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INDEX OF SUBJECTS Absolutist Power 215, 259, 260, 272, Bow – see reverence 273, 276–277 Breeches 64, 82, 94, 98, 100, 109–110 Act of Supremacy 125 Britain 183 n 65 Addiction 146, 148, 163 Union of the Crowns 5 Aesthetics – See appearances Empire 10, 253, 297, 299, 300 Affectation 35–38, 49–51, 53, 54 n69, 56, See also Britishness 70, 76 Britishness Agents 41, 43, 48, 57, 113 n 133, 136, 154, 157, Evolution of 3, 5–6 158, 161, 205, 214, 246, 248 Relation with Englishness 297–300 Agincourt, Battle of 4 Brownists 206 Agreements of the People 246 Bull, John 139, 297 Alien 132 Anabaptists 206 Calvinism 64, 65, 89, 106 Anglomania 298 Cambridge 28, 36, 39 n 15 and n 17, 44 n 35, Anglo-Saxon – See Saxonsim 55, 60, 85, 88 Anti-Aulic Satire 59–63; 71–75 Carriage 50 n 57, 69, 73, 77 Ape 59, 64, 72, 105 Cartography 2 Apishness 102–104 Catholicism – See Roman Catholic Church Appearances 79–122 Catholics, English Importance of 79–80 Internal conflicts of 167–184 Foreignness of 98–122 Loyalism of 167–181 and Englishness 80–98 Numbers of 126, 155, 167, 171 and status 85, 86–87 See also Roman Catholic Church Arbitrary Power 13, 15, 117, 141, 204, 205, Cavalier 94, 110, 111, 278, 285 210, 230, 231, 235, 242, 249 n 108, 252, 255, Censorship 280–283 256–257, 258–259, 260, 262, 264, 265, Charlemagne 279 267, 269, 273, 274, 277, 278, 281, 291, Chromoclasm 96–97 292, 299 See also colour Archpriest Controversy 168 Circes 199 Armada, The Spanish 4, 149, 151–152 Cisalpine Catholicism 172 Arminianism 196 Citizenship 71, 84, 88, 100, 111, 240, Atheism 73 246–250, 254 Augsburg Principle 296 Active 247–248, 259–260 Authenticity, National 27, 45, 62, 151–166, Armed 261 233. - See also true-heartedness in relation to subjecthood 212 Civility 40, 57, 60, 173, 189 Baptists 206 See also gentleman, courtesy manuals Barber 59, 118 Civil War 9, 13, 15, 20, 45, 93, 94, 98, 118, Bastardy, Accusations of 155, 156 211, 213, 214, 226, 227, 240, 279, 284, 285, Bible 28, 299 287, 291 Birthright – See freeborn Englishman Climate, Effect of 2, 7, 68, 179, 258 Bishops’ Wars 275 Cloth 92–98 Black 89, 95, 96–97, 107 Collar 108, 116 Blue 95, 115 Colour 58, 84, 88–89 Body – See gesture Fashions in 114–115 Boorishness 42 Politicisation of 115–117 Boors 251 Common Law – See under law Boots 99, 106, 107, 110, 111 Company of Drapers 84 Hilary Larkin - 9789004243873 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 07:25:03PM via free access <UN> <UN> 338 index of subjects Consumption 26, 79, 82 East India Company 6 Corpus Juris Civilis 254 Education 17, 36, 44, 48, 145, 179, 256 n5 Cosmetics 51, 194 Effeminacy 9, 51, 54, 56, 64, 106, 113, 115 n Counter Reformation 143, 145 146, 116–120, 288 Court 12, 47, 52n64, 58 n 87, 79, 82, 87, 102, Of the French 9, 54, 133, 139, 142 103, 105, 106, 107, 110, 114, 115, 119, 138, 141, Egalitarianism 62, 84, 85, 86, 132–133, 243, 196, 226, 231 260– 261, 279, 289 and Catholicism 141, 147–148, 155, 202, Egyptians 267 203 n132, 204, 281 Empire 10, 107, 253, 256, 277, 297, 299 and Language 34, 35, 57–78, 280–281 England Foreignness of 10, 29–30, 57, 58, 65–66, Geopolitical situation of 4, 300–301 111, 298 Population of 300 See also anti-aulic satire, Italy, France Englishman Courtesy literature 8, 16, 36, 38–40, 58, Archetypes 11, 41–42, 81, 86, 90–91, 60n97 94–95, 119,139, 229, 288 Courtier 6, 12, 27, 28n9, 30, 39, 90, 106, 122, Appearances of 79–122 139, 226, 249, 278, 301 Loyalties of 123–206 Body language of 67–78 Reputation abroad of 209, 281, 298, Fashions 97, 110, 115 n 146, 119–120, 298 162–163 Language usage 47–48, 51, 52, 55, 56, Rights of 213–252 57–67, 133 Roman Liberty and the 253–292 See also Jesuits, cavalier Englishness Courtship 139–140 Anti-Catholicism and 125–206 Crecy, Battle of 4 Blessedness of 81, 132–133, 