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Languages of Malaysia (Sabah)

Malaysia (Sabah). 1,002,608 (1980). Literacy rate: 58%. Information mainly from C. P. Miller 1981–1982, 1987; J. K. King and J. W. King 1984; A. K. Pallesen 1984; J. Walton and D. Moody 1984; P. R. Kroeger 1985, 1986; M. and A. Boutin 1985; M. Boutin 1986; C. Sather 1997. The number of languages listed for Malaysia (Sabah) is 54. Of those, all are living languages.

Living languages

Abai Sungai [abf] 400 (2000 Wurm). Lower reaches of the . Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Paitanic More information. Bajau, West [bdr] 40,000 (1982). to , Coast northern and some eastern areas, west coast of Sabah. Alternate names: Land Bajaw, West Coast Bajao. : , Kawang, , Papar, Banggi, Bajau, Pitas Bajau. Diversified in structure more than other languages. Related to, but a distinct language from Sama (East Coast Bajau) groups of Malaysia and , and Indonesian Bajau (K. Pallesen 1977). 60% intelligibility of Sama. Papar used in national broadcasting. May be more than one language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sama-Bajaw, -Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw More information. Balangingi [sse] 30,000 in Malaysia (1977 SIL). Population includes all East Coast Bajau (Sama), including Kagayan (Sama ) and Southern Sama. East coast of Sabah. Alternate names: Balangingi Bajau, Baangingi', Northern Sinama, Balanian, Balagnini, Balanini, Balignini, Binadan, Banadan, Sama. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sama- Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Inner Sulu Sama More information. Banjar [bjn] 900,000 in Malaysia (1993). . Alternate names: Banjarese, Bandjarese, Banjar Malay. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay More information.

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Bisaya, Sabah [bsy] 15,822 (2000 WCD). On the coast north of and around Bay, mainly in west Beaufort along , south of Weston, and south to coast. Alternate names: Basaya, Besaya, Bisaia, Bisayah, Jilama Bawang, Jilama Sungai. Dialects: 90% intelligibility of Tatana. Lexical similarity 58% with , 57% to 59% with Brunei Bisaya ('Dusun'). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Bisaya More information. Bonggi [bdg] 1,400 (1990 UBS). in , 15 villages. Alternate names: Banggi, Bangay, Banggi Dusun. Dialects: Closest to Molbog of the Philippines. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Meso Philippine, Palawano More information. Bookan [bnb] 2,764 (2000 WCD). Population includes 300 or more Tengara. and Kinabatangan districts around the headwaters of the Sook and Kinabatangan . Alternate names: Baukan, Baukan Murut. Dialects: Baukan (Baokan, Bokan, Bookan, Boken, Bokun, Bukun, Bokon, Ulun-No-Bokon, Ulun- No-Bokan, Pingas), Kokoroton Murut, Tengara (Tungara, Tingara, Tenggaraq, Tangara', Tanggaraq, Kinabatangan Murut). Close to Keningau Murut, Timugon, Tagal. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Northern More information. Brunei [kxd] 54,000 in Malaysia. Population includes 46,500 in Sabah, 7,500 in Sarawak. Upper Balait and Tutau rivers, northern coast, 4th and 5th divisions, Sarawak; Sabah in Beaufort, Kuala Penyu, , Labuk-Sugut, Papar, , Sandakan, and districts. Alternate names: Brunei-Kadaian, Orang Bukit. Dialects: Brunei, Kadaian (Kadayan, Kadian, Kadien, Kadyan, Karayan, Kedyan, , Kedien, Kerayan). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay More information. Bugis [bug] Alternate names: Buginese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-

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Polynesian, , , Bugis More information. [cbk] One village in . Classification: Creole, Spanish based More information. [dmv] 1,078 (2000 WCD). Perancangan village in Labuk-Sugut District. Alternate names: Doompas. Dialects: May be Paitanic. Comprehension of Tombonuo 87%, Eastern Kadazan 57%, Coastal Kadazan 44%. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Unclassified More information. Dusun, Central [dtp] 140,500 (1991 SIL). Population includes 50,000 (1989 UBS), 70,000 Bundu (1990 UBS), 500 (?) Kuala Monsok Dusun (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Beaufort, Kota Belud, , , Kinabatangan, Keningau, Labuk-Sugut, , Papar, Ranau, , Tenom, , and Tawau districts. Alternate names: Dusun, Dusan, Dusum, Dusur, Kadayan, Kedayan, Kadasan, Central Kadazan. Dialects: Dusun Sinulihan (Sinulihan), Kadazan-Tagaro (Tagaro), Kiundu, Pahu', Sokid, Tindal, Menggatal (Kiulu, ), Ranau, Bundu (Taginambur), Beaufort, Luba, Kuala Monsok Dusun. Ranau dialect is different from Ranau in , . Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Central More information. Dusun, Sugut [kzs] 12,225 (2000 WCD). Headwaters of the , Labuk-Sugut District. Alternate names: Dusun, Sugut, Sugut Kadazan, Kadayan, Tanggal, Tilau-Ilau. Dialects: Tinagas, Talantang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Central More information. Dusun, [kzt] 15,553 (2000 WCD). Throughout Tambunan and parts of Keningau. Alternate names: Tambunan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Central More information. Dusun, [tdu] 6,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Area

