TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY the nearshore the dynamics Salutin thedecade,pastlandform changedhasreclam and the Overcoastline 2000). ( sea open to out contaminants flush Semi to ability lower environments. have freshwater and estuarine generall to coastal from varies a increasing are growth development and population the as escalating are impactsAnthropogenic environment. surrounding the and bathymetry its on depend Circulation inlet. small a of consists which system (Elahi the area on depending geographical quality and in change season can water Marine water. of contents biological and physical chemical, the as defined is quality water term The resources. and service ecosystem of range wide INTRODUCTION 201 Technology and Science on Transactions © Received Malaysia Sabah, Tuaran, Lagoon, Mengkabong Salut in System Water Coastal Enclosed Phyisco Transac KEYWORDS: different during continuously conducted be to need sampling that suggested seasonal monsoons to better determine patterns of pollution. is It rainfall. heavy during freshwater residential and industrial, areas activity, aquaculture including lagoon, the surrounding developments the that suggests This p of indication an show does lagoon the in quality water cycles. DO tidal both for middle the most in fluctuation slight only with lagoon, that show results in the in concentration The in fluctuates for As 2016. stations. between August (<5%) variations small and showed temperature 2015 October between conc performed was Sampling lagoon. the in quality water of status the determine to Int(AMWQC) Criteria Quality Water Marine Malaysia ASEAN and (IMWQS) Standards the with compared were results the Then, Lagoon. Mengkabong ( nutrient and (°C) temperature stations at11 propertiesexamined water The properties.water selected Salut of quality water occurrednear thecoastalhas line, propertiesthesurroundinginwaterchangewithmay along environment. changes The the Over ABSTRACT NO According to Wollast to According ecosyst productive most the of one are lagoon, especially waters, Coastal 3 tions on Science and Technology and Science on tions entrations decrease when going towards the inner lagoon, especially during flood tide. The pH, salinity and and salinity pH, The tide. flood during especially lagoon, inner the towards going when decrease entrations
and PO and ae culy fetn te ae isd te aon Hwvr w However, lagoon. the inside water the affecting actually are ,
22 Mac 2017 Mac 22 acmlt mr atrpgnc at cmae t oe budre t sa sne they since sea, to boundaries open to compared waste anthropogenic more accumulate y
past decade, urbanization has impacted the water bodies of coastal areas of Sabah of areas coastal of bodies water the impacted has urbanizationdecade, past
nd associated nd with land 4 Nurrul Fazlina Osman distribution.atdifferentsemi inconducted ) cycles measurements were tidal The Mengkabong Lagoon
Revised - Chemical Properties of the of Semi Properties Chemical -
Mengkab 28 August 2017August 28
Vol. Vol. 1 Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Universiti Resources, Naturaland ofScience Faculty 1 - et al. et
Osman ong Lagoon was chosen was Lagoon ong nitrate 4 , No. ,
Accepted ; MALAYSIA Sabah, 88400Kinabalu, Kota UMS, Sabah, Jalan Malaysia Universiti Institute, Research Marine Borneo 2 7 ner lagoon, while PO while lagoon, ner
Salut 3 et al. et wasteanthropogenic assimilate to bodies water of ability the (2003), - , MengkabongLagoon. 183 (NO ,
201 -
- Lagoon 25 September 2017 September 25
use alterationuse alongthe lagoon. 193 3 ) 7
.
