THE AMERICAN

MAGAZINE ION20 C -DECEMBER 19 *SUS1 VIETNAM The story of how the United States got where

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NOAH WEBSTER AND HIS DICTIONARY by ROBERT ANGUS

THE PRIVATE LIVES OF THE COMMUNIST ROYAL FAMILIES by JEFF ENDRST !

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DECEMBER 1964 LEGION Volume 77, Number 6 POSTMASTER: Send Form 3579 to P.O. Box 1055, Magazine Indianapolis, Ind. 46206

The American Legion Magazine Editorial & Advertising Offices Contents for December 1964 720 Fifth Avenue New York, New York 10019 Publisher, James F. O'Neil Editor A CHRISTMAS TREE FOR ENCINITAS 6 Robert B. Pitkin Art Editor pictorial feature a live Christmas tree that A of Al Marshall towers over palms near San Diego. Associate Editors John Andreola Roy Miller James S. Swartz HERBERT CLARK HOOVER AS I REMEMBER HIM Production Manager BY NATIONAL COMMANDER DONALD E. JOHNSON Art Bretzfield Copy Editor The late 31st President of the United States as Grail S. Hanford seen by one from his home town. Circulation Manager Dean B. Nelson Indianapolis, Ind. THE LONG STRUGGLE IN VIETNAM 9 Advertising Director Robert P. Redden BY GERALD L. STEIBEL Chicago-Detroit Sales Office The story of what we're doing and trying to do in Vietnam Bart J. Burns 35 East Wacker Drive and got there in the place. how we first Chicago, 111. 60601 CEntral 6-2401 NOAH WEBSTER AND HIS DICTIONARY 14 CHANGE OF ADDRESS: BY ROBERT ANGUS Notify Circulation Dept., P. O. Box 1055, Indianapolis, Ind., 46206 using Post Office Everyone his and hardly anyone his knows name knows life Form 3578. Attach old address label and and works. Here's the tale of the great scholar and give old and new addresses and current patriot who wrote the dictionary. membership card number. Also be sure to notify your Post Adjutant.

THE NEW ORLEANS BATTLEGROUND 17 The American Legion Publications Commission: BY ALDEN STEVENS Dr. Charles R. Logan, Keokuk, Iowa ( Chairman Adolph F. Bremer, Winona, A travel article for today's motorists about the place where ) ; Minn. (Vice Chairman) ; Lang Armstrong, Andrew Jackson fought his way to fame. Sixth in Spokane, Wash.; Charles E. Booth, Hunting- the series "Seeing Historic America." ton, W. Va.; John Cicero, Sivoyerville, Pa.:

E. J. Cooper, Hollywood, Flu. ; Clovis Cope- land, Little Rock, Ark.; Paul B. Dague, Down-

ingtown. Pa.; Raymond Fields, Guymon, Okln. ; FRANCHISING: 400 NEW WAYS TO BE YOUR OWN BOSS 18 Chris Hernandez, Savannah, Ga.; George D. BY HARRY KVRSH Levy, Sumter, S. C. ; Howard E. Lohman, Moorhead, Minn. ; Frank C. Love, Syracuse, Morris Meyer, Starkville, Miss.; H. All about going into business for yourself—yet in partnership N. Y.\ J. — Morris, Baton Rouge, La. ; Robert Mitchler, with a big corporation by the man who Oswego, III.; Harry H. Schaffer, Pittsburgh,

Altos, : "wrote the boolz" on the subject. Pa. ; Bradley J. Stephens, Los Calif.

Wayne L. Talbert, Delphi, Ind. ; Benjamin B. Truskoski, Bristol, Conn.; Robert H. Wilder.

Dadeville , Ala. Edward Mc Sweeney, Armonk. THE PRIVATE LIVES OF THE COMMUNIST N. Y. (Consultant) ROYAL FAMILIES 22

BY JEFF ENDRST The American Legion Magazine is published monthly at 1100 West Broadway, Louisville, look behind the scenes at the mysterious lives A and Ky., by The American Legion. Copyright families of the rulers of the Captive 1964 by The American Legion. Second-class Nations of Central Europe. postage paid at Louisville, Ky. Price : single copy, 20 cents; yearly subscription, $2.00. Order nonmember subscriptions from the Cir- culation Department of The American Legion, SHOULD FARM SUBSIDIES BE ENDED? 26 P.O. Box 1055, Indianapolis, Ind. 46206 TWO SIDES OF A NATIONAL QUESTION Editorial and advertising offices : 720 5th Ave., New York, N. Y. 10019. Wholly owned by pro: SEN. JOHN G. TOWER (R-TEX.) The American Legion, with National Head- con: SEN. GEORGE McGOVERN (D-S. DAK.) quarters at Indianapolis, Ind. 46206. Donald E. Johnson, National Commander.

Departments Publisher's Representatives LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 2 VETERAN'S NEWSLETTER 29 West Coast Arden E. Roney & Assoc. EDITOR'S CORNER 4 NEWS OF THE AMERICAN LEGION 31 Los Angeles & San Francisco, Calif. DATELINE WASHINGTON 21 PERSONAL 47 Northivest The Harlowe Co. BOOKS 25 LEGION SHOPPER 53 Seattle, Wash. 98101 Portland, Ore. 97213 ROD & GUN CLUB 28 PARTING SHOTS 5fi Southeast Manuscripts, artwork, cartoons submitted for consideration will not be returned unless a self-addressed, The Dawson Co. stamped envelope is included. This magazine assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material. Miami, Fla. & Atlanta, Ga.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 lowing sign in his window: "Do Your Christmas Shopping Early. It May Come LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Tomorrow." Carl Walker McLean, Va.

Letters published do not necessarily ex- guage used in some of the forms is in- press the policy of The American Legion. MEDAL OF HONOR GROVE Keep letters sliort. Name and address must adequate and confusing. I find as time sir: Your excellent article "A Perma- be furnished. Expressions of opinion and goes on few of the veterans update their nent Memorial For America's requests for personal services are appreci- War He- ated, but they camiot be acknoivledged or wills, which of course should be done by roes," October, shows the patriotism of answered, due to lack magazine staff for of all of them. Individuals who were as- your fine magazine. would these purposes. Requests for personal serv- This reader ices which may be legitimately asked of sociates during the war are now sep- be pleased to see something done for The American Legion should be made to arated by long distances, which makes the Congressional Medal of Honor win- your Post Service Officer or your state (Department) American Legion Hq. Send proving the will difficult and in some ners. These great heroes of our country editor Letters, The letters to the to: instances impossible. I am wondering if should be set apart and given lasting American Legion Magazine, 720 5th Ave- nue. New York. N. Y. 10019. your organization should not advise your recognition for their deeds of bravery. members to look into the question of Ronald Hilderbrand PRAISE wills executed during wartime by mem- Marshalltown, Iowa sir: I would like to tell you how much bers of the Armed Forces. They owe it their families. I enjoyed the October issue. We always to themselves and enjoy The American Legion Magazine, Within the past six months a wartime sir: Dr. Wells, General Clarke, Col. but in October it just seems that every will took from a widow two-thirds of John Eisenhower, et al are highly article was a good and interesting report. the property the deceased wanted her to pleased over your fine article in Oc- Mrs. Bedford Jones have. Had the will been updated this tober about Freedoms Foundation, its Newton Falls, Ohio would not have occurred. Congressional Medal of Honor Grove Edward W. Eichmann sketched in color, and the wide photo DAMNATION Camden, N.J. of the American Freedom Center Build- sir: After reading your letters to the ing. I'd like you to know that I value editor and the rest of the magazine, I THE MARINES IN HAITI my Legion Magazine. I have all my notice there is not one letter criticizing sir: Forty-nine years ago, with a couple issues dating since 1946. I made exten- your magazine. I can't see that your of thousand other Marines and some sive use of those issues during my pro- articles are so terrific and I've seen bet- sailors from the USS Washington, we fessional years as a school teacher. Now ter word usage in my 8th grade English went ashore at Port au Prince, Haiti, for I call the collection my Legion Encyclo- class. The people who thrive on this trash what turned out to be a 20-year visit by pedia. must have warped minds. In short, I American servicemen. While I was there Louis J. Greco think your magazine is a lot of bunk. a little less than three years, others were Freedoms Foundation Patrice Eddy there much longer, or less. Next summer Valley Forge, Pa. Minneapolis, Minn. marks the fiftieth anniversary of our arrival there. There must be a few who sir: The article considering a permanent Miss Eddy did NOT dare us to print her would like to go back to that country memorial for America's war heroes letter, for which we love her. for a week next summer and believe it pleased me very much. We so seldom would be a very pleasant experience. If hear of the ones whose "conspicuous gal- CORRECTION CORRECTED any of that original gang are interested, lantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, they would write me and see what sir: In your Oct. "letters," Mr. J. Maher wish above and beyond the call of duty" stated that your authors Baukhage and can be worked out. I have gone down consecrated their lives for freedom. or three several Hoehling were wrong in saying, in their there for two weeks Clark Boyd piece about the Black Tom explosion, times during the past ten years. Marshalltown, Iowa ex-private that the Secret Service lifted the attache Robert A. Wilson, Co. 1st Prov. Brig. USMC. case of German espionage agent Dr. nth THE COIN SHORTAGE Division St., Dowagiac, Mich. Albert. Mr. Maher claimed that the In- 103 E. sir: Your article on the coin shortage telligence Unit of U.S. Customs lifted Dr. (October) certainly serves the public Albert's bag. Mr. Maher is wrong and ROOSEVELT & THANKSGIVING interest. I hope it will be widely re- your authors were right. Dr. Albert's sir: Congratulations on your October printed. attache case was taken by Agent Frank article on Roosevelt's Thanksgiving date Rod Runyan Burke, of the Secret Service, accom- change. In my More Vacation Days in Topeka, Kans. panied by Agent William Houghton. Maine I tell a story about Maine's part William G. McAdoo, as Secretary of the in the New England Council in the words sir: Regarding "The Great National Treasury, had both the Secret Service of a local Down East poet, an old witty Coin Shortage" in the October issue, I and the Customs Department under him, countryman, Jimmy Stevens of George- believe Richard Pratt and Thomas O. and in his book, "The Crowded Years," town, Maine: Waage did an excellent job in bringing he gives Agent Burke's account of how "Bostoyi's chefs prepared a banquet forth the facts behind the national prob- Dr. Albert's attache case was taken. See for November 23rd lem. The American people should be pages 324-330. 1 served under both Burke And asked Maine's chief executive to thankful to have other crises which and Houghton, and have had the story come and carve the bird, occur within the country identified com- from them, personally. Governor Barrows was a quiet chap, pletely for the benefit of all to read. Jerry J. McGinnis but not so easy caught, Your fine article gives the American Brooklyn, N.Y. He side-stepped the Franksgiving public a clear idea of some of the prob- when they put him on the spot. lems confronting the country besides WORTHWHILE WARNING Steaming turkey, toothsome oysters, communism and atomic bombs. cranberry spinach greens, Andrew Hull sir: Since the end of World War 2, and sauce, and in his pockets Marshalltown, Iowa particularly in the last few years, I have But he fished down sardines. had occasion to probate for deceased for a can of Maine letters for publication that veterans wills executed by them while Nathaniel J. Hasenfus We select Roxbury, Mass. best typify the bulk of our much larger in the service. The form of the wills vary West mail. three readers from Marshall- and in nearly every instance they have That best hit the common chord been inadequate. Children have been sir: Apropos of your October piece town, Iowa, this month is probably as unlikely as born after the making of the will which "When F.D.R. Juggled Thanksgiving," daily double at the racetrack. in this state voids said will. The lan- one small-town merchant put the fol- winning a

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food report, on page 15 of our March what we are doing there now, and what 1964 issue: Peasant rebellion in the Soviet we are trying to do. EDITOR'S Union "is bringing on a crisis which threatens not only Khrushchev's personal OUR WISE READERS CORNER— leadership, but the whole communist bu- Neal Peirce, political editor of the Con- reaucracy." The rest of his report showed gressional Quarterly, is another of our why K was in an untenable position with OUR WISE AUTHORS authors who gets things righter than we respect to the Soviet food situation. sometimes do. He wrote our November Khrushchev was knocked out by When In August, Gerald Steibel's "Red China piece on the Electoral College, and a good his pals in October we saw expert after vs. World" showed The Khrushchev run- one it was. Title: "Who will pick the expert on TV and in the press, from the ning into an impossible situation in his President?" On our November page 54 State Department down, admit that they conflict with Red China, through his at- he said correctly that the House of Repre- had been surprised. These were all re- tempt officially to write Red China out of sentatives named the President in 1824, freshing statements. Experts who are sur- the communist world. With reference to and picked John Quincy Adams over An- prised have a way of making out that the Khrushchev-Suslov drive to get rid of drew Jackson. But in a lengthy picture they knew it all along, and we felt good China with a meeting and a declaration, caption on page 1 1 we got it back end to, toward everyone who admitted that he'd Mr. Steibel closed his report with these and said that the House picked Jackson been caught short. ominous (for Khrushchev) words, on p. over Adams. Plain bumblefootedness on On the other hand, during 1964 we gave 48 of our August 1964, issue: "Red China our part. Let us tell you that our smart you two articles on the situation in the has become too real in the world to be leg- readers, young and old, didn't let that rest. communist world by writers who gave you islated out of existence. There is a slight First to let us know that we had it back- advance warning our pages of the on smell of panic in the usually practical wards was Howard Gibbs, a 5th grade stu- pickle getting Mr. K was himself into. Soviets suggesting such a course." dent, writing "for Mrs. Lipetz' 5th grade" Inasmuch as it was our authors, and not Mr. Steibel handles foreign affairs for in Bradley Beach Grammar School, Brad- ourselves, who had the right poop, we can the Research Institute of America, a pri- ley Beach, N.J. Then came history teach- advertise their wares here without undue vate subscription news-analysis report for er Bernard Heller, of Philadelphia. Then immodesty. It was Dr. Bela Fabian who businessmen. We wouldn't let him predict a nice letter from N. David Witham, his- furnished all the information that was the the future on our pages because of our tory teacher in Chatham Central School, basis of our piece last March called "Why anti-crystal-ball policy. But in his own Chatham, N.Y., to say that a student had Does Khrushchev Need Wheat?" One cold firm's newsletter of Oct. 11, 1963 (a year brought Mr. Peirce's article to class and winter, day last Dr. Fabian pointed a fin- ahead of the dumping of K), he reported: it was "one of the best I've ever read" on ger at us and said: "Khrushchev is "K is in THE fight of his political life the whole subject of the Electoral College through. He is all washed up. He will not and it may be his last . . . most likely exit except for our caption boo-boo. He " — last the year. Put that in your magazine." for him, if he goes, is via 'retirement.' went on to add that in 1824 there was We didn't put it in, because it is part of In this issue we have Mr. Steibel with "much upcry" when the House picked our policy not to try to be a crystal ball. us again with "The Long Struggle in Viet- Adams (who was behind Jackson in the We toned Dr. Fabian's prediction down nam," on page 9. What he gives you, in one popular vote) because "Henry Clay had to the following quote in the first para- package, is the story of just how we got thrown his support to Adams and then re- graph of our condensation of his Soviet mixed up in Vietnam in the first place, ceived the Secretary of State office." Next in line to point out the caption error was Russell Teisinger of the social studies de- partment of the Frostproof Public Schools, Frostproof, Fla. Lawyer Arthur Griffith, of Evansville, Ind., was next, then Ross Vasta, of Chester, N.Y., fol- lowed by social studies chairman Nelson De Lanoy, of Haldane Central School, Which English holiday Cold Spring, N.Y., who was the first to note that Mr. Peirce had it right even if we had it wrong. Then came John Mc- greeting is older... Adams of Bethesda, Md., and the mail- man is still stopping by.

All we can say is, ( 1 ) who said interest the first Christmas Card in American history is dead? and (2) please continue to keep a sharp eye on us. or Gordon's Gin? "ACCORDING TO WEBSTER" Now, then, all you history buffs, hear Gin was an English holi- this: Right now, according to the pa- Gordon's pers, McGraw-Hill and the Encyclo- day greeting 74 years before paedia Britannica are waging a battle to see who will take over the Merriam- Mr. J. C. Horsley designed the first Webster dictionaries from G&C Merriam Christmas card. The Gordon's you Co., who have owned Noah Webster's drink today harks back to Alexander dictionary work since they bought it from Gordon's original 1769 formula, for the Webster family on the old man's death back in 1843. While you are following this one doesn't tamper with a good thing... in the papers, you might relish reading

especially when it is the world's big- about Noah Webster and the "how come" of his dictionary. As we say in our preface gest seller. This year send cards, serve to Bob Angus' article "Noah Webster and and give Gordon's London Dry Gin. His Dictionary" on page 14, Noah Web- ster's is one of our best-known names, but he's been one of our least known peo- PRODUCT OF U. S. A. 100% NEUTRAL SPIRITS DISTILLED FROM GRAIN.90 PROOF. GORDON'S DRY GIN CO. .LTD.. LINDEN ple, and he rates a better place on the pages of American history. He brought the American Revolution to education and ISPECIAL OFFER. Plastic serving tray, decorated with 12 English drink recipes. ..only $1.50. Send check! ito "Tray Offer." P.O. Box 140H, Old Chelsea Sta., New York, N.Y. 10011. Offer expires Dec. 31, 1964.' learning. rbp

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AMOUNT OF INSURANCE BASED ON AGE* APPLICATION for YEARLY RENEWABLE LIFE INSURANCE for MEMBERS of THE AMERICAN LEGION AGE FULL UNIT PLEASE TYPE OR PRINT- ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS CHECK MUST ACCOMPANY THIS APPLICATION Under 35 $8,000 35 to 45 4,500 Full Name .Birth Date 45 to 55 2,200 Last Middle Mo. Day Year 55 to 60 1,200 60 to 65 800 Permanent Residence 65 to 70 500 Street No. City State Name of Beneficiary _ .Relationship. Example: Print "Helen Louise Jones," Not "Mrs. H. I. Jones" *After you sign up, your coverage gradually reduces (as shown in Membership Card No Year Post No State _ chart). I apply for a Full Unit of insurance at Annual Premium of $24.00 or a Half Unit at $12.00 The following representations shall form a basis for the Insurance Company's approval or rejection of IMPORTANT this application:

1. Present occupation? actively working? If you reside in New York, North Are you now Carolina, Ohio, Texas, Wisconsin, Illi- Yes No If No, give reason. nois, New Jersey or Puerto Rico, do 2. Have you been confined in a hospital within the last year? No Yes If Yes, give date, length not use this form. Instead, write to n American Legion Life Insurance Plan. of stay and cause P.O. Box 5609, Chicago, Illinois 60680. 3. Do you now have, or during the past five years have you had, heart disease, lung disease, cancer, Applications and benefits vary slightly in some areas. diabetes or any other serious illness? No Yes If Yes, give dates and details

! represent that, to the best of my knowledge, all statements and answers recorded on this application MAIL TO: are true and complete. I agree that this application shall be a part of any insurance granted upon it under

the policy. I authorize any physician or other person who has attended or examined me, or who may AMERICAN LEGION attend or examine me, to disclose or to testify to any knowledge thus acquired. Signature of LIFE INSURANCE PLAN, Applicant Dated , 19 OCCIDENTAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF CALIFORNIA, Home Office: Los Angeles P. 0. BOX 5609, GMA-300-6 ED. B-63 CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60680

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 CHRISTMAS TREE FOR NCINITAS

Late in November, Encinitas' big star pine is wired for Christ- mas by Legionnaires. Here you see them laying out the 350 lights, in a king-size version of what most of us do on our living room carpets. Encinitas is 20 miles north of San Diego.