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Tempasuk around Tempasuk village, Kota Belud. Alternate names: Tindal, Kedamaian Dusun, Tampasuk, Tampassuk, Tampasok, Tempasok. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Central More information. Gana [gnq] 2,000 (1985 SIL). Minusut and Kuangoh, along the Baiaya River, a of the Pegalan River, north of Keningau town. Alternate names: Ganaq, Gana', Minansut, Keningau Dusun. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun More information. Ida'an [dbj] 6,000 (1987 SIL). Population includes 1,500 Begahak. East coast of Sabah, , Kinabatangan, and Sandakan districts. Alternate names: Eraans, Bulud Upi, Idaan, Idahan, Idan, Idayan. Dialects: Begak (Begahak, Bagahak), Subpan (Supan, Sungai), Ida'an. Not closely related to other languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Ida'an More information. Iranun [ill] 12,000 (2003). 17 villages around Lahad Datu and Kota Belud districts; also reported to be in Kudat and Marudu. Alternate names: "Ilanun", Illanun, Illanoan, Illanoon, Iranon Maranao, Iranum, Lanoon, Ylanos, Lanun, Illanos. Dialects: Most closely related to Maranao of the Philippines (85% intelligibility). Related to, but distinct from, Iranun and Maguindanao of the Philippines. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Philippine, Danao, Maranao-Iranon More information. Javanese [jav] 300,000 in Malaysia (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Alternate names: Jawa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Javanese More information. Kadazan, [kzj] 60,000 (1986 SIL). West coast of Sabah, Coastal Penampang, and Papar districts. Alternate names: Penampang Kadazan, Papar Kadazan, Kadazan, Kadazan Tangaa'. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic,

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Dusun More information. Kadazan, Klias [kqt] 1,000 (1984 SIL). Klias River area, River . Dialects: Low intelligibility of Coastal Kadazan. Lexical similarity 77% with Tatana. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun More information. Kadazan, [dtb] 20,583 (2000 SIL). Population includes Labuk- 14,000 to 16,000 Labuk (1987 SIL), 7,000 to Kinabatangan 8,000 Sungai (1982 SIL). Northeast Sabah, Sandakan, Labuk-Sugut, and Kinabatangan districts. Alternate names: Eastern Kadazan, Labuk Kadazan, Sogilitan, Tindakon, Tompulung. Dialects: Mangkaak (Mangkahak, Mangkok, Mangkak), Sukang, Labuk, Lamag Sungai (Sungei). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Eastern More information. [kve] 2,229 (2000 WCD). along the Kalabakan River. Alternate names: Kalabakan Murut, Tawau Murut, Tidung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong More information. Keningau [kxi] 7,001 (2000 WCD). Population includes Murut 1,000 to 1,200 Dusun Murut (1985 SIL). All Murut in Sabah 34,282 (1980 census). Keningau District within a 10-mile radius to the north of Keningau town along the Pegalan River. Alternate names: Central Murut. Dialects: Nabay (Nabai, Nebee, Dabay, Dabai, Rabay, Rabai), Ambual, Dusun Murut. Close to Bookan and Timugon. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut More information. Kimaragang [kqr] 10,000 (1987 SIL). Population includes 6,000 Tandek, 2,000 Sonsogon. Kota Marudu and Pitas districts. Alternate names: Kimaragan, Kimaragangan, , Marigang. Dialects: Tandek (Garo), Pitas Kimaragang, Sandayo, Sonsogon. Dandun is somewhat different. Intelligibility of Sandayo with other dialects needs testing. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-

