an alarming pace [3]. It is thought sures to assess this regional issue. However, data on the that global warming might have increased the survival serotype distribution in Sabah is still lacking [15]. This re- and/or migration of mosquitoes into previously non- quires a comprehensive study on the epidemiology and endemic areas outside the tropics. Globalization, circulating serotypes in Sabah to determine whether they urbanization, trade, and travels [4] might have also con- are associated with increased virulence or whether other tributed to the spread of dengue. associated factors are responsible. The aim of this study is Dengue infection is generally mild [5], but in 5 to 20% to determine the burden of dengue as well as to identify of cases, it may progress to severe dengue depending on the circulating serotypes of DENV in Sabah during the the immunity of the person [4, 5]. Severe dengue is man- past 6 years along with the temporal patterns and other ifested by plasma leakage, hemorrhage and organ dys- factors that are associated with severe dengue. The infor- function, and even death [6]. Early supportive care can mation obtained from this study will be useful to formu- reduce mortality in severe dengue cases; however, there late a policy for dengue control in this state. is no reliable method to predict progression to severe dengue. The warning signs for severe dengue have a low Methods positive predictive value and develop only later in the Study area disease where it might already be too late [5]. The study was performed in Sabah, Malaysia, situated in Dengue virus (DENV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded thenorthernpartofBorneoisland.Thesizeofthestateis RNA virus found in the genus Flaviviridae. It is classified 73,904 km2 with a population of 3.9 million [16]. Sabah has into four main serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and land borders with the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the DENV-4), which are distinct genetically but cause similar southwest and Indonesia’s Kalimantan region to the south. disease features. Infection withoneoftheserotypesisbe- It also shares maritime borders with Vietnam to the west lieved to produce durable, life-long, homotypic immunity and the Philippines to the north and east. Sabah has abun- against the particular serotype; however, it only generates dant natural resources, and its economy is strongly export partial and transient cross-protection against the other oriented.Itsprimaryexportsincludeoil,gas,timber,and three serotypes. This allows for sequential dengue infec- palm oil. The other major industries are agriculture and tions with other serotypes in the same individual [1]. ecotourism. The capital of Sabah is Kota Kinabalu, and the Recently, the Asia Pacific region has been burdened state is divided into Kudat, Interior, Sandakan, Tawau, and with an increased threat of dengue. Thailand is experien- west coast divisions with a total of 23 districts. cing the largest dengue epidemic in more than 20 years [7]. The escalating cases have also been observed in Bangladesh [8]. In the Philippines [9], Laos [10], and Case definitions Myanmar [11], similar patterns of increased cases, sever- This paper followed WHO’s 2009 criteria for case defin- ity, and mortality were observed. A study in Sri Lanka ition of dengue fever and severe dengue [17]. Dengue is identified that the increasing number of dengue cases defined as a combination of two or more clinical findings and the changes in the virulence of the virus were due in a person with fever. The clinical findings include nau- to the shifting of genotypes and subtypes of the circulat- sea, vomiting, rash, aches and pains, a positive tourniquet ing DENVs [12]. This diversity amongst genotypes and test, leukopenia, and the following warning signs: abdom- serotypes is one of the major challenges in the develop- inal pain or tenderness, persistent vomiting, clinical fluid ment of tetravalent vaccines [13]. accumulation, mucosal bleeding, lethargy, restlessness, Dengue is endemic in Malaysia, and the first case was and liver enlargement. The presence of a warning sign detected back in 1902 [6]. It is prevalent throughout the may predict severe dengue in a patient. year although peak transmission occurs in the late mon- Severe dengue is defined as dengue with symptoms of either soon season. Malaysia recorded the highest number of severe plasma leakage leading to shock or fluid accumulation dengue cases through 2014 and 2016 [6], where 2015 ob- with respiratory distress, severe bleeding or severe organ served a peak with 120,836 cases and 336 deaths, which impairment such as elevated transaminases ≥ 1000 IU/L, might translate into one death daily [6]. Although the impaired consciousness, or heart impairment. Kaur et al. Journal of Physiological Anthropology (2020) 39:19 Page 3 of 11 Data preparation package (International Business Machines Corporation, Data on dengue cases and death from 2013 through Armonk, NY, USA).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sabah REDD+ Roadmap Is a Guidance to Press Forward the REDD+ Implementation in the State, in Line with the National Development