and pho and , t al. et Transactions on Scie on Transactions 201 1 # , 7 ;
Justin Justin Sentian Tidal Tidal cycles ,
05. Salut 2015). sphate (PO sphate
Online 4 ossible serious pollution, with high nutrient input in station 11. station in input nutrient high with pollution, serious ossible to conduct a study with the aim of determining the status of of status the determining of aim the with study a conduct to shows an increasing trend approaching the inner part of the the of part inner the approaching trend increasing an shows nce and Technology. and nce
16 October 2017October 16 ;
Water Water quality
4 ). Also considered are spatial and temporal nutrients temporal and spatial are considered Also ). # Corresponding author. E author. Corresponding - egaog aon s semi a is Lagoon Mengkabong In comparison with the with comparison In Shirodkar
NO include dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, salinity (‰), (‰), salinitypH,(DO), oxygen dissolved include 1 , Ejria Saleh ater quality may change after high input of of input high after change may quality ater
3
Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA Sabah, Kinabalu, UMS,Kota 88400 Jalan Sabah,
n PO and 4
( 3 ), ), rm aie ae Qaiy rtra and Criteria Quality Water Marine erim 183
- al. et - 4 194 Mail: [email protected]; Tel: +6088 Tel: [email protected]; Mail:
ocnrtos soe ta NO that showed concentrations,
- nlsd osa waters coastal enclosed , 2012; 2012; , ation has highlyhasationaffected 2 , . Since much development much Since . IMWQS and IMWQS -
ems on Earth, with a with Earth, on ems enclosed systematSalutenclosed Leong Wan Vun Owen - -
AMWQC, the AMWQC, & -
enclosed Sandhu, - 820151
3 - 1
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY by thebygrowing population surroundi caused impacts environmental to due pressure fisheries increasing under are on estuaries tropical The dependent income. also are nearby residents The activities. f developed been has lagoon Salut of half Approximately the decade. for past especially area, this in blooming continues activity Aquaculture area. the in ecosystem the resorts nearby for exist andIrrigation 2012)Drainage, attractions recreational and tourism while community, and cages fish tidal (including area aquaculture waters, and fisheries coastal a shallow seagrasses, mangroves, by flushing characterized is environment natural affect eventually great importantprecipitationto and modeits of occurrence,humidity, temperature wind, and which plays climate as surface, earth’s the on position geographical its on dependent is Sabah around and f runoff water surface and systems terrestrial the between environmentmarine atThe Salut sandbar. by restricted classified is area study The 1). semi (Figure Sabah of coast western the on Kinabalu Kota near area StudyArea METHODOLOGY semi in cycle QualityWater Criteria to determine thes tidal different t at and conducted Salut of spatialsystem were enclosed measurements the the compare as to distribution and phosphate) stations 11 at concentration nutrient and (°C) temperature (‰), salinity pH, (DO), Oxygen andhealth currentstatus of lagoon Sabahin coastalwaters. general the determining in important is study This sea. open the into out flush will lagoon the from the into flushed be will sea the from lag contaminants the tide flood the During water. in pollution of concentrations and abundance the affects it as important, also is cycle tidal The phosphate. and ox dissolved study: this in monitored criteria quality water desirable maintain to eut reduced or controlled from be must develops loading nutrient of degree that The waters. receiving risk in problems related the assess to used be can relationships these as quality, oon thus accumulate the contaminant near the shore, while during the ebb tide the contaminant the tide ebb the during while shore, the near contaminant the accumulate thus oon Recent deve Recent Salut Dissolved of properties water selected of status the determine to are study this in objective The water and nutrients between linkages quantitative the understand and know to important is It - enclosed system with its unique geographical condition with one small opening to the sea and sea the to opening small one with condition geographical unique its with system enclosed
andinlandwaterareasfromflowlittle of - Mengkabong Lagoon is located in the Tuaran district, also known as a region of inter regionknown asalsoa of Tuaran Lagoondistrict, the in Mengkabong located is
lopment activities in the Salut area have increased thenon threat have thelopmentareaactivities Salut increased of in
vprto ad precipitation and evaporation
- Mengkabong Lagoon. The results are also compared with ASEAN Marine ASEAN with compared also are results The Lagoon. Mengkabong Osman .
