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Socio-Economic Considerations for Land-Use Planning

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Socio-Economic Considerations for Land-Use Planning WORKING PAPER Socio-economic considerations for land-use planning The case of Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan Bayuni Shantiko Emily Fripp Tina Taufiqoh Valentinus Heri Yves Laumonier Working Paper 120 Socio-economic considerations for land-use planning The case of Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan Bayuni Shantiko Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Emily Fripp Efeca Tina Taufiqoh CIFOR Valentinus Heri Yayasan Riak Bumi Yves Laumonier CIFOR Working Paper 120 © 2013 Center for International Forestry Research Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Shantiko B, Fripp E, Taufiqoh T, Heri V and Laumonier Y. 2013. Socio-economic considerations for land-use planning: The case of Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan. Working Paper 120. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. Photo by Yves Laumonier. Women of Keluin Hamlet are preparing the land. CIFOR Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62 (251) 8622-622 F +62 (251) 8622-100 E [email protected] cifor.org We would like to thank all donors who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund. For a list of Fund donors please see: https://www.cgiarfund.org/FundDonors Any views expressed in this book are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers. Table of contents List of figures and tables iv Abbreviations and acronyms v 1 Introduction 1 2 Introducing Kapuas Hulu 2 2.1 Demographic overview of the Kapuas Hulu District 2 2.2 Environmental and land-use overview of the Kapuas Hulu District 3 2.3 Investment and district level finance 4 3 Introducing the pilot areas 5 4 Household income across the pilot areas 7 4.1 Sources of household income 8 5 Critical issues impacting the Kapuas Hulu District 13 5.1 Increased land pressure caused by a growing population – managing tomorrow’s resources? 13 5.2 Expanding oil palm plantations – economic growth or environmental degradation? 14 5.3 Gold mining – dependence on a damaging and dangerous activity? 14 5.4 Other critical issues 14 6 Concluding points 16 Annexes 1 Socio-economic study of villages in the Pilot 1 area: torn between development and conservation 17 2 Socio-economic studyof villages in the Pilot 2 area: to what extent can people who live in remote areas benefit from development? 27 3 Socio-economic study of villages in the Pilot 3 area: to what extent can people who live in remote areas benefit from development? 38 4 Socio-economic study of villages in the Pilot 4 area 49 List of figures and tables Figures 1 Kapuas Hulu pilot areas with highlighted critical issues. 5 2 Distribution of total cash income across all households in Kapuas Hulu. 7 3 Representation of household incomes by pilot area. 8 4 Household engagement in sources of income (HH). 9 5 Average household income by activities and pilot sites (Rp/HH/year). 9 6 Average income from agricultural activities per pilot area (Rp/HH/year). 10 7 Distribution of other livelihood and non-farming income. 12 8 Income per year by top and bottom 25% of the pilot areas. 13 Tables 1 Percentage of certificates obtained and level of education. 2 2 Type and length of roads in Kapuas Hulu District. 2 3 Percentage of the population by occupation. 2 4 Kapuas Hulu forest area and status. 3 5 Kapuas Hulu District income budget (in million Rp). 4 6 Representation of incomes in Kapuas Hulu District. 7 Abbreviations and acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank ADD Alokasi Dana Desa, a village allocation fund provided by the district government for village development including operational costs APDS Asosiasi Periau Danau Sentarum, Danau Sentarum honey collectors, association APL Area Penggunaan Lain, area for other use BKNP Betung Kerihun National Park BPS Badan Pusat Statistik, Indonesia statistics agency CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CWSHP Community Water Services and Health project conducted by the Ministry of Health with support from the Asian Development Bank DAK Dana Alokasi Khusus, a special allocation fund received from central government for special purposes such as, but not limited to, reforestation DAU Dana Alokasi Umum, general allocation fund received from central government HH Household HP Hutan Produksi, production forest HPK Hutan Produksi Konversi, production forest for conversion HPT Hutan Produksi Terbatas, limited production forest KOMPAKH Komunitas Pariwisata Kapuas Hulu, Kapuas Hulu ecotourism community NP National Park NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product/s PAD Pendapatan Asli Daerah, district income originated from local taxes, fees and other incomes PES Payment for Ecosystem Services PNPM Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, national program for people empowerment, a project managed by BAPPENAS with support from the World Bank to improve access