216 Criminals 246 Depoliticisation of 288–290 Curls 118–120 Egalitarianism and 62, 84, 85, 86, 132–133, 243, 261, 279, 289 Damask 26 Fashion and 79–122 Decadence 57, 109, 119, 254, 256, and Gender 8–9, 42, 79, 99, 118 n 156, 292. - See also degeneration 122, 141, 199 Decline and Geography 2 Narrative of ancient Rome 254 of God 131, 132, 282 Narrative of present-day England 37, Jesuitism and 126–127, 143–165, 40, 55, 87, 251, 257–273 167–206 Deceit 56, 57, 147, 191 Language and 33–78 Decorum 68–69 Later evolution of 297–301 Degeneration 11, 15, 45, 48, 50, 52, 57, 63, Liberty and 209–286 70, 115–117, 120, 129, 142, 150, 155, 176, 188, Monarchy and 19, 202, 82–83, 211, 250, 262–273, 279 213–214, 222–225, 235, 283–286 See also decline Plainness and 23–78, 79–122 Democracy 295, 258, 261, 287 Politicisation of 209–286 and the Levellers 209 n1, 211, 228, 243–45 Rejection of 159–165 Dependence 55, 61, 99, 100, 103, 106, 114, Relationship to Britishness 5–6, 138–139, 141, 174–175, 212, 246 297–300 and Roman law 255, 257, 289, 290 Rhetoric of 1, 18, 20, 149, 294, 295 See also slavery See also national identity, Englishman, Disguise Slavery and foreign fashions 102, 104 English women – See women and Jesuitism 186, 191, 192 Epicureanism 73 Dissimulation 30, 31, 38, 64, 192 Equivocation 186 Doublet 87, 95, 99, 100, 102, 107, 110 Excess 9, 12, 14, 25, 29, 30, 120, 212, 240, See also peascod doublet 273, 293 Dutch, The 3n7, 4, 43, 88, 89, 96, 109, 114, In Language 34, 47, 55, 59, 63, 75 149, 276 In Clothes 82, 83, 93, 101, 106–107, Dutch Republic 3 n7, 89, 101, 112 112, 114 Hilary Larkin - 9789004243873 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 07:25:03PM via free access <UN> <UN> index of subjects 339 Familists 206 See also courtesy manuals, appearances, Farthingale 107 masculinity, civility Fashion Germanness 295–297 Consumption patterns and 26–27 Germany 49 n 54, 99, 112, 191, 279, 295–296 Hierarchy and 86–87, 90 Gesture Influences on 98–120 and Court Culture 71–74 and Monarchy 81–83 Catholicism and 147–148 Native 80–92 and decorum 68–69 and the nouveaux-riche 82, 90–92 and deformity 73 and the upper-classes 82, 92–93 and Englishness 69–72 Of the yeoman 87 Hypocrisy of 76 See also excess, gentleman, luxury, and slavery 75–6 textiles, breeches Glorious Revolution 292 Five Knights’ Case 214, 219, 220 Golden Age 56, 80–98 Fleet Prison 228, 236 Gracefulness 38–39 Food 132 Grandees 201, 287 France Grand Siècle 277 Courtly influence of 103, 114, 139 Greetings 71–73 Perceptions of Class in 133, 200, Gunpowder Plot 14, 152, 167, 186, 187 277–279 Politics: 44, 54, 58 n 88, 103, 140, Habeas Corpus 219, 220, 236, 242 276–279 Hair-Styles 117–122 Religion of 54, 140–141, 143 Headship, Concept of 117–118 See also French, The Heart – See true-heartedness Franchise – See suffrage Hispanicisation 149, 153, 155, 181, 184 Franco-Burgundian influence 107 Hispaniated 178 Free-birth – See freeborn Englishman Hispaniolated 11, 126, 156 n 100 Freeborn Englishman 240–246 Honorifics 62 Freedom – See liberty House of Lords 230–231, 235, 247 n Freeman 14, 38, 49, 75, 209–211, 223–225, 101, 253 228, 240, 243–246 Huguenots 113 n 135, 140 Condition of 258, 260, 266, 270, 289 Humanism 17, 28, 33, 34, 36–37, 39, 483, Free Speech 43–47 89, 122, 248, 253, 254, 295 French, The Humours 48, 76, 154, 164, 171, 179, 180, Fashions of 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 107, 111, 182, 202 114–115 Husbandman 95 Hairstyles of 118–120 Language of Imitation 37, 38, 47–78, 83, 89, 98–104, Slavishness of 54–55, 138–139; 276–279 106, 174 Stereotypes of 9, 54, 133, 139, 142, 162, Imports 26, 33 n1, 59, 112 277–278 Impositions 214–218, 257, 261 See also France Imprimatur 280 Fustian 64, 66 n 113, 118, 281 Inconstancy 104–106 Index Librorum Prohibitorum 281 Gait 67, 77, 111 Industry 261–2, 