Vaughan and Stuber (see text) start the big climb to attach the star. Star is on long pole, attached to tree at height shown by white circle in photos at right and above. In pic at right the two men are lost to view in the tree branches.

huge star pine on Route 101, Encinitas, Calif., has been A turned into a natural Christmas tree each year for the past 17 years by members of Encinitas Post 416, American Legion. Here you see the party of Post members who rigged up the 350 lights and the star on top last Christmas. Every year since 1952, Danny Vaughan and Clarence Stuber have shinnied to the top to put up the star. The tree keeps growing. Two years ago it passed The finished job as it shines over Encinitas in the December night. the 102-foot mark in height and 50-foot mark in spread, end

6 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 —

FOR YOUR INFORMATION Herbert Clark Hoover

As I Remember Him

By NATIONAL COMMANDER

One of the last messages Herbert Clark Hoover ever up my whole opinion of his personality changed. In man-to- sent was a telegram to me from New York, dated Oct. man conversations I found him as warm and friendly as the 17, 1964, regretting that he could not attend ceremonies in next fellow, and blessed with a sense of humor that his public West Branch, Iowa, celebrating my election to my present aspect of dignity never revealed. I discovered, too, why he American Legion office. "But I shall be there in spirit," he wore that reserved public appearance. Mr. Hoover had been said. Within three days, on Oct. 20, the 31st President of President of the United States, and he was bound, out of the United States died in his 91st year. respect for that office and for all the people of the United Like myself, Mr. Hoover was a West Branch boy. Or- States, to comport himself in public in such a way as never phaned, he went to live with relatives in Oregon. But he to lower the dignity of the office of the President. would return to West Branch because it was his birthplace He made a complete distinction between the office and and because his parents were buried there. He would come, the man who held it. President Truman did too, and though sometimes on his birthday, without fanfare or publicity agents. they were at opposite political poles, Mr. Truman and Mr. First he would visit his parents' graves. So that an ex-President Hoover each gave the other the full measure of respect that could do that in private he would not give advance notice a President or former President rates if the United States of his visits. Then it would become known that he was in itself is not to be cheapened. Once they came to West Branch town, and he might arrange to visit the schools, and of course together, and they joked together, as one ex-President can the principals would hold special assemblies. As a schoolboy only joke with another ex-President. I sat in those assemblies. He talked to us about the oppor- When the Depression struck, Mr. Hoover was President. tunities that we should make for ourselves, the opportunities His words were to hang on and have faith, but he had meas- that our great country offers us. There was much to say about ures for relief, too. Yet after 1931 he lacked majority sup- opportunities and he never repeated himself. Small wonder port in the House. The first Depression relief program, Mr. that he would '"Be there in spirit" at an American Legion Hoover's Reconstruction Finance Corporation Bill, was gathering. He knew of the opportunities which the American passed in January 1932, only after a long struggle against po- Legion and its Auxiliary strive to give youth with Boys' and litical opposition. At that time nobody else had a Depression Girls' States, developmental school contests, educational and relief program. scholarship programs, the training we offer youth in the game Mr. Hoover never struck back publicly when he was ac- of life through our original youth baseball program, our Boy cused of being personally responsible for the Depression. The Scout and Girl Scout sponsorships, our support of his own record of his labors, without reward, to relieve the back- Boys Clubs of America. wash of human misery around the world following World Born the son of a Quaker blacksmith, completely orphaned War One need not be written from West Branch. It is already at nine, Mr. Hoover became a rich man. He told us in West on the pages of world history that he was Mr. Humanitarian. Branch school assemblies that as a boy he picked bugs off Yet for nearly two decades the sufferings of the Depression growing potatoes at 1^ a hundred. He made his mark as a were attributed to Mr. Hoover virtually as if this most com- mining engineer who was, as his Encyclopaedia Britannica passionate of men had wanted them. To most of us it would biography notes, willing at age 27 to go "anywhere in the be almost intolerable to keep silence under such abuse. But world that opportunity offered." He had already been a min- whatever bitterness he felt at his ordeal, he kept it from the ing engineer in China where he and his wife had been be- public. When he hurt in silence he hurt for you and me. We sieged in the Boxer rebellion. He was also an author, not had made him President of the United States and if a Presi- only of pieces on mining, but on history and even fresh dent should revile others simply because they reviled him water fishing, which he loved. In 1912, he and Mrs. Hoover that would only cheapen the highest office in the bounty of translated from the Latin a medieval treatise on mining and the land of his birth and the land of his love, the land of smelting which is still used extensively in schools of mining. all the opportunities that had gone to an orphan boy. He As a half-orphan schoolboy, the words of this full orphan repaid America for his opportunities by giving himself to from my home town who became the world's greatest hu- the public service; by bearing with dignity the wounds heaped manitarian and President of the United States impressed me upon him; and by reminding little boys and girls that if, in and inspired me, and I have done my best to heed them this land, you will hard for something and work hard for without ever a regret. When I was a boy I thought Mr. something, you may have it.

Hoover to be a little cold, a little austere, a little awesome. That is the Herbert Clark Hoover that I remembered as For years after he was President he continued to wear the we laid him to rest on the hill overlooking his birthplace in big stiff collar that added to his dignified look. When I grew my home town a little time ago.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 7 Meet the Green Bay Packers: Front Row—81 Fleming, Cochran, 74 Jordan, 47 Whittenton, 86 Dowler, 63 Thurston, 31 Taylor, 5 Hornung, 15 Starr, 82 Aldridge, Hecker Fears. Second Row— Austin, 64 J. Kramer, 21 Jeter, 77 Kostelnik, 46 Gremminger, 66 Nitschke, 85 McGee, 58 Currie, 35 Mestnik, 70 Henry, 23 Norton. Back Row--24 Wood) Miller, 12 Bratkowski, Peppier, 89 Robinson, 75 Gregg, 60 Caffey, 25 Moore, 76 Skoronski, 67 Grimm, 78 Masters, 22 Pitts, Bengtson. Standing—26 Adderley, 79 Hanner, 87 Davis! Why the Green Bay Packers recommend

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8 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 vN VIET S

HAflOi Gulf of r Tonkin

CEASE-FIRE LINE, JULY 1954

Above, the Indochinese place-names we learned in school. Right, a modern map of the area. Siam is Thailand, old French Indochina is Laos, Cambodia, South Vietnam and North Vietnam. THE LONG STRUGGLE IN VIETNAM

In Korea we fought a huge war to contain communism on Red China's north. It was barely over when the French

left a vacuum for the reds to fill, if we'd let them, in Indochina to the south. Here, in all its strange detail, is the complex history of our first eleven years of meet- ing in Indochina the challenge we accepted in Korea—

the how and why o f our involvement in Vietnam and Laos.

four who said they did, only one had By GERALD L. STEIBEL any opinion on what ought to be done, 1964, the United States had and he was half for getting out alto- Inspent about ten years and $3 billion gether, half for getting in further. defending Laos and South Vietnam It is not surprising that so many peo- from communist aggression; and by ple are unsure about their grasp of the ones, twos and threes, Americans in uni- Vietnam situation. The Indochinese form had died and were still dying there. Peninsula is strange country to most Yet six out of ten people here at home Americans. Until recent years, Indochi- French paratroopers under fire at Dienbienphu told the Gallup Poll that they didn't nese world problems were French, not in March 1954. With their defeat, a power vac- know what was going on there. Of the American, worries. Before the present di- uum invited the reds to take all Indochina.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 Q —

coH,, NUE0 THE LONG STRUGGLE IN VIETNAM WIDE WORLD

Geneva Conference, June 21, 1954, signs Agreements to "neutralize" Indochina. Reds got North Vietnam sanctuary. lemma evolved, we had no background several different countries with different dependent nations of Laos, Cambodia or tradition there. leaders, and different communist and and Vietnam. Meanwhile, also as a result Even the few familiar place names other opposition factions are involved. of the post-WW2 power vacuum and the have changed. The entire region has no On top of that, within each country old failure of U.S. policy to maintain well-known, traditional name. It's just local antagonisms, interests and factions Chiang Kai-shek in China, all of main- "Southeast Asia," a land mass hanging are jockeying for position in the big bat- land China went communist in 1949. It down from the southeast corner of tle between East and West. became the seat of communist power in all Asia China. It has a fat upper peninsula—In- Before WW2, Laos, Vietnam and Asia, bent on making commu- dochina—where Vietnam and the other Cambodia had been one French colonial nist. U.S. policy stiffened against this. By areas of acute present concern are lo- area—French Indochina—for nearly a the time the French were out of Indo- cated; and a long, slim lower part known century. In WW2 the Japanese moved in. china, the United States had wound up as the Malay Peninsula. Our maps show When they left, after loss of the war in the bloodbath of the Korean War in the divisions, and trace the name- the Pacific, France returned, but her old conjunction with the UN, in a major ex- to block changes. Siam is still on the map, but ascendancy was shaken. The Japanese pression of its determination expansion in Asia. now it's Thailand. The maps show how had proved that France, now weakened further communist Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam came into by the war in Europe, need not be all Very broadly, our present involve- being out of French Indochina. Then, powerful there. VJ-Day had hardly ment in the whole Indochinese area is in the Geneva "Agreement" of 1954, dawned in 1945 when the Annamese, Vietnam had a line drawn straight across one of the dominant people of Indo- 1954" china, in revolt. Other natives it—the "cease-fire line of July were dividing it into North Vietnam (commu- throughout the provinces of Laos, Cam- nist, with the seat at Hanoi) and South bodia and Vietnam joined the agitation, Vietnam (non-communist, with the capi- organizing and fighting for independ- tal at Saigon). The hottest problem to- ence. Different groups had different long- day arises from guerrilla and political ac- term aims, especially the local national- tivity in South Vietnam, chiefly flowing ists and communist-organized groups. from North Vietnam, now a political The nationalist groups sought permanent arm of Red China. Broad U.S. policy is independence as an end; the communists aimed at keeping communism north of sought independence as the first step the line in Vietnam, and preventing Laos toward delivering the whole peninsula and Cambodia (as well as Thailand, into the world communist camp. But Burma and Malaya) from falling lock, they were united on getting rid of stock and barrel into the communist France. orbit. The Indochinese war for independ- All the events in the area are actually ence from France was successful, culmi- the all of one piece, with respect to both free nating in the terrible defeat of world and communist policy, but they French at Dienbienphu in 1954. In the settlement with France after her defeat, are complex and confusing to the man Gen. J. Lawton Collins, left, in May 1955, bring in the street in the United States because the three territories became the new in- first U.S. economic aid to Diem, who bui

10 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 FRANK SULLY-BLACK STAR military intervention to save the French at Dienbienphu. On April 8, he said the rest of Asia "would fall like dominoes" if Indochina went communist. But in the fight against the French, the Indo- chinese were together. The United States would be attacking the freedom-seeking forces as well as the communists, so in- tervention to save the French was out of the question. The French defeat led to an interna- tional conference in Geneva, Switzer- land, called by Britain and the USSR. Geneva Agreements signed June 21, 1954, drew the cease-fire line across Vietnam. This line gave half of Viet- nam's 126,000 square miles to the new communist "Democratic Republic of Vietnam"— built around the powerful "Vietminh" armies. The Geneva Agree- ments were supposed to prevent civil war and they scheduled a "permanent settle- ment" to be arrived at by "all-Vietnam" elections in July 1956. The Agreements were to be policed by an international commission, but they had little more ef- fect than to consolidate the communist Oct. 1958, and South Vietnam troops fight invading Vietcong from the North. control of North Vietnam, making it an internationally recognized haven out of our Korea policy all over again, applied in Laos where a second communist which they could later operate south to the area south of Red China as Korea force, the Pathet Lao, controlled an of the line with political agitation and applied it to the northeast. The events island of territory in the northern part guerrilla warfare. Though the United in Indochina can be compared with those of the country. It seemed that the mili- States did not sign the Agreements, its in Korea as an effort to achieve the same tant and better-organized communists, representative, Gen. Bedell Smith, issued containment of communism that we with powerful outside aid, would carry a statement saying it would not interfere achieved in Korea while avoiding, if pos- the day. with them. sible, a major war on the Korean scale While France still held out, China and Washington faced its first big de- of 1950-53, or greater. Russia had been warned by the United now cision: to back out quietly and by de- The beginning of United States in- States, in September 1953, not to try to grees permit the communists to complete volvement in Indochina came in 1953, overrun the French colonies. This, the their conquests political means, or to even before France was entirely out. United States said, would have "grave by The well-organized communists, aided consequences which might not be con- commit itself to trying to maintain the freedom of the nations. by Red China, were hell bent to turn the fined to Indochina." That was a part of new coming independence into communist the late Secretary of State John Foster Most foreign diplomats in the summer captivity. They were strongest in North- Dulles' "brink of war" policy. In 1954, of 1954 gave Laos and South Vietnam ern Vietnam, closest to Red China, and President Eisenhower considered U.S. no more than six months to a year before the communists would take over, and WIDE WORLD Washington was very much inclined to concur. In the proposed all-Vietnam elections of 1956, communist North Vietnam would come in with over 17 million people to South Vietnam's less than 14 million. It also had most of the industry, and the whole region was in the middle of Red China's own front yard. Some quarters in the Eisenhower Ad- ministration, particularly in the French section of the State Department, urged withdrawal. They were influenced by the French Government's view that Indo- china could not be saved from the com- munists, and that the best deal obtain- able would be a red promise to respect the "neutrality" established by the Ge- neva accords. This was the French Gov- ernment's position more than four years before General Charles de Gaulle re- up economy, then was Feb. 1962, U.S. Marines in "advisory capacity" teach South overthrown and killed. Vietnamese use of flamethrowers. turned to power and adopted the "neu- THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 H CONTINUED THE LONG STRUGGLE IN VIETNAM utilization" policy as his own policy. great loss of "face." With that, the first rorized businessmen and peasants into

Other United States voices argued dif- stage of United States involvement was submission to it. ferently, among them Senators Mike over. Then, on October 23, 1955, Diem Mansfield and John F. Kennedy, Gen. The second stage lasted for three called a referendum which ousted the

William J. Donovan and Francis Cardi- years, until the beginning of 1958, and playboy king of South Vietnam, Bao nal Spellman. Together with officials of it was deceptively quiet. Convinced they Dai, and made Diem chief of state. A private refugee-aid organizations, they could not overrun Laos or South Viet- Republic of South Vietnam was pro- urged that help be given to the new nam, the communists now reverted to claimed on October 26, with Diem as its premier of South Vietnam, Ngo Dinh the slower tactics of infiltration and president. Next year, a constitution was Diem, appointed two weeks before the buildup, concentrating on Laos. With adopted and a measure of political sta-

Geneva Agreement. They insisted that WIDF. WORLD Diem, a staunch anti-communist who had spent many years in the United States, could save his beleaguered coun- try if he were helped. The Administration sent some eco- nomic aid in August 1954, but wrestled with the larger question of permanent policy until late in the fall. Even as Gen.

J. Lawton Collins prepared to go to Saigon as President Eisenhower's special representative, Washington was still leaning toward a pullout. But the pro- Diem advocates finally prevailed and Collins was ordered to make a definite U.S. commitment.

This first commitment was small and limited primarily to economic assistance. The United States was then setting up the next "fallback" position in Asia, pinned to the Pakistan-Thailand-Malaya-Philip- pines arc, and embodied in the then new Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) established at Manila in Sept- ember 1954. Dulles induced SEATO to give Laos, Cambodia and South Vietnam one-way guarantees against communist

Nov. 1963. South Vietnamese mobs storm presidential palace in coup that led to overthrow of President Diem, followed by his murder.

the breathing spell thus offered him in bility was finally achieved in the country. South Vietnam, and with substantial (The "all-Vietnam" elections, slated for United States economic and military aid, 1956, were simply never held.) "All- Ngo Dinh Diem began to vindicate the Vietnam" was by then really two coun- faith of his American supporters. tries, one red, one free. To begin with, Diem received a big To the further satisfaction of his psychological lift when almost 900,000 American allies, Diem turned his atten- Vietnamese "voted with their feet" and tion to his shattered economy. In the left the communist North to come South next five years, 140,000 landless peasants in a 300-day period provided by the Ge- received their own farms in a program a neva accords. (Only a trickle elected to former U.S. Agriculture Department go North.) This jolted red "popularity" specialist, Wolf Ladejinsky, helped de- claims throughout Asia, although 900,- sign and oversee. Diem rebuilt the trans- 000 new citizens added to Diem's eco- portation system; rice and rubber pro- U.S. Gen. Paul Harkins, left, and Ambas- above prewar levels; sador Henry Cabot Lodge huddle with nomic problems. duction climbed Diem's successor, South Vietnam Premier Second, he moved immediately and and a base for n industrial growth was Gen. Nguyen Khanh in Saigon, Feb. 1964. vigorously to assert his control over the erected. School enrollments and teach- army. That secured, he cracked down ing staffs were tripled and almost 3,000 invasion from North Vietnam. (The Ge- hard on religious sects which had their medical aid stations and maternity neva Treaties forbade offering them own private armies, like the Cao Dai and clinics were opened. membership in the Alliance itself.) the Hoa Hao. These had long defied all ef- The contrast with Ho-Chi-Minh's Though there was little appreciation forts by the French to curb their power. communist North Vietnam was pain- of what really lay ahead, this hesitant Diem also broke the power of the Binh fully clear. Though the reds had in- commitment was a historic decision for Xuyen, a "syndicate" that ran the coun- herited a much larger industrial plant the United States. From there on, no try's commercialized vices such as nar- when Vietnam was split, their estimated withdrawal would be possible without cotics and prostitution, and which ter- gross national product was only $70 per

12 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 WIDE WOULD person by 1961, as against $110 in the free South. And, while per capita food production dropped 10% in the North after 1956, it went up 20% in the South. Finally, the United States continued to help train and equip the South Vietnam armed forces to meet the invasion from the North which was still believed to constitute the main danger. American gratification with events in South Vietnam was tempered by the gloomier picture in Laos. From the start, the communist Pathet Lao military

1964 and the pace steps up. U.S. "advisors" now go into battle against the Vietcong with South Vietnam troops. Above, patrolling a river near the Cambodian border. Below, U.S. soldiers under fire from Vietcong as they land helicopter to aid South Vietnamese.