and poverty alleviation RTRWK Rencana Tata Ruang dan Wilayah Kabupaten, district spatial plan TFCA Tropical Forest Conservation Act, a special program implemented by the US government through a billateral agreement with eligible countries including Indonesia to achieve forest conservation through a debt for nature swap mechanism WWF World Wildlife Fund for Nature 1. Introduction This report provides a summary of the main findings Through the use of household, village and key of the socio-economic survey conducted in Kapuas informant surveys together with focus group Hulu District, West Kalimantan as part of the discussions, the CoLUPSIA socio-economic team CoLUPSIA project1. The purpose of the study was researched the socio-economic conditions facing to provide an understanding of the socio-economic communities and individual households across the conditions, the drivers for land-use change and four pilot areas in Kapuas Hulu. Identified using a economic development, and the cultural and social random sampling approach, 876 households were characteristics which are essential to ensuring that surveyed in 22 villages. This represents 7.2% of the land-use decisions are taken to optimize economic, total villages in Kapuas Hulu. social and environmental outcomes. This report uses the findings of the study to explore The survey comprised four pilot areas, chosen the social and economic dynamics of Kapuas because they represented the spectrum of land-use Hulu in relation to the use and local dependency activities and biophysical conditions found in the on natural resources. It highlights the key socio- region. The pilot areas are: economic factors, drawing on the information • Pilot 1, to the north of Danau Sentarum gathered from the socio-economic surveys at the National Park, bordering Malaysia, pilot level. A detailed description of each pilot area represents a landscape claimed to be as “the can be found in the annexes of this report. Lessons biodiversity corridor”2 drawn from this analysis will be used to inform the • Pilot 2, in the upstream region of Kapuas River, development of collaborative land-use planning tools bordering Betung Kerihun NP, represents a and decision making processes and where possible in remote upstream area adjacent to a national park the development of Payment for Ecosystem Services • Pilot 3, in the south of Kapuas Hulu, represents (PES) options. an area with improved infrastructure along the southern main road, and • Pilot 4, in the west of Kapuas Hulu, bordering Sintang District and Malaysia, represents an area newly exposed to oil palm plantations. 1 COLUPSIA is an EU funded project managed by CIRAD in partnership with CIFOR 2 http://wwf.panda.org/?209387/Corridor-Restoration- Together-with-community-to-answer-the-challenge-of-climate- change; last accessed on 8 October 2013 2. Introducing Kapuas Hulu 2.1 Demographic overview of the the district and consist of 20 sub-ethnic groups and 20 Kapuas Hulu District languages (Institute Dayakologi, 2008). The total population of Kapuas Hulu is 218,804 While the majority of the population has access to people (BPS, 2009) and has a population density of basic education, 35% of the population does not approximately seven inhabitants per km2. Putussibau hold any form of education certificate. As the level Selatan sub-district, which includes the town of of qualification increases the frequency decreases Putussibau (159 inhabitants/km2), has the highest sharply, with only 4% of the population graduating population density and Embaloh Hulu sub-district has from higher education. A lack of teachers and poor the lowest (1 inhabitants/km2). The population across infrastructure are contributing factors to the low levels Kapuas Hulu is relatively young and expected to grow of formal education. in forthcoming years. The majority of the population, 60%, is of productive or working age (15 years to Poor infrastructure is represented by the quality of road 64 years). and its distribution. Asphalt roads cover only 26% of the total road length which has good access throughout Kapuas Hulu is ethnically and culturally diverse. In the year. Other road classes, i.e., gravel and dirt are general terms, the population can be classified as Malay passable but sometimes difficult to access especially and Dayak. However, the Dayak are distributed across during the rainy season. River transportation remains an important means of mobility and is also used for economic activities. The use of river transportation coupled with poor road infrastructure has caused Table 1. Percentage of certificates obtained and level high economic costs and affected the price of goods of education. and services. Highest certificate Male Female Total (M+F) Employment is diverse in the district although 80% No certificate 33.55 37.28 35.3 of the population is still involved in the agricultural Elementary school 28.4 29.11 28.7 Junior high school 19.4 18.1 18.8 Senior high school 13.04 10.8 11.97 Table 3. Percentage of the population by occupation.
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