    Study on Economics of River Basin Management for Sustainable Development on Biodiversity and Ecosystems Conservation in Sabah (SDBEC) Final Report Contents P The roject for Develop for roject Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the Study .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Detailed Work Plan ...................................................................................................... 1 ing 1.4 Implementation Schedule ............................................................................................. 3 Inclusive 1.5 Expected Outputs ......................................................................................................... 4 Government for for Government Chapter 2 Rural Development and poverty in Sabah ........................................................... 5 2.1 Poverty in Sabah and Malaysia .................................................................................... 5 2.2 Policy and Institution for Rural Development and Poverty Eradication in Sabah ............................................................................................................................ 7 2.3 Issues in the Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation from Perspective of Bangladesh in Corporation City Biodiversity
    [Show full text]
  • Plate Tectonics and Seismic Activities in Sabah Area
    Plate Tectonics and Seismic Activities in Sabah Area Kuei-hsiang CHENG* Kao Yuan University, 1821 Zhongshan Road, Luzhu District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. *Corresponding author: [email protected]; Tel: 886-7-6077750; Fax: 886-7-6077762 A b s t r a c t Received: 27 November 2015 Ever since the Pliocene which was 1.6 million years ago, the structural Revised: 25 December 2015 geology of Sabah is already formed; it is mainly influenced by the early Accepted: 7 January 2016 South China Sea Plate, which is subducted into the Sunda Plate. However, In press: 8 January 2016 since the Cenozoic, the Sunda Plate is mainly influenced by the western and Online: 1 April 2016 southern of the Sunda-Java Arc and Trench system, and the eastern side of Luzon Arc and Trench system which has an overall impact on the tectonic Keywords: and seismic activity of Sunda plate. Despite the increasing tectonic activities Arc and Trench System, of Sunda-Java Arc and Trench System, and of Luzon Arc and Trench Tectonic earthquake, Seismic System since the Quaternary, which cause many large and frequent zoning, GM（1,1）model, earthquakes. One particular big earthquake is the M9.0 one in Indian Ocean Seismic potential assessment in 2004, leading to more than two hundred and ninety thousand deaths or missing by the tsunami caused by the earthquake. As for Borneo island which is located in residual arc, the impact of tectonic earthquake is trivial; on the other hand, the Celebes Sea which belongs to the back-arc basin is influenced by the collision of small plates, North Sulawesi, which leads to two M≧7 earthquakes (1996 M7.9 and 1999 M7.1) in the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • 25 the Land Capability Classification of Sabah Volume 1 the Tawau Residency
    25 The land capability classification of Sabah Volume 1 The Tawau Residency OdEXäxo] ßte©@x>a?®^ ®(^ Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the originators. For questions please contact [email protected] indicating the item reference number concerned. The land capability classification of Sabah Volume 1 The Tawau Residency T-i2>S Land Resources Division The land capability classification of Sabah Volume 1 The Tawau Residency (with an Introduction and Summary for Volumes 1—4) P Thomas, F K C Lo and A J Hepburn Land Resource Study 25 Land Resources Division, Ministry of Overseas Development Tolworth Tower, Surbiton, Surrey, England KT6 7DY 1976 THE LAND RESOURCES DIVISION The Land Resources Division of the Ministry of Overseas Development assists develop­ ing countries in mapping, investigating and assessing land resources, and makes recommendations on the use of these resources for the development of agriculture, livestock husbandry and forestry; it also gives advice on related subjects to overseas governments and organisations, makes scientific personnel available for appointment abroad and provides lectures and training courses in the basic techniques of resource appraisal. The Division works in close cooperation with government departments, research institutes, universities and international organisations concerned with land resource assessment and development planning.