North Vietnam red boss Ho-Chi-Minh. forces violated the Geneva neutrality stipulations. Men and arms were brought in from North Vietnam, and the Pathet Lao maintained a virtual state-within-a- state in Laos' northeastern provinces of Samneua and Phongsaly. Repeated ap- peals for help by the Royal Lao Govern- ment to the International Control Com- mission proved fruitless. The Commis- sion, set up at Geneva to police the Agreements, was made up of a commu- nist Pole, an Indian and a Canadian member. Neither the Pathet Lao nor the

Polish member would permit it to func- tion. Despite the Laotian troubles, there were no major crises or decisions in the years 1955-58. Indochina disappeared from the headlines, which were taken over by the East-West goodwill "sum- mit" meeting at Geneva in 1955, the Polish and Hugarian uprisings in 1956, and the first Soviet "Sputnik" space vehicle launching in 1957. In 1958, the Indochinese calm began to disintegrate and the second stage gave Laos about $50 million a year, declared an army-based group there headed by way to a third, filled with alarms and it was "seriously concerned" by this Gen. Phoumi Nosavan. A rapid buildup crises and culminating in two further ma- event. It said that letting communists in- of his forces followed, and by December jor U.S. decisions three years later, in to the government was a "perilous 1958, they were in open skirmishes with 1961. course" for Laos. By 1958, Washington the Pathet Lao in the northeast. In Feb- The first alarm went off in Laos. In had become very worried over what the ruary 1959, the Laotian Government November 1957, the refurbished Pathet communists might accomplish in organ- denounced the Geneva Agreements as Lao set itself up as a "party" and pushed izing other left-wing elements for the As- having been robbed of meaning by the its way into the "neutralist" government sembly elections set for 1959 in Laos. communists. The United States approved of Prince Souvanna Phouma. The To counter the communist weight, the the denunciation and prepared to send United States, which had been giving United States now threw its support to (Continued on page 44)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 13 ho decreed that the English words colour, labour, etc., w should, in America, be spelled color, labor, etc.? Noah Webster did. Noah Webster In 1755, Dr. Samuel Johnson, in his learned English dictionary, used such spellings as musick, publick, etc. Who knocked the "k's" off the end and made them music, public, etc.? Meet Noah Webster, one of America's best Noah Webster did. Who first decreed that the word in- known names and least known lives . . . patriot, vestment should not mean (as it did in Johnson's dictionary) "dress or clothes," but should mean "laying out money in scholar, agitator for the Constitution . . . Above expectation of profit?" Noah Webster did. all "the man who wrote the dictionary" and Noah Webster was that great author- ity to whom people today still refer when language" official. they say, "according to Webster," mean- made "the American ing: "That settles it." He is the man whose name is preserved in numerous "Webster's Dictionaries," including the standard American reference book. Hartford, Conn., October 16, 1758—206 and his coterie. Noah Webster was a "Webster's New International," un- years ago. His first king-sized unabridged well-known American of his time, abridged, published today by G. & C. dictionary was not published until 1828 though he didn't publish his dictionary Merriam Co., and a direct descendant of when he was 70 years old. That left him until most of the men of his time were Noah Webster's original. a good deal of time for doing other dead. He knew Washington, was on good But while everybody knows his name things, which he did. He was a lawyer, terms with Benjamin Franklin, and his and his work, who knows beans about a teacher, an author, a newspaper pub- first book, written before he was 25, is Noah Webster himself? What century lisher, a reformer, a pamphleteer, and estimated to have sold more than 70 mil- all editions! did he live in? Was he an Englishman? perhaps the greatest scholar developed lion copies in else, Webster was a A Bostonian? How did he chance to in the first 200 years of the American Above all Noah also write a dictionary? Did he ever do any- colonies. He was one of the first Feder- true American patriot and should pioneer fathers of thing else? Why did he write a diction- alists, pumping for a Constitution for rank as one of the he has few ary? And what sort of a fellow was he? the United States as one nation as early American education. Yet pages of history as either Noah was a farmer's son, born in West as, or earlier than, Alexander Hamilton honors on the a patriot or an educational pioneer. Furthermore, he should be enshrined by An Easy Standard of Pronundaiion. 83 all authors, composers and publishers as An Easy Standard of Pronunciation. 97 the first battler on the scene for a strong TABLE XXXIX. national copyright law in our infant na- Words of French original, in which ch sound like *&, and i ac- ccnted, like e long, tion. fa tigKC mag a zine Cb.ai.vc Webster's vanity probably kept him chain ois* in trigHe bomb a sin chan ere ma rine man da rin from such recognition, but he should be chain iide dcr mcr brig a dier forgiven his vanity, for how could any chain paig-n po lice bom bard ier man undertake to write a complete dic- fra chcur ma chine ry buc can ier unless chi cane chev cr il can non ier tionary of his language by himself chev is ance cap a pie 10 he was vain? Doubts about being an au- piq«e chiv al ry car bin ier thority on everything would stop any- hire deb a« chec cav a lier 10 cor de lier one else. His English counterpart, Dr. FABLE I. ma chine chev a lier gren a dicr Johnson, was, if anything, more vain that stole cash ier chan de lier Of the Boy Apples. fi nan cier an tiq«e cap u chin than Webster. Fortunately for Dr. John- AN old man found a rude boy upon one of his * Tronounccd shammy brilliant trees stealing Apples, and desired him to come son, he salted his egotism with a the young Sauce-box told him down ; hut plainly wit—an attribute Noah Webster lacked. he would not. Won't you ? said the old Man, then SELECT SENTENCES. Dr. Johnson had no name I will fetch you down ; so he pulled up some tufts But while

at ; this that God will make of Grass, and threw him but only made We may as well expect as a patriot in his own land, Webster's the Youngster laugh, to think the old Man should us rich without industry, as that he will make us pretend to beat him down from the tree with grass good and happy without our own endeavors. dictionary itself, and all the years of la- only. Zeno, hearing a young man very loquacious, told bor he spent on it, were motivated by Well, well, said the old Man, if neither words nor him, that men have two ears and: but one tongue; grass, will do, I must try what virtue there is in therefore they should hear much and speak little. the deepest consciousness that America stones; so the old Man pelted him heartily with A man who, in company, engrosses the whole was a new land, with new ideas and a stones, which soon made the young Chap hasten conversation, always gives offence ; for the com- down from the tree and beg the old Man's pardon. pany consider him as assuming a degree of superi- revolutionary philosophy which it was ority, and treating them all as his pupils. expressing in a new language. The aris- MORAL. The basis of all excellence in writing and con- gold, which versation, is truth—truth is intellectual tocratic traditions of Europe held Ameri- If good words and gentle means will not reclaim is as durable as it is splendid and valuable. the wicked, they must be dealt with in a more severe Faction seldom leaves a man honest, however it can corruptions of the English language manner. may find him. to be vulgar, and no motive drove Noah Webster harder in writing an original Webster didn't publish his famous unabridged dictionary until he was 70. By then, American dictionary than to elevate the the schoolbook he wrote before he was 25 (above) had sold in the tens of millions.

• DECEMBER 1964 14 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE id His Dictionary By ROBERT ANGUS

A 19th century montage of Webster and his works, including his big and his Compendious dictionaries and a script page.

American usages by giving them the are not supreme authorities, but referees Had his father had much money, Web- stamp of authority. In doing so, he ar- to record what the people are saying and ster might have been a lawyer and noth- rived at a truth that could be discovered to use their self-ordained authority ing else. Bundled off to Yale at the age of only in America in the 18th century, chiefly to arbitrate differences in usage. 15 for a legal education, young Noah but one now generally recognized—lan- Today, that's hardly a patriotic state- had to take part-time grade school teach- guages are not dictated by elite Acad- ment. But in Webster's time it was as ing jobs in Connecticut to help pay Yale. emies or self-appointed authorities, they much a part of the American Revolution He promptly showed a trait which never are developed by popular usage. What as the Battle of Saratoga, to which Web- left him—namely, to try to do something words mean and how they are pro- ster and his father marched with a Con- about it when he found something nounced are arrived at by the people. necticut brigade in 1776, only to get wrong.

What is "vulgar" is correct when it be- there after the battle was over. It was Education in the colonies was hit or comes common enough. The Academies, another declaration that all authority miss. As a teen-age grade school teacher, the Dr. Johnsons, the Noah Websters springs from the people. Yaleman Webster was amazed at the na-

THE AMERIC, LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 15 —

continued Noah Webster and His Dictionary ture of the school textbooks on one hand, cigner. Nothing had ever made education could deal as one nation with other pow- and their shortage on the other. Teaching in America so real. ers. Such a constitution would also work materials were scarce, and what there Webster earned 1 4 royalty, by one ac- to prevent trade barriers between states were were so English that they didn't count, for every copy of the speller that and different fundamental laws that aptly apply to colonial students in a so- Hudson & Goodwin sold. But his text- would break us down into 13 independ- ciety 1 60 years removed from England. book's success was so enormous that ent nations like the hodgepodge of Eu- Others had noted the same thing, and printers throughout the new states began rope. Noah Webster was one of the first some were doing what they could about selling unauthorized versions. Sales soon to take the stump for a federal constitu- it. The Connecticut Courant, grand- rose to hundreds of thousands of copies tion. He had learned quickly from the lather of today's Hartford Courant, ran a year, but only about 20,000 of them pirating of his textbook what it meant to a tear-out alphabet on its front page to have no national copyright law. Each BROWN BROS. be used in the absence of a text by any- state wrote its own copyright law, or one who was teaching. Benjamin Frank- wrote none. First Webster traveled from lin, in his Pennsylvania Packet, was try- state capital to state capital, urging the ing to write a whole American encyclo- farmer-dominated legislatures to adopt pedia and publish it serially. uniform copyright laws. Cannily speak- Noah Webster started writing his own ing to them in their own language, he spelling book, and in 1783, when he was told them that the copyright "is an au- 25, he went to the Courant's publishers, thor's soil. Only the products belong to Hudson & Goodwin, with his manu- the purchaser; the rights to the soil script. There had been nothing like Web- should be vested in the owner." ster's schoolbook in the colonies, and it When his pleas failed and the pirating was vastly preferred to Dilworth's stand- of his book continued, Webster went to ard English spelling book, then in wide the root of the problem and launched his use after being published in London own drive for a central government in the 1730's. It was Webster's "The strong enough to pass and enforce a na- Blue Back Speller" which, in all printings tionwide copyright law. In February in its first 100 years, sold over 70 million 1785, he wrote perhaps his best known copies. Though it is now forgotten, Web- public pamphlet, "Sketches of American ster's speller was to generations of teach- Policy," calling for a constitution to re- ers and schoolchildren what "McGuf- place the Articles of Confederation. It fey's Reader" was later to become the predated the Federalist papers, and Web- traditional American school textbook, ster later wrote: "In May (1785), I car- the one used in common from one end of England's Dr. Samuel Johnson. He ried one copy of my papers to Virginia the former colonies to the other. and America s Noah Webster are the and presented it to Gen. Washington. best known one-man authors of dic- Mr. Maddison saw & read it at the Gen- To a people who had either vainly or tionaries in the English language. eral's soon after, & in November of the submissively taken their learning Johnson's was first published in 1755. same year, he, in conversation with me, from London, while living in an alto- Webster's smaller dictionary came out expressed a warm approbation of the gether different and rougher environ- in 1806, his complete, unabridged one sentiments it contains. At the next ses- ment, the appeal of Webster's speller was in 1828. Webster admired Johnson, sion of the Legislature ... a proposition enormous. He used some of the colonial but decried his sometimes "poor was made in the Assembly, for appoint- scholarship." He also accused John- ." spellings and usages, and in his reading ing the Commissioners . . whose rec- passages his little parables used situa- son of affectations, knocked his "la- ommendations originated the Constitu- tions, settings and habits of speech fa- bour" down to "labor," etc., eliminat- tional Convention in Philadelphia which miliar to those on this side of the Atlan- ed double consonants in many word wrote the Constitution of the United tic. The speller was thoroughly learned forms, changing "travelled" to "trav- States in 1787. on the one hand, but in many respects eled," etc. Webster abhorred snobbery Though many of his proposals were vulgar by London standards. It had fa- in pronunciation. He gave authority to incorporated in the Constitution, Web- bles of cats and rats, of foxes and bram- common usages, and to new meanings ster could hardly take credit for creating bles, of dogs, of farmers in court over given old words in America. that document. But as a soldier in the trouble with their bulls, of boys robbing field he was in the battle early, on his birds' nests in the woods, of the song of were authorized versions, netting Web- own initiative, as one of the Constitu- the lark, of bears on the high road, of a ster a royalty of about $200 a year. Pi- tion's tireless, self-sacrificing advocates country maid and her milk pail. Its "Use- rate publishers in New Hampshire, (and as one who had nothing political to ful Lessons" were equally as American. Massachusetts, New York and Pennsyl- gain—only the protection of national The one dealing with the use of money vania printed and sold the speller freely, laws as a citizen). Young Webster trav- introduced not only the English moneys, without credit to Hudson & Goodwin eled the length and breadth of the 13 but their equivalents from New England or royalty payment to Webster. states at his own expense, lecturing and to Georgia. Place names and geography During the first four years of the long distributing his literature. His pamphlet gave the same weight to American towns, life of Webster's speller, the United on American policy brought him a re- villages, mountains and rivers as to those States operated as 13 very independent nown in his time which ranked him with of Europe and Asia. The little speller was states loosely joined under the Articles of Tom Paine and Ben Franklin as a pam- the American Revolution in education. Confederation. The Federalist statesmen phleteer. Nothing out of London had ever made —Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and others In 1785, now 27, the young lawyer an American schoolboy or teacher feel —were soon to cry for a stronger na- picked up the theme that he had started so much at home, so little a crude for- tional constitution, so that the new nation {Continued on page 39)

16 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • D ;EMESER 1964 (Readers may find this series of value on future motor trips or of interest to stu- dents of American history. We suggest SEEING HISTORIC AMERICA #6 you clip and save each as it appears.)

By ALDEN STEVENS Field Director, Mobil Travel Guide One of the most surprising battles of history was fought in Jan. 1815, on and near the Chalmette Plantation, six miles east of the present city limits of New Orleans, on what is now Louisiana Route 39 (St. Claude Ave.). The site is now Chalmette National Historical Park, and there, from Jan. 3 to 8, 1965, the 150th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans will be ob- served. A tremendous defeat for the British at the hands of Andrew Jackson's men in the War of 1812, the Battle of New Or- leans was fought more than two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent ended the war on Dec. 24, 1814. Neither Jackson nor Andy Jackson & New Orleans defenders. Chalmette monument. THE NEW ORLEANS BATTLEGROUND

British General Sir Edward Pakenham leans; a tour of old plantations; and other ways. Nine miles north of New Iberia knew this. Pakenham never knew it, as ceremonies. (where Tabasco Sauce comes from) is he was killed with over 2,000 of his Tourists to Chalmette will find all St, Martinville, the locale of Longfel- troops in a frontal assault on the Ameri- southern Louisiana interesting as well. low's "Evangeline," on the winding can position, in an early morning melee It is useless to describe sophisticated, Bayou Teche, with museums and a park on Jan. 8, 1815. Only seven Americans worldly New Orleans in this space. A devoted to the Evangeline tradition. No- were reported killed and six wounded. guidebook is essential. You can drive 75 table old plantations and estates include The victory rocketed gaunt Tennessean Oaklawn Manor, near Franklin, 110 Jackson to the fame that won him the miles west of New Orleans; Albania

Presidency in 1828. And it produced Mansion, near Jeanerette; and Shadows- speedy ratification of the Treaty of On-the-Teche at New Iberia. All these Ghent, ratification that might have gone welcome visitors for small fees. differently had we lost the great postwar The Louisiana Delta and Gulf Coast battle. It was the last battle that pitted are too big to justify a listing of motels,

Englishmen against Americans, it se- hotels and restaurants. New Orleans is cured the Mississippi Valley for the U.S. one of America's "eatin'est" cities, and from that day to this, and ended British the Mobil Travel Guides to the South- territorial ambitions on U.S. soil. west and South Central areas list many Jackson, with a vastly inferior force quality places to sleep and eat. of untrained civilians, arranged a strong miles down the Delta from Gretna on A visit to an historic place is enriched defensive position in a dry canal across Louisiana 23 to Buras and the remains if you read about it first. Francis F. the British path to the city from the of Confederate Fort Jackson. Many pic- Beirne's "The War of 1812." has a first- Gulf. Pakenham, perhaps thinking the turesque old plantations lie along this class description of the battle. Among defenders would run, attacked frontally. route, though few encourage visitors. many books on New Orleans are Harnett When they stood fast, the strength of Along US 90, west of New Orleans, Kane's "Queen New Orleans" and Lyle their position turned Pakenham's tactics you'll see cypress swamps, bayous (lazy, Saxon's "Fabulous New Orleans." For into a colossal British disaster. meandering streams) and the land of the free literature on New Orleans and the The Sesqui-Centennial celebration this romantic history of the "Cajuns" (or battle, send your name and address January includes rededication of the Acadians) who were driven from Nova (nothing else) to: NEW ORLEANS, park (Henry J. Kaiser has given 66 new Scotia by the British in 1755. They still American Legion Magazine, 720 5th acres to it); a Jazz Festival in New Or- speak French and fish and trap as al- Ave., New York, N.Y. 10019.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 17 :

By HARRY KURSH

has been said that nearly every ITAmerican dreams of being the boss in a business of his own. Maybe so. Franchising But every year, thousands try it and fail. According to the annual "business fail- ure" statistics issued by the U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce, the odds are about 50-50 that you could survive your sec- 400 New Ways ond or third year in a new business. Why? Inept management, inexperience and poor financing are at the root of most new-business failures. That's the verdict of the nation's best informed ex- to be perts. Dun & Bradstreet, guardians of business credit and finance. Discouraging? Not any more. There's a new look in American free enterprise. Your Boss It's called franchising, and the results Own are rocking the business world. Franchis- ing has upset the dreary pattern of fail- ures.

Stripped of its jargon, a business fran- chise is simply a license to operate under How to start your own business the banner of an established company, capitalizing on the company's trade- marks, experience, low-cost volume buy- ing and promotion. It's the chain-store with a national corporation behind you. image with a twist : The links in the chain are owned and operated by individual

investors, but the entire chain is organ- ized and supervised by the franchisor, or the parent company. The parent com- pany benefits principally because the

chain is a captive market through which

it is assured of continuing and expanding sales of its products or services. Failures in franchising are remarkably low. There are no official figures yet. But independent surveys, including a recent two-year study of my own, indicate that failure rates range from 1% to 6%, or at worst, 10%, varying from company to company. According to George M. Otto, executive secretary of the newly organized International Franchise Asso- ciation, "The experience of the industry

is that much less than 10% of all fran- chisees fail in business." In other words, the odds are better than ten-to-one in your favor that you could succeed at being your own boss in a franchised business if you survive the screening of a square-shooting parent

company. That's why franchising is be- ing nailed from one end of the business spectrum to another. "Franchise selling

has rapidly evolved . . . into an impor- tant and dynamic force in American merchandising," said a recent issue of the staid Harvard Business Review. "Next to automation, the most signifi- cant development in marketing appears to be the emergence of franchising," says Robert Peterson, noted King Features Stan Rosenthal, left, got a Mary Carter Paint store in Peekskill, N.Y., in 1962. columnist. He now has a second and is on his way to a third in nearby shopping areas. ("Life Begins At Forty")

18 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 —

they know the business should be run. In 1962, for instance. Bill Humberd, a husky six-footer, figured he'd be the last guy in the world to be dishing out doughnuts and coffee for a living. At the time, he was Col. William C. Humberd, professional Marine aviator, a battle- hardened veteran who had been through some of the tough ones with the First Marine Air Wing — Midway, Guadal- canal, and Bougainville. He was the father of five children and only 46 years old when the diagnosis came in loud and clear heart attack! This time the decision was out of his hands. He had to take a disability dis- charge. He settled in South Weymouth, Mass., a former duty station, and pre-

pared, as he puts it, to vegetate. "I spent a lot of time feeling sorry for myself," says Bill. Fortunately, someone suggested a way out of despair. Bill should go into busi- ness for himself. Business? Big joke. Bill had been a Marine almost since his grad- uation from Kansas State College in 1938. The only business he knew was the Marine Corps. But Bill was told to get a franchised business and forget about experience. That's just what he did. He investigated a number of oppor- tunities, then applied for a Mister Donut franchise, a fast-growing organization of several hundred shops ranging from Canada to Florida. After putting Bill through aptitude tests as well as char- acter and credit investigations, the com- pany accepted Bill, checked out a good business location for him in nearby Brockton. Mass.. and enrolled him for eight weeks of training in a model store at its headquarters in Westwood. While Ken Heller, former policeman, bought a Chicken Delight franchise. Now he's a v.p. of Chicken Delight Eastern, in charge of 118 stores as a part of the management. {Continued on next page)

In a detailed 1963 report prepared with an $80,000 grant from the U.S. Small Business Administration, a team of University of Minnesota business pro- fessors confirmed the reduced "risk of failure" in franchising, and said: "The final contribution of franchising to the

economy is the broadening of the eco- nomic base of the country by the encour- agement of small business." Franchising succeeds where conven- tional business does not, largely because little is left to chance or imagination. The parent company chooses its franchisees carefully, selects or approves the busi- ness location, provides training and con- tinuous management assistance to keep the business running profitably. It has to. Its own profits and corporate image are at stake. In fact, the least important qualifica-

tion in the search for franchisees is busi- ness experience. Many parent companies actually reject experienced applicants outright, preferring "amateurs" who can Franchisees profit from corporation know-how: Here, ServiceMaster (wall and carpet cleaning) executives work up advertising plans at management meeting. be molded to think and operate the way

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 19 —

continued Franchising: 400 New Ways to be Your Own Boss

Bill w as learning just about everything ble, among them an endless variety of World War 2 because of bed-wetting," from mopping floors and baking dough- drive-in refreshment stands and restau- he says. nuts to advertising, keeping books and rants, billiard parlors, muffler and brake Eventually, Bob Stearns came up with managing personnel—the company su- repair shops, coin-operated laundry and a system for treating enuretics based on pervised the complete design and con- dry-cleaning establishments, hardware an electronic device designed to gently struction of his Mister Domit shop. stores, paint stores, dance studios, em- awaken them as soon as they start bed- In effect, an entire business was "pack- ployment agencies, car-rental agencies, wetting. He set up a company, Nite-Dri aged" for Bill, a prevalent technique in home-and-office cleaning services, head- International, with headquarters in Port- franchising. The package, exclusive of quarters for renting industrial tools and land, Oreg., to sell parents on his system, the parent company's services, time and home equipment, beauty parlors, water- offering total relief for bed-wetters or a training invested in Bill, included about conditioning services, correspondence complete refund. Now, armed with testi- $27,000 worth of equipment, for which schools, schools for training medical monials from physicians and literally Bill put down only about one-third in aides and automation technicians and thousands of grateful parents, Bob is cash, agreeing to pay the balance from even mutual fund selling grossing about $600,000 from 35 fran- profits. Perhaps franchising really came of age chisees he has set up in as many different

