TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY channel instability eg. lateral changes, changes in channel width and morphology (Surianmorphology and width channelin changeschanges,lateral eg. instability channel activities issues materials these of rate replenishment the exceeds for environment river the in apositive economicthis activityAlthough alsocontribute impact, ithas may negative the changes to a is it (d) and cost low relatively is material the easily of be renewable resource through sediment transpo processing can and sediment extraction channel the (c) so costs; quarried transportation the minimize routes, transportation or advantagessuchthe as(a)material durable,is and rounded well Rinaldi 1994; (Kondolf, sources sediment gravel dredges. suction or machineries INTRODUCTION © T Received Full Article Sediments the Effect of ExtractionSand onRiver Bed A Studyon River Channel Planform and Transac 2 KEYWORDS has activity extraction sand that proved findings These extraction. sand active changed theriver bed se with area the unlike river the of part s no with diff significantly is composition thisriverriversignificantly extractionbed sedimentthat areaisonthe shows intest Whitneythe Mann larger. of width reduction the where process and river normal than 2013 rate faster a at planformbetween river altered activityextraction except Sand years2014. the throughout changed planform channel of pattern the that showed result analyses and Whitney Mann using analyzed was composition Kruskal sediments the and collected were sediments bed River activity. site one whilst area extraction sand the at located are sites four the of Three T of downstream the at located are which ( System Information Geographic 2014 2016 and 2013, (w) width single channel four on focuses planform channel t on at located study are which bends The channel wavelength activity. this to due changes composition sediment and 2016 planform. ABSTRACT Mathematic ransactions on Science and Technology 201 eiet eoa drcl atr te hne goer ad e eeain Knof 1997). (Kondolf, elevation bed and geometry channel the alters directly removal Sediment ie sn etato i a eoa poes f eiet rm ie bd ihr sn heavy using either bed river from sediment of process removal a is extraction sand River tions on Science and Technology

8 8 October 2017

Knof 19; Padmalal 1994; (Kondolf, - - ar

Wallis tests to determine the composition difference between the areas and the inner parts inner the and areas the between difference composition the determine to tests Wallis Earth and related Environmental sciences and extraction has a significant difference in particles mean size between the outer bank, inner bank and middleand bank inner bank, outer thebetween sizeparticlesmean difference in significant a has extractionand With With Economic Programme produces many kinds of physical effects such as impacts to infrastructures(Kondolf,1997), to impacts as such physicaleffectsof manykinds produces This paper main objective is objective main paper This e

1 : ey omn nowadays common very ie ad xrcin s nw a oe f h mi fcos ht nue te infcn cags n river on changes significant the induces that factors main the of one as known is extraction sand River

Geology River planform,

Revised

and Programme

and overlay withand overlay

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adius of curvature (Rc) were measured from digitized Google Earth Google digitized from measured were (Rc) curvature of adius 25 October 2017 diments distribution extentin changing the channel planformthe of TuaranRiver.

Jayawati Jayawati

Vol. Vol. , ,

Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti , Jalan UMS, 88400 , Sabah, MALAYSIA. Faculty of Science and Natural Resources S ered with respect to the areas. the to respect with ered Montoi and extraction, 4 , No. GIS 7 eith

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, Transactions on Science and Technology. u t rpd ra dvlpet n lcig alternative lacking and development urban rapid to due 201 B ed sediment, 7 t he downstream of Tuaran River. Tuaran of downstream he ober 2017

1 # # et , Corresponding author. E rt processes (Kondolf, 1994). Siti Rahayu Mohd. Hashim Mohd. Siti Rahayu eoreferenced to eoreferenced al

Online , 2005). .,

, it will eventually leads to many environmental many to leads eventually will it , ,

