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Dimensional Sandstones: Weathering Phenomena, Technical Properties and Numerical Modeling of Water Migration

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Dimensional Sandstones: Weathering Phenomena, Technical Properties and Numerical Modeling of Water Migration Dimensional Sandstones: Weathering Phenomena, Technical Properties and Numerical Modeling of Water Migration Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades „Doctor rerum naturalium“ der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen im Promotionsprogramm Geowissenschaften der Georg-August University School of Science (GAUSS) vorgelegt von Heidrun Louise Stück aus Bad Homburg Göttingen 2013 Betreuungsausschuss: Prof. Dr. Siegfried Siegesmund Abt. Strukturgeologie & Geodynamik Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Georg-August Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Roman Koch Abt. Angewandte Sedimentologie & Bausteinforschung GeoZentrum Nordbayern Univsität Erlangen-Nürnberg Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Siegfried Siegesmund Abt. Strukturgeologie & Geodynamik Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Georg-August Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Roman Koch Abt. Angewandte Sedimentologie & Bausteinforschung GeoZentrum Nordbayern Univsität Erlangen-Nürnberg Weitere Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Bent T. Hansen Abt. Isotopengeologie Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Georg-August Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Jonas Kley Abt. Strukturgeologie & Geodynamik Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Georg-August Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Sharon Webb Abt. Experimentelle und Angewandte Mineralogie Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Georg-August Universität Göttingen Prof. Dr. Michael Hoppert Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik Fakultät für Biologie der Georg-August Universität Göttingen Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 08.03.2013 Abstract i Abstract This here presented thesis is focused on the systematically evaluation of the durability of natural sandstones by the detailed characterization of their petrographical, petrophysical, deterioration and weathering properties. The thesis presents a new combined approach for the detailed analyses at sandstones by onsite studies (deterioration phenomena and weathering behavior), in laboratory (measurement and determination of petrophysical and petrographical properties), by statistical considerations (i.e. establish correlations between petrography, petrophysical and weathering properties) and by numerical modeling (evaluation of water transport and water storage in dependence to pore space). Additionally, special emphasis is set on the influence and relationships of fabric, diagenetic path and pore space properties on the material and weathering behavior of sandstones. Statistical methods were applied to a large dataset of more than ~300 sandstones and comprise among others wisker data distributions plots, linear regression with confidence regions for the petrophysical and weathering properties of the sandstones. Based on the results of on-site studies, laboratory experiments and statistical analyses, i.e. principal component- and cluster analyses was possible to identify similarities in the material properties and weathering behavior of individual sandstones. This was used to define groups of specific sandstones types by establishing relationships between the composition, depositional environment, stratigraphic association and diagenetic pathway. This allows us to compile a sandstone quality catalogue. In order to evaluate the moisture distribution and moisture transport as well as to evaluate their effect on the weathering and deterioration behavior, numerical modeling for each of the defined pore radii type was performed based on detailed, sandstone specific material functions. Modeling results confirm our observations from on-site studies and statistical analyses and prove the established relationships between compositional, depositional, stratigraphical and diagenetic aspects and the material properties. For example, it can be proved that the pore radii distribution is one of the main variables governing both material and weathering properties of sandstones by its large impact on e.g. water absorption, salt loading and hygric dilatation behavior. ii Table of Contents Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ i Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................... ii 1 General Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Motivation ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aims of the Thesis ................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................................ 4 2 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Mapping of Lithology and Deterioration ................................................................................. 7 2.2 Petrography ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Petrophysical Properties ......................................................................................................... 8 2.3.1 Pore Space Properties (Density, Porosity, Mercury Injection Porosimetry) ................... 8 2.3.2 Mechanical and Elastic Properties .................................................................................. 9 2.4 Water Transport and Water Storage Mechanisms ............................................................... 10 2.4.1 Coefficient of Water Absorption (w-value, Capillary Water Absorption/Uptake) ........ 10 2.4.2 Moisture Adsorption (sorption) .................................................................................... 11 2.4.3 Water Vapour Diffusion ................................................................................................. 11 2.4.4 Saturation degree (S-value) ........................................................................................... 11 2.5 Weathering Properties .......................................................................................................... 11 2.6 Statistical Analyses ................................................................................................................ 12 2.7 Numerical Modelling of Moisture ......................................................................................... 13 3 On-Site Studies on the Weathering Phenomena of Dimension Sandstones ........................... 16 3.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 16 3.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 17 3.3 Geological Context and Building Stones of the Drei Gleichen Area ...................................... 19 3.3.1 Deposits and Depositional Environments of the Drei Gleichen Area............................ 19 3.4 The Castles of Drei Gleichen - Construction History ............................................................. 23 Table of Contents iii 3.5 On-Site Studies on Dimension Stones at Castle Gleichen: Mapping of Lithology and Decay Phenomena ....................................................................................................................................... 25 3.5.1 Categories of Decay ....................................................................................................... 25 3.5.2 Mapping of Lithology ..................................................................................................... 27 3.5.3 Mapping of Decay Phenomena ..................................................................................... 27 3.6 Dimension Stones: Petrology and Fabrics ............................................................................. 28 3.6.1 Lower Keuper ................................................................................................................ 29 3.6.2 Middle Keuper ............................................................................................................... 29 3.6.3 Schilf sandstone ............................................................................................................. 30 3.6.4 Upper Keuper––Rät Sandstones ................................................................................... 31 3.6.5 Quaternary (Holocene) .................................................................................................. 31 3.6.6 Microfabrics of the Dimensional Stones ....................................................................... 32 3.7 Dimension Stones: Petrophysical Properties ........................................................................ 33 3.7.1 Porosity, Density and Pore-Size Distribution ................................................................. 34 3.8 Water Transport and Retention Properties .......................................................................... 37 3.8.1 Tensile and Compressive Strength ................................................................................ 39 3.9 Laboratory Weathering Tests ................................................................................................ 40 3.9.1 Thermal Dilation ...........................................................................................................
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