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17 World Englishes and Their Dialect Roots
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2020 World Englishes and their dialect roots Schreier, Daniel Abstract: This chapter investigates the persistence and development of so-called dialect roots, that is, features of local forms of British English that are transplanted to overseas territories. It discusses dialect input and the survival of features, independent developments within overseas communities, including realignments of features in the dialect inputs, as well as contact phenomena when English speakers interact with those of other dialects and languages. The diagnostic value of these roots is exemplified with selected cases from around the world (Newfoundland English, Liberian English, Caribbean Englishes), which are assessed with reference to the archaic/dynamic character of individual features in new-dialect formation and language-contact scenarios. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108349406.017 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-198161 Book Section Published Version The following work is licensed under a Publisher License. Originally published at: Schreier, Daniel (2020). World Englishes and their dialect roots. In: Schreier, Daniel; Hundt, Marianne; Schneider, Edgar W. The Cambridge Handbook of World Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 384-407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108349406.017 17 World Englishes and Their Dialect Roots Daniel Schreier World Englishes developed out of English dialects spoken throughout the British Isles. These were transported all over the globe by speakers from different regions, social classes, and educational backgrounds, who migrated with distinct trajectories, for various periods of time and in distinct chronolo- gical phases (Hickey, Chapter 2, this volume; Britain, Chapter 7,thisvolume). -
Native American Tribes A
Native American Tribes A A'ananin (Aane), Abenaki (Abnaki, Abanaki, Abenaqui), Absaalooke (Absaroke), Achumawi (Achomawi), Acjachemen, Acoma, Agua Caliente, Adai, Ahtna (Atna), Ajachemen, Akimel O'odham, Akwaala (Akwala), Alabama-Coushatta, Aleut, Alutiiq, Algonquians (Algonkians), Algonquin (Algonkin), Alliklik, Alnobak (Alnôbak, Alnombak), Alsea (Älsé, Alseya), Andaste, Anishinaabe (Anishinabemowin, Anishnabay), Aniyunwiya, Antoniaño, Apache, Apalachee, Applegate, Apsaalo oke (Apsaroke), Arapaho (Arapahoe),Arawak, Arikara, Assiniboine, Atakapa, Atikamekw, Atsina, Atsug ewi (Atsuke), Araucano (Araucanian), Avoyel (Avoyelles), Ayisiyiniwok, Aymara, Aztec B Babine, Bannock, Barbareño, Bari, Bear River, Beaver, Bella Bella, Bella Coola, Beothuks (Betoukuag), Bidai, Biloxi, Black Carib, Blackfoot (Blackfeet), Blood Indians, Bora C Caddo (Caddoe), Cahita, Cahto, Cahuilla, Calapooya (Calapuya, Calapooia), Calusa (Caloosa), Carib, Carquin, Carrier, Caska, Catawba, Cathlamet, Cayuga, Cayus e, Celilo, Central Pomo, Chahta, Chalaque, Chappaquiddick (Chappaquiddic, Chappiquidic),Chawchila (Chawchilla), Chehalis, Chelan, Chemehuevi, Cheraw, Cheroenhaka (Cheroenkhaka, Cherokhaka), Cherokee, Chetco, Cheyenne (Cheyanne), Chickamaugan, Chickasaw, Chilcotin, Chilula- Wilkut, Chimariko, Chinook, Chinook Jargon, Chipewyan (Chipewyin), Chippewa, Chitimacha (Chitamacha), Chocheno, Choctaw, Cholon, Chontal de Tabasco (Chontal Maya), Choynimni (Choinimni), Chukchansi, Chumash, Clackamas (Clackama), Clallam, Clatskanie (Clatskanai), Clatsop, Cmique, Coastal -
Dgfs-CNRS Summer School on Linguistic Typology
DGfS-CNRS Summer School on Linguistic Typology Leipzig 15 August–3 September 2010 Creole Languages in a World-Wide Perspective SUSANNE MICHAELIS Max-Planck-Institut für evolutionäre Anthropologie & Universität Gießen Class 2, 24 August 2010 1. Towards a systematic comparison of pidgin and creole language structures • Creole studies have seen various ambitious attempts at explaining the grammatical features of creole languages (substrates, superstrates, and universal principles) • BUT: many of these claims were often based on a relatively small amount of merely suggestive data of only one or a few languages (e.g. Bickerton 1981, Chaudenson 1990); even McWhorter (1998, 2001) does not base his claims on a solid systematic database. 1 Some earlier comparative creole studies, e.g. • Ivens Ferraz (1987) for Portuguese-based creoles • Goodman (1964) for French-based creoles • Hancock (1987) for Atlantic English-based creoles • Baker (1993) for Pacific English-based pidgins/creoles Holm & Patrick (2007), Comparative creole syntax (London: Battlebridge) 2 • the first collaborative project: 18 creole languages are described with respect to a questionnaire of 97 morphosyntactic features • limited to morphosyntax, to 18 languages, and to a book publication without automatic search options • no summarizing tables for all creoles, no synopses • features are Atlantic-biased • some mixing of synchronic and diachronic features, e.g. 8.5 Subordinator from superstrate 'that'; 15.3 Definite article (from superstrate deictic) 2. The APiCS project • large-scale -
