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Smith, Justin Samuel Ewald (2017) "The Sword and the Law": Elizabethan Soldiers’ Perception and Practice of the Laws of Armed Conflict, 1569-1587

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Smith, Justin Samuel Ewald (2017) Smith, Justin Samuel Ewald (2017) "The Sword and the Law": Elizabethan soldiers’ perception and practice of the laws of armed conflict, 1569-1587. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8552/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten:Theses http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] ‘The Sword and the Law’: Elizabethan Soldiers’ Perception and Practice of the Laws of Armed Conflict, 1569-1587 Justin Samuel Ewald Smith MLitt, BA Submitted in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, History School of Humanities College of Arts University of Glasgow October 2017 3 Abstract This thesis argues that contemporary views of the laws of arms among soldiers, and of the laws of war by legal theorists, influenced particular military campaigns and individual actions in a variety of armed conflicts. Elizabeth I’s officer corps were careful to act in wars so that their actions would be seen as honourable by outside observers in the belief that such actions would add to their personal glory. Their individual and corporate perception of the laws of war directly affected military practices. However, the Elizabethan military establishment was engaged in conflicts that did not conform to contemporary views of just war. Catholic popes funded military expeditions against England and its dominion of Ireland, where the leaders were granted commissions to wage holy war not just war. The suppression of armed rebellions in Ireland employed numerous soldiers, and much of the machinery of state was supported by the English military. Holy war and counterinsurgency operations had no parallels in just war theory. The laws of war provided an important new context for re-evaluating military practices. Although legal discourse was predominantly ordered towards fighting regular wars, with careful reading of contemporary sources, there are important indicators that illuminate contemporary justifications for some of the more brutal military actions associated with the English military establishment, particularly in Ireland. By re-examining the discourse on the laws of war, the thesis finds that soldiers took seriously the customs of war and through them, it reassesses the motivations and mentalities of commissioned officers. This discourse was then used as a basis by which the conduct of soldiers can be understood and contextualised within English political and ethical structures. 4 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents .......................................................................... 4 List of Figures ............................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ......................................................................... 8 Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................. 12 Historiography ........................................................................... 19 Method .................................................................................... 31 Structure ................................................................................. 33 Sources ................................................................................... 35 Definitions ............................................................................... 46 Chapter 2. The Legal Foundations of the Elizabethan Laws of Armed Conflict .. 49 Just and Regular War ................................................................... 49 Holy War .................................................................................. 60 Rebellion ................................................................................. 79 Chapter 3. ‘Underhand’ Warfare between States: the conduct of English volunteers in the Dutch Rebellion ...................................................... 90 ‘Underhand’ Wars and Elizabeth’s French intervention ........................... 93 The English volunteers and Elizabeth’s ‘underhand’ war against the Duke of Alba (1572-1573) ........................................................................ 98 England’s ‘underhand’ missions against the Comendador (1573-1576) and Don John of Austria (1576-1578) .......................................................... 113 Governor Parma’s Reconquista and the end of terror tactics (1578-1592) .... 117 Chapter 4. War between Sovereign States: English intervention and regular war in the Netherlands........................................................................ 130 ‘All the acts of war must be just’ ................................................... 132 The laws of war in sieges ............................................................. 137 The laws of war in battles ............................................................ 157 Chapter 5. ‘War upon the Rebel’: Elizabethan military conduct in Ireland (1569- 1584) ....................................................................................... 170 -Shaping Elizabethan Counterinsurgency Doctrine and the Laws of Armed Conflict .................................................................................. 171 Military Operations in the Field ...................................................... 178 Siege warfare against rebels ......................................................... 187 5 Prisoners and captives in counterinsurgency operations ......................... 199 Chapter 6. Conclusion ................................................................... 207 Bibliography ............................................................................... 231 Primary Sources: Modern Published Edited Texts and Collections .............. 231 Primary Sources: Contemporary Published Texts and Books .................... 239 Secondary Source: Books .............................................................. 245 Secondary Source: Journal Articles ................................................. 256 Theses ................................................................................... 263 Websites ................................................................................. 264 6 List of Figures Figure 1. Robert Peake the Elder, The Procession Picture of Queen Elizabeth, c. 1600-3. The earl of Shrewsbury (left, and enlarged at the right) is shown bearing the sword of state, also known as the sword of justice. ............................ 13 Figure 2. Nicholas Hilliard, Queen Elizabeth’s Ermine Portrait. Pax and Justitia: the sword of state sits at the left hand of the Queen while she holds an olive branch in her right. ....................................................................... 14 Figure 3. Sword-bearers marched before the army’s standards in Leicester’s triumphal march. .......................................................................... 15 Figure 4. Details of Leicester’s sword of state: fig. 1 sword hilt; fig. 2 sword pommel; fig. 3 one quillon. .............................................................. 16 Figure 5. Lord Deputy Sir Henry Sidney returned triumphant to Dublin Castle and was received by the Lord Mayor and Aldermen. The sword of state here is shown central and displayed in the hands of the lord deputy’s sword bearer. ............. 17 Figure 6. Turlough Luineach O'Neill and the other Ulster Gaels kneel to Sidney in submission. Note also that the Lord Deputy Sir Henry Sidney seems to be receiving O'Neill as a fellow noble. The sword of state was prominently featured. It rested on a pillow to the right of the Lord Deputy. ............................... 17 Figure 7. The battle, or skirmish, at Cadiz (1596). The action was fought between the English and Spanish soldiers just after the English landing outside the town of Cadiz. ........................................................................ 54 Figure 8. DD: the point where the English seized the gate and breached Cadiz’s wall. SS: two Spanish cannons set to defend the town gate that fired upon the assault troops. P: the Cathedral of Cadiz. O: Cadiz’s castle. N: the market place. ............................................................................................... 56 Figure 9. R: the Abbey of St Francis. K: Fort St. Philip. ............................. 57 Figure 10. Essex’s flag ship, Due Repulse, bore the cross of St George as its signifier. .................................................................................... 60 Figure 11. An older repurposed woodcut intended to represent Lord Deputy Grey in Parley with Colonel Giuseppe and members of the papal expeditionary force; the background shows artistic rendering of the fighting preceding the surrender. ............................................................................................... 89 Figure 12. Anonymous copy after Philip Galle’s engraving of Jacques Jonghelinck’s sculpture, Monument to the duke of Alva of 1571, c. 1650. Engraving, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, inv. no. RP-P-OB-79.156. ................... 91 Figure 13. Diego Rodriguez de Silva y
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