A New Archosauriform Reptile with Distinctive Teeth from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of Germany
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Peerj-Review-5963
An unusual archosauromorph tooth increases known archosauromorph diversity in the Comment [1]: Be consistent with the clade you assign the tooth. lower portion of the Chinle Formation (Late Triassic) of southeastern Utah, USA Deleted: tetrapod Comment [2]: Is this formal? If so, Lopez, Andres; St. Aude, Isabella; Alderete, David; Alvarez, David; Aultman, Hannah; Busch, capitalize it. Comment [3]: Remember, readers from around the world could be citing you! Dominique; Bustamante, Rogelio; Cirks, Leah; Lopez, Martin; Moncada, Adriana; Ortega, Elizabeth; Verdugo, Carlos; Gay, Robert J *. Mission Heights Preparatory High School, 1376 E. Cottonwood Ln., Casa Grande, Arizona 85122 *[email protected] 520-836-9383 Abstract: An unusual tetrapod tooth was discovered in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Deleted: Late southeastern Utah. The tooth was originally hypothesized to pertain to Revueltosaurus but Deleted: thought Deleted: belong further investigations have rejected that hypothesis. In this paper, we compare MNA V10668 to other known fossil teeth found in the Chinle Formation and assign the tooth to the least inclusive Comment [4]: Use tooth crowns (there is no root) throughout the text. clade currently available. Using data found in other publications and pictures of other teeth, we Deleted: identify Deleted: it may belongs to compare this specimen to other Triassic dental taxa. MNA V10668 shares some similarities with Crosbysaurus, Tecovasaurus, and several other named taxa but possesses a unique combination Deleted: characteristics of characteristics not found in other archosauromorph teeth. We conclude that it is most likely an Deleted: diapsid archosauromorph and possibly an archosauriform. This increases the known diversity of Deleted: probably archosauromorph from the Chinle Formation and represents the first tooth morphotype Deleted: tetrapods completely unique to Utah in the Late Triassic. -
University of Birmingham Post-Hatchling Cranial Ontogeny In
University of Birmingham Post-hatchling cranial ontogeny in the Early Triassic diapsid reptile Proterosuchus fergusi Ezcurra, Martin; Butler, Richard DOI: 10.1111/joa.12300 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Ezcurra, M & Butler, R 2015, 'Post-hatchling cranial ontogeny in the Early Triassic diapsid reptile Proterosuchus fergusi', Journal of Anatomy, vol. 226, no. 5, pp. 387-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12300 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. -
8. Archosaur Phylogeny and the Relationships of the Crocodylia
8. Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodylia MICHAEL J. BENTON Department of Geology, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK JAMES M. CLARK* Department of Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA Abstract The Archosauria include the living crocodilians and birds, as well as the fossil dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and basal 'thecodontians'. Cladograms of the basal archosaurs and of the crocodylomorphs are given in this paper. There are three primitive archosaur groups, the Proterosuchidae, the Erythrosuchidae, and the Proterochampsidae, which fall outside the crown-group (crocodilian line plus bird line), and these have been defined as plesions to a restricted Archosauria by Gauthier. The Early Triassic Euparkeria may also fall outside this crown-group, or it may lie on the bird line. The crown-group of archosaurs divides into the Ornithosuchia (the 'bird line': Orn- ithosuchidae, Lagosuchidae, Pterosauria, Dinosauria) and the Croco- dylotarsi nov. (the 'crocodilian line': Phytosauridae, Crocodylo- morpha, Stagonolepididae, Rauisuchidae, and Poposauridae). The latter three families may form a clade (Pseudosuchia s.str.), or the Poposauridae may pair off with Crocodylomorpha. The Crocodylomorpha includes all crocodilians, as well as crocodi- lian-like Triassic and Jurassic terrestrial forms. The Crocodyliformes include the traditional 'Protosuchia', 'Mesosuchia', and Eusuchia, and they are defined by a large number of synapomorphies, particularly of the braincase and occipital regions. The 'protosuchians' (mainly Early *Present address: Department of Zoology, Storer Hall, University of California, Davis, Cali- fornia, USA. The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds (ed. M.J. Benton), Systematics Association Special Volume 35A . pp. 295-338. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1988. -
The Origin and Early Evolution of Dinosaurs