et al. et ,
201 ISSN 2289 ISSN ng theng lagoon. Sih 2006) (Smith, 7 .
Transactions on Science and Technology. and Science on Transactions tatus of waterqualitythe in lagoon. - 8786. 8786. ygen concentration, temperature, pH, salinity, nitrate, salinity, pH, temperature, concentration, ygen http://transectscience.org/ (Faisal (Faisal (Praveena
Tee r gnrly i ciia wtr quality water critical six generally are There . - Mengkabong Lagoon is a dynamic a interfaceMengkabongLagoon is t al. et rom nearby upland areas. The climate in climate The areas. upland nearby rom
,
et al.,et ytr n pan am) y h local the by farms) prawn and oyster 1997). ,
-
nitrate (NO nitrate
4
( 2008 - 3 eae pout a ter major their as products related ), ), moa ntins ntae and (nitrate nutrients emporal 183
Salut
). The st ). -
193 193 or aquaculture and fishing and aquaculture or -
egaog Lagoon’s Mengkabong 3 ) and phosphate (PO phosphate and ) udy area is known udyarea is
- sustainability of (Department of of (Department hrophication
-
tidal
184 as as 4 - - )
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY pollutionconcentration differentfrom perspectives. Salut in flow its and circulation water explore advection and model hydrodynamic of combination advection with Modellinganalysis Department Fisheries Sabah from obtained Branch. were Tuaran activities aquaculture from data while 2016, Management Shoreline Sabah Plan), Local Karambunai and Plan Local analysisLanduse Hydrolab. O Dissolved measurements, on nutrient for filter membranemicropore) micron (0.45 Malaysi Universiti the at filtered was water The stations. polyethylene ml 500 in stored samples were water collected The bottom). the above m 1.0 (approx. bottom the near and surface) from wateroccursmore than an hourthanearlier thewater level Kota Kinabalu. of tides LagoonSalutin and another 6 (S6stations lagoonbetween the at inlet up set was Waterandsampling analysis
UNESCO (1993), Parsons (1993), UNESCO The calibrated hydrodynamic models developed by DHI was company used and then overlayed Telipok (for Department Planning Town Sabah from obtained were activities use land for Data 0.5 (approx. water surface sample to used was sampler water Dorn van horizontal A Field sampling was performed betweenOctober 2015 and August2016 during the andflood ebb Eleven of predicted time table of Kota Kinabalu (RMN, 2015 (RMN, Kinabalu Kota of table time predicted of
stations were chosen according to the potential flow of nutrient sources. One station (S1)One station nutrient sources. of potentialflow the toaccordingwerechosen stations Figure1. -
dispersion models for residence time of dye tracer model presented in this study. A study. this in presented model tracer dye of timeresidence for models dispersion
Location areaof study and atstations Salut
Osman xygen (DO), pH, salinity (‰), and temperature (°C), were taken using taken were (°C), temperature and (‰), salinity pH, (DO), xygen et al. et
et al. et
(1986) and APHA (2005) method with modification. Four in Four modification. with method (2005) APHA and (1986) ,
201
ISSN 2289 ISSN ote ad rsre i a ol o bfr mvn t other to moving before box cool a in preserved and bottles
7 and South China sea, while four stations (S2 stations while four sea, South China and .
Transactions on Science and Technology. and Science on Transactions - S11)were located in MengkabongLagoon (Figure 1). - 8786. 8786. - Mengkabong Lagoon and provide and Lagoon Mengkabong http://transectscience.org/
- - dispersion model was applied in this study to study this in applied was model dispersion
nitrate Sbh aoaoyuig aum pump vacuum using laboratory Sabah a - 2016). Based on field observation, slack observation, field on Based 2016). (NO
-
4 MengkabongLagoon 3 ( 3 ) ), ),
and phosphate (PO phosphate and 183
-
193 193 Plan and KKIP Master Plan Master KKIP and Plan
a broader look of look broader a - S5) werelocated S5)
4 ) test based test )
m depth m
-
situ 185 –