    [Show full text]
  • Dbkk Waste Management
    Managing Waste Effectively: DBKK Experience Managing Waste Effectively: DBKK Experience BACKGROUND OF KOTA KINABALU Location of Kota Kinabalu district and the city within the West Coast Division of Sabah. AREA City 367 km² POPULATION (2007) City 543,765 Density 1,516/km² Granted city status on Feb 2, 2000 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org KOTA KINABALU CITY HALL ADMINISTRATION AREA An Approximately 31 Sq.Km An Approximately 24 Sq.Km An Approximately 57 Sq.Km An Approximately 162 Sq.Km An Approximately 27 Sq.Km An Approximately 48 Sq.Km An Approximately 18 Sq.Km KKCH Administration Area Cover An Approximately 367 Sq.Km Managing Waste Effectively: DBKK Experience DBKK ORGANISATION CHART Jab. Kebersihan & Kesihatan Persekitaran JKKP ORGANISATION CHART PUBLIC CLEANSING ACTIVITIES Sweeping / Cleaning Schedule CBD Area Rural Area 1st Shift: Every Day Start at 4.30 am Start at 7.00 am until 12.30 pm until 3.00 pm 2nd Shift: Start at 11.00 am until 7.00 pm SWEEPING ACTIVITIES • Do thorough sweeping on the road. • To clean up the grass at the edge of the road. • Do sweepings in public alleys. • Collect rubbish from litter bin in public areas accordance to the prescribed duty. • To ensure that no trash scattered near the bin centre and to make sure communal bin return to the original place. • Do ‘gotong royong’ / LiFE events according to the instructions. SOLID WASTE COLLECTION Garbage Collection Schedule Housing Area Commercial Area Three (3) times a week EVERY DAY =Start at 2.00 pm until 10.00 pm CBD Area = Start at 12.00 am until 8.00 am Rural
    [Show full text]
  • Estimation of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Resources in the East of Malaysia
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Estimation of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Resources in the East of Malaysia Sathiabama T. Thirugnana 1,* , Abu Bakar Jaafar 1, Takeshi Yasunaga 2 , Tsutomu Nakaoka 2, Yasuyuki Ikegami 2 and Suriyanti Su 3 1 Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics & UTM Ocean Thermal Energy Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia; [email protected] 2 Institute of Ocean Energy, Saga University, Saga, Saga City 840-8502, Japan; [email protected] (T.Y.); [email protected] (T.N.); [email protected] (Y.I.) 3 Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The Malaysian Government has set a target of achieving 20% penetration of Renewable Energy (RE) in the energy mix spectrum by 2025. In order to get closer to the target, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) aligned with solar PV, biogas and biomass energy sources must be evaluated and comprehended. Hybrid OTEC systems consisting of energy and water production are currently under research and validation. Therefore, for the construction of a commercial OTEC plant, 1 MW or 2.5 MW, the choice of a strategic location or potential site is vital. In this paper, oceanographic data such as seawater temperature, depth, salinity and dissolved oxygen obtained from the Japan Oceanographic Data Center (JODC) for Semporna, Tawau, Kudat, Pulau Layang- Layang and Pulau Kalumpang in Sabah, Malaysia, are reported. The RE available from the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) on the coast of Sabah was estimated based on the JODC data obtained.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Area Management Plan
    FMU10: CAMP VER. 2 1. SITE CONSERVATION CONTEXT OF FOREST MANAGEMENT UNIT (FMU 10) 1.1 Objective of the FMU10: CAMP Ver. 2 Under the mid – term review as documented under the Revised Conservation Area Management Plan (CAMP) for FMU 10, which was approved by the Chief Conservator of Forests Sabah (formerly the Director of Forestry) in the year 2013, a new set of CAMP has to be prepared by the Management Planning Core Team (MPCT) including the Resource Persons Group (RPG) for FMU10 towards the end of 2016. This new document, also known as the Second Revised CAMP for FMU10, is referred to as FMU10: CAMP Ver. 2 (FMU10: CAMP Version 2). The rationale and management objectives of FMU10: CAMP Ver. 2 is as follows: 1.1.1 Area, Site’s Name and Location: The whole of the FMU 10 (Tambunan) is located in central Sabah, between longitude E 116o 21’ 13. 8” and E 117o 01’ and latitude N 5o 27’N and 5o 52’N. For management and identification purposes under this FMU10: CAMP Ver. 2, the area and the site’s name is known as the Forest Management Unit Number 10 or FMU10 (Tambunan). As of December 2016, the FMU10 consisted of the Nuluhon Trusmadi Forest Reserve with a total size of 74, 736 hectare (ha) and the Sg. Kiluyu Forest Reserve with a total area of 1, 068 ha. Both are Class 1 (Protection) Forest Reserves, with a total size of 75,804 ha. In late 2016, an area totalling 12,241 ha was excised out from the neighbouring Trusmadi Forest Reserve (FMU 5: Class II Forest Reserve) in Ranau.