Universiti Malaysia Sabah periods. periods. R

Meanwhile, the Kruskal Wallis test showed that the area the that showed test Wallis Kruskal the Meanwhile, 28 December 2017 iver bank,iver Kruskall in obtaining river sediment such as sand and sand as such sediment river obtaining in et et al Furthermore, , 2011) ., - World Geodetic System ( System Geodetic World Mail determine the river bed sediments composition. sediments bed river the determine W : [email protected]; e te ae f eiet extraction sediment of rate the hen

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is a controlled area with no sand extraction sand no with area controlled a is ( sorted;(b)locat 4 ), . , Jalan 442 xesv r Excessive - Wallis test. Two

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TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY activities are active. here occurred extraction sand no where purposethestudy.this were selectedfor of Bend 4 and 3 Bend about is studied river the of length The erosion. bank sand meandering a of characteristics the activit Those longitude and 13.31’ 6⁰ to 10.7’ 6⁰ to 25% within 50 years due to natural hydraulic action and river sand extraction ac Accordin avulsion. and erosion o processes erosion and sedimentation active show and pattern meander si river single the a exhibit to areas floodplain pebble the of size the is zone this in produced sediment The erosion. of process the accelerate help gradients valley High Formation. Crocker the of geology river. annual average an with climate humid tropical rainfall of about 2,800 a experiences area The 1997). (Sen, midlands of Late of sediments Recent co are alluvium, 1958).and sands coastal by represented (Collenette, age, Quaternary mudstone and shale siltstone, sandstone, of mainly R m.s.l Kinabalu >200 Kota and Tuaran around uses agricultural and domestic industrial, for Sea. supply China water South the to westwards generally flow and Range Crocker 988 of area an covers catchment STUDY BACKGROUND composit 1997) (Kondolf, incision bed inducing andidentify to is thispaper of aim the Therefore and dynamics sediment changing availability, sediment 2008 contribute basically activity This sediment. of stockpiling dredges suction using sandRiver extraction at Tuaran Tuaran in extraction sand m purposes construction to According District. loads 2003). (Kond incision upstream and downstream and 2003) cn sdmns Te rce Frain oe aot 5 o te acmn ae ad composed and area catchment the of 85% about cover Formation Crocker The sediments. ecent 3 /year resulting in a sediment deficit 1 deficit sediment a in resulting /year The study area (Figure 1) isfocused downstream atthe of Tuaran meandering and dendritic is that two into categorized be can pattern drainage catchment The Tuaran econ Sabah the to only not importance great of is extraction Sand Ashraf ; m above m

or floodplain zone (Koay, 200 (Koay, zone floodplain or

in the meandering alluvial channel. edii rvr cn e on i te ihad oorpi ad togy nlecd y the by influenced strongly and topographic highland the in found be can rivers Dendritic And accordingAnd s . Tuaran Catchment can be dividedCatchmentbe can Tuaran. ion change

bt sds f h rvr bank river the of sides both n ies R et mean sea level ( level sea mean iver

ha al , 2011 .,

ve

s oae wti Taa Rvr ai i Taa Dsrc, aa. h whole The Sabah. District, Tuaran in Basin River Tuaran within located is due to this excessive river sand extraction activity at Tuaran

started since early 1990’s ( 1990’s early since started to

mm.

but includes but EPD alone Hickin ), ),

alter River

Montoi (201 Ti cnrss ih n siae ana sdmn spl o 9 of supply sediment annual estimated an with contrasts This . m ing g to Koay (2002), Koay to g

and

River et et al. . 3

s is not sustainable and has led to river bank and coastline erosion. coastline and bank river to led has and sustainable not is

) sand extraction at Sungai Tuaran averaging 115,000 m 115,000 averaging Tuaran Sungai at extraction sand ) . km l), hilly and undulating (20 undulating and hilly l),

116⁰ 11.8’ 116⁰

, 2 lo mag flood

washing and screening the sediment at the riparian reserves andreserves riparian the at sediment the screening and washing 201 Nanson (1984) local channelmigration local Nanson(1984) ). The major rock types in the area are Crocker Formation and Formation Crocker are area the in types rock major The ). ISSN ISSN 2289 2

onlynot 7 ih ih mjr hne tribut channel major eight with .