Bill opened for business in March last vear when the University of Cali- states. On investments ranging from 1963, and by the end of his first year he fornia launched a special business grossed about $170,000. Typically, his course, first of its kind, called: "Theory net before taxes should be between 18% and Operation of Franchise Marketing." and 20%. Nowadays, hardly a month passes when some well-known company does Bill Humberd's story is not unusual. not hint about jumping on the franchise People from all walks of life have gone bandwagon. latest into franchising, among them hundreds The announcement, and perhaps one of the most significant, of retired Army, Navy and Air Force came in June 1964, from the Johnson officers, ex-FBI agents, lawyers, bankers, wax people who said that within the next college professors, musicians, artists, four years they expect to set up over 300 steamfitters, machinists and men whose franchised, automatic car wash-and-wax education stopped at the eighth grade. systems under the Johnson name. Among the most successful franchisees Big-name corporations are suddenly in the chain of some 600 Chicken De- noticing that franchising makes it pos- light stores, which specialize in pre- sible to introduce new products or serv- cooked, carry-out dinners, are a couple ices with spectacular speed, coast-to- of former deep-sea divers, a pharmacist coast. Many giants in franchising today and a handful of cops from a single Mil- were barely more than one-man trail waukee suburb. blazers a dozen or less years ago. Franchising is not new. It began at the In 1948, for example, Elmer L. Win- turn of the century, when automotive ter started Manpower, Inc., in Milwau- manufacturers started franchising deal- kee, pioneering the concept of a service ers to sell new cars and trucks. This was to provide temporary help for offices and followed by franchised gasoline service shops. After he had opened several small stations and drug stores. Among the branches and realized the potential for franchised businesses which have been growth if he could train others to run Bob Stearns, above, has 35 franchisees American landmarks for decades are Ben similar Manpower agencies, Mr. Winter for his anti-bed-wetting invention. His firm: Franklin variety stores, Western Auto started franchising in 1953. Today, Man- Nite-Dri International, Portland, Oreg. supply outlets and Howard Johnson res- power, Inc., with nearly 300 offices in taurants. his fran- every U.S. city of 1 00,000 or more popu- $3,000 to $12,500, many of After World War 2, however, fran- lation and in over 20 foreign countries, chisees are netting up to $40,000 a year. chising turned the corner. Before the his is No. 1 in a burgeoning temporary help Bob confidently predicts that he and war, it usually took a fat chunk of cash, industry which includes other franchis- franchisees will soon be making millions upwards of $25,000, sometimes $100,- ors. Manpower's last annual total vol- in what he believes will be at least a $50 000 or more, to get one of the good, es- ume exceeded $70 million. million market—all his. tablished franchises. But starting in the Not long ago Robert Stearns, a ruddy- No two franchises are alike. Some late 1940's and early 1950's, the idea of faced 52-year-old graduate engineer and companies require payment of a fran- mom-and-pop franchises — businesses inventor, took an interest in the problems chise fee, plus a cash investment in the with nominal cash investments, frequent- of enuretics (bed-wetters). For more than business. Others take neither fee nor ly well under $5,000—spread like the three years he researched the problem. cash, in which case the franchisee may proverbial prairie fire. It began mainly He went into camps and institutions and be required to start with an initial inven- with small soft-ice cream and hamburger sat up nights observing the sleeping tory purchased from the parent com- drive-ins. habits of children who were bed-wetters. pany, and thereafter to continue such Since then, well over 100,000 new He learned that bed-wetting, in the ab- purchases. Many companies sell their franchised businesses have sprung up all sence of organic disease, virtually defied equipment at or near cost, constructing

over the nation, spilling into Canada and physicians, and that it affected some a business and training you to run it, on now overseas. Today, there are at least adults as well as about 20% of all chil- the basis of future royalty payments, 400 companies offering an average of dren between the ages of four and 16. usually a percentage of your gross in-

1 0,000 new franchises annually in almost "About 1 million men were classified 4-F come. On the other hand, some com- every product and service field imagina- or discharged from the service during (Continued on page 42)

20 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • I CEMBER 1964 ;

Government Snooping. DATELINE Standings in Space Race. More Families Have More. WASHINGTON

Eavesdropping has been developed into a highly refined PEOPLE AND QUOTES: art in the countries behind the Iron Curtain with full THEY KNOW government sanction . . . but in the United States snoop- "We really want other ing is still regarded as an invasion of the individual peoples to be free too, other na- American' s right to privacy ... So much so that a Con- gressional subcommittee, headed by Sen. Edward V. Long tions to be independent too, other economies to be prosper- (D-Mo. ), is trying to find out just how much and what kind ous too. The peoples of other of snooping is being done by non-security U.S. agencies. nations know this, by instinct The subcommittee, after several months of digging into the hush-hush world of snooping, came up with or by observation of our be- agency ..." "disturbing information" and has launched a comprehensive havior. Under Sec'y of State Ball. investigation . . . The probers are checking the non- security agencies for purchase and use of miniature re- cording devices, subminiature transmitters and receivers, WHY THE WALL? concealable microphones, two-way mirrors, infra-red "The people's democracies in cameras, and similar snooper tools. Eastern Europe have been in "We know that the agencies purchase much fancy elec- existence for 20 years and these tronic gear," says Long ... He and the subcommittee people have chosen the system want to know why. of their own free will." Former Soviet Premier Khrushchev.

At the year ' s end, here ' s how the United States com- WAKE UP OR ELSE pares to Russia in the space race, according to Dr. Edward ". . . We had better be waking C. Welsh, executive secretary, National Aeronautics and up to what Government bor- Space Council rowing and spending is doing to Soviet leads in booster power, but United States moving us ... It is either wake up or . . . in total weight payloads up Russia out front of let us continue charging our orbited, but United States has shot three times as many spending to our kids and their payloads into Earth orbit in past two years . . . Both kids." Senate Minority Leader countries have increased reliability of space launchings Dirksen (R-IU.) . . . United States has scored 85% of earth orbitings over three-year period . . . The Russians are way ahead BIG NAVY on orbital experience, having accumulated more than 2,500 "There is little prospect that orbits against our 37 ... In flying, even their the Navy will get smaller, but female cosmonaut has gained more space time than all of rather that added commitments our astronauts combined . . . The Soviets have concen- will require added forces. The trated on deep space, United States on near-earth orbits cost of these forces will impose . . . United States is ahead in application of space tech- a burden on the taxpayer. This nology to practical use in communications, weather re- burden will be heavier to the porting, geodesy, and navigation. extent that he does not under- U.S. goals: To explore, not just visit, moon ... to stand that his own security de- explore planets, not just fly by them. mands the sacrifice." Vice Ad- miral John S. McCain, Jr., Pockets of poverty to the contrary, the U.S. family U.S.N. income is moving steadily up_ . . . and so is the f amily ' s purchasing p ower . . . Right after WW2, one out of two THE CHINESE-SOVIET SPLIT families had an annual income of less than $3,000, as "The rift will mean greater against one in five during 1963. efforts by both ... to undertake Median family income rose from about $3,000 in 1947 to aggression and subversion in approximately $6,200 in 1963, and despite higher consumer other countries wherever fertile costs, the median family's purchasing p ower rose by 60%. ground can be found. ..." Median family income is definitely related to the educa- Under Sec'y of State Harriman. tion of the head of the family, according to 1963 studies ... If the family head had an eighth grade schooling, ANOTHER COUNTRY the median income was $5,300; if he got through high HEARD FROM school, $6,800; if he finished college, $9,700. "I am the boss and anyone The full-time working woman produced a median income who does not know that is a of $3,900 last year, as against $5,000 for the single fool." Prime Minister Banda of working man. Malawi.

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 21 The Private Lives

By JEFF ENDRST of the

is true, but puzzling to Westerners, ITthat people of the captive nations of Eastern Europe know more about the private lives of Western celebrities and Communist men of prominence than they are allowed even to guess about their own red rulers.

It is possible for thousands of Hun- garian women to sport the "Jackie Ken- nedy" hairdo, but not to know the first Royal Families name of Mrs. Kadar. The Poles now see television glimpses of the British royal life, but most of them will never know whether Gomulka's only son is married and has children. Under the pretext of Unlike the Queen of England, the rulers communist "respect for privacy," the Czechs have yet to see a picture of Mrs. Novotny, the President's wife. The Ru- of the Captive Nations are shadowy figures. manians, the Bulgarians and the rest of the countries behind the Iron Curtain officially learned about President de

A rare view of German, Polish and Czech red bigwigs socializing on a Berlin lake with Khrushchev in 1963.

• 22 TH t AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE DECEMBER 1964 PICTORIAL PARADE

you are a premier in the Soviet Union, you can never relax. As soon as you do, you stop being a premier." The women behind communist potentates may possibly bully or cajole them at home, but they have absolutely no influence on the affairs of state or the party. For most of them, there is no place at formal dinners or diplomatic parties. The marriages of these women would seem among the least secure because a divorce by a wife, or objection by a wife to a divorce by a husband that high up in the system, amounts to political treason. In the complete absence of gossip columnists and inde- pendent biographers, hobbies, joys, tragedies and habits re- main state secrets. One simply does not ask if a president smokes Havana cigars for their strong aroma or to support Castro, or whether the premier's wife uses French instead of domestic perfume. The bigshots live in seclusion unknown to the general public. Births and deaths in their families trickle out only belatedly through the servants' grapevine. Babies

then weigh anything from five to 1 5 pounds, and the departed died of anything from cancer to political murder, should one believe such information. As for friends—both political and personal—reliable in-

EASTFOTO A

East Germany's red chief, Walter Ulbricht, showed wife, Lotte, in public for the first time at a Berlin exhibition in 1959.

Gaulle's visit abroad as it happened, but will find out about "friendly talks" among their own leaders only days after. Mostly, they learn about communist conferences from foreign broadcasts first. The place of a communist conference and the name of all its participants are sometimes not revealed at all. With the almost singular exception of Khrushchev, com- munist bigwigs have shunned personal publicity. Coming to immense personal power either from lonely obscurity or frus- trating exile, if not with a police record and without formal education, they never face a free electorate. There is no opposition candidate to demand a television duel on the issues. There are no prying reporters to ferret out personal facts and political pasts. Dirty linen is washed only after purges. And even then it may be assumed that the published story is fiction, dictated by the next rulers. Witness Khrushchev. Public information on communist presidents and prime ministers begins with the "official biography," usually written only after their natural or political death. Till then, the vacuum is filled by the public's gossip and jokes. Thus, not as much gets out at home about what makes these red rulers tick as people as Western diplomats learn by dealing with them. Are their women the "power behind the throne"? What are their hobbies and their personal tragedies? Who are their friends in the sea of silent enemies? How do Tito Broz, vacationing near Zagreb, they dress and eat? What are their personal ambitions? and wife, Mrs. Jolanka Yugoslavia. She's more a public figure than other red wives. So that you may not be shocked when we present them to you, consider first some of the facts of their lives.

Communist leaders tick as long as they remain ruthlessly formation is non-existent, while exaggerated rumors are adaptable. Communism is no game for sissies. Nor is there rampant. The now standard joke, "who needs enemies, with any future in it for principled or easygoing men. Khrushchev you as a friend," could have originated in Eastern Europe. candidly explained this to the late Gary Cooper whom he met To a die-hard communist ruler who knows more schemes and in' Hollywood on his 1959 American look-see journey. tricks than a 19th century ward heeler, intimate friendship Cooper's natural advice to Khrushchev was to "take it easy." means danger of betrayal. To seek help amounts to admission Khrushchev replied with equal frankness: "Mr. Cooper, when of weakness. And in the jungle law of communist politics,

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 23 continued The Private Lives of the Communist Royal Families

weakness equals doom. Leaders there political versatility is best exemplified by him survive anarchy, war, party divisions don't lose elections. They lose power, and the fact that he started out as a minor and the wrath of Stalin. He is the only with it all past privileges and personal diplomat in Brussels for despotic King one of 14 prominent Albanian WW2 freedoms, if not life. They best be cool, Zog, later taught French in Tirana, the leaders still alive. He simply had the rest hard and opportunist. That keeps them Albanian capital, ran a tobacco shop as liquidated. Then he packed the ruling atop the totem pole, at the cost of true a cover-up for resistance fighters under 43-member Albanian Party politburo friendship. And as a new communist line Mussolini's wartime occupation, then with 15 close relatives. may come out on play, work, art, clothes became Albania's first premier and an One of them is Hoxha's wife, or anything else, the less known about what they used to say, do or wear, the better.

As for their ambitions, there is little variety. The red rulers want to remain what they are today. Amid the changing world, they have Napoleonic dreams of being direct disciples of Lenin's revo- lutionary wisdom and Stalin's imperial stubbornness. They hope to keep the reins in good communist style, even if secretly wondering how best to burst out of the stifling, outmoded Marxist theory without writing their own death sen- tences in the process. While a few leaders (like Khrushchev was and Tito is) are clever and daring men who have made their mark on history, the rest of the red rulers would seem to bear the im- print of men whose survival long re- quired a mask if not the make-up of mediocrity. What are they like? The main thing in common among the red royalty of the captive nations, aside from politics, is their age. The top echelon is between 60 and 70 years old. Almost without exception, they are life- long communists. Most of them served time in "capitalist" prisons. Some of them later became victims of Stalin's madness and had communist jailers, too. One can only wonder what would have happened to these people in a free so- ciety. It is often said that Khrushchev with his nimble genie, alternately mis- chievous, boisterous, solemn, boorish, charming and recoiling, could have made good as a politician anywhere in the world, including the United States. Of Nikita's lifelong side-kick, Anastas Gheorghiu-Dej, Rumania Kadar, Hungary Mikoyan of Armenia, it is claimed that he would have been a powerless but almost fanatical admirer of Stalin, was Nexhimje. Unlike most other commu- willing multimillionaire in a capitalist a close ally and protege of Tito, then nist housewives, she has an independent society. defied Stalin and vilified Tito to become history of militant political activity. Now But the personal attributes of these the first open ally of Communist China. 43 years old, she is chief of the party's men hardly fit the leaders of the captive It is unlikely that he received the proper agitation and propaganda directorate. A nations, whose frigid human relations training for all this at the American mother of two sons, she first was a school would almost certainly have kept them Technical School in Tirana which he teacher. Then she joined the partisans from high elective office in the West. once attended. (guerrilla fighters) in the mountains Let's look at their thumbnail personality Hoxha is no advocate of the diplo- where she became a "division com- sketches, pieced together from retouched matic nicety. He referred to Khrushchev mander." With Fascism down and her official portraits, and completed with as "traitor," and he lacks fitting insults personal stock up, Mrs. Hoxha eventu- critical observations through Western for Tito and the United States. Tyranni- ally relaxed her revolutionary fervor and eyes. cal by temperament, the 55-year-old, started to use the Albanian Embassy in Albania fastidious, fun-loving Hoxha should Rome as her charge account for the Enver Hoxha of pocket-size Albania have been purged long ago by ordinary latest Italian fashions. She is reportedly is among the least known but cruelest communist practice. But squeamishness the only woman in a population of 2 communists this side of Moscow. His is not one of his traits, and that helped (Continued on page 48)

24 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • D ECEMBER 1964 children, and a look at some of the results Paris in the Twenties to be achieved from this method. A MOVEABLE FEAST, by Ernest Hem Dictionary Science, by Carl Fic- ingway. charles scribner's sons, $4.95. The of handler and Sol Holt, macfadden-bar- "But this is how Paris was in the early paperback, clays when we were very poor and very tell pub., 75^. dictionary of scientific terms and happy," says Hemingway at the close of his A handy concepts used frequently in today's world. reminiscences of his life there in the twenties. The book offers glimpses of Paris, of the Football, How to Play and Watch It, writer's family and friends, and of the work edited by Lee Grosscup. sterling publish- he accomplished during those years. More ing co., $3.95. than sketches, the brief chapters are written Photos and text to .guide you in watching in a broad, slashing style that colorfully il- football in the months ahead. luminates all of Paris—her streets, cafes, the quay beside the river Seine, her bookstalls, John Randolph of Roanoke, by Russell the racecourse. Kirk, henry regnery co., $5.95. Here are intimate recollections of the A review of the political and social ideas writers, poets and artists whom Hemingway of John Randolph, an outstanding public knew. The reader spends late afternoons figure in Virginia during the early 19th with him at Gertrude Stein's studio listening century, whose theories were to influence in on their discussions of life, writing and the South in the pre-Civil War years. writers. Another time you are with Heming- way when he visits Ezra Pound and are there Treason Trail, by William G. Schofield. the day he meets Wyndham Lewis. You The river Seine, Paris. RAND MCNALLY & CO., $4.95. hear snatches of conversation with James An account of the outstanding cases of Joyce, and see Scott Fitzgerald as Heming- Throughout, the book is a tribute to Paris. Americans charged with disloyal acts in way saw him. Her personality, idiosyncrasies, excitement WW2. Here too is a view of the author as he saw and moods are recalled. In the end, Heming- himself, a writer struggling for recognition way has written a love letter to the city The Hill of the Lord, by Edward Long- who squandered the treasure of a great love where he was young, in love and extremely streth. j. b. lippincott co., $2.95. even as he won artistic fulfillment and fame. happy. A 125-page book in popular prose which recounts much of the Old and some of the New Testament events. It is written as a paign to find and land that better position. good modern research historian might have Liberal vs. Conservative Debates The advice offered is directed at three job- done it if the testaments didn't exist in DIALOGUES IN AMERICANISM. hunting age groups: the beginner, the man modern languages and the author were in his career the has is HENRY REGNERY CO., $3.95. mid-way and man who doing it from original research. It both an A series of three debates for the purpose spent 20 or more years in the business world. "informal record of the Jewish faith" and a of promoting a confrontation of the liberal It explores the practical aspects of job "clear, concise summation of Bible history." and conservative points of view was held in hunting: the need for enough cash to main- California in the fall and winter of 1963- tain yourself while looking; how to go about 1964. These debates are presented here in deciding upon a new kind of work if your book form. Participants included showman present work area doesn't interest you; Steve Allen vs. editor William F. Buckley, where to find information about available

Jr., discussing the success of the late Presi- jobs; the purpose of a resume and how to dent Kennedy's foreign policy; educator write a good one; and finally, the interview- Robert M. Hutchins vs. author L. Brent how to get one, act during it and follow Bozell discussing the Supreme Court's 1954 it up. decision on school integration; and political The techniques recommended by The Job scientist James MacGregor Burns vs. profes- Finding Forum are thorough, time consum- sor Willmoore Kendall discussing the Con- ing and represent hard work. The author gressional deadlock. maintains that getting a new, good job is By skillfully employing the debater's hard work and an applicant must be willing technique of the verbal rapier to weaken an to expend great effort if success is to be adversary's argument, the participants added attained. humor to the evenings' discussions. At the Types of North-western Australian men. same time, their debates exposed the diver- A Treasury of Golden Memories, edited Australian Aborigines, by A. P. El- gent political philosophies and convictions by Kenneth Seeman Giniger. hawthorn The which help to their kin, anchor books, paperback, $1.95. mold views on the books, inc., $5.95. topics under immediate consideration, A study of the Aborigines— humans who as Over 200 of the most popular and best- well as on most major issues of the live in Australia, published in cooperation day. loved works of poetry and prose, ranging with The American Museum of Natural from childhood verses to war poems, col- History, providing information on their lected in a single volume for pleasurable origin, family life, customs, beliefs and A Jobhunter's Guidebook reading. future. gsh HOW TO GET A BETTER JOB, by Secrets and Spies, the readers digest as- Austin Marshall, appleton-century co., Books that are in print can usually be sociation, $3.98. $5.95. purchased at local bookstores, or ordered An anthology of famous spy and adven- If you're thinking of changing jobs but through them if not in stock. Readers ruho ture stories of WW2. don't know quite how to go about it, or may wish to order books directly from pub- aren't certain what type of job change you lishers can obtain publishers addresses from want, this may be the book for you. The Montessori Method, by Maria Mon- their bookstores. We regret that we do not Put out by The Job Finding Forum of tessori. Robert bentley, inc., $6.50. have a reader service staff, and can only The Advertising Club of New York, it will A clear, detailed explanation of how to return to the senders requests to purchase guide you over the rough spots in your cam- apply the Montessori method to teaching books that are sent to this magazine, editors