272 n66, 272, 286 Gender 8–9, 42, 79, 99, 118 n 156, 122, Infantry 261, 277, 278 141, 199 Invasion 126, 129, 144, 150–151, 154, 179, See also masculinity 200–201 General Army Council 287 Ireland 40, 204, 205 n 143, 300 Gentleman 31, 289, 301 See also Britishness Apparel of 82, 86, 87, 88, 90–92, Irrationality 74, 75, 108, 146, 179, 251, 94, 260 285, 287 Construction of 36–40 Island 5, 300 Gestures of 75, 69–70 Italianate Englishness 11, 18, 40, 50, 55, 57 Rhetoric of 36–37 n82, 61–62, 64, 71, 77, 86, 90–91, 103, 109 Hilary Larkin - 9789004243873 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 07:25:03PM via free access <UN> <UN> 340 index of subjects Italians, The 56, 68, 74 n148, 97, 157, 162 Rhetoric of 45–47, 232–234, 244, 246, Italy 28, 112, 49 n 54, 51, 53, 256 247, 252 Compared with England 132, 281 Lexis 26, 63 Influence of 40–41, 55–56, 58, 60, 61–63, Liber Homo – See liberty and freeman 64, 70–73, 77, 99, 101, 112, 115, 118, Libertas 210, 255 185, 281 Liberty Parallel visions of 210–212; 287–292; 255 Janissary 265, 266 Neo-Roman View 253–286 Jesuited 11, 14, 21, 126, 167, 168, 169, 171, 175, and Profit 259, 261–2, 272 n 66 176, 178, 181, 184, 185, 188, 189, 190–191, and Property 212, 224, 230, 241–242, 262, 193, 197, 198, 199, 206, 293 271, 275, 286, 290 Jesuits, The and Rights 213–252 as Courtiers 186, 192, 199 Lisp 53–54 and Dis-jesuitism 169, 176, 180, 193 Literacy 33, 147 Equivocation and 186–187 London 12, 18, 35, 59, 84, 101, 111, 118, 227, Expulsion of 168, 183 231, 232, 294 Language of 186–187 Growth of 4 Mission of 143–148 Literacy 228, 231 Numbers of 168 Londoners 52 Spanishness of 153, 155, 174, 178, 179, 190, Long Parliament 204, 213, 225, 227, 280 192, 180, 188–195, 200 Love-locks 119–120 Travel and 143–146 Loyalty – See Patriotism Luxury 26–28, 29, 79, 82, 83, 93, 100, 108, Kersey 64 n106, 82, 87, 93 113, 199, 277, 295 Kiss 12, 60, 66 n114, 72–73, 74, 76, 148 and trade 27, 92 of Language 59, 63 Lace 83, 107, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115 See also decadence Lacedaemonians 269 Lackey 103, 198 Machiavellianism 56, 140, 175,
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    CHAPTER ONE MOVING TOWARD VATICAN I: ULTRAMONTANISM VERSUS LIBERALISM 1. Gregory XVI and the Difficult Heritage of the Enlightenment 1.1. The Triumph of the Holy See In very poor health, from his election on March 31, 1829 until his death on November 30, 1830, Pope Pius VIII was succeeded, in February 1831, by the general superior of the Camaldolese Order, Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari. He chose the name of Gregory XVI. At the time of his election, Cardinal Cappellari was not yet a bishop. He is the last man, so far, to be elected pope prior to his episcopal consecration. This very fact sets the tone for two centuries of striking evolutions within the Roman Catholic Church. The new pope already had well developed papal ideas long before he was elected to his high office. Gregory XVI’s view of the papacy was monarchical and elitist, as had been prefigured somewhat in his 1799 book Il trionfo della Santa Sede.1 In it, Cappellari had defended the church as a monarchy, independent of civil powers, and presented the Roman Pon- tiff as a supreme monarch, applying the term “infallible” long before the promulgation of the dogma of papal infallibility. After his election, his book attracted new attention. Moreover it was being read within a new context: the period from the late eighteenth century until 1830 had been one of numerous revolutions. In the aftermath of the American Revolu- tion of 1776, and the French Revolution of 1789, the Catholic Church faced the Napoleontic era; and then on the eve of the election of Gregory XVI, the crises of the summer of 1830 which forced the church to reposition itself continually.