Variation and Change in Virgin Islands Dutch Creole Tense, Modality and Aspect
VARIATION AND CHANGE IN VIRGIN ISLANDS DUTCH CREOLE TENSE, MODALITY AND ASPECT Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6111 Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Annaberg sugar mill ruins, St. John, US Virgin Islands. Picture taken by flickr user Navin75. Original in full color. Reproduced and adapted within the freedoms granted by the license terms (CC BY-SA 2.0) applied by the licensor. ISBN: 978-94-6093-235-9 NUR 616 Copyright © 2017: Robbert van Sluijs. All rights reserved. Variation and change in Virgin Islands Dutch Creole Tense, Modality and Aspect Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. J.H.J.M. van Krieken, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 11 mei 2017 om 10.30 uur precies door Robbert van Sluijs geboren op 23 januari 1987 te Heerlen Promotor: Prof. dr. P.C. Muysken Copromotor: Dr. M.C. van den Berg (UU) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. R.W.N.M. van Hout Dr. A. Bruyn (Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Den Haag) Prof. dr. F.L.M.P. Hinskens (VU) Prof. dr. S. Kouwenberg (University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica) Prof. dr. C.H.M. Versteegh Part of the research reported in this dissertation was funded by the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW). i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v ABBREVIATIONS ix 1. VARIATION IN VIRGIN ISLANDS DUTCH CREOLE: TENSE-ASPECT- MODALITY 1 1.1. -
Unedited Manuscript
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2021 A pan-Atlantic ’multiple modal belt’? Zullo, Davide ; Pfenninger, Simone E ; Schreier, Daniel Abstract: Multiple modality is spread across the wider Atlantic region, both within individual varieties and across variety types. Based on corpus-based evidence, it is argued that first and second tiers of multiple modals carry high diagnostic value and that regionally separated Anglophone areas differ in their preference for first- and second-tier components in modal constructions. Semantics is a diagnos- tic typologically as there exists a continuum, the “Multiple Modal Belt,” which consists of three main clusters that are primarily differentiated by their respective compositional preferences: North American varieties favor epistemic ‘weak probability’ elements ( might) as first-tier modals, Caribbean varieties ‘high probability’ or ‘certainty’ ( must). Multiple causation and contact-induced change are offered as explanations for supra- and sub-regional variation in the Atlantic region, and there is strong evidence that the preference for second-tier components originally represented Scottish origin and subsequent diffusion with locally differing contact scenarios. Locally distinct preferences for semantic compositionality –par- ticularly based on preference for first-tier ‘high-probability’ modals – are used to model a geo-typological clustering of varieties throughout the wider Atlantic region. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-8620506 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-198166 Journal Article Accepted Version Originally published at: Zullo, Davide; Pfenninger, Simone E; Schreier, Daniel (2021). -
The Classification of the English-Lexifier Creole Languages
DigitalResources SIL eBook 25 ® The Classification of the English-Lexifier Creole Languages Spoken in Grenada, Guyana, St. Vincent, and Tobago Using a Comparison of the Markers of Some Key Grammatical Features: A Tool for Determining the Potential to Share and/or Adapt Literary Development Materials David Joseph Holbrook The Classification of the English-Lexifier Creole Languages Spoken in Grenada, Guyana, St. Vincent, and Tobago Using a Comparison of the Markers of Some Key Grammatical Features: A Tool for Determining the Potential to Share and/or Adapt Literary Development Materials David Joseph Holbrook SIL International ® 2012 SIL e-Books 25 2012 SIL International ® ISBN: 978-1-55671-268-5 ISSN: 1934-2470 Fair-Use Policy: Books published in the SIL e-Books (SILEB) series are intended for scholarly research and educational use. You may make copies of these publications for research or instructional purposes free of charge (within fair-use guidelines) and without further permission. Republication or commercial use of SILEB or the documents contained therein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the copyright holder(s). Series Editor George Huttar Volume Editor Dirk Kievit Managing Editor Bonnie Brown Compositor Margaret González Abstract This study examines the four English-lexifier creole languages spoken in Grenada, Guyana, St. Vincent, and Tobago. These languages are classified using a comparison of some of the markers of key grammatical features identified as being typical of pidgin and creole languages. The classification is based on a scoring system that takes into account the potential problems in translation due to differences in the mapping of semantic notions. -