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 25 & WASHINGTON I ^3B PRO CON OPPOSING VIEWS ON FARM PRICE AND INCOME SHOULD FARM YES

Sen. John G. Tower (R-Tex.) is that they have held an umbrella over the world price, encouraging expansion of competitive produc- tion which in most cases we have allowed to come into Yes, gradually but determin- edly. the American market. A second inescapable result of is the Thirty years of artificially in- farm price fixing by the federal government spired farm economics cannot development of substitutes for our farm fibers. be abandoned overnight, but Controls cannot be imposed on one crop without af- Congress can enact legislation fecting others. Land idled by a control program for usually turns planted in another crop. The continuing the march to agricul- one crop up infects controlled un- tural freedom begun by the disease of regulation both and crops and relentlessly spreads its cancer wheat farmers' vote in the May 1963 referendum. controlled economy. Ultimately the government should get out of the throughout the American farm and consumer It is that to controlled. business of regulating and controlling the American not farmers want be They farmer. Too many times government has done some- have consistently voted in farm referenda and polls for less in agriculture. The efficient farmer, thing to "help" farmers and has wound up only creat- government small or large, is penalized by controls. Controls in- ing artificial incentives, thus causing increased crease unit costs on all farms. Yet continue to live production and surpluses storable at taxpayer expense. we in the discredited past in farm policy. Too many times government has supported prices at Amazingly, Congressional debate on farm levels that drastically limited the volume that could much policy harks back to depression days. The argument be marketed at the fixed price. The greatest threat to that if it then, it is now. It is sug- freedom and opportunity in agriculture comes from goes was good good gested that only the programs begun in the 1930's keep those who assert that the way to help farmers is to fix farmers from starving. prices at high levels and then institute strict produc- This is ridiculous. of U.S. farm tion and marketing controls. This has been the wrong Only some 22% production has been subject to production control; and road for American agriculture. It is a road leading to the most prosperous American agriculture has not controlled farm poverty—and to nationalization of the been involved with controls and price supports. production of food and fiber. It is time began ending the depression on the We have created a patchwork of laws, usually tem- we farm. agriculture need not be regimented to porary expedients adopted to meet crises of varying American be productive and prosperous. Consumers need not degrees and kinds—often political. Our farm laws, be- for unconsumable surpluses. cause they too frequently conflict with economic pay principles, have become the progenitors and perpe- tuators of current farm problems. Our farm program is a big part of our farm problem. One of the inescapable results of the farm programs

If you wish to let your Congressman or one of your Senators know how you feel

on this big issue, fill out the "ballot" on the facing page and mail it to him

26 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 —

PROGRAMS BY SEN. JOHN G. TOWER, TEX., AND SEN. GEORGE McGOVERN, S. DAK. SUBSIDIES BE ENDED? NO

Sen. George McGovern (D-S. Dak.) difference between keeping going and going broke. Even aided by these programs, the total per capita The answer depends on which income of farm people is only three-fifths that of non- farm subsidies we're talking farm persons. Abandon the programs and the disparity about. To some people, every grows infinitely worse. Studies made by universities dollar the U.S. Department of and Congressional committees alike agree that farm to Agriculture spends is a farm income would drop 40% 50%. subsidy. Actually, two dollars of The American family farm system would collapse every three spent by USDA from a sledge-hammer blow like this. Depressions are benefit the general public rather farm fed and farm led, and a rural depression could set than farmers: meat inspection; the protection and im- off an economic avalanche that would sweep down on cities areas. provement of the national forests; the protection and American and metropolitan So long as expect American farmers to provide development of soil and water resources; research for we with at the lowest better products; the School Lunch program; the Food American consumers abundance real cost in history, programs to assure ample supplies Stamp program. Few want to see these services ended. at reasonable prices are indispensable. But more likely the question is directed to the farm price support and income protection programs. Are Of course, farmers are not unique in receiving gov- ernment aid. The railroads, airlines, shipbuilding, oil, these needed? I believe they are as necessary to farm- gas, mining, and publishing are some of the many in- ers as collective bargaining is to labor and as the ability dustries aided by subsidies. to adjust supply to demand is to industry. But there is one subsidy that is seldom mentioned More than 3 million widely scattered farmers pro- the subsidy farmers provide for every consumer who ducing 250 different commodities have, as individuals, eats food, wears clothing, or uses farm-produced tim- little bargaining power and no practical effect on total ber. Except for this "hidden farm subsidy," living production. The only economic muscle agriculture costs today would be higher than they are. Let possesses in the market place comes from these price me and income programs. illustrate. Farmers now get roughly one-fifth fewer dollars than they did in the early 1950's for the food in Our family farm system has given us the most pro- your market basket. In 1951, farmers received 49 cents ductive agriculture ever known. One person in U.S. of the average dollar spent for food. Today, they get 37 agriculture now meets the food and fiber needs of 31 cents. Consumers pay more, but farmers get less. This persons, as against five or six in Russia. The price and is one "farm subsidy" that definitely should be ended. income programs have contributed immensely to this productivity and thereby to the economic health of the American farmer. For millions of small, low income family farmers, especially in the South, they mean the

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE

I have read in The American Legion Magazine IN MY OPINION FARM SUBSIDIES SHOULD SHOULD NOT BE ENDED. for December the arguments in PRO & CON: SIGNED — Should Farm Subsidies Be Ended? ADDRESS

TOWN STATE •L_. .J

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 27 shading a patio outside the side door. The Split-Level Safari has a special hinged roof &> which, when raised, is enclosed by a nylon }M) rod gun m> canopy on its three open sides, providing f'yl »ff£V ; club space for two 6x2-foot elevated bunks. The Kamperkit has an upholstered couch, a folding desk, and is finished in wood pan- eling. The Travel Wagon can sleep six Camping in Autos adults. A bonus attraction of these automo- bile campers is that they are licensed, in- sured, taxed and tolled as station wagons. Last summer over 50 million Americans You are not driving a truck! vacations, took camping but few of them Expenditures can vary widely on rigs of suffered the inconveniences of life in a this type but the average cost of an Econo- pitched tent. Most enjoyed a new concept line camper with standard camping equip- in camping . . . the automobile camper . . . ment, supplied from the accessory manufac- which, during the past few years, has been turers, such as beds, icebox, kitchenette, and chiefly responsible for the current explosion cabinets should average out between $3,500 in outdoor living. The idea started with the and $3,700. Naturally, the more you put station wagon, developed in the days of the into your unit the more it will cost. Model T as a combination car and truck, The whole sweep of camping facilities and only recently adapted to camping. Then that can be toted in or on a car, station came the travel trailer, now called mobile wagon or special vehicle, or be part of the home when its length approaches 28 feet! vehicle itself is the subject of a 247-page Next was the tent trailer, an elaborate fold- book illustrated in 4-color: "The Ford ing tent mounted on a towed platform. Guide to Outdoor Living on Wheels," by More recent has been the pickup camper, Burgess Scott and Franklin Reck, outdoor a miniature one-room house set on the body recreation editors of the Ford Times; pub- of a light truck. But the latest, which is lished by Doubleday & Co., N. Y., 1964. the all others, is threatening popularity of Interior of Travel Wagon conversion Starting with new-style separate tents that the camper bus, a complete automobile with shows dining nook, stove, icebox and bed are toted in car or trailer, it moves to tents almost all the conveniences of home. setup. Travel Wagon sleeps six adults. that attach to the rear of a station wagon when camping, so that the car interior joins the tent interior—then to such things as a collapsible living space that can be installed on top of a sedan, a portable pile of seem- ingly flat boards that open up into a cabin, and finally to the wealth of specially-built auto and trailer designs for outdoor living.

TRY "BUNNY SAUSAGE" for a new taste sensation if you're a rabbit hunter. Take five cups of cleaned rabbit meat cut into small chunks, mix with one cup of pork chunks, a teaspoon of salt, a sprinkling of fennel seeds, several pinches of sage, and

some red pepper if you like it hot. Put the

mixture through a meat grinder and fry it in cakes like regular sausage meat. Better yet—charcoal-broil it.

A BAROMETER is an aid in hunting and fishing. When barometric pressure changes, game animals and fish become more active and are easier to find. You can make a sim- Sportswagon, (I) and Travel Wagon, (r) are two possible conversions on Ford buses. ple barometer, says Jackson White of Uvalde, Tex., simply by filling a large- Volkswagen designed the first soon after the large, conventional passenger buses, and mouth jar with water, then immersing an WW2 and for years its German manufac- the engine is located between them. This ar- empty soda bottle upside down in the jar turers couldn't make them fast enough to rangement provides a level load space of and supporting it so it won't topple. The supply the domestic market. American tour- IVi feet long, 5Vi feet wide and AVi feet water will rise slightly in the neck of the ists saw them, wanted them back home, but high, behind the engine. In addition to front bottle. Observe it each day. When you see few were available for export. Ford re- doors, it has a large "barn-like" side door that the water level in the neck has changed sponded with a camping version of its small and one in the rear. Various camping ac- appreciably, either up or down, it means Econoline commercial delivery van which cessory manufacturers saw its possibilities the barometric pressure of the atmosphere was also being made as a commuter bus. and, with Ford's cooperation, are offering has changed. And when this happens, go Chevrolet did the same with its Greenbrier. it in a number of conversions to on-the- out and get 'em. Chrysler produced a sumptuous trailer-size road living quarters under such names as: camper in limited numbers, and the British Cono Camper, Split-Level Safari, Kamper- Hillman, German Mercedes Benz and kit, Travel Wagon and Sportswagon. If you have a helpful idea for this fea- others entered the field. Almost all of these can be equipped with tuie send it along. If we can use it we'll The most interesting and popular of the such luxuries (in addition to beds) as: a pay you $5.00. However, we are unable current models are the Ford campers. The sink supplied by a 12-gallon water tank, a to acknowledge contributions, return Ford Econoline van, mounted on a Falcon 12-volt electric stove, an electric-gas re- them or enter into correspondence con- chassis, has a deep, box-like body designed frigerator, folding dinette, toilet, shower cerning them. Address Outdoor Editor, for maximum cargo space. The driver and with a pump that operates from the cigar The American Legion Magazine, 720 Fifth passenger sit close to the windshield as in lighter and an 8x1 0-foot canvas canopy for Ave., New York, N. Y. 10019.

28 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • D ECEMBER 1964 . )

A DIGEST OF EVENTS WHICH VETERANS NEWSLETTER ARE OF PERSONAL INTEREST TO YOU DECEMBER 1964

VETS PENSION & INSURANCE LAWS tirement income (above) and of a spouse's LIBERALIZED IN PUBLIC LAW 88-664: earned income (below) , will have the same The first law liberalizing and updating effect in many cases as raising the ceil- VA pensions since 1959 was enacted on ings or graduated steps. Oct. 13, when President Johnson signed SPOUSE' S INCOME. The new law excludes Public Law 88-664 . . . The new law mod- all earned income of a veteran pen- ifies the basic vets pension law (PL86- sioner's spouse, no matter how much, from 211) in many ways which will benefit counting as income limiting pension eli- about 1.4 million veterans and widows gibility . . . That's definite . . . And whose income and/or physical disabil- as "Newsletter" understands the law, ity qualifies them for VA pension (non- where spouse's earned income is less than service connected) ... It also provides $1200, that part of unearned income which for limited reopening of National Service brings spouse's total income up to $1200 Life Insurance and a modified plan for will be excluded . . . Where spouse's converting NSLI term insurance . . . The earned income is $1200 or more, all un- pension part of the bill is a modifica- earned income will be reportable as in- tion of the Legion's HR1927 (introduced come limiting pension eligibility. (The in the House by Rep. Roland V. Libonati, language of this provision is a tough nut 111. ) ... It was arrived at after a to crack. What VA says will be the final good deal of pulling and hauling among word. "Newsletter" thinks it reads the the House, the Senate, the Budget Bureau, law right. the Veterans Administration and the Pres- ident's office ... To help readers who OTHER INCOME EXCLUSIONS. The new law are interested in one facet or another excludes from reportable income under of the new pension law, major aspects PL86-211 many specific items the Legion of it are listed under headings below. asked for, and some it didn't . . . Among these are: (a) amounts equal to amounts PENSION RATES. They were increased for paid by a veteran for the last illness every VA pensioner who is under PL86-211, and burial of deceased spouse or child considerably for some, a very little for ; (b) profit from disposition of real or others . . . Tables of the basic rates personal property other than in the for widows and veterans, with and without course of business; (c) payments received dependents, appear on page 36 . for discharge of obligatory civic duties

OLD LAW PENSIONERS. Pensioners who had (such as payment for jury duty) ; (d) pay- remained under the what is now the "old, ment of state bonuses for duty in the old" pension system (pre-1960) instead of Armed Forces. electing to be under PL86-211 get one CHILD'S PENSION. Where a deceased vet- benefit from the new law, the 10% exclu- eran's child is eligible for VA pension, sion of retirement income (see next though his mother is not, the monthly pay- item) ment is increased from $35 to $38 . . . EXCLUSION OF RETIREMENT INCOME. All VA Furthermore, the child is excused from pensioners may now exclude from income filing an annual income and net worth that tends to reduce or disqualify them statement after the first one. (Such from VA pension 10% of any retirement in- children include those where the widowed come they receive, public or private mother is deceased, remarried, or her in-

. . . This would include company pen- come is in excess of the pension ceilings sions, annuities, endowment income, as though the child's is not). well as Social Security payments, etc. NET WORTH. There is no change in the INCOME CEILINGS AND GRADUATED STEPS. "net worth" provisions of PL86-211, The new law did not change either of whereby the VA may deny pension to a vet- these, though the exclusion of 10% of re- eran or widow whose income is low enough

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 29 )

to qualify, but whose assets seem suffi- asked, especially for the extremely needy

cient to refute a claim of need. . . . Except for those at the bottom of the heap, the increases are very little AID AND ATTENDANCE. VA pensioners cer- . . . The table of basic rates of payment tified for an "aid and attendance" allow- was even more stringent in the version ance will have their special allowance that first cleared the House than in the increased from $70 to $100 a month . . . final law . . . The final version (an im- Furthermore, veteran pensioners certified provement) was urged by VA Chief John S. for the "aid and attendance" allowance Gleason, Jr. , and finally agreed to by may have prescribed drugs and medicine both the House and Senate . . . The ex- paid for by VA, under VA regulations con- clusion of 10% of retirement income from trolling such privilege. reportable income was Congress' compro- THE HOUSEBOUND. VA pensioners certified mise of the Legion's complaint that So- by VA as "housebound" will receive a spe- cial Security increases are hurting, not

cial allowance, on top of their basic helping, many pensioned veterans ; and of

pension rate, of $35 a month . . . (Brand the Legion's request that the income

new for pensioners. ceilings be raised . . . Many new provi- sions are as moral as they are beneficial DISABILITY REQUIREMENT. The new law . . . The exclusion of spouse's earned makes no change in the requirement that a income rates high in the table of moral- veteran (not a widow) must meet VA stand- ity ... It stops penalizing a family ards of "permanent and total disability" where the wife goes to work to support an making him "substantially unemployable" unemployable husband . . . Veterans . . . Any non-pensioned readers who may swapped one loss for a gain in the new be drooling at the above "gravy train," law . . . After Jan. 1, a pensioner com- are cautioned not to envy the pensioners ing on the rolls can no longer exclude . . . The combination of limited income, from reportable income sums equal to the disability and unemployability that is amount that he put into Social Security needed for a VA pension is not an envia- or other retirement plans in his lifetime ble set of circumstances for anyone. . . . This right was taken away in ex- ANNUAL INCOME REPORTS. The new law did change for permanently being able to ex- not alter the obligation of all VA pen- clude 10% of all retirement income . . . sioners (except children as noted above) For all the benefits of the new law a lot to file annual income reports in order to of credit is due to a lot of people in continue to receive VA pension. government and veterandom, especially the large number of veterans who, in the last EFFECTIVE DATE. The pension part of year, took pen in hand to write their FL88-664 becomes effective Jan. 1, 1965. Congressmen on behalf of HR1927 . . . Our PLEASE DON'T WRITE US. "Newsletter" evidence indicates that the "grass roots" prays that individuals needing more light worked harder this year than in many on the pension law as it applies to them years—and it was good work—on behalf of will seek out a Legion service officer or comrades in real need . . . For those who a VA office ... We are too few, and not are disappointed with some aspects of the qualified, to pass on the application of law, there is solace in the fact that

the law in individual circumstances . . . those most in need got something long Much as we hate to pass the buck, our overdue . . . PL88-664 is a welcome function doesn't and can't go beyond tip- stride forward. ping you off to the general content of the law. INSURANCE REPORT LATER: The limited reopening of vets life in- NEW PENSION LAW EVALUATED: surance in PL88-664, and the new plan in Considering the amount of compromise it for converting NSLI term insurance involved in lawmaking, PL88-664 is wel- will not take effect until May ... As come news for VA pensioners ... It does the VA is still sweating out the details, fall short of what the Legion asked in "Newsletter" will withhold a report until

the original version of HR1927, espe- later . . . The reopening feature chiefly cially with respect to pension rates and affects the service-connected disabled income ceilings ... In other respects and uninsurable non-service-connected it is more generous than the Legion disabled veterans.