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY mg/L, 3.68 mg/L, 2.79 mg/L,3.29 mg/L and 1.33 mg/L respectively. The pH, salinity and temperature and salinity pH, The respectively. mg/L 1.33and mg/L mg/L,3.292.79 mg/L, 3.68 mg/L, to seem also S11 to 5% > shows DO for recorded data the Lagoon, Mengkabong in While tide. of varia data for While tide). 5% ebb during S2 < in temperature with of fluctuation sudden stations is there (but between variation variation small show salinity and temperature pH, DO, for recorded Lagoon (January NEM on AMWQC and February IMWQS from set level the with 11 to 1 Station Figure Crite Quality mg/L;754 µg/L (IMWQS) and 45(AMWQC); µg/L and 60 µg/L respectively. Water Marine Interim Malaysia valuesof limit the with (AMWQC)Criteria Water Quality Marine ASEAN (IMWQS),and Standards the with compared were concentrations on based data The (October). II IMM and intra to according were variation temporal Lagoon Mengkabong in stations 6 and Lagoon Salut in stations analysed Physico RESULTS NO Figure 2 shows 2 Figure The 3 - 2 in S4 with a value of 57.80 µg/L and PO and µg/L 57.80 of value a with S4 in chemical Propertieschemical : t epcie station. respective at Tesail aito f oss f station 1 of consist of variation spatial The . spatial Physico - tion is inconsistent from PO inconsistent fromis tion
ebbtide)
n tmoa vrain f h wtr ult poete o te lagoon the of properties quality water the of variation temporal and - - chemical propertieschemicalduring Salutfloodebb tidesand in annual variability in NEM (January and February), SWM (August), IMM I (April) I (August),IMM SWM February),and (January NEM variabilityin annual
exceed Physico
made
both given standards of IMWQS and AMWQC with mean values of 3.96 of values mean with AMWQC and IMWQS of standards given both Osman - chemical properties during flood and ebb tides in Salut in tides ebb and flood during properties chemical
uig NE During
ae o te nlecd f h tdl atr fod n eb tides) ebb and (flood factor tidal the of influenced the on based et al. et ,
201 ISSN 2289 ISSN 4
7 when going toward inner lagoon, with higher concentrationswith higher lagoon, towardinner goingwhen .
Transactions on Science and Technology. and Science on Transactions the overall value across the lagoon the across value overall the (aur ad eray i Slt aon te data the Lagoon, Salut in February) and (January M - 8786. 8786. http://transectscience.org/ 4
in S5 with a value of 21.65 µg/L, both during ebb during both µg/L, 21.65 of value a with S5 in
n h ilto Salut of inlet the in
(Refer to Figure 1) Figure to (Refer
4 ( 3 ), ), 183
-
193 193 - Mengkab
- variation of data, and S7 and data, of variation Mengkabong Lagoon, 4 Lagoon, Mengkabong
. The DO, NO DO, The .
ong Lagoon ong from . Analyses of the of Analyses . -
lo td and tide flood - Mengkabong
3 a been has
NO and PO and i and ria 3
, the , 186
4
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY in S1 and S2). In Mengkabong Lagoon, the data re data the Lagoon, Mengkabong In S2). and S1 in PO for (except lagoon inner the For into further going when concentrations increasing variation. with consistent, 5% < with stations between variations lagoon inner the into further going when variation (c) Mengkabong(right) study lagoon tracer of time residence box; Figure concentrate potentially can that area narrow the shows red pollution. with highlighted box The well. as Salut around small) and (big cage fish 5 > have activities aquaculture The time. residence higher has circulation, water e tide flood than m/s) 0.56 (> µg/L) exceeded AMWQC. (61.00 S11 only tide ebb During tide. flood during all AMWQC and IMWQS the exceeded S11 only respectively, µg/L 51.20 102.00 of and valuesµg/L, with57.00 µg/L, S11 to S9 from concentrations higher with lagoon, inner toward going when giv both which tide), ebb during bothµg/L 67.45 with S9 and 111.00µg/L of value concentration with (S7 stations some in concentrations higher with lagoon, inner the towards going when stations inconsistent between variations small show uig W (uut i Slt aon te aa eodd o D ad aiiy hw > 5% > shows salinity and DO for recorded data the Lagoon, Salut in (August) SWM During speed current higher a had tide ebb the (January), NEM in modelling hydrodynamic the From 3 en standards of IMWQS and and PO AMWQC. For en of IMWQS standards .
Comparison of current speed during flood (a) and ebb (b) tides in highlighted with red with highlighted in tides (b) ebb and (a) flood during speed current of Comparison
- Mengkabong Lagoon and there were three prawn farm around the l the around farm prawn three were there and Lagoon Mengkabong