    [Show full text]
  • Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia, Negeri Sabah Department of Statistics Malaysia, Sabah
    JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA, NEGERI SABAH DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS MALAYSIA, SABAH Disember 2015 December 2015 KATA PENGANTAR PREFACE KATA PENGANTAR PREFACE Buku Tahunan Perangkaan ini The Statistical Yearbook provides memberikan maklumat yang comprehensive and up-to-date komprehensif dan terkini tentang ciri- information on social and economic ciri sosial dan ekonomi bagi Negeri characteristics of the State of Sabah. Sabah. Penerbitan ini The publication presents statistics on a mempersembahkan perangkaan yang wide array of topics which include luas meliputi pelbagai topik termasuk population, employment, education, penduduk, guna tenaga, pendidikan, health, prices, external trade, national kesihatan, perdagangan luar negeri, accounts, environment as well as data harga, akaun negara, alam sekitar dan for the various sectors of the economy. juga data bagi pelbagai sektor ekonomi. Beberapa penunjuk utama Some key indicators are presented at dipersembahkan pada permulaan the beginning of the publication to penerbitan ini bagi membolehkan provide users with a quick pengguna memahami secara sepintas understanding of the basic trends of the lalu arah aliran asas ekonomi. economy. Buku Tahunan Perangkaan The Statistical Yearbook serves as a menyediakan rujukan yang berguna dan useful and convenient reference on the mudah tentang situasi sosio ekonomi socio-economic situation of the State. negeri ini. Maklumat yang lebih Detailed statistics can be obtained in terperinci boleh diperoleh dalam other specialised publications of the penerbitan lain Jabatan yang lebih Department. khusus. Sebarang cadangan dan pandangan ke Comments and suggestions towards arah memperbaiki lagi penerbitan ini improving future publications would be pada masa hadapan amat dihargai. greatly appreciated. The Department Jabatan merakamkan setinggi-tinggi gratefully acknowledges the co- penghargaan di atas kerjasama semua operation of all parties concerned in pihak yang telah membekalkan providing information for this maklumat untuk penerbitan ini.