Bbbbbbbbbbbbbbb List of World Languages
Appendix B bbbbbbbbbbbbbbb List of World Languages Languages are constantly changing. As they grow and evolve, they can branch off or con- verge. Many languages are known by more than one name, or have alternate spellings. Some languages may be affected by political change. Even linguists differ in their defini- tions of language. While it is impossible to ascertain exactly how many languages exist on Earth, The Ethnologue, 14th Ed., lists 6,809 living languages worldwide. The following list was adapted from The World Factbook 2002, The Ethnologue, 14th Ed., and the Directory of Languages Spoken by Students of Limited English Proficiency in New York State Programs. What may seem like a language omission or oversight may be a difference in spelling or variation on the name. The list below may not be complete or all-inclusive; however, much effort went into making it as accurate as possible. Afghanistan Southern Pashto, Eastern Farsi, Uzbek, Turkmen, Brahui, Balochi, Hazaragi Albania Tosk Albanian, Gheg Albanian, Macedo-Romanian, Greek, Vlax Romani Algeria Arabic (official), French, Kabyle, Chaouia American Samoa Samoan, English Andorra Catalán (official), French, Spanish Angola Portuguese (official), Umbundu, Nyemba, Nyaneka, Loanda-Mbundu, Luchazi, Kongo, Chokwe Anguilla English (official), Anguillan Creole English Antigua and Barbuda English (official), Antigua Creole English, Barbuda Creole English Argentina Spanish (official), Pampa, English, Italian, German, French, Guaraní, Araucano, Quechua Armenia Armenian, Russian, North Azerbaijani -
Indigenous Language Preservation Programs and Language Policy in Education: a Web-Based Intertextual Analysis
AN ABSTRACT FOR THE DISSERTATION OF Gloria J. Bock Muñiz for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education presented on June 8, 2007. Title: Indigenous Language Preservation Programs and Language Policy in Education: A Web-Based Intertextual Analysis. Abstract Approved: _________________________________________ LeoNora M. Cohen There are more than 6,900 known living languages in the world, half of which could be extinct within one hundred years. Approximately 150 indigenous American languages are still spoken in the United States; however, it is estimated that by the year 2050 only twenty of them will remain. Language preservation programs are a part of the struggle for the cultural and economic self-determination of indigenous peoples. These programs often operate within public school systems governed by laws and policies that are linked both with the goals of economic globalization and with basic human rights. This study explored the congruity of these policies, and their impact on indigenous language preservation programs. Its purpose was to provide information that can be used for planning and advocacy for indigenous language preservation programs that reflect the interests and values of indigenous cultural and linguistic communities. The research question addressed by this study was, In what ways do educational standards impact indigenous language preservation efforts? During the process of determining the impact of state policies and standards on language preservation program implementation, the context for the programs and the -
Tense, Aspect and Modality in Bastimentos
TENSE, ASPECT AND MODALITY IN BASTIMENTOS CREOLE ENGLISH A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2019 Heidi Reid School of Arts, Languages and Cultures 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Chapter one: Introduction ............................................................................................ 18 1.1 Aims and scope of this thesis ............................................................................... 18 1.2 Framework and general approach ........................................................................ 23 1.2.1 Tense, aspect, modality .................................................................................... 25 1.2.2 Grammaticalisation: Layering & bleaching ..................................................... 27 1.3 TMA markers in BCE .......................................................................................... 29 1.3.1 Position and syntactic distribution ................................................................... 30 1.3.2 TMA combinations .......................................................................................... 31 1.4 Outline of chapters ............................................................................................... 32 2 Chapter two: Creoles .................................................................................................... 34 2.1 A distinct linguistic group? .................................................................................. 34 2.2 The concept of -