Biol. Rev. (2010), 85, pp. 55–110. 55 doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00094.x The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs Max C. Langer1∗,MartinD.Ezcurra2, Jonathas S. Bittencourt1 and Fernando E. Novas2,3 1Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de S˜ao Paulo; Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeir˜ao Preto-SP, Brazil 2Laboratorio de Anatomia Comparada y Evoluci´on de los Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘‘Bernardino Rivadavia’’, Avda. Angel Gallardo 470, Cdad. de Buenos Aires, Argentina 3CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient´ıficas y T´ecnicas); Avda. Rivadavia 1917 - Cdad. de Buenos Aires, Argentina (Received 28 November 2008; revised 09 July 2009; accepted 14 July 2009) ABSTRACT The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis,andPanphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as ‘‘all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops’’. -
A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Basal Ornithischia (Reptilia, Dinosauria)
A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE BASAL ORNITHISCHIA (REPTILIA, DINOSAURIA) Marc Richard Spencer A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2007 Committee: Margaret M. Yacobucci, Advisor Don C. Steinker Daniel M. Pavuk © 2007 Marc Richard Spencer All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Margaret M. Yacobucci, Advisor The placement of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus and the Heterodontosauridae within the Ornithischia has been problematic. Historically, Lesothosaurus has been regarded as a basal ornithischian dinosaur, the sister taxon to the Genasauria. Recent phylogenetic analyses, however, have placed Lesothosaurus as a more derived ornithischian within the Genasauria. The Fabrosauridae, of which Lesothosaurus was considered a member, has never been phylogenetically corroborated and has been considered a paraphyletic assemblage. Prior to recent phylogenetic analyses, the problematic Heterodontosauridae was placed within the Ornithopoda as the sister taxon to the Euornithopoda. The heterodontosaurids have also been considered as the basal member of the Cerapoda (Ornithopoda + Marginocephalia), the sister taxon to the Marginocephalia, and as the sister taxon to the Genasauria. To reevaluate the placement of these taxa, along with other basal ornithischians and more derived subclades, a phylogenetic analysis of 19 taxonomic units, including two outgroup taxa, was performed. Analysis of 97 characters and their associated character states culled, modified, and/or rescored from published literature based on published descriptions, produced four most parsimonious trees. Consistency and retention indices were calculated and a bootstrap analysis was performed to determine the relative support for the resultant phylogeny. The Ornithischia was recovered with Pisanosaurus as its basalmost member. -
Osteology of Pseudochampsa Ischigualastensis Gen. Et Comb. Nov
RESEARCH ARTICLE Osteology of Pseudochampsa ischigualastensis gen. et comb. nov. (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsidae) from the Early Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of Northwestern Argentina M. Jimena Trotteyn1,2*, Martı´n D. Ezcurra3 1. CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas y Te´cnicas, Ciudad Auto´noma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2. INGEO, Instituto de Geologı´a, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fı´sicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, San Juan, Argentina, 3. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom *[email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS Proterochampsids are crocodile-like, probably semi-aquatic, quadrupedal Citation: Trotteyn MJ, Ezcurra MD (2014) Osteology archosauriforms characterized by an elongated and dorsoventrally low skull. The of Pseudochampsa ischigualastensis gen. et comb. nov. (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsidae) from the group is endemic from the Middle-Late Triassic of South America. The most Early Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of recently erected proterochampsid species is ‘‘Chanaresuchus ischigualastensis’’, Northwestern Argentina. PLoS ONE 9(11): e111388. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111388 based on a single, fairly complete skeleton from the early Late Triassic Editor: Peter Dodson, University of Pennsylvania, Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. We describe here in detail the United States of America non-braincase cranial and postcranial anatomy -
The Early Evolution of Rhynchosaurs Butler, Richard; Montefeltro, Felipe; Ezcurra, Martin
University of Birmingham The early evolution of Rhynchosaurs Butler, Richard; Montefeltro, Felipe; Ezcurra, Martin DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00142 License: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY) Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Butler, R, Montefeltro, F & Ezcurra, M 2016, 'The early evolution of Rhynchosaurs', Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2015.00142 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: Frontiers is fully compliant with open access mandates, by publishing its articles under the Creative Commons Attribution licence (CC-BY). Funder mandates such as those by the Wellcome Trust (UK), National Institutes of Health (USA) and the Australian Research Council (Australia) are fully compatible with publishing in Frontiers. Authors retain copyright of their work and can deposit their publication in any repository. The work can be freely shared and adapted provided that appropriate credit is given and any changes specified. General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. -