    [Show full text]
  • Sabah 90000 Tabika Kemas Kg
    Bil Nama Alamat Daerah Dun Parlimen Bil. Kelas LOT 45 BATU 7 LORONG BELIANTAMAN RIMBA 1 KOMPLEKS TABIKA KEMAS TAMAN RIMBAWAN Sandakan Sungai SiBuga Libaran 11 JALAN LABUKSANDAKAN SABAH 90000 TABIKA KEMAS KG. KOBUSAKKAMPUNG KOBUSAK 2 TABIKA KEMAS KOBUSAK Penampang Kapayan Penampang 2 89507 PENAMPANG 3 TABIKA KEMAS KG AMAN JAYA (NKRA) KG AMAN JAYA 91308 SEMPORNA Semporna Senallang Semporna 1 TABIKA KEMAS KG. AMBOI WDT 09 89909 4 TABIKA KEMAS KG. AMBOI Tenom Kemabong Tenom 1 TENOM SABAH 89909 TENOM TABIKA KEMAS KAMPUNG PULAU GAYA 88000 Putatan 5 TABIKA KEMAS KG. PULAU GAYA ( NKRA ) Tanjong Aru Putatan 2 KOTA KINABALU (Daerah Kecil) KAMPUNG KERITAN ULU PETI SURAT 1894 89008 6 TABIKA KEMAS ( NKRA ) KG KERITAN ULU Keningau Liawan Keningau 1 KENINGAU 7 TABIKA KEMAS ( NKRA ) KG MELIDANG TABIKA KEMAS KG MELIDANG 89008 KENINGAU Keningau Bingkor Keningau 1 8 TABIKA KEMAS (NKRA) KG KUANGOH TABIKA KEMAS KG KUANGOH 89008 KENINGAU Keningau Bingkor Keningau 1 9 TABIKA KEMAS (NKRA) KG MONGITOM JALAN APIN-APIN 89008 KENINGAU Keningau Bingkor Keningau 1 TABIKA KEMAS KG. SINDUNGON WDT 09 89909 10 TABIKA KEMAS (NKRA) KG. SINDUNGON Tenom Kemabong Tenom 1 TENOM SABAH 89909 TENOM TAMAN MUHIBBAH LORONG 3 LOT 75. 89008 11 TABIKA KEMAS (NKRA) TAMAN MUHIBBAH Keningau Liawan Keningau 1 KENINGAU 12 TABIKA KEMAS ABQORI KG TANJUNG BATU DARAT 91000 Tawau Tawau Tanjong Batu Kalabakan 1 FASA1.NO41 JALAN 1/2 PPMS AGROPOLITAN Banggi (Daerah 13 TABIKA KEMAS AGROPOLITAN Banggi Kudat 1 BANGGIPETI SURAT 89050 KUDAT SABAH 89050 Kecil) 14 TABIKA KEMAS APARTMENT INDAH JAYA BATU 4 TAMAN INDAH JAYA 90000 SANDAKAN Sandakan Elopura Sandakan 2 TABIKA KEMAS ARS LAGUD SEBRANG WDT 09 15 TABIKA KEMAS ARS (A) LAGUD SEBERANG Tenom Melalap Tenom 3 89909 TENOM SABAH 89909 TENOM TABIKA KEMAS KG.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasmodium Vivax Population Structure and Transmission Dynamics in Sabah Malaysia
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Charles Darwin University's Institutional Digital Repository Plasmodium vivax Population Structure and Transmission Dynamics in Sabah Malaysia Noor Rain Abdullah1, Bridget E. Barber2,3, Timothy William2,4, Nor Azrina Norahmad1,Umi Rubiah Satsu1, Prem Kumar Muniandy1, Zakiah Ismail1, Matthew J. Grigg2,3, Jenarun Jelip4, Kim Piera3, Lorenz von Seidlein3, Tsin W. Yeo3, Nicholas M. Anstey3,5, Ric N. Price3,5,6, Sarah Auburn3* 1 Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpar, Malaysia, 2 Infectious Diseases Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 3 Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia, 4 Sabah Department of Health, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 5 Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia, 6 Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Abstract Despite significant progress in the control of malaria in Malaysia, the complex transmission dynamics of P. vivax continue to challenge national efforts to achieve elimination. To assess the impact of ongoing interventions on P. vivax transmission dynamics in Sabah, we genotyped 9 short tandem repeat markers in a total of 97 isolates (8 recurrences) from across Sabah, with a focus on two districts, Kota Marudu (KM, n = 24) and Kota Kinabalu (KK, n = 21), over a 2 year period. STRUCTURE analysis on the Sabah-wide dataset demonstrated multiple sub-populations. Significant differentiation (FST = 0.243) was observed between KM and KK, located just 130 Km apart.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on the Transportation System in the East Coast of Sabah
    International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-9 Issue-4, November 2020 Study on the Transportation System in the East Coast of Sabah Mohd Azizul Bin Ladin, Fariq Ismeth Jaimin, Nazaruddin Abdul Taha, Lillian Gungat, Abdul Karim Mirasa, Sidah Binti Idris Abstract: Being situated in eastern Malaysia, Sabah is one of be divided into two areas, urban and rural. Within the urban the states which have a firm economic foundation through areas of Sabah, the road networks are better, and some types agriculture, forestry as well as petroleum industries. However, of public transportation, although unreliable, are available for even though it is rich with the natural resources that have long the public. However, like other urban road networks in the served for the country’s economic growth, as a whole, Sabah is considered a little behind her counterparts in the Peninsular world, it faces its main adversary, the road congestion. This Malaysia in terms of infrastructure and development. This study causes pollution and harm to the environment as well as the mainly examines the transportation network in Semporna, Tawau health of the citizens within the area. Moving on to the rural and Lahad Datu which is mostly in poor condition. This is side of Sabah, congestion is not a serious issue as the road because it is extensively used for the industrial activities including network in the area is not connected enough to even create logging, palm industries and quarries. Based on the survey, it is road congestion. The sight of gravel roads, mud path, and found that the road mostly had potholes, edge raveling, uneven surfaces, road rutting, congestion problems and limited parking potholes are the norm.