Apics, WALS, and the Creole Typological Profile
APiCS, WALS, and the creole typological profile (if any) Michael Cysouw MPI-EVA Leipzig - LMU München APiCS data so far • 70 languages • 120 features • Multiple values per feature possible • Only 1.4 % missing data! • 46 features comparable to WALS How similar are APiCS languages to each other? Feature 1 Val. 1 Val. 2 Val. 3 Val. 4 Val. 5 Val. 6 African American FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE English Afrikaans TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE How similar are APiCS languages to each other? Feature 1 Val. 1 Val. 2 Val. 3 Val. 4 Val. 5 Val. 6 African American 0 1 0 0 0 0 English Afrikaans 1 1 1 0 0 0 4 agreements out of 6: similarity of 4/6 Feature 1 Val. 1 Val. 2 Val. 3 Val. 4 Val. 5 Val. 6 African American 0 1 0 0 0 0 English Afrikaans 1 1 1 0 0 0 weight agreements by overall frequency (frequent values count less) Feature 1 Val. 1 Val. 2 Val. 3 Val. 4 Val. 5 Val. 6 African American 0 1 0 0 0 0 English Afrikaans 1 1 1 0 0 0 distances from weighted comparison 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 -0.1 distances fromdirect comparison 0.0 0.1 0.2 African American English 0 0.32 0.73 0.51 0.16 0.51 0.27 0.51 0.65 0.46 0.57 0.57 0.49 0.49 0.51 0.59 0.43 0.54 0.46 0.46 0.43 0.65 Afrikaans 0.32 0 0.68 0.73 0.38 0.49 0.46 0.68 0.76 0.62 0.59 0.59 0.54 0.62 0.59 0.7 0.57 0.49 0.51 0.54 0.68 0.76 Ambon Malay 0.73 0.68 0 0.65 0.57 0.3 0.62 0.68 0.59 0.59 0.73 0.62 0.59 0.59 0.57 0.68 0.62 0.59 0.51 0.41 0.62 0.7 Angolar 0.51 0.73 0.65 0 0.49 0.38 0.54 0.43 0.51 0.32 0.54 0.46 0.54 0.65 0.73 0.68 0.43 0.62 0.38 0.46 0.41 0.57 Bahamian Creole 0.16 0.38 0.57 -
“Westward Expansion” and “Manifest Destiny A
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE WHAT AFFECTS HAVE “DISCOVERY” “WESTWARD EXPANSION” AND “MANIFEST DESTINY” HAD ON THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF NORTH AMERICA AND MUSEUM CULTURES TODAY? A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By LARRY LEE MYERS Norman, Oklahoma 2016 WHAT AFFECTS HAVE “DICOVERY” “WESTWARD EXPANSION” AND “MANIFEST DESTINY” HAD ON THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF NORTH AMERICA AND MUSEUM CULTURES TODAY? A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE COLLEGE OF LIBERAL STUDIES BY ________________________________ Dr. Hollie Mackey, Chair ________________________________ Ms. Barbara Bilek ________________________________ Dr. Steven R. Gullberg © Copyright by LARRY LEE MYERS 2016 All Rights Reserved. Dedication The Abenaki (Abnaki, Abanaki, Abenaqui), Acatec, Achi, Achumawi (Achomawi), Acoma, Adai, Ahtna (Atna), Ais, Akimel O'odham, Alabama-Coushatta, Aleut, Alsea, Alutiiq, Algonquians(Algonkians), Algonquin (Algonkin), Alsea, Andoke, Anishinaabe (Anishinabemowin, Anishnabay), Antoniaño, Apache, Apalachee, Apalachicola, Applegate, Arabela, Arapaho (Arapahoe), Arara, Arawak, Arikara, Arua, Ashaninka, Assiniboine, Atakapa, Atikamekw, Atsina, Atsugewi (Atsuke), Avoyel (Avoyelles), Aymara, Aztec Babine, Bannock, Bare, Bari, Baure, Beaver, Bella Bella, Bella Coola, Beothuks, Bidai, Biloxi, Black Carib, Blackfoot (Blackfeet), Blood Indians, Bora, Bororo, Boruca, Bribri Caddo (Caddoe), Cahita, Cahto, Cahuilla, Calusa (Caloosa), Carib, Carquin, Carrier, Caska, Catawba, Cathlamet, Cayuga, -
Native Vote – Election Protection Project 2016 Election Report
Native Vote – Election Protection Project 2016 Election Report Indian Legal Clinic Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law Arizona State University March 6, 2018 ARIZONA NATIVE VOTE – ELECTION PROTECTION PROJECT 2016 FINAL REPORT INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 4 What is Arizona Native Vote – Election Protection Project? ............................................ 4 Project Framework ............................................................................................................... 4 2016 ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Volunteers .............................................................................................................................. 5 Project Partners ..................................................................................................................... 6 National Congress of American Indians .......................................................................... 6 Indian Legal Clinic .......................................................................................................... 6 Inter Tribal Council of Arizona ....................................................................................... 6 Native American Bar Association of Arizona .................................................................. 6 2016 Election Protection Plan .............................................................................................