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Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun More information. Kinabatangan, [dmg] 7,856 (2000 WCD). Population includes Upper 500 Dusun Segama and 800 to 900 Sinabu' (1985 SIL). Primarily the upper reaches of the , also Lahad Datu and Sandakan districts, Maligatan, Minusu, and Tongud. Dialects: Kalabuan (Kolobuan), Makiang, Dusun Segama (Saga-I, Soghai, Segai), Sinabu' (Sinabu). Dialects have approximately 87% intelligibility between them. Lexical similarity over 90% among all dialects, except Makiang and Sinabu' with 80%. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Paitanic, Upper Kinabatangan More information. Kota Marudu [grm] 1,797 (2000 WCD). , Talantang in Talantang 1 and Talantang 2. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun More information. Kota Marudu [ktr] 1,250 (1985 SIL). Southern Kota Marudu Tinagas and Parong, a migrant village in northern Kota Marudu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Central More information. Kuijau [dkr] 7,910 (2000 WCD). Keningau District to the west and north of Keningau town within a 12-mile radius. Alternate names: Kijau, Kujau, , Minansut, Kuliow, Kuiyow, Kuriyo, Koijoe, Menindal, Tindal, Menindaq, Tidung, Hill Dusun. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun More information. Lobu, Lanas [ruu] 2,800 (1986 SIL). Population includes 2,000 in Lobu, 800 in Rumanau. Lobu in Keningau District near Lanas, Rumanau in Masaum, Mangkawagu, Minusu, . Dialects: Lobu, Rumanau (Rumanau Alab, Romanau, Roomarrows). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Paitanic, Upper Kinabatangan More information. Lobu, Tampias [low] 1,800 (1985 SIL). 3 villages in Ranau

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around Tampias. Dialects: High intelligibility of Upper Kinabatangan. Lexical similarity 73% with Lanas Lobu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Paitanic, Upper Kinabatangan More information. [dtr] 5,000 (1985 SIL). , just north of Kota Kinabalu, a 10-mile radius around Tuaran town. Alternate names: Latod, Latud, Suang Lotud, Tuaran Dusun. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun More information. Malay, Cocos [coa] 5,443 in Malaysia (2000). Population total Islands all countries: 6,443. Tawau and Lahad Datu. From the Cocos Islands (Keeling Islands), an Australian territory. Also spoken in Australia. Alternate names: Cocos, Kokos, Kukus. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay More information. Malay, Sabah [msi] Alternate names: Bazaar Malay, Pasar Malay. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay More information. Mapun [sjm] East coast of Sabah, concentrated in Sandakan, west coast of Sabah: Banggi, Marudu, Kudat, Kota Kinabalu. Alternate names: Sama Mapun, Jama Mapun, Cagayan de Sulu, Cagayanon, Bajau Kagayan, Orang Cagayan, Kagayan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sama- Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw More information. [mqq] 2,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Headwaters of Kinabatangan River. Dialects: Closest to Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan and Kimaragang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun, Central More information. Molbog [pwm] Banggi Island. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Meso Philippine, Palawano More information. Paluan [plz] 3,677 (2000 WCD). Population includes 3,000 Paluan, 1,000 to 2,000

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Pandewan. Sabah, Tenom, Keningau, and districts along some of the Padas River, and along the Dalit, Keramatoi, , Pamentarian, and Mesopo rivers, and the lower Sook River , and the headwaters of the Talankai and rivers. Dialects: Paluan (Peluan), Dalit Murut, Sook Murut, Takapan, Makaheeliga (Makialiga), Pandewan (Pandewan Murut). Closest to Tagal Murut. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut More information. Papar [dpp] 1,000 (2000 WCD). Kuala Penyu District. Alternate names: Bajau Bukit. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun More information. Rungus [drg] 15,000 (1991 UBS). Kudat, Pitas, and Labuk-Sugut districts. Alternate names: Dusun Dayak, Melobong Rungus, Memagun, Memogun, Momogun, Roongas, Rungus Dusun. Dialects: Nulu, Gonsomon, Rungus. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun More information. Sama, Central [sml] Southeastern Sabah, especially . Alternate names: Sama, Central Sinama, Samal, Sinama. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Inner Sulu Sama More information. Sama, [ssb] 20,000 in Malaysia. East, north, and west Southern coasts: Banggi, Kota Belud, , Kuala Penyu. Alternate names: Sama ', Southern Bajau. Dialects: Bajau Banaran, Bajau Darat, Bajau Laut (Mandelaut, Pala'au, Sama Laut, Sama Mandelaut, Sama Pala'au, Sea Bajau, Sea Gypsies), Bajau Semporna (Bajau Asli, Kubang, Sama Kubang), Laminusa (Laminusa Sinama), Sibutu (Sibutuq, Sama Sibutu, Samah-Samah, Samah Lumbuh), (Sama Simunul), Sikubung (Kubung, Sama Kubung), Sama (A'a Sama, Sama', Samah, Samal, ), Ubian (Obian, Sama Ubian, Tau Ubian). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sama- Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Inner Sulu Sama