    [Show full text]
  • INDIGENOUS GROUPS of SABAH: an Annotated Bibliography of Linguistic and Anthropological Sources
    INDIGENOUS GROUPS OF SABAH: An Annotated Bibliography of Linguistic and Anthropological Sources Part 1: Authors Compiled by Hans J. B. Combrink, Craig Soderberg, Michael E. Boutin, and Alanna Y. Boutin SIL International SIL e-Books 7 ©2008 SIL International Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2008932444 ISBN: 978-155671-218-0 Fair Use Policy Books published in the SIL e-Books series are intended for scholarly research and educational use. You may make copies of these publications for research or instructional purposes (under fair use guidelines) free of charge and without further permission. Republication or commercial use of SILEB or the documents contained therein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the copyright holder(s). Series Editor Mary Ruth Wise Volume Editor Mae Zook Compositor Mae Zook The 1st edition was published in 1984 as the Sabah Museum Monograph, No. 1. nd The 2 edition was published in 1986 as the Sabah Museum Monograph, No. 1, Part 2. The revised and updated edition was published in 2006 in two volumes by the Malaysia Branch of SIL International in cooperation with the Govt. of the State of Sabah, Malaysia. This 2008 edition is published by SIL International in single column format that preserves the pagination of the 2006 print edition as much as possible. Printed copies of Indigenous groups of Sabah: An annotated bibliography of linguistic and anthropological sources ©2006, ISSN 1511-6964 may be obtained from The Sabah Museum Handicraft Shop Main Building Sabah Museum Complex, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah,
    [Show full text]
  • The Study on Development for Enhancing Rural Women Entrepreneurs in Sabah, Malaysia
    No. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE JAPAN INTERNATIONAL AND FOOD INDUSTRY COOPERATION AGENCY SABAH, MALAYSIA THE STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT FOR ENHANCING RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN SABAH, MALAYSIA FINAL REPORT VOLUME II FEBRUARY 2004 KRI INTERNATIONAL CORP. AFA JR 04-13 THE STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT FOR ENHANCING RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN SABAH, MALAYSIA FINAL REPORT AND SUPPORTING BOOKS MAIN REPORT FINAL REPORT VOLUME I - MASTER PLAN - FINAL REPORT VOLUME II - SITUATION ANALYSIS AND VERIFICATION SURVEY - PUANDESA DATABOOK PUANDESA GUIDELINE FOR RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS - HOW TO START A MICRO BUSINESS IN YOUR COMMUNITY - EXCHANGE RATE (as of 30 December 2003) US$1.00 = RM3.8= Yen107.15 LOCATION MAP PUANDESA THE STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT FOR ENHANCING RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN SABAH, MALAYSIA FINAL REPORT CONTENTS LOCATION MAP PART I: SITUATION ANALYSIS CHAPTER 1: STUDY OUTLINE ..........................................................................................................1 1.1 BACKGROUND .........................................................................................................................1 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY....................................................................................................2 1.3 TARGET GROUP OF THE STUDY ...........................................................................................2 1.4 MAJOR ACTIVITIES AND TIME-FRAME...............................................................................2 1.5 NICKNAME OF THE STUDY ...................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]