Osman specially around the inlet (Figure inlet the around specially
et al. et ,
201 ISSN 2289 ISSN 7 .
Transactions on Science and Technology. and Science on Transactions
o (e); to - with < 5% variation. For For variation. 5% < with 8786. 8786. http://transectscience.org/
exceeding landuse
corded for DO, pH and temperature show < 5% < show temperature and pH DO, for corded (Figure 4) (Figure 4 , there is consistentconcentrationincrease is there of , NO
ciiis f ad g i Slt lf) and (left) Salut in (g) and (f) activities
given standards given 3
. The pH and temperatu and pH The . n PO and
3 ), while the inner lagoon, with poorwith lagoon, inner the while ),
4 ( 3 ), ), 183 4 te aa aito i quite is variation data the ,
-
193 193 NO
3 of AMWQC. However, AMWQC. of h dt vrain is variation data the
re show small show re agoon areaagoon
exceed
187 4
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY andµg/L 33.35µg/L respectively during tide. flood fl was For data. of variation 5% < have temperature and salinity pH, The AMWQC. and IMWQS for standard b lagoon inner the intofurther going slight (with when decrease lagoonvalues DO for recorded inner data the Lagoon, Mengkabong the In S5). and into S4 in fluctuation further going when concentration For increasing variation. with consistent, 5% < with stations between variation lagoon inner the into further toStation1 11 withthe level IMWQSset from and AMWQC SWM(Augu on 4 Figure witlevels, nutrient highest the recorded S11 lagoon. inner toward going when increase mostly concentrations For tide. flood duringS9 in fluctuation sudden a thereis salinity, for but variation NO During IMM I (April) in Salut Lagoon, the data recorded for DO values decreased when going when decreased values DO for recorded data the Lagoon, Salut in (April) I IMM During cuto n PO in uctuation
3 .
and PO and Physico hvalues35.70 duringof µg/L ebb tideand 37.45 duringµg/L tide, flood respectively. 4 - , concentrations mostly increase when going towards the inner lagoon (but there (but lagoon inner the towards going when increase mostly concentrations , chemical propertieschemicalduring Salutfloodebb tidesand in 4
ocnrto) hl S1hs h hget uret aus eodda 14.50 at recorded values nutrient highest the has S11 while concentration) Osman
Rfr o iue 5) Figure to (Refer
et al. et ,
ut S10 has the lowest DO concentrations(3.45than lowermg/L) DO thelowest has S10 ut 201 ISSN 2289 ISSN 7 .
Transactions on Science and Technology. and Science on Transactions - 8786. 8786. http://transectscience.org/ Te H slnt ad eprtr so small show temperature and salinity pH, The .
NO 3
n PO and
4 ( 3 ), ), 183 4 ,
-
193 193 h dt vrain s quite is variation data the - MengkabongLagoon from st)
NO 3
and PO and
4
, the , 188
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY uret wt vle f 05 µ/ (xedd h sadr fr MQ ad MQ) a AMWQC) and IMWQS respectively, µg/L, during tide. flood for standard the (exceeded µg/L 40.56 of values with of nutrients concentrations the that, Besides tide. ebb during to going when For data. of variation 5% < have temperature and salinity pH, The AMWQC. and IMWQS for standard than lower respectively) mg/L 3.21 and mg/L to S9 and tide flood during lagoon inner the into further respectively. going when decrease tide, values ebb DO infor recorded data both the (S5) Lagoon, Mengkabong µg/L in 21.86 While and (S1) µg/L 15.25 of values with The levels, nutrient lagoon. inner further PO going and when S3) variation in fluctuation slight temperature (with concentration and increasing with salinity consistent pH, The tide). (ebb b lagoon variation inner the into further going Station1 Figure uig M I (coe) n au Lgo, h dt rcre fr O aus nrae when increased values DO for recorded data the Lagoon, Salut in (October) II IMM During 5 .
to11 withthe level IMWQSset from and AMWQC IMM(April) on I Physico ten ttos wt < % variation 5% < with stations, etween ad ne lgo epcal drn fod ie n tee a futain f data of fluctuation was there and tide flood during especially lagoon inner ward - chemical propertieschemicalduring Salutfloodebb tidesand in Osman
et al. et ,
201 ISSN 2289 ISSN
7 .
Transactions on Science and Technology. and Science on Transactions - 8786. 8786.
S11 has the lowest DO concentrations (3.30 mg/L, 3.39 mg/L, (3.30 concentrations DO lowest the has S11 http://transectscience.org/
Fgr 6) (Figure NO NO 3 NO
3 and PO and
n PO and 3
n PO and . For For .