30 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 O F T H E AMERICAN LEGION NEWS AFFAIRS AND VETERANS DECEMBER 1964

as speaker. Dr. Possony, a recognized ex- Nat'l Executive Committee pert on international affairs and commu- nist strategy, declared that the U.S. finds '65 Fall Meeting itself in growing danger especially in Sets Policy at light of the recent overthrow of Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev. Legion leaders hear Nat'l Commission reports, pass "Unless our defense policies are put resolutions; Nat'l Cmdr Johnson's Iowa Homecoming. on a realistic basis," he said, "there will be more rather than less trouble. We will The National Executive Committee of in tribute to the memory of former Presi- run an increasingly greater risk of losing The American Legion held its regular dent Herbert C. Hoover who died Oct. the limited conflicts in which we are en- fall meeting at National Hq in Indian- 20. The memorial resolution said in part, gaged. Our alliances may fall to pieces. apolis, Oct. 21-22. "that the Legion does mourn the passing Our ability to defend U.S. national in- Presided over by the newly-elected of a truly great American and human terests will diminish." Nat'l Commander, Donald E. Johnson, being and that we commend to all men The 250 guests also met the Salvation the NEC heard reports of all Nat'l Com- his works and to God his spirit." Army "Sally" who in WW1 with the AEF missions and committees, appointed During the NEC meetings, the Na- overseas gave the doughnut its halo in members and chairmen to all national tional President of The American Legion American folklore. Lt. Col. Helen Pur- policy bodies (see page 32), and adopted Auxiliary, Mrs. Walter W. Andrews of viance, 75, who originated the idea of 18 resolutions. (A digest of these resolu- Jackson, Ala., was introduced. Mrs. An- baking and serving doughnuts to dough- tions appears on page 33.) drews brought greetings to the group and boys, was presented with the National The National Conference of Dept. promptly issued the annual membership Commander's Award, a special plaque Commanders and Adjutants met two challenge to Nat'l Cmdr Johnson. Win- with a golden replica of a doughnut. 19-20 in the same days earlier on Oct. ner of the wager is the organization post- Her National Commander, Commis- room. Nat'l Commissions and commit- ing the largest percentage of 1965 mem- sioner Holland French, also was intro- tees also met at Nat'l Hq just prior to bers, compared to 1964 membership on duced. He spoke at the NEC session the the NEC conclave, many working late record as of Dec. 31,1 964. The contest following day, describing the history and hours in order to present their reports. ends Jan. 29, 1965, and the loser will pre- aims of the Salvation Army. First in the order of business was the sent a $250 scholarship to the President Nat'l Cmdr Johnson was honored at introduction of 18 Committeemen new of either Boys' Nation or Girls' Nation. the banquet when Commissioner French to the NEC, the largest group of new The National Commander's Dinner to presented him the Salvation Army's Cen- electees in recent years. the NEC, held the evening of Oct. 21 at tennial Medallion. Cmdr Johnson sug- Of major interest to Legionnaires will the Indianapolis Athletic Club, had Dr. gested that the more than 16,000 Legion be resolution 16, adopted by the NEC, Stefan T. Possony, Director of the Inter- posts around the country conduct open which expressed the Legion's protest and national Studies Program for the Hoover houses and serve coffee and doughnuts condemnation of the "anti-veteran prac- Institution at Stanford University, Calif., in honor of Lt. Col. Purviance. "Any tices and policies of the Federal Bureau of the Budget" and called upon the Bu- reau to "discontinue actions that are inimical to the veterans program." It called attention to such anti-vet- eran actions by the Bureau as its opposi- tion to the sorely-needed VA nursing care program, its interference with the VA hospital program, its recommenda- tion for the elimination of the lower dis- ability ratings of service-connected dis- abled veterans, and its "incompetent, un- informed, prejudiced actions" which have damaged the veterans program. The resolution also demands "that the Bureau adopt a new attitude—one that will conform to the traditional and hon- orable treatment always accorded war veterans and their survivors by the peo- ple of this nation." The Committee also approved a 97- point legislative program to be pursued during the 89th Congress convening in Jan. 1965. This program encompasses NECmen recessed to the Cenotaph of the Indiana War both the resolutions of the Dallas Con- During the Fall Meetings, Memorial for the Freedom Torch lighting ceremony. Nat'l Cmdr Johnson is shown light- of the present meeting. vention and those ing torch with the assistance of Nat'l Adjutant E. A. Blackmore while Legion officials In a solemn moment, NECmen stood look on. Torch was then flown to Brussels, Belgium for annual Veterans Day ceremonies. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 31 N EWS

voluntary contributions or other pro- LEGISLATIVE: Clarence C. Horton, ceeds realized from these programs could Ala. be contributed to the Salvation Army." NATIONAL SECURITY: William Cmdr Johnson said. C. Doyle, N.J.; Aeronautics & Space, A feature during the Nat'l Conference Roscoe Turner, Ind.; Amateur Radio of Dept Cmdrs and Adjts was a special Network, Collins R. Buchner, Calif.; seminar on management given by two Civil Defense, William S. Todd, Tenn.; experts from the faculty of the State Uni- Law & Order, Elmer W. Kuhlmann, versity of Iowa. Mr. Don. R. Sheriff, and Mo.; Merchant Marine, Henry C. Parke. Mr. Jude West, of the University's Bu- N.Y.; Military Affairs, Edwin R. Bent- reau of Labor and Management took ley, Fla.; Nat'l Security Council, Gran- over the two-day session thereby expos- ville S. Ridley, Tenn.; Naval Affairs, ing to Legion officials the latest think- Emmett G. Lenihan, Wash.; Special Sub- ing on management and leadership. committee Military Justice & Appeals, Dates for the 1965 Spring meetings of John J. Finn, D.C. the NEC at Nat'l Hq were confirmed. PUBLICATIONS: Dr. Charles R. They are: Commissions and Commit- Logan, Iowa. Nat'l Auxiliary President Mrs. Walter W. 5-6. tees, May 3-4; NEC, May Andrews issues annual membership con- PUBLIC RELATIONS: C. D. De- test challenge to Nat'l Cmdr Johnson. Loach, D.C.

Nat'l Commission Changes REHABILITATION : Robert M. Mc- Curdy, Calif.; Area A, Maurice R. Pa- The National Executive John J. Flynn, Calif.; Committee ECONOMIC: risien. Me.; Area B, Robert J. DeSanctis, appointed members and chairmen to all Employment, William Chisholm, Colo.; N.Y.; Area C, John H. Wienand, Ala.; 1965 national policy bodies. Housing, Dr. Tom B. Clark, Okla.; Vet- Area D, Jack Williams, N. Dak.; Area Following is a list of the chairmen erans' Preference, Raymond R. McEvoy, E, Dean C. Hall, Salt Lake City, Utah. whose appointments were approved. Mass. COMMISSIONS are in capital letters FINANCE: Harold P. Redden, Nat'l Commission Reports with committees and other divisions of Mass.; Emblem, Julius Levy, Pa.; Invest- commissions printed in italics. ments Policy, James F. McCabe, Iowa; The national commissions and com- AMERICANISM: Daniel J. O'Con- Overseas Graves Decoration Trust, Nat'l mittees of The American Legion met and nor, N.Y.; Counter-subversive Activi- Cmdr Donald E. Johnson, Iowa. debated many matters before reporting ties, Dr. J. E. Martie, Nev.; American- FOREIGN RELATIONS: Thomas to the NEC. Here are the highlights of ism Council, The Rev. J.J. Howard, Va. the various reports. E. Whelan, N. Dak.; Inter-American, CHILD WELFARE: Morris Nooner, • Americanism Chmn Daniel J. O'Con- Henry H. Dudley, Nebr. Jr., 111.; New England Area, Mrs. Lillian nor (N.Y.) reported that the commission INTERNAL AFFAIRS: Herbert J. Jennings, Mass.; Middle Atlantic Area, will continue to emphasize its Youth Jacobi, Constitution By-Laws, Dr. A. H. Wittmann, Pa.; Southern D.C.; & programs and would work for an in- Area, Charles A. Osborn, Tex.; Mid- Halsey W. Stickel, N.J.; Graves Regis- crease in the amount of Legion-spon- western Area, Mrs. Lois M. Rand, Wis.; tration & Memorial, Joseph H. Hackett, sored Boy Scout troops. Action was taken Western Area, Edward M. Waye, Wash. R.I.; Membership & Post Activities, to provide for a Conference of Dep't CONVENTION: James V. Demarest, Earl D. Franklin, Colo.; Resolutions As- Oratorical Contest Chairmen and Dep't N.Y.; Contests Supervisory, Harold J. signment, Charles W. Griffith, S.C.; Boy Scout Chairmen in the fall of 1965. Dillon, Minn.; Distinguished Guests, Trophies, Awards & Ceremonials, Reed The commission will press for a White

A. L. Starshak, 111. Beard, Ind. House Conference On Education.

Featured at the Nat'l Cmdr's Banquet to the NEC were: (I to r) guest speaker Dr. Stefan T. Possony of Stanford Univ., Lt. Col. Helen Purviance, who received the Nat'l Cmdr's Award, and Commissioner Holland French, Nat'l Cmdr of the Salvation Army. 32 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 NEWS

• Child Welfare Chmn David V. Addy resolution and this had to do with fallout (Mich.) reported out no resolutions. protection facilities in non-profit organi- Legislative objectives for the coming zation buildings. Commenting on the year will have to do with mentally handi- recently passed and Legion-sponsored capped children, the abused child, eye P.L. 88-647, which effects reforms in the safety, and dangerous drugs, all of which R.O.T.C. Program, Doyle said it em- are covered among other items in the braces many Legion mandates and will new Child Welfare brochure entitled "In- help insure a steady flow of high quality venting Tomorrow." junior officers to the Armed Forces. • • Convention Chmn James V. Demarest Publications Chmn Dr. Charles R. (N.Y.) reported arrangements proceed- Logan (Iowa) reported that The Ameri- Legion Magazine will return sub- ing for the 1965 National Convention at can a stantial net profit Le- Portland, Ore. The convention has been to The American gion. He then turned the microphone tentatively awarded to Washington, D.C., over to Publisher James F. O'Neil who for 1966 and to New York city for 1967. set the stage for a color slide presentation Col. Alvin M. Owsley, President of the by Editor Robert B. Pitkin and Advertis- 1964 Dallas Convention Corporation re- ing Director Robert P. Redden, which ported a financial loss on the Contest described the purposes, the problems and program, but that otherwise the Dallas the progress of The American Legion Convention was an unqualified success. Magazine in today's highly competitive • Economic Chmn John J. Flynn Col. Alvin M. Owsley, Tex., tells NEC of publishing world. (Calif.) reported out no resolutions, but success of 1964 Dallas Nat'l Convention. • Public Relations Chmn C. D. De cited the recent completion of the 18th Loach (D.C.) reported that coverage on Annual Observance of "National Em- (Kans.), described the National Member- the Dallas National Convention was the ploy The Handicapped Week" which was ship Workshop held at Nat'l Hq in Au- best in recent years. Also reported was the most successful observance in recent gust and pronounced it, as far as early the existence of an official Dallas Con- years with a more than 40 per cent in- returns could indicate, a success. He vention film which will shortly be made crease in Citation Awards over 1963. stressed findings show a strong Legion available to posts. The commission felt legislative priority must come about through the chartering • Rehabilitation Chmn Robert M. should be given to resolutions which: of more new posts. Membership is 50,000 McCurdy (Calif.) reported out three amend the Civil Service Retirement Act ahead of last year. resolutions. He also briefed NECmen on to require determination of entitlement • Legion Insurance Chmn Judge Levi P.L. 88-450 and P.L. 88-664. (For an before separation; amend the Universal M. Hall (Minn.) reported there are al- up-to-date report on the new pension insured Military Training and Service Act to most 70,000 Legionnaires and and insurance law, see pages 29 and 36.) clarify the rights of probationary em- that these members represent 113,839 $12-units of life insurance. Oct. 1, ployees and to protect the employment On 1964 there was of life in- Digest of Resolutions benefits of reservists and guardsmen; and $256,137,750 surance in force and monthly claims be- restore former preference to veterans for The Legion's National Executive low-rent ing paid to beneficiaries averaged over housing projects, all of which Committee adopted 18 resolutions at its a month. were adopted at the $66,000 1964 Convention. fall, 1964 meetings. Here is a digest of • National Legislative Chmn Clarence • Finance Chmn Harold P. Redden these approved resolutions. C. Horton (Ala.) reported and the NEC (Mass.) reported that the 1965 Budget of adopted the 97-point legislative program 1. Authorizes American Legion financial support The American Legion would be $6,482,- for the People-To-People Program. for 1965, based on 1964 National Con- 2. Commends U.S. Post Office Dept. for maintain- 733.60 and the NEC adopted it. vention mandates. ing adequate stock of 5-cent American Flag • Foreign Relations Chmn Thomas E. stamps. • National Security Chmn Wm. C. 3. Requests the President of the U.S. to call for Whelan (N.Dak.) reported out no new a White House Conference on Education in 1965. Doyle (N.J.) reported out one approved 4. Calls upon Congress to enact legislation to resolutions. The commission feels the Foreign Relations resolutions adopted at the Dallas Convention will serve as guide-lines for the immediate future.

• Internal Affairs Chmn Herbert J. Jacobi (D.C.) reported that work was still continuing in the effort to garner suffi- cient information concerning available land for the establishment of new Na- tional Cemeteries which will be desper- ately needed in a few short years. A new special committee to study the possibility of developing a formula that would admit to membership those vet- erans who had service in the armed forces during periods other than those presently specified in The American Le- gion Constitution was authorized. Halsey W. Stickel (N.J.) was named chairman. A subcommittee report on Member- Don Sheriff (I) and Jude West (r) of the State University of Iowa's Bureau of Labor ship, given by Chmn Eugene W. Hiatt and Management conducted a two-day seminar during the Cmdr's and Adjts Conference. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 33 NEWS

and Iowa Congressman Fred Schwengel. The official banquet that evening saw almost 1,000 distinguished Legionnaires and guests cram into the West Branch High School gymnasium. In a major address, Johnson paid trib- ute to Iowa Legionnaires who helped him up the Legion ladder and to his fel- low citizens, then declared that the Le-

gion is "non-partisan politically . . . yet in matters affecting the nation's security and America's integrity among the na- tions of the world, we are the most par- tisan organization in the world. In the consideration of these vital interests we Nat'l Cmdr and Mrs. Johnson arrive at the parade reviewing stand in West Branch. have applied the single standard of what is best for America, and having selected provide fallout protection facilities in non-profit site of newly-elected Nat'l Cmdr Donald our course we find ourselves strictly organization buildings. 5. Declares that no award or citation shall be E. Johnson's Official Homecoming. American partisans." made in the name of The American Legion with- will it out the permission of the National Commander World news readers remember Further, the Cmdr declared: "The and the National Executive Committee. as the birthplace and burial place of the course we have charted for ourselves is 6. Urges legislation to increase rates of death compensation and to improve the dependency 31st President of the U.S., Herbert C. not an easy one. It demands personal sac- and indemnity compensation program for de- died at Oct. 1964. rifice, self pendent parents. Hoover, who 90 on 20, discipline and loyalty to the 7. Urges legislation to amend 38 USC 503(6) to Citizens of West Branch, both Legion highest standards of Americanism. For permit individuals to exclude from determinations of annual income an amount equal to their per- and non-Legion, will remember it as the American Legionnaires there is no other sonal contributions to public or private retirement time when they did themselves proud by course, and we ask of our countrymen plans or programs. 8. Supports issuance of a commemorative stamp virtue of the hard work they put into the no more than we ourselves are willing to honoring the 20th anniversary of the death of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Official Homecoming on Oct. 16-17. give." 9. Commends the USO. Legion dignitaries arrived by almost Sunday morning Cmdr Johnson and 10. Commends the City of Norfolk, Va., for the establishment of The General Douglas MacArthur every means of transportation on Fri. the national Legion leaders flew off to Memorial. 11. Authorizes charter of the Brigadier General Oct. 16, and were escorted by local Le- Nat'l Hq in Indianapolis to attend to the Joseph N. Dalton Post 41, La Trinidad, Benguet, gionnaires in private cars and school business of completing the organization Mountain Province, Philippines. 12. Authorizes the Five-Star Award and Ten- buses to their lodgings and from there to of The American Legion for 1965. Ideals Medal training program for The Sons of The American Legion. an informal reception at the Iowa State One week later Cmdr Johnson was to charter of 13. Authorizes the Joseph J. Sadowski University Athletic Club. return as the only national veteran's or- Post 2, Ulm, Germany, to be affiliated with the Department of France. The next morning the official program ganization leader invited to attend the 14. Changes eligibility requirements for Senior with Drum and Bugle Corps who compete in National got underway a tour of the Herbert Herbert Hoover funeral at which Legion- American Legion competition. Hoover Library, a press conference, a naires of 260-member Post 514 acted as 15. Proposes Contest Rules for the 1965 Contests at the National Convention. Mass of Special Intentions at St. Berna- auxiliary traffic police. 16. Protests and condemns the anti-veteran prac- dette's R. C. by the Legion's Na- tices and policies of the Bureau of the Budget and Church calls upon them to discontinue such actions. tional Chaplain, the Rev. Fr. Morris 17. Memorializes and honors the passing of New Legion Film former President Herbert C. Hoover. Dummet (La.), and lunch in the West Unnumbered resolution (Register No. 1161 Vir- Branch Town Hall. In response to Nat'l Cmdr Donald E. ginia) protests the manufacture of American flags in foreign lands and their sale and importation The 50-unit parade, viewed by about Johnson's call for emphasis on com- into the U.S. 7,000, stepped off at 1:45 p.m., and took munity service and youth programs, the over an hour to pass the reviewing stand Legion has come up with a brand new Nat'l Cmdr's Homecoming situated across the street from Chauncey film on the Youth programs of the Le- The little town of West Branch, Iowa Butler Post 514, the Cmdr's post. gion entitled "The Best Answer," co- (pop. 1,200) figured prominently in Joining in the official welcome to produced by Hearst Metrotone News. world news during the closing days of Cmdr Johnson were Iowa Governor The l\Vz minute black-and-white

October 1964. Harold E. Hughes, Iowa U. S. Sens. 1 6mm motion picture film has a 2Vz min-

Legionnaires will remember it as the Bourke B. Hickenlooper and Jack Miller, ute introduction by Nat'l Cmdr Johnson

Photo shows the Homecoming Banquet at the West Branch H. S. gym. Among the distinguished throng were these Legionnaires: (I to r) Iowa's U. S. Senators Bourke B. Hickenlooper and Jack Miller, Nat'l Cmdr Johnson, and Iowa Governor Harold E. Hughes. 34 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 NEWS and then shows 9 minutes on American Legion 1964 National Oratorical Con- test Champion David Bruce Marth as he spoke at both the Democratic and Re- publican National Conventions. Cost? $19.75 from Hearst Metrotone News, 470 E Street, S.W., Wash., D.C. Suggested uses are to purchase it for TV stations, school auditoriums, post meetings and other gatherings.

Legion Legislative Year

"Adjournment of the 88th Congress brought to a close a very successful year as far as veterans legislation was con- cerned," reports Clarence H. "Cap" Olson, The American Legion's National Legislative Director. That successful year saw 43 bills covering veterans affairs enacted by Con- gress including the latest, H.R. 1927, a listen attentively to Frank A. Oftring, Holy bill to amend death and disability pen- Worcester, Mass., Legionnaires and youths Cross basketball coach (throwing ball), and his former teammate, Togo Palazzi, ex- sions and which also provided for a one- Celtics basketball player, during a basketball clinic held recently at the Veterans Ad- year reopening, for disabled veterans, of ministration Hospital, Rutland Heights, Mass. The clinic was part of the 5th Annual WW2 and Korea vets' life insurance. Youth Fitness Program which is co-sponsored by the VA Hospital, The American for 13-18, (See pages 29 and 36.) Legion, and the Auxiliary of Worcester County, Mass. The program, boys age was initiated in 1960 in response to President Dwight D. Eisenhower's proclamation on Stresses Olson, "Legislative successes National Youth Fitness. More than 500 boys received about $1,000 worth of donated in the 88th Congress were due to an in- athletic equipment as door prizes. The Auxiliary served refreshments and guest tensification and broadening of Legion speakers were Worcester Mayor Paul V. Mullaney and Mass. Governor Endicott Peabody. legislative efforts. With the difficulties that lie ahead in other legislative work, legislative work by being it is most important that the Legion en- to seeing new laws passed or old ones tribution to proposed laws. Keep- list all the voices and hearts it can muster amended. The work still must continue fully informed on legisla- in this battle. Legislative victories will in defense of existing laws. During both ing informed on such important of not come about through lack of in- sessions of the 88th Congress much time tion as it moves through the halls Con- terest." was spent in the effort to preserve Vet- gress is a mighty task, but it can be eased a legislative Over 97 resolutions requiring legis- erans' Preference and the Civil Service somewhat by designating having him lative activity were passed this year by Merit System in spite of legislative at- chairman in each post and the Legion's meetings and conventions. tacks on both by at least two agencies receive the semi-monthly Bulletin. subscription coupon These deal with almost all of the princi- of the government which would set A convenient pal programs of The American Legion aside both laws and allow indiscriminate to the Legislative Bulletin is provided fill it out, and send it and all are influenced and affected by firing of employees. The Legion has been below. Clip it out, for legislation. Some of these legislative in a constant struggle to prevent the en- out with your check or money order action proposals may eventually emerge as law. actment of such provisions. $3.00 and be in on the legislative veterans How they move from resolution into law Each of the Legion's more than which affects all American and can be followed in the National Legisla- 16,000 posts can make an effective con- their families. tive Bulletin, prepared semi-monthly by the Legion's National Legislative Com- "1 mission. National Legislative Commission Date - Subscriptions to the Legislative Bulle- The American Legion tin reached a new high this past year. 1608 K Street, N.W. Perhaps this heightened interest was the Washington, D.C. 20006 background for the thousands of letters which reached Congress urging passage Enclosed is $ ($3.00 per subscription). Please send the NATIONAL of Legion-sponsored legislation. Con- LEGISLATIVE BULLETIN to: One: gressional sources reported that the Check Auxiliary heaviest mail received in many years [~J American Legion (over 1100 communications in one day Name (~J alone) was related to the voluntary- Address . prayer-in-public-schools amendment to the U.S. Constitution proposed by Cong. City Zone State Frank J. Becker, (R-N.Y.), and which Subscription sent by was backed by the Legion. Other Legion- sponsored legislation receiving heavy Address City State mail was pension bill H.R. 1927 and the (Please print or type all information. Make checks payable to: THE nursing home care bill, H.R. 8009. AMERICAN LEGION) Legislative effort is not only confined THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 35 —.