Transactions on Science and Technology. .2 times than sediment yield. It is It yield. sediment than times .2 -

be

hra fr h ohr he sts te ad extraction sand the sites, three other the for whereas - into d river and laterally unstable resulting in point bar and bar point in resulting unstable laterally and river d 8786. hc la t canl ntblt i te om f bank of form the in instability channel to lead which to iue n feuny (Rinaldi frequency and nitude involvesphysical sediment removal of fromrive http: Ngatimin 116⁰ 14.0’ where river sand is extracted intensively. extracted is sand river where 14.0’ 116⁰ three T to uaran //transectscience.org/ evaluate the planformthe evaluate olf, 1994; Surian 1994; olf,

physiographicalzonesdistinct 8

River

s

km. Four sites namely as Bend 1, Bend 2, Bend 1, Bend as namely sites Four km. &

to sedimentation of fine particles (Frings,particles fine of sedimentation to

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exhibit a decreased in river length uplength river in decreased a exhibit B

200 end 1 is 1 end

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TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1957) curve. the from off read percent scale)versuscumulativecumulativedevelopedgrainsize phi then frequency curveis byplotting (in method hydrometer and shaker sampler grab Veen Van using collected for samples Bed Sediment digitalJUPEM topographic map using GIS software. point inflection bank several of mean the c as taken was year and bend each images satellite curvature) of (radius bend measured as are features the of definitions The analysis for F River. Tuaran Channel Forms METHODOLOGY River 1. Figure

raue ee measured were urvature River River The . using Equation (1)

. The phi The .

river channel for the study is study the for channel river Location of Location from bank to the oppositetheto bank from bed .

cie n non and active Meander features of intere of features Meander

sediment was sediment our single our at different years different at ( φ)

values of the following percentile; 5%, 16%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 84% and 95% were 95% and 84% 75%, 50%, 25%, 16%, 5%, percentile; following the of values the .

These were used to calculate the mean size of the sediment (Folk sediment the of size mean the calculate to used were These Graphic study area within (a) Tuaran Catchment and (b) downstream of downstream (b) and Catchment Tuaran (a) within area study channel bend channel . ae o Wlim (96 definitions. (1986) Williams on based

Montoi - Chan

cie ad xrcin reaches. extraction sand active sampled in June 2014 in order to order in 2014 June in sampled

et et al.

nel planform were digitized at scale 1:10,000 using 1:10,000 scale at digitized were planform nel

o eie pretgs f ad sl ad ly composi clay and silt sand, of percentages derived to and georeferenced to WGS 1984 coordinate. Channel width from width Channel coordinate. 1984 WGS to georeferenced and mean mean ,

201 ISSN ISSN 2289 7 described by described .

Transactions on Science and Technology. a

st are the channel width (W) a (W) width channel the are st  named Smls ee r ad ivd sn mcaia Ro mechanical using sieved and dry were Samples .

single and  - 8786. ( 16 Rc - http:  as thread meandering river located at downstream of downstream at located river meandering thread 3 50 i //transectscience.org/ s Bend 1, Bend 2, Bend 3 and Bend 4 Bend and 3 Bend 2, Bend 1, Bend