4 , mostly the concentrations increase concentrations the mostly ,
4 4 ( 3 NO concentration ), ), 4 183 n 1 hv rcre highest recorded have S11 in 3
te aa aito i quite is variation data the , -
193 193 - MengkabongLagoon from
hv te highest the have s
4
a inconsistent has show
d 81.57 nd
small
189
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY temporal patt temporal out transport was water indicate DO in changes(2015),and Mauraud Fortune tothe Accordingwater. the tideinside ebb during as mix tides to related may S5 at concentration DO High tides. flood mg/ 6 (> higher but both in identified was mg/L) medium the of potential redox the change to helps it since nutrients inorganic of solubility the affects strongly is distribution oxygen Saito 2015; with water self for the responsible organisms those in including oxygen of fluctuations high have also tidesdifferent in thesomestations. The of co there But lagoon. inner toward going any been have there if unusual andchanges they if affectingare aquaculturedetermine activiti to time to time from monitor to important is it and change may The development. residential and activities aquaculture for cleared been has area surrounding lagoon’s a smallwith allowopeningto tides to interface the into lagoon. thepast For twodecades, most the of in fauna and flora theareas estuary and affectcoastal that characteristics other and nutrients of amount the on effect large Physico DISCUSSION toStation1 11,with the levelset andIMWQSfrom AMWQC IMM on (October)II Figure refore, it is expected that the water quality at various locations of the Salut the atlocationsof quality various water thethat expected is refore,it The results show a decrease of DO concentration in most areas DO intra decreaseconcentration a most for of inresults show The a have Tides freshwaterinput. and regimestidal dependent upon are lagoon a dynamicsof The - 6 chemical .
Physico et al., et erns and variations of DO as values increase at high tide and decrease at low tide. The tide. low at decrease and tide high at valuesincrease as DO of variations and erns
Properties
- 2002) chemical propertieschemicalduring Salutfloodebb tidesand in . Oxygen can determine whether the environment is aerobic or anaerobic or aerobic is environment the whether determine can Oxygen .
(Shirodkar Osman
et al. et (Reddy ,
201 ISSN 2289 ISSN et al., et 7 .
Transactions on Science and Technology. and Science on Transactions
2012) - et al., et 8786. 8786. ncentration essentialDOof is allto forms aquaticof life, - purification processes in nature nature in processes purification http://transectscience.org/ . Salut .
2010) L) DO concentration during ebb tide compared to compared tide ebb during concentration DO L) - . In this study, wide range of DO (1.33 DO of range wide study, this In . Mengkabong Lagoon is a semi a is Lagoon Mengkabong es the inlagoon.
4 ( 3 ), ), 183
-
193 193 - MengkabongLagoon from - annualvariability when
- Mengkabong LagoonMengkabong
(Sykes and Skinner, and (Sykes
- enclosed area enclosed
–
8.73
190 as
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY uret ocnrto de hwptnil olto, seilyi S1 Tee idns a serve may findings These S11. in especially pollution, potential show does concentration nutrient marine and habitat marine threaten Lagoon physico selected from revealed findings the on Based AMWQC. and IMWQS exceededalreadythe of limits have sampling identified stations the of towa goingwhen increased nutrients most anddecreased concentrations intra PO CONCLUSION (Kroon an benthic Sea, China Salut in nutrients of sources Potential ( settlements water especially area, (Figure areaKKIP nearest the fromnutrientscome probability that the concentrations, with high quite show lagoon the of time residence the cause can also and sources, nutrients the of distribution geographical the to related be may This middle. the in fluctuation slight a only with lagoon the of part inner to goes NO from not dependingbut so long the residenceon andtime time theflushing of (Figurelagoon loca (Figure tide ebbduring NEM (S7)in station that shows amountsame NO of were17.77±5.44 cycles NO of concentration average organic of amount the weaknutrients(Figurea to flush is current in there only waters.Conversely, coastal to nutrientsoutside most flushes currentstrong a because nutrients, low