NEWS. TABLES OF NEW VETS' PENSION RATES this page appear our own tables VETERANS WITH DEPENDENTS ONindicating the new pension rates for veterans and widows, with and with- 1 DEPENDENT 2 DEPENDENTS 3 OR MORE DEPENDENTS out dependents, who are eligible for VA Annual Legion Legion Legion pensions and who are pensioned under Other Income* Old. asked. New. Old. asked. New- Old. asked. New. PL86-211 (which became effective in 1960). The "new" columns in these $0,000 $90 $100 $105 $95 $105 $110 $100 $110 $115 200 90 100 105 95 105 110 100 110 115 tables indicate the rates of pension ef- 400 90 100 105 95 105 110 100 110 115 fective as of Jan. 1, 1965 for such vet- 600 90 100 105 95 105 110 100 110 115 erans and widows, as a result of the pass- 800 90 100 105 95 105 110 100 110 115 age of PL88-664 (for a fuller story on 1,000.01** 75 100 80 75 105 80 75 110 80 PL88-664, including its other provisions, 1 ,200 75 100 80 75 105 80 75 110 80 see "Newsletter" this issue, page 29). 1,400 75 100 80 75 105 80 75 •110 80 80 105 80 75 110 80 The "old" columns show the original 1,600 75 100 75 1,800 75 100 80 75 105 80 75 110 80 rates under PL86-21 1, which have been 2,000.01** 45 100 48 45 105 48 45 110 48 replaced in effect since 1960, and will be 2,200 45 100 48 45 105 48 45 110 48 by the "new" on Jan. 1. The center 80 48 45 85 48 45 90 48 2,400.01** 45 | column indicates the rates originally 2,600 45 80 48 45 85 48 45 90 48 asked by the Legion in HR1927. The 2,800 45 80 48 45 85 48 45 90 48 3,000.01** 00 80 00 00 85 00 00 90 00 new law represents HR1927 as it was 3,200 00 80 00 00 85 00 00 90 00 finally amended in the Congress and 3,400 00 80 00 00 85 00 00 90 00 signed by the President, Oct. 13. 3,600.01** 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ' 00 Single asterisks (*) appear in all charts beside "Annual other income" income) (which means non-VA-pension not a graduated step is involved. No increases were granted in the rates They are reminders that under the new The triple asterisk ('***) opposite "1 for "old law" pensioners. These are law, some "other income" is now ex- Minor Child" in the chart for "Widows veterans and widows who were already important of is cludable, most which with Dependents" is a reminder that pen- pensioned when PL86-211 became ef- probably 10% of any retirement in- sioned veterans' widows receive $15 a fective in July, 1960, but who did not come. The same applies to any and all month extra for each minor child of exercise an option to switch to benefits earned income of a pensioner's spouse the deceased veteran-husband whom she under that law. They still have that right it is no longer reportable income for a cares for in excess of one. This is un- and it is plain that the new increases pensioned veteran. (See "Newsletter" changed. would make it very advantageous for for other exclusions). In locating him- Not indicated in the "Veterans With many of them to switch. No "old law" self on the "new" column by his income Dependents" chart is the fact that the veterans, married or single, can draw a pensioner should first deduct exclud- Legion asked $5 a month extra for each more than $78.75 a month basic pen- able income from his total income. dependent in excess of three—but there sion. A great many of them have income Double asterisks on the charts (**) is no change here, hence the table for no greater than minimum Social Se- figures appear opposite "other income" "3 or more dependents" applies exactly curity. Married "old law veterans" ending in 14. These mark graduated as titled in the "old" and "new" columns, whose "other income" (less exclusions, steps in at least one of the columns but only to exactly three dependents in which would include 10% of their So- points at which pension payment is re- the "Legion asked" column. cial Security) is not over $600 could duced (or was proposed to be reduced now receive $105 a month. If they lost in the "Legion asked" column) because their dependents they would still get of income. For handy reading, our WIDOWS WITH $100 a month. A recent survey in Little charts indicate pension rates at $200 DEPENDENTS Rock, Ark., showed 23 married veterans "other income" intervals, whether or with income under $600 still under the 1 MINOR CHILD*** old law. Some of the "old law" veterans Annual Legion are in terrible physical condition, and NO DEPENDENTS Other income* Old. asked. New could undoubtedly qualify for the new VETERANS WIDOWS $ 000 $75 $75 $80 "housebound" classification by switching 200 75 75 80 400 75 75 80 to the new law, which would entitle them Annual Legion Legion 600 75 75 80 to a special award of $35 a month in ad- Other income* Old. asked. New. Old. asked. New. 800 75 75 80 dition to the pension rates. In such 1,000.01** 60 75 64 new $ 000 $85 $100 $100 $60 $65 $64 1,200 60 75 64 cases, the switch—where income is $600 200 85 100 100 60 65 64 1,400 60 75 64 or less—would provide a minimum pen- 400 85 100 100 60 65 64 1,600 60 75 64 600.01** 70 100 75 45 65 48 1,800 60 75 64 sion of $135 a month whether single or 800 70 100 75 45 65 48 2,000.01** 40 75 43 married, instead of a maximum of 1,000 70 100 75 45 65 48 2,200 40 75 43 1,200.01** 40 100 43 25 65 27 2,400.01** 40 65 43 $78.75. Until now, the "housebound" 1,400 40 100 43 25 65 27 2,600 40 65 43 classification was reserved for veterans 1,600 40 100 43 25 65 27 2,800 40 65 43 with service-connected disabilities. The 1,800.01** 00 80 00 00 55 00 3,000.01 00 65 00 2,000 00 80 00 00 55 00 3,200 00 65 00 new law embraces non-service-con- 65 00 2,200 00 80 00 00 55 00 3,400 00 nected veteran pensioners (not widows) 2 ,400.01** 00 00 00 00 00 00 3,600.01** 00 00 00 in the "housebound" provisions for the

36 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 .

NEWS first time. The "housebound" classifica- nually by The American Legion Press LIFE MEMBERSHIPS Association for the best original edi- tion is a little tricky to understand. First, The award of a life membership to a Legion- the pensioner must have a permanent torial in a Legion publication ("For God naire by his Post is a testimonial by those who know him best that he has served The Ameri- disability rated 100%. (Some and Country" in Sound Post 129, and total Off, can Legion well. pensioners, because of age, are pensioned Toms River, N.J.) . Second place went to Below are listed some of the previously un- published life membership Post awards that with less disability.) If it is then adjudged Arthur Gabosch ("Veterans Day" in have been reported to the editors. They are that this disability substantially confines Spirit of 73, Post 73, East Orange, N.J.) arranged by States or Departments. him to his home premises, he can draw An untitled editorial by Editor Drew Ramsey M. Reed (1964), Post 134, Homewood, the extra $35. If he has 60% permanent Cavan of 798'er, Post 798, Warminster, Ala. Jack Eaton and F. A. Ford and Leslie Hardy disability on top of a basic 100% , he may Pa., got third. Honorable mention went and George W. Hilt (all 1963), Post 1, Phoenix, draw the extra $35 without regard to to Ohio Legion News, edited by M. M. Ariz. Nelson S. Dilworth (1956) and Robert F. it is. Finally, the "house- how confining Carothers. Thompson (1958) and Alfred L. Aldridge and Baker (both 1959), Post 53, Hemet, bound" allowance may not be received editor of Russell V. Hermann A. Wenige, 82, Calif. in addition to an "aid and attendance The Legion A-I-R, Post 35, Jefferson- Harley A. Craig (1964), Post 211, Lompoc, Calif. allowance." In effect it is an extra al- ville, Ind., received the President's Merit Harry B. Beeson (1963) and Park T. Pigott little short 38, Fort Myers, Fla. lowance for those who are a Award. In his 21 -year editorship, the (1964), Post Albert A. Halk (1963) and Stephen Cabrera of "aid and attendance." publication has won 3 first places, 1 (1964), Post 111, Tampa, Fla. Arnold A. Petersen (1964), Post 303, Bonita second, and 1 third in the Wally Plaque Springs, Fla. BRIEFLY NOTED competition. The Legion A-I-R has also Lawrence H. Cowell (1964), Post 285, Gales- burg, 111. won 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place Rominger Ray E. Sproston (1964), Post 1166, Reynolds, Pitcher John Schroeppel, of Memphis, awards. 111. Tenn., Post 1, the 1963 runner-up for Walter Skritski (1963), Post 1227, Becke- meyer, 111. the National American Legion Baseball William H. Chaney (1964), Post 386, Oak- Post 242, Patterson, La., got a warm town, Ind. team championship, signed by the New Nesmith and "Thank You" recently from two adult Walter A. Melchert and Guy York Yankees. Bill Denehy, hurler for Willard Nixson and Charles E. Parker and Rob- Boy Scout leaders and 15 Boy Scouts, ert K. Tindall (all 1964), Post 88, Shenandoah, the Middletown, Conn., Legion zone Iowa. representing the Wabash Valley Council Elmer Chinn (1964), Post 289, Dwight, Kans. champion team, signed for "a substantial of Terre Haute, Ind. The Scout group Albert Burrill and Carrol Tobin (both 1962) bonus" by the New York Mets. He won and Honore Fournier and Maurice Wilkins was returning from a 19-day, 4,500- (both 1964), Post 117, Wilton, Maine. 1 0 of 1 1 high school games and struck Walter J. Selfridge and Newman J. Somers mile bus trip to Mexico City when the and Lawrence E. Sullivan (all 1961), Post 27, out 151 batters in 88 innings. The Mets bus broke down near Patterson. A Post Cambridge, Mass. said Denehy, a 6'3", 205-pound right- Edwin H. LaMontague and Leon J. Lavallee 242 Legionnaire, driving past, arranged and William E. Londergan and Roderick A. hander, had been sought by every other MacLeod (all 1963), Post 28, Northampton, to have a school bus take the group to major league club. Mass. the Legion hall, where the travelers Walter E. Stone and Stanley R. Tripp and Webster Wilde (all 1964), Post 166, Fairhaven, stayed for about 28 hours while the bus Mass. and Louis F. Valade (both While swimming in the ocean at Tiana was being repaired. Legionnaires brought Francis A. O'Hara 1964), Post 194, Hamilton, Mass. Beach, Quogue, N.Y., Edward Roden, in food, playing cards, and writing paper, Louis A. Smith (1963), Post 350, New Marl- of Plainview, N.Y., was caught in an un- boro, Mass. then came down to see them off. Thomas Burks and Lloyd Shires (both 1964), dertow and could not make it back to Post 51, Buchanan, Mich. Charles Lewis and Gottlieb Macholz and Paul shore. He called for help several times, Follow up renewal notices for American Srnec (all 1964), Post 331, Bridgman, Mich. and had just about given up hope when Dr. J. Harold Brown (1964), Post 231, Minne- Legion Life Insurance are now being apolis, Minn. Roger Lamm, of Ronkonkoma, N.Y., mailed from Nat'l Headquarters Insur- Arthur L. Goodman, Sr. (1964), Post 13, Starkville, Miss. reached him, stayed with him, and, de- ance Dep't. Legionnaires who have al- Walter B. Moran (1964), Post 2, Manchester, spite the rough water, kept Roden afloat N.H. ready renewed insurance for 1965 Wilbur H. Heitz and Conrad J. Will (both until help arrived. Said Harbor City, N.J. more Roden: should disregard these second notices. 1963) , Post 158, Egg James Martin and Charles Putnam (both "There's no doubt in my mind that he N.Y. Legionnaires must report 1965 member- 1964) , Post 224, Ticonderoga, William Long and Cass Noecker and Alex- risked his life to save mine. I feel that ship card numbers and remit either $12 ander Slawinski and Victor J. Thill (all 1964), The American Legion would be proud or $24 depending upon type of coverage Post 1640, North Collins, N.Y. Dr. John A. D. Engesather (1962), Post 61, to know that Roger is the Com- Lamm in force. If renewal notice has not been Brocket, N. Dak. mander of Legion Post 155 of Ronkon- William McGilbra (1964), Post 68, Clayton, received, members are advised to send koma." Okla. their policy or certificate number, 1965 Clifford W. Chapman and James W. Llewellyn (both 1960) and Millard E. Baldwin and Le Roy membership card number, and remit- M. Eikenbary and Norvall V. Foreman (all Post 162, Marion, Ohio. The Dep't of Minnesota's 1964 Ameri- tance to 1961), The American Legion Insurance Alfred L. Cartier (1964), Post 14, Cumberland, can Legion golf tournament at Alex- Department, P.O. Box 5609, Chicago, R.I. Fulton B. Creech, Sr. (1964), Post 15, Sum- andria drew 198 entrants despite damp, 111. 60680. Deadline on renewing insur- ter, S.C. Harold James (1963), Post 240, Martin, S. Dak. windy weather. Winner was Les Loech- is I, If ance Jan. 1965. members have Oliver T. Miller and Rudolph J. Sadlick and ler, of Robbinsdale, who defeated Mai difficulty securing 1965 memberships, William G. Scott and Lewis Sonner (all 1962), Post 77, Strasburg, Va. Eiken of Montevideo in the final. Loech- they should notify the Insurance Dep't Robert W. Rogers and Salem T. Sanyour and E. Clyde Smoot and Karl Stalnaker and Harry ler reached the finals by stopping Whit- at once. new policy or insurance No E. Stewart (all 1964), Post 141, Richmond, Va. ford Blish of Excelsior and Willie Murd certificate is issued upon renewal, but Willis Door and Peter Endress and Louis Harmon and Jos. Martial (all 1964), Post 139, of Alexandria, while Eiken set back Dr. the original insurance is extended until Seattle, Wash. S. P. Inglis of Redwood Falls and John midnight, Dec. 31, 1965. Memberships are accepted for publica- Adams of Anoka in late rounds. Defend- Life tion only on an official form, which we provide. ing champion Marv Peterson of Olivia Reports received only from Commander, Ad- The Dep't of New Hampshire has cre- jutant or Finance Officer of Post which awarded was eliminated in an opening round ated two new annual Child Welfare the life membership. match. They may get form by sending stamped, self- Scholarships (one American Legion, one addressed return envelope to: 720 Auxiliary), each for $100. Funds have "L. M. Form, American Legion Magazine, 5th Ave., New York, N. Y." 10019. James W. Sutton won the Wm. E. Rom- been established by Past Dep't Cmdr On a corner of the return envelope write the number of names you wish to report. No written inger Memorial Award presented an- John A. High and Mrs. High. letter necessary to get forms. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 37 NEWS.

." POSTS IN ACTION four to a dollar) to three local schools in Vietnam . . Post Adjutant Burdell for desks, Over fifty thousand hours of American etc. Hontz secured the memorial copies and Legion volunteer services to disabled presented them to Captain Toth's brother veterans at the VA Center, Los Angeles. Legionnaires of Post 188, Liverpool, and sister. N. Y., banded together recently to repair K and paint the home of fellow member "Sometimes we wonder," say members Burst, disabled Karl who had been and of Tokyo, Japan, Post 38, "if anyone out of work for the previous five months. knows we exist!" Post Cmdr William A. Carpenters worked four evenings, then Pace (a veteran of WW2, Korea, and two dozen painters took over. Lumber Vietnam) makes certain his Legionnaires and paint were donated. Say the Bursts: don't forget it. He dashes about the city "Bless them all!" in his car, hauling members to meetings. The only post in Japan, and part of the Post Norwalk, Calif., 359, has estab- Dep't of Hawaii, Post 38 visits hospitals, lished a memorial to the 47 servicemen orphan homes and the blind, helps the killed in the collision of an Air 1958 needy, donates blood, and gives feasts to transport a patrol Force and Navy P2V orphans at Thanksgiving, Christmas and bomber over Norwalk. The transport's New Year's. wreckage spilled out over the area. The bomber crashed several miles away in Post 308, South Euclid, Ohio, rounded Sante Fe Springs. The victims' names up some 50 sweaters and zippered jack- are inscribed on a plaque on the monu- ets and presented them to The Ohio Sol- ment. Only two persons survived. One represented in this photo. In the diers & Sailors Home in Sandusky. are of them, S. L. Fenton, captain of the Carter. Post 46, wheel chair is Moses Navy plane, attended the ceremony. Culver City, Calif., holding his silver Post 201, Louisville, Ky., suffered ex- award cup, given for 15,000 hours, and Post 502, Pen Argyl, Pa., has secured tensive damage to its post home when his earlier award, the 7, 500-hour plaque. from writer Richard Tregaskis auto- fire gutted the first floor and heat, smoke Mrs. Maud Reel (left), with plaque, and graphed copies of his Vietnam Diary, and water damaged the second floor. The Mrs. Ruth Yancy, with plaque and cup, and presented them to members of the electric wiring system was the prime sus- are American Legion Auxiliares. Harry family of the late Capt. Donald Toth. pect. Schabbleman, 82, Post 268, Los Angeles, Captain Toth, one of seven killed in a Post records and histories were saved, holds plaque and cup. helicopter crash in Vietnam in 1963, was but all trophies, awards, photos of Past a member of Pen Argyl Post. In the last Commanders, etc., were ruined. In the The Dep't of Louisiana has presented sentence of Vietnam Diary, Tregaskis photo, A. J. Bizianes, post business man- the M.C. Gehr Blue Cap Award to cited Toth as representative of all our ager and uniformed groups chairman, re- Richard A. Stevens, of Post 83, Lock- casualties in Vietnam, and he auto- gards what is left of the trophies. Flames port, La. The award is given to a Legion- graphed the copies for the Toth family: and the tremendous heat melted some naire who has not held a Legion District "In memory of Don Toth . . . One of the trophies to the size of marbles. Others or Department office, and who has been brave and dedicated American soldiers could not be found at all. Plans were outstanding in his contributions of time who fought and died for our way of life underway immediately to repair the and effort. Stevens, a Legionnaire since building. 1945, has worked with youth, member- ship, building, retarded children and COMRADES IN DISTRESS other projects. Framed certificates are Readers who can help these comrades are urged to do so. awarded to the eight district winners. Notices are run at the request of The Ameri- can Legion Nat'l Rehabilitation Commission. They are not accepted from other sources. Post 1246, Oceanside, N.Y., via a dance, Readers wanting Legion help with claims raised $371 for the United States Olym- should contact their local service officers. Service officers unable to locate needed pic Fund. Accepting for the U.S. Olym- witnesses for claims development should refer pic Committee were Richard Landon.the the matter to the Nat'l Rehabilitation Commis- sion through normal channels, for further 1920 Olympic high jump champion, and search before referral to this column. his wife, a high diver on the 1920 team, Donald W. Patrick, who served in 4th Inf Co who presented the post with a plaque. A, 1st Platoon, Freyburg, Germany, is sought to give information which may assist a The post hopes to make this Olympic former buddy, Willard Howard Dover, of project a recurring activity. Hollywood, Ga., in a claim. Patrick's last known address: c/o Arland Sparks, Parrish, Wis. Contact: Ernest N. Nash, Service Officer, American Legion Post 84, Clarkes- The Dep't of the Philippines' Christmas ville, Ga. 30523. 251st Sig Construction Bn Europe Anyone program has again to — been planned cheer who knew Henry Anton Sobish, who states up children at Paco Settlement House, he often reported to the medics for relief of breathing difficulties, may be able to help Tala Nursery, children of patients at VA him establish a claim. Contact: W. G. Black- burn, Dep't Service Office, The American Memorial Hospital, areas. NEW POSTS and other Legion, 342 N. Water St., Milwaukee, Wis. Contributors a year ago included Post Marine Corps, Naval Ammo Depot, St. Juliens The American Legion has recently char- Creek, Va., 1918—Anyone who served with 10, Clark AFB; Post 36, Nabua, Cama- Robert M. Bradshaw in this outfit (com- tered the following new posts: Curtis manded by Capt. W. J. Eddington) may be rines Sur, which held its own party; and Bok Memorial Post 45, Philadelphia. able to help him establish service connec- Post 4, Olongapo, Zambales, which in tion for a back condition. Contact: Aubrey Pa., Luis Pacheco Lespier Post 125, L. Bullard, Dep't Service Officer, The Ameri- Playa, Puerto Rico; David the past year has given P7.580 (pesos: can Legion, 121 S. 6th St., Waco, Texas 76703 Ponce Ponce. 38 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • D ECEMBER 1964 —