On the Presence of the Subnarial Foramen in Prestosuchus Chiniquensis (Pseudosuchia: Loricata) with Remarks on Its Phylogenetic Distribution
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2016) (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620150456 www.scielo.br/aabc On the presence of the subnarial foramen in Prestosuchus chiniquensis (Pseudosuchia: Loricata) with remarks on its phylogenetic distribution LÚCIO ROBERTO-DA-SILVA1,2, MARCO A.G. FRANÇA3, SÉRGIO F. CABREIRA3, RODRIGO T. MÜLLER1 and SÉRGIO DIAS-DA-SILVA4 ¹Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Bairro Camobi, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brasil ²Laboratório de Paleontologia, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Av. Farroupilha, 8001, Bairro São José, 92425-900 Canoas, RS, Brasil ³Laboratório de Paleontologia e Evolução de Petrolina, Campus de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Rodovia BR 407, Km12, Lote 543, 56300-000 Petrolina, PE, Brasil 4Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa da Quarta Colônia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rua Maximiliano Vizzotto, 598, 97230-000 São João do Polêsine, RS, Brasil Manuscript received on July 1, 2015; accepted for publication on April 15, 2016 ABSTRACT Many authors have discussed the subnarial foramen in Archosauriformes. Here presence among Archosauriformes, shape, and position of this structure is reported and its phylogenetic importance is investigated. Based on distribution and the phylogenetic tree, it probably arose independently in Erythrosuchus, Herrerasaurus, and Paracrocodylomorpha. In Paracrocodylomorpha the subnarial foramen is oval-shaped, placed in the middle height of the main body of the maxilla, and does not reach the height of ascending process. In basal loricatans from South America (Prestosuchus chiniquensis and Saurosuchus galilei) the subnarial foramen is ‘drop-like’ shaped, the subnarial foramen is located above the middle height of the main body of the maxilla, reaching the height of ascending process, a condition also present in Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. -
The Osteoderm Microstructure in Doswelliids and Proterochampsids and Its Implications for Palaeobiology of Stem Archosaurs
The osteoderm microstructure in doswelliids and proterochampsids and its implications for palaeobiology of stem archosaurs DENIS A. PONCE, IGNACIO A. CERDA, JULIA B. DESOJO, and STERLING J. NESBITT Ponce, D.A., Cerda, I.A., Desojo, J.B., and Nesbitt, S.J. 2017. The osteoderm microstructure in doswelliids and proter- ochampsids and its implications for palaeobiology of stem archosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62 (4): 819–831. Osteoderms are common in most archosauriform lineages, including basal forms, such as doswelliids and proterochamp- sids. In this survey, osteoderms of the doswelliids Doswellia kaltenbachi and Vancleavea campi, and proterochampsid Chanaresuchus bonapartei are examined to infer their palaeobiology, such as histogenesis, age estimation at death, development of external sculpturing, and palaeoecology. Doswelliid osteoderms have a trilaminar structure: two corti- ces of compact bone (external and basal) that enclose an internal core of cancellous bone. In contrast, Chanaresuchus bonapartei osteoderms are composed of entirely compact bone. The external ornamentation of Doswellia kaltenbachi is primarily formed and maintained by preferential bone growth. Conversely, a complex pattern of resorption and redepo- sition process is inferred in Archeopelta arborensis and Tarjadia ruthae. Vancleavea campi exhibits the highest degree of variation among doswelliids in its histogenesis (metaplasia), density and arrangement of vascularization and lack of sculpturing. The relatively high degree of compactness in the osteoderms of all the examined taxa is congruent with an aquatic or semi-aquatic lifestyle. In general, the osteoderm histology of doswelliids more closely resembles that of phytosaurs and pseudosuchians than that of proterochampsids. Key words: Archosauria, Doswelliidae, Protero champ sidae, palaeoecology, microanatomy, histology, Triassic, USA. -
The Magnetobiostratigraphy of the Middle Triassic and the Latest Early Triassic from Spitsbergen, Arctic Norway Mark W