a measureoftightnessindividualana mean of

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TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY on the observ the on induce may system opposite the at assumed 201 to 2003 from ( movement bank river significant no is there 4 Bend in Whereas period. term long in process avulsion have to tend 2 Bend that indicate show 2 Bend 201 bend in till decrease 2003 year since here occurred process dominant process Whereas curvature Bend changesplanform RESULT DISCUSSIONAND non and significant atα= 0.05. active between sediment of outer w test Kruskal distribution. channel sediment in differences assess to employed were tests Whitney channel avulsion. to erosion bank from process channel shifting the change thereby migration, meander and erosion inner the at formation eddies larger less. means considerablyres flow a generates will this and boundary 2 is than erosion less bank value words Rc/W other (1960) in Bagnold or to 1 According ≈ Rc/W at zero to rapidly declines width by River maximum Beatton at study migration Meander (Rc/W). Data Analysis Bend 4 Bend 3 Bend 2 Bend 1 Bend number Bend In natural condition, meandering river erode sediment from the outer curve bank and dep and bank curve outerthe sedimentfrom meanderingerode rivercondition, natural In from changing now is shifting lateral the 1 Bend at that shows result This dimension meander river on data shows 1 Table For width channel to curvature of radius of ratio the of terms in evaluated were stability Channel bank 1 s sd o assess to used as

to bank erosion. At Bend 3 the valu the 3 Bend At erosion. bank to hw n nrae i bn o craue au fo 19 n 03 o . i 2016. in 2.4 to 2003 in 1.9 from value curvature of bend in increased an show river sediment river Bend due to natural process.river slightly 3 Bend for migration rates occurred at 2.0< Rc/W< 3.0. If 3.0. Rc/W< 2.0< at occurred rates migration

and middle part of the channel the of part middle and

ation, it is found that the that found is it ation, a significant lateral shifting to left side of the river and the decreased value of Rc/W of value decreased the and river the of side left to shifting lateral significant a 2 Bendand 4 inner 139.7 400.6 188.6 207.5 6 2003

. of however th however The highest bend highest The Radius of Curvature, Curvature, Radius of

bed and banks instability and result and instability banks and bed curvature value curvature

bank further downstream. I downstream. further bank 134.4 318. 177.7 205.5 2013 data analysis, descriptive statistic, descriptive analysis, data Table 1. aiblt o sediment of variability Rc(m) 8

Montoi respectively e bend of curvature is less than 2 therefore channel avulsion processavulsion channel therefore 2 than less is curvature of bend e 130.5 305.7 156.6 205.3 decreased from 3.9 in 2003 to 3.8 in 2014 and increase to 3.9 in 2016. in 3.9 to increase and 2014 in 3.8 to 2003 in 3.9 from decreased 2014

et et al. Data on river meander dimension

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curvature value nature of c of nature Transactions on Science and Technology. -

decreased from 2.0 to1.4 and 2.0 to 1.9. cie ad xrcin ra. ttsia tss ee find were tests Statistical areas. extraction sand active

istance at the outer curve. This process will inhibits bank inhibits will process This curve.outer the at istance - 101.8 110.2 whilst Mann Whitney was used to assess the variability the assess to used was Whitney Mann whilst 2003 8786. 70.5 93.2 e of bend curvature indicate curvature bend of e

channel avulsion is the main process occurred here occurred process main the is avulsion channel http:

en size mean Channel Wid Channel ncrease or decrease sediment supply i supply sediment decrease or ncrease hannel adjustment between adjustment hannel //transectscience.org/ 102.0 2013 71.4 83.5 86.6 s W (m) W

and Figure and

is

s Rc/W 2014

70.6 79.8 90.1 83.2 shown in Bend 3 and the lowest is Bend is lowest the and Bend3 in shown in dramatic channel readjustments. channel dramatic in normality tests, normality Hickin 6

Bn 2 n Bn 4 oee so a show however 4 Bend and 2 Bend . t niiul rs section; cross individual at th,

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Bend of Curvature of Bend .