Salut the The part the outerof lagoon. thetowardspart increasinginner of ( nutrient for trend The water. the into discharge feces and a Concern farms. production. protein essential (NitrateNutrients Phosphate)and salt as related, much very was salinity relationship, waterincreases density; hence, als is inverse an share density and temperature However,Mengkabong Lagoon(S9 DO.availability of good a indicatingmg/L) (4 animals aquaticprotecting standard for AMWQC and S9 (except stations sampling mater toxic multiple of combine and animals and plants of respiration temperatures,water in rise as such factors many to related be may concentration DO in of decrease 4 cnetain i Salut in concentrations ) ted within the within ted h physico The quality water representative eleven in concentrations observed the of comparison A The (Figure proportional inversely mostly are salinity and temperature The - nul aiblt ad oprd ih MQ ad MQ. eeal, ot DO most Generally, AMWQC. and IMWQS with compared and variability annual
that can potentiallyconcentrate nutrients (Figure can that etal., 3
3 lagoon and associated coastal water areas are important as they they as important are areas water coastal associated and lagoon (f)).While MengkabongtheLagoon,in potenti which fluctuates in concentrations in the inn the concentrationsin whichinfluctuates
2013;Meyers
- rises from the aquaculture farming causing nutrient pollution from excessive food excessive from pollution nutrient causing farming aquaculture the from rises hmcl D, H slnt ad eprtr) rpris n nu and properties temperature) and salinity pH, (DO, chemical fishing 3
and µg/L wtr oun lxs n atrpgnc ore fo hmn activities human from sources anthropogenic and fluxes column water d lagoon. the inside than lower commonly is water coastal the in nitrogen
PO area or fish farm. Thus, the fish farm contributes to the nutrient pollutionnutrient the to contributes farm fish the Thus, farm. fish or area et al.,et and 17.83±13.78 and Osman 4 - -
egaog aon ee vlae bsd n pta ad temporal and spatial on based evaluated were Lagoon Mengkabong Aquaculture activity in the lagoon consists of prawn, fish, and oyster and fish, prawn, of consists lagoon the in activity Aquaculture
inside theinside lagoon. 3 S11 during flood tide) were above the DO concentration for IMWQS for concentration DO the above were tide) flood during S11
and and 2010)and may
et al. et – , o increases.o
PO 201 apn air Kampong
ISSN 2289 ISSN S11)wasstill lower average. on 7 - . 4 egaog aon nld wtr nlx rm h South the from influx water include Lagoon Mengkabong
Transactions on Science and Technology. and Science on Transactions for all of of all for - 8786. 8786. µg/L
raim wt o O n high and DO low with organisms
alsorelatetoresidence the time the of lagoon. http://transectscience.org/
) that have poor sewage systems (Figure (Figure systems sewage poor have that ) - respectively. respectively. hmcl, oe at o te Salut the of parts some chemicals, Salut er lagoon, PO lagoon,er 2 al nutrientssource of comes residentialfrom 3 - 3 ) had anomalously high NO anomalously high had ) egaog Lagoon Mengkabong
(a), (b)).(a), Meyers (c), (d), (e)). In Salut Lagoon, S4 to S5 also also S5 to S4 Lagoon, Salut (e)).In (d), (c), NO Theseshow
3
and PO and
4 ( 3 ), ), 4
183 shows an increasing trend asittrend an increasing shows
- ials (Elahi ials
4 193 ) concentration was mostly was concentration ) rds the inner lagoon. Some lagoon. inner the rds - et al.et
MengkabongLagoonhas that there is is there that support
(2010)that identified
nldn bt tide both including
NO
et al., al., et ret ( trient 2 3 3 , .
- n PO and The ihre and fisheries Mengkabong 4 typicallythe 3 2015). Most 2015). , ). ). Differing
6 NO station is is station . Since ). stations
3 4 3 The .
(g)). and The 191
TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY [13] [12] [11] [10] [9] [8] [7] [6] [5] [4] [3] [2] [1] REFERENCES and assistancehelp during field samplingand laboratory analysis during this of study. crews boat the all and Joanna Miss Asri, Mohd Mr. Barry John Dr. Prof. Assoc. acknowledge We NRGS0005. Grant Research by funded and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the for reference public general a as and programs potentialpollu monitoring quality water for data baseline
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