Intercalibration of Boreal and Tethyan time scales: the magnetobiostratigraphy of the Middle Triassic and the latest Early Triassic from Spitsbergen, Arctic Norway Mark W. Hounslow,1 Mengyu Hu,1 Atle Mørk,2,6 Wolfgang Weitschat,3 Jorunn Os Vigran,2 Vassil Karloukovski1 & Michael J. Orchard5 1 Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, Geography, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK 2 SINTEF Petroleum Research, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway 3 Geological-Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, DE-20146 Hamburg, Germany 5 Geological Survey of Canada, 101-605 Robson Street, Vancouver, BC, V6B 5J3, Canada 6 Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering, Norwegian University of Sciences and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway Keywords Abstract Ammonoid biostratigraphy; Boreal; conodonts; magnetostratigraphy; Middle An integrated biomagnetostratigraphic study of the latest Early Triassic to Triassic. the upper parts of the Middle Triassic, at Milne Edwardsfjellet in central Spitsbergen, Svalbard, allows a detailed correlation of Boreal and Tethyan Correspondence biostratigraphies. The biostratigraphy consists of ammonoid and palynomorph Mark W. Hounslow, Centre for Environmental zonations, supported by conodonts, through some 234 m of succession in two Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, adjacent sections. The magnetostratigraphy consists of 10 substantive normal— Geography, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 reverse polarity chrons, defined by sampling at 150 stratigraphic levels. The 4YQ, UK. E-mail: [email protected] magnetization is carried by magnetite and an unidentified magnetic sulphide, and is difficult to fully separate from a strong present-day-like magnetization. doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2008.00074.x The biomagnetostratigraphy from the late Olenekian (Vendomdalen Member) is supplemented by data from nearby Vikinghøgda. -
Tasmaniosaurus Triassicus from the Lower Triassic of Tasmania, Australia
The Osteology of the Basal Archosauromorph Tasmaniosaurus triassicus from the Lower Triassic of Tasmania, Australia Martı´n D. Ezcurra1,2* 1 School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, 2 GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universita¨t Mu¨nchen, Munich, Germany Abstract Proterosuchidae are the most taxonomically diverse archosauromorph reptiles sampled in the immediate aftermath of the Permo-Triassic mass extinction and represent the earliest radiation of Archosauriformes (archosaurs and closely related species). Proterosuchids are potentially represented by approximately 15 nominal species collected from South Africa, China, Russia, Australia and India, but the taxonomic content of the group is currently in a state of flux because of the poor anatomic and systematic information available for several of its putative members. Here, the putative proterosuchid Tasmaniosaurus triassicus from the Lower Triassic of Hobart, Tasmania (Australia), is redescribed. The holotype and currently only known specimen includes cranial and postcranial remains and the revision of this material sheds new light on the anatomy of the animal, including new data on the cranial endocast. Several bones are re-identified or reinterpreted, contrasting with the descriptions of previous authors. The new information provided here shows that Tasmaniosaurus closely resembles the South African proterosuchid Proterosuchus, but it differed in the presence of, for example, a slightly downturned premaxilla, a shorter anterior process of maxilla, and a diamond-shaped anterior end of interclavicle. Previous claims for the presence of gut contents in the holotype of Tasmaniosaurus are considered ambiguous. The description of the cranial endocast of Tasmaniosaurus provides for the first time information about the anatomy of this region in proterosuchids. -
What Really Happened in the Late Triassic?
Historical Biology, 1991, Vol. 5, pp. 263-278 © 1991 Harwood Academic Publishers, GmbH Reprints available directly from the publisher Printed in the United Kingdom Photocopying permitted by license only WHAT REALLY HAPPENED IN THE LATE TRIASSIC? MICHAEL J. BENTON Department of Geology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. (Received January 7, 1991) Major extinctions occurred both in the sea and on land during the Late Triassic in two major phases, in the middle to late Carnian and, 12-17 Myr later, at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Many recent reports have discounted the role of the earlier event, suggesting that it is (1) an artefact of a subsequent gap in the record, (2) a complex turnover phenomenon, or (3) local to Europe. These three views are disputed, with evidence from both the marine and terrestrial realms. New data on terrestrial tetrapods suggests that the late Carnian event was more important than the end-Triassic event. For tetrapods, the end-Triassic extinction was a whimper that was followed by the radiation of five families of dinosaurs and mammal- like reptiles, while the late Carnian event saw the disappearance of nine diverse families, and subsequent radiation of 13 families of turtles, crocodilomorphs, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, lepidosaurs and mammals. Also, for many groups of marine animals, the Carnian event marked a more significant turning point in diversification than did the end-Triassic event. KEY WORDS: Triassic, mass extinction, tetrapod, dinosaur, macroevolution, fauna. INTRODUCTION Most studies of mass extinction identify a major event in the Late Triassic, usually placed at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.