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rate per unit channel unit per rate

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TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY sedimentthat size in con shows value rank mean and areas two this betweendistribution size mean in differences significant Mann extraction. sand no with area to compared areas. topography map. River flows from to right left. 2 Figure planform at afaster rate than normal river process. areas extraction sand pr fo pafr cags te eiet ie itiuin lo d also distribution size sediment the changes, planform from Apart Figure 3.

iue sos ht ad xrcin nrae md (sil mud increased extraction sand that shows 3 Figure

. Channel planform changes betwe changes planform Channel Sediment size distribution between sand extraction and sandno extraction areas.

r similar are trolled area is coarser compared to active sand extraction area. Montoi

et et al. , (Wishart

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TRANSACTIONS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY hne isaiiy curd n h fr o rvr ak rso ad eietto o te opposite the on sedimentation and erosion bank river of form the in occurred instability channel supply sediment the exceeded removal sand Tuaran In capacity. transport and supply sediment between balance significantly CONCLUSION profileriver as well asgrain size distribution. d Kruskal wh area the in river the of part middle and inner outer, the contribute to Figure 4 energy. flow the notably in sand extraction area as shown Tablein 1. increased and width river in decreased cause may this and bank inner the at deposited sediment Fine downstream. further sedimentation are the floodplain at out carried process screening and washing improper to related be can mud of content High ifferences (p ifferences Active SandExtraction Active Sand Extraction No hne pafr aayi hs eeld ht ad xrcin alter extraction sand that revealed has analysis planform Channel Kruskal Clay Silt Sand Sediment - . Wallis test on mean size distribution where sand extraction occurred show no significant no show occurred extraction sand where distribution size mean on test Wallis Photo showing

Table 3 - Wallis test Wallis over decade time scale. Removing sediment from the river disrupted the pre the disrupted river the from sediment Removing scale. time decade over Area high mud content in

> 0.05 > ( a

iue 4 Figure Table 2 .

). ). Mean size comparisons between parts

All these extraction and addition directly to the river system have an effect on effect an have system river the to directly addition and extraction these All (Table 3) (Table No sand extraction No

an improperan . . ie eiet icagd iety no h rvr hs ed o high to lead thus river the into directly discharged sediment Fine ).

Comparison of sedi Montoi Inner 17.67 19.00 23.85 23.35 49.63

et et al. indicate the river system especially the

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201 ISSN ISSN 2289 washing and screening 7 MeanRank .

Transactions on Science and Technology. Middle MeanRank 12.5.0 14.08

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ments composition between areas. http:

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Outer 23.75 24.00 49.15 49.65 23.38

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] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]

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. 54

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(4), 879(4), - - H 1567. Savoie, French Alps. an

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(

& Green, T. (2003). Impacts of reforestation and gravel mining on mining gravel and reforestation of Impacts (2003). T. Green, & 1231. 1999 28 ( ,

1984

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ain Susulan Kajian

21

Sej, . 20) Evrnetl fet o rvr sand river of effects Environmental (2008). R. Sreeja, & - River Research andA .

Plan British Territories ,in Kuching, - (4), 533 Jabatan Penyiasatan Kajibumi Malaysia (EPD) 8786. - 243 , t o Vmaa lk, otws cat f India. of coast Southwest lake, Vembanad of nts , ). Accessed on

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- http: 50 27 2008 for . (4), 307

(1) //transectscience.org/ (

- - Geomorphology 2013 551 River ) , Gae etato ad lnom hne n a in change planform and extraction Gravel . 3 . -

26 ) . ea Pnabln ai D Sna Tuaran, Sungai Di Pasir Pengambilan Kesan - - 326 Management Plan for Plan Management Sand . , , Peninsular Malaysia. Peninsular Selangor, , -

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bed rivers. bed

Journal of H .

15 October 2017 pplications

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( 4 http://ww2.sabah.gov.my/phb/wp , (

4 55 ), 442 (1), 65 Geomorphology - Sg.

- Earth

448 ydrology - ,

Kinabalu area, . North area, Kinabalu - 21 Tuaran -

(7), 805 74 . -

Science Reviews Science Msc . .

River Sand Mining in Mining Sand River ,

- Journal of Hydraulic of Journal 88

Damit.pdf T - . , (1 828. Universiti hesis,

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2), 147 (1 N. 282 (No. o Laporan No.

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