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More information. Selungai Murut [slg] 373 in Malaysia (2000 WCD). Pensiangan District, 1 village, along the Sapulut River from the confluence with the Pensiangan River south to the Indonesian border. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut More information. Sembakung [sbr] 6,666 in Malaysia (2000 WCD). Population Murut total all countries: 9,847. Along the Sembakung River in northern , Indonesia, from the mouth upstream possibly as far as Sabah. Also spoken in Indonesia (Kalimantan). Alternate names: Tinggalan, Tinggalum, Tingalun, Simbakong, Sembakoeng, Sembakong, Tidong, Tidoeng, Tidung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong More information. Serudung [srk] 1,000 (1989 SIL). Tawau District along the Murut Serudung River and one village 12 miles from Tawau town. Alternate names: Serudong, Tawau Murut, Tidung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong More information. Tagal Murut [mvv] 46,054 in Malaysia (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 48,054. Pensiangan, Keningau, Tenom, Sipitang districts over the whole southwestern portion of Sabah, south into Kalimantan, Indonesia. Also spoken in Indonesia (Kalimantan). Dialects: Rundum (Arundum), Tagal (Taggal, Tagul, Tagol, Murut, Sabah Murut), Sumambu (Semembu, Semambu, Sumambuq), Tolokoson (Telekoson), Sapulot Murut (Sapulut Murut), Pensiangan Murut (Pentjangan, Lagunan Murut), Salalir (Sadalir, Sedálir, Saralir), Alumbis (Lumbis, Loembis), Tawan, Tomani (Tumaniq), Maligan (Mauligan, Meligan, Bol Murut, Bole Murut). Closest to Paluan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut More information. Tatana [txx] 5,500 (1982 SIL). Kuala Penyu District. Alternate names: Tatana', Tatanaq.

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Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Bisaya More information. Tausug [tsg] 110,000 in Malaysia (1982 SIL). Sempurna, Sandakan, Tawau, Lahad Datu, Labuk-Sugut, Kudat districts. Alternate names: Taw Sug, Sulu, Suluk, Sooloo, Tausog, Taosug, Moro, Joloano, Joloano Sulu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Meso Philippine, Central Philippine, Bisayan, South, Butuan-Tausug More information. Tebilung [tgb] 2,000 (1984 SIL). Kota Marudu District, on the road from Kota Belud to Kudat, and in Kota Belud. Alternate names: Tabilong, Tobilang, Tobilung. Dialects: Low intelligibility of Central Kadazan, Kimaragang. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Dusun More information. Tidong [tid] 9,800 in Malaysia (1982 SIL). Sabah, Labuk-Sugut, Sandakan, and Tawau districts. Population center is along northeast coast of Kalimantan, Indonesia. Alternate names: Camucones, Nonukan, Tedong, Tidoeng, Tiran, Tirones, Tiroon, Zedong. Dialects: Tarakan (Terakan), Sesayap (Sesajap). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Tidong More information. Timugon Murut [tih] 12,098 (2000 WCD). Population includes 1,200 to 1,700 in Beaufort Murut (1982 SIL). along the Padas River from Melalap to Batu, and Beaufort District along the Bukau and lower Padas rivers. Alternate names: Timugon, Timogun, Timigan, Timigun, Timogon, Tumugun, Temogun, Tenom Murut. Dialects: Kapagalan, Poros, Beaufort Murut (Binta'), Timugon, Sandiwar (Sandewar), Dabugus, Lower Murut, Murut Padas, Bukau (Bukow). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Murut More information. Tombonuwo [txa] 20,000 (1991 UBS). Population includes 3,000 Lingkabau. Labuk-Sugut, Kota Marudu, and Pitas districts. Alternate names: Tombonuo, Tombonuva, Tambanuo,

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Tambanua, Tambanuva, Tambanwas, Tambenua, Tambunwas, Tembenua, Tunbumohas, Tumbunwha, Paitan, Sungai, Sungei, Lobu. Dialects: Lingkabau Sugut (Linkabau). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northwest, Sabahan, Paitanic More information. Wolio [wlo] Alternate names: Buton, Butung, Butonese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sulawesi, Wotu-Wolio, Wolio-Kamaru More information. Yakan [yka] 10,787 in Malaysia (2000 WCD). Alternate names: Yacan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Sama- Bajaw, Yakan More information.

This web edition of the Ethnologue contains all the content of the print edition and may be cited as: Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/.

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