NEWS

Valdes Post 529, Milwaukee, Wis.; Mrs. Minnie Dudley, mother of Henry 69th Sig Bn— (July) Mrs. Marian Moderacki, 422 Wallace Ave., North Tonawanda, N.Y. Round Hill Post 126, Trujillo Alto, Dudley, a Legion Past Nat'l Adjutant 82nd Airborne Div (New York Chapter) (Apr.) Frank Ruppe, 52-21 70th St., Maspeth, Puerto Rico; Glendale Heights Post (1948-56). N. Y. 106th Cav (June) Raymond McGee, Urbana 1278, Glendale Heights, 111.; Electricians — Armory, Urbana, 111. Post 534, Los Angeles, Calif.; Hunting- Richard E. Sullivan, of Tulsa, Okla., 289th Sig Co— (July) Vincent R. Voigt, Ashkum, 111. ton Valley Post 708, Huntington Beach, member of the Legion's Nat'l Legislative 332nd Ambulance Co (WW1)— (June) Oscar W. Case, 1506 Huguelet St., 5, Calif.; River Vale Post 477, River Vale, Commission. Akron Ohio. 351st AA Radar Sit Bn, Bat B— (June) Philip N. J.; Louis Williamson Post 257, Park- G. Karg, 855 Grove St., Hutchinson, Minn. 384th Field Art'y Bn, Hq Hq Bat— (Jan.) E. Green, of Manchester, N.H., & ton. N. C; Lewis Marshall Foster Post Samuel Jack E. Dedolph, 80 18th St., Clintonville, 261, Southmont, N. C; Hurst-Euless- Past Dep't Judge Advocate and former Wis. 518th Ord Co, Heavy Maint— (June) Frank Bedford Post 379, Hurst, Texas; Mon- president of the New Hampshire Senate. Michaels, 1001 Dewitt Ave., Mattoon, 111. 61938 terey Cypress Post 694, Marina, Calif.; 601st Ord Reg't— (Apr.) Clarence Adlof, Mason, River Road Post 366, Destrehan, La.; Leo F. Hodge, 61, of Hindsville, Ark., Mich. 48854 980th Field Art'y (formerly 144th FA), Bat A— at a Edward M. Page Post 498, Gary, Ind.; a Legionnaire who 14 was United (June) Delbert E. Fant, 645 Caudill St., San States soldier and fought overseas in Luis Obispo, Calif. and William McGhee Post 592, Simmes- 1896th Eng Aviation Bn— (June) Lester A. port, La. WW1. He served in the U.S. Navy in Sealey, 14 High St., Natick. Mass. WW2. NAVY DIED 1st Marine Reg't (Guantanamo 1918, Haiti 1919)— (Mar.) Ralph D. Schlichter, Box 8, OUTFIT REUNIONS Sellersville, Pa. Herbert L. Rhodes, Past Dep't Cmdr of 91st Seabees— (June) Pete Sercombe, 515 N. Reunion will be held in month indicated. For Milwaukee St., Jackson, Mich. Maryland (1938-39). particulars, write person whose address is Navy Club— (June) George E. Gilbert, Sr., 902 given. Jewell St., Danville, 111. Notices accepted official only. For on form USS Block Island (CVE 106, CVE 21, WW2) form send stamped, addressed return envelope Alvin Gordon Smith, Past Dep't Cmdr (May) Weber Rego Torres, Jr., 118 E. Morgan to O. R. Form, American Legion Magazine, St., Fairhaven, Mass. 02719 10019. Notices of Nebraska (1945-46). 720 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. USS Kephart, APD 61 (DE 207, WW2)— (June) should be received at least four months before Stores Coltman, Manchester, Iowa scheduled reunion. No written letter necessary USS Lexington (CV-2) Minutemen Club— to get form. (June) Johnny Pancake, Apt. 200, 2008 Fran- Thomas A. Collins, of Riderwood, Earliest submission favored when volume of ciscan Way, Alameda, Calif. requests is too great to print all. Wash., Past Dep't Adjutant of Oregon USS LST 288— (June) Stanley J. Winowicz, 308 Adeline St., Trenton 10, N. J. (1947-53). ARMY USS LST 867— (June) Jerry K. Blair, 4528 N. 2nd Arm'd Div (Western Area) (May) Milton Locust, Kansas City 16, Mo. — USS LST 1002— (Apr.) Paul V. Harrington, 99 Feir, 2255—26th St., Santa Monica, Calif. Ave., Marlboro, Mass. 01725 6th Cav (WW1, WW2) (June) John A. Everett, Shawmut Dr. Herbert Radcliff Booth, of Hamil- — USS Sante Fe (CL 60)— (July) Dr. G. C. Trimm, P.O. Box 716, Virginia, Minn. 133 18th St., Charles, La. ton, Mo., Past Nat'l Executive Commit- 18th Rwy Eng (WW1) (Los Angeles Reunion)— W. Lake (Jan.) Joseph L. McAllister, 459 S. Citrus AIR teeman (1923-24). Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. 90036 18th Rwy Eng (WW1) (San Francisco Re- 8th Air Force Hq, 95th Sta Complement— union)— (Apr.) Wellesley T. Richards, 1910 (Apr.) Julius E. Dubiel, 220 Stasko Dr., Syracuse. N. Y. 13209 Lt. Col. CD. Coon, USAR, of Ogden, Rosecrest Dr., Oakland, Calif. 94602 23rd Eng-Reg't (WW1)— (Apr.) Russell Benner, 45th Air Depot Grp— (July) Anthony Osso, 943 Iowa. A practicing dentist, he was a 1121 Mango Isle, Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 33315 Gail Ave., Fairfield, Ohio. 26th Eng (Southern Div, WW1)— (June) E. E. 45th & 143rd Aero Sqdns (WW1)— (May) delegate to the first American Legion Sisson, 239 Redwood, San Antonio, Tex. Samuel H. Paul, 540 E. Gravers Lane, Phila- Convention. 28th Div, 2nd Co, Hq Train & MP, Pennsylvania delphia, Pa. Nat'l Guard (WWl)-(Mar.) John C. Reavy, 536 E. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 19111. MISCELLANEOUS 33rd Div— (June) William L. Engel, 176 W. Iceland Veterans— (Apr.) Dave Zinkoff, 2101 Andrew Dilworth, of San Antonio, Adams St., Rm. 1634, Chicago, 111. 60603 Walnut St., Philadelphia 3, Pa. 45th Inf Div— (June) William E. Nichols, 2205 Pearl Harbor Survivors (Dec.) Jack J. Texas, Past Dep't — Cmdr (1941-42). N. Central, Oklahoma City, Okla. Luscher, P. O. Box E, Greenview, 111.

NOAH WEBSTER AND HIS DICTIONARY (Continued from page 16) instinctively in his speller. He launched anced. The English language was loaded delphia papers that Webster was coming a conscious crusade for language reform with words that had grown to use in feu- to town to talk language reform. in America that would give his country dal and royal England, not applicable Come to town he did, but Webster's a national identity. in the English sense in the States, and lack of humor and his inability to give

Others had the same idea, for it was long used here in a different sense. This his self-confidence a modest cloak gov- part of the spirit of revolution. Some had to be recognized by scholarly study erned the reaction to the Philadelphia went so far as to recommend dropping and revision, while at the same time launching of his language reform. English altogether and taking up Greek purely English affectations in conflict Pickering wrote: '"Such in truth was or Hebrew. They didn't get very far, and with American usage should be put in his [Noah Webster's] egotism that his while there was a yearning to dignify their place on this side of the ocean. hearers were prevented from receiving American English, there was a conflict- By and large, the conservative scholars that satisfaction which they must other- ing one to cling to London forms as a in centers such as Boston and Philadel- wise have drawn from his ingenious ob- sign of culture. Sometimes this conflict phia went for London culture in spite of servations. As to the encouragement he existed in the same person. Ben Frank- the revolutionary spirit in the land. They met with, it was nothing to boast of." lin wanted a new American alphabet, yet taught the sons and daughters of the first The Independent Gazetteer, a pro- at the same time regretted a tendency in families the traditional English usages, Jefferson paper which found Webster an the States to drop old forms, such as esses and looked down on the growing use of easy mark for its ambition to attack Fed- that look like effs. It "upfet" him to see Americanisms as marks of illiterate eralists, asked if Webster "supposed that them being dropped. country bumpkins. any man in Pennsylvania would submit Webster's broad views (he had some To Webster such teachers were "pop- to be instructed by a man from New pet ones that weren't so sound) were injays." He asked an acquaintance, Tim- England." Half jokingly, it charged that actually the most profound and best bal- othy Pickering, to place a notice in Phila- (Continued on next page)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 39 —

NOAH WEBSTER AND HIS DICTIONARY zen Genet, the French minister, began a When the small one, called "The Com- (Continued from page 39) campaign to enlist the United States on pendious," finally appeared in 1806, the side of the revolutionists in France. Webster's enthusiasm for the language Webster's speller was a Whig scheme to President Washington's policy to "be- of the common man helped earn him the seize control of the schools. ware of entangling foreign alliances" was reputation of being something of a nut. Webster's retort was to fire back a not shared by the Democratic Republi- It had such words as yung and tung for prim denial of the charge. The episode cans, who urged armed intervention in young and tongue; iz for is; ax for ask; is symptomatic of the reason Noah Web- France. Genet attacked the President reezon for reason, and so on. On the ster has been buried from view as a great personally. Foolishly (for a foreign dip- other hand, it was Webster who pointed American in modern histories. A hun- lomat) he threatened to take the cause out that the word escheat meant, in Eng- dred years from that night in Philadel- of the French revolutionaries directly to land, the reversion of land title to a lord. phia, in the 1880s, he was affectionately the American people. There being no lords in America, escheat known, for his works, as the Schoolmas- Noah Webster's newspaper met Ge- must be redefined to stand for such re- ter of the Republic—which is the equiva- net's appeal to the public head on. It versions of land title as the laws of a Re- lent today of "America's No. 1 Edu- took up the cudgels for Washington's public permitted, he said. His work of cator." But by 1900, biographers were policy and eventually Genet was recalled legitimate and overdue language revi- focusing their attention on his personal to France. The Genet episode made the sion of this nature was colossal and re- idiosyncrasies to the point of downgrad- Minerva so prosperous that Webster mains with us today, while his oversim- ing his enormous achievements, his vast added a semi-weekly edition, The Her- plifications have been weeded out by rou- labors, his powerful patriotic and demo- ald. (No relation to the later New York tine editing. cratic motivations, and his steadfast de- Herald.) votion to his voluntary task of giving his "rTlHE Compendious," terse as it country its language. The Minerva and the Herald sup- was, ported his included hundreds of not Webster was used to such treatment in Noah Webster and family for _L words the next five years while he revised the found in Johnson's dictionary, or any his lifetime and largely ignored it. Un- speller wrote politics. other. There were new scientific terms daunted by his chilly reception in Phila- and books on and inventions, such as iceberg, steam- delphia, he continued his crusade for an His greatest achievement, an authori- boat and parachute. American language. As he traveled from tative American dictionary, was proba- (The French had been town to town, unloved but increasingly bly started during this period. Sadly, parachuting from balloons and Robert Fulton had respected, he visited print shops along there is little record of the beginnings of been steamboating on the Hudson, while iceberg had crept into the way, dispensing slips of paper to ap- the dictionary or Webster's earliest work the English language from northern Eu- prentices, urging them: "My lad, when on it. One must assume that it took shape rope without proper acknowledgment in you use these words, oblige me by spell- as a logical offspring of Webster's speller London.) There were purely American ing them as here." The slips contained and his language-reform drive. On the words, such as skunk, hickory plan- such words as theater for theatre, center record, his dictionary labors were so and tation. There such for centre, honor and labor for honour enormous that he must have been work- were words as cau- and labour. ing on them throughout the 1790s, if not cus, electioneer, patent and mammoth. earlier. Before he died, Noah Webster, Meanwhile, new meanings for words in Johnson's dictionary were noted and re- 1793, the Constitution was six in half a century or more, compiled in corded by Webster to such an extent that Byyears old. The Congress had written longhand more than 75,000 definitions. majority of them were brand new be- by the time his big dictionary first came many basic national laws under it—in- A out in 1828, Webster is estimated to have cluding the enactment of the first na- cause (a) many were the first to incor- supplied between 30,000 and 40,000 tional copyright and patent law in 1790. porate the American shadings of mean- brand definitions. regent George Washington was President of the ing, and (b) in his later efforts he new A in the United newly strengthened federal government. brought more scholarship to the work States was no longer "a ruler" but "the chief executive officer of a uni- Webster had long since passed the bar than any man had done before. By com- versity." notary was not "an officer and sometimes practiced law in Hart- parison, Samuel Johnson a half-century A who takes notes" but "one permitted ford. He was certified to argue before earlier had produced an eight-year labor by law to attest the Supreme Court. Under the copyright of some 38,000 English usages, many of documents." law he could continue to renew his copy- which were subcontracted to other "The Compendious" was published by right on the speller by making revisions writers. Hudson & Goodwin in Hartford, as the speller been. the speller, it of it—which he did all his life. Things The first that the American public had Like met he fought for seemed to have come to heard of the idea of an American dic- a partisan response; unlike the speller, pass smoothly and quickly. tionary by Webster or anyone else was the 1806 edition was only a mild com- success. it, But the evidence is that he did not earn an announcement mailed by Webster to mercial Yale adopted Har- a successful living as an attorney, and some of the country's leading newspa- vard rejected it. Businessmen welcomed that while the copyright law strengthened pers on June 4, 1800. "Mr. Webster," it it for its usefulness, while many schools his position to earn royalties from the read, "has in hand a dictionary of the were cool toward its colloquialisms and bizarre spellings. speller as its author, he was never able American language. . . . The plan [in-

to whip all the infringements of it. Mean- cludes] a small Dictionary for school, Webster was 48 when "The Com- while, George Washington and the Fed- one for the counting house, and a large pendious" was published. It was but eralists were under attack, and Webster's one for men of science. The first is nearly child's play compared to the final work drive for language reform had made ready for the press — the second and to which he now dedicated himself, and friends and foes without coming to any third will require the labor of some on which he was to labor, including re- conclusive result. years." visions, until his death in 1843 in his 85th In 1793, Webster founded the Mi- The school dictionary — relatively year. nerva, a weekly New York City news- small and with terse, brief definitions Before 1800 he gave up his newspa- paper. Politically it supported George was not, it turned out, "nearly ready for pers to return to Connecticut, where he Washington and the Federalist point of the press." It didn't appear for another was supporting his wife, two daughters

view, economically it sought to support six years, while the big one was pub- and a son from his books, plus the some- a wife and family. Just at this time Citi- lished 28 years later. time salary of a judge and legislator (he

40 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • D ECEMBER 1964 served a term as New Haven representa- most as much an achievement of pen- over who would revise the next edition tive with the state lawmakers). His in- manship and physical stamina as of were followed by battles among pub- come may have been enough for a fam- scholarship. Every word of its 70,000 lishers over alleged imitations which ily, but it was hardly enough to support definitions (including those for 12,000 lasted until the Civil War, when the big- the kind of research that he now recog- words never before in a dictionary) had gest competitor, the dictionary of Joseph nized was necessary for the huge un- been written by Noah himself in small, Worcester, slipped from public favor. abridged dictionary he projected. It be- cramped hand, and it is said that of all Webster's son-in-law, Chauncey comes plain that his youthful whim to the words in it, Webster had invented but Goodrich, was Merriam's first reviser. reform the language would not let go of one himself — demoralize. Plainly he On his death, Noah Porter (1811-1892), him until, like everything else he tackled, meant it for others, for Noah Webster a noted conservative scholar who be-

it had been done right. He now saw that was never demoralized. came President of Yale, succeeded as

it was a life's work if one man could do editor of future Merriam editions of it at all. American usages came easily to When the two volumes rolled off Noah Webster's work. Porter promptly him but to do the job right he must mas- the presses three years later—at set up a nationwide board of scholars ter languages and the origins of words. the then discouraging price of $20—one which, right down to today, decides Webster began teaching himself Ger- of the old man's first acts was to set out whether words such as GI, zoot-suit, man, French, Latin, Greek, and even from Hartford in the dead of winter for hoagie or beatnik shall be included in the more exotic languages, such as Welsh Bedford, N.Y., personally to deliver John next "Webster's New International Dic- and Sanskrit. In the 22 years between Jay's copy of the dictionary. Jay, former tionary Unabridged." "The Compendious" and "The Ameri- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and can Dictionary," Noah Webster mas- one of the survivors of the old Federal- Noah Webster did many other tered no less than 26 ancient and mod- ists, had been one who had subscribed things. He wrote a history of the ern languages. Expenses were such that to Webster's work when he had most United States and a work on "The Rights in 1812 he moved to Amherst, Mass., needed help. of Neutral Nations in Time of War." He where living costs were lower. He ap- About 2,500 copies of the first edition published, as a young man, a short-lived pealed to scholars and public figures to were sold—more than half of them in American Magazine in which he wrote subscribe $10 each to his work, and got England! Within two years there was an articles on a wide variety of subjects, barely enough to carry his work on until edition published in London. What had from horticulture to history. Any reader his oldest daughter married in 1816. started to be a revolutionary American can find a summary of his many other ac- His new son-in-law, Chauncey Good- work was so scholarly that—American- tivities on the opening page of the mod- rich, a Yale scholar and a family friend isms or no Americanisms—it was quick- ern Merriam unabridged Webster. But of some years, thought the 58-year-old ly accepted as an international author- above all else, he created out of the Webster a poor businessman (he was), ity. To this day the big unabridged Mer- American Revolution a revolutionary and found him stuffy, dominating, a riam edition, many times overhauled by concept that a language is a living thing strict family man and something of a armies of researchers, is known as Web- springing from the people. On that basis pedant. ster's International. It is a fitting tribute he wrote the most enduring one-man dic- But Goodrich was a scholar and knew to the work of a man whose poor busi- tionary of his native tongue on either

a great scholar when he saw one. In ness sense, prim New England character side of the Atlantic, and persevered in it 1824, he lent his father-in-law $1,000 to and ill-fitting self-confidence have so against a lifetime of ridicule. complete his studies in France and Eng- often overshadowed the fact that he was When James Walker remarked in an land. the greatest scholar on this side of the English dictionary-writing effort of his Meanwhile, Webster continued to be Atlantic up to his time; that he was the own that accenting the second syllable subject to personal ridicule. A portrait Father of the American Language; the of commendable should be dropped be- of him painted by Samuel F. B. Morse Father of American Copyright and Pat- cause it had become so common, Noah for use in a new edition of the speller ent Law; the first truly American edu- Webster asked if polite and vulgar peo- showed him somewhat grim, in black cator; and a one-man army for the Con- ple must have different languages. The knee breeches and silk stockings. Even stitution of the United States and the commonness of pronunciation is the rea- Morse found him "quaint," and humor- policies of President Washington. son it ought to be preferred, not aban-

ist William Cobbett (a lifelong mocker True, it wasn't until almost 1900 that doned, he cried. "Reasons like this may of Webster) announced that he was leav- Harvard, the last holdout, gave up and be well received in Great Britain, but in ing $25 in his will for a new portrait so accepted the word of the man from Yale. a democratic country like the United that "the children who use the speller By then, Johnson's dictionary had been States they should be avoided like the may no longer be frightened out of their an antique for more than half a century plague." wits." while Webster's, in the hands of his per- Finally, Webster laid down the rule Noah Webster ignored the mockery, sonal and literary heirs, was just drawing which even today admits astronaut and went abroad with Goodrich's loan, and its second breath. laser and sputnik and jazz and hick and wrote his last word for the first edition Noah Webster had made a revision of Podunk to official listings: of his unabridged dictionary at Cam- his own, with 5,000 more listings, pub- "The more I reflect on the subject, the bridge, England, in 1825. lished by himself in 1841, when he was more I am convinced that a living lan- "When I had come to the last word," 83. He had made little money off either guage admits of no fixed state nor of any he wrote later, "I was seized with a trem- edition, and the last was a bust on the certain standard of pronunciation."

bling, which made it somewhat difficult market (thanks to his business manage- When Webster's New International to hold my pen steady for writing. The ment, in the opinion of some of his fam- Dictionary, Third Edition, was published cause seems to have been the thought ily). Publishers Charles and George by Merriam in 1961, a shocked cry went that I might not then live to finish the Merriam, of Springfield, Mass., bought up. "Horrid" modernizations had "man- work [he was 67]. But I summoned the unsold remains of the 1841 edition, gled" the revered traditions of the fa- strength to finish the last word, then, and on the old man's death bought from miliar old second edition, critics .walking about the room a few minutes, the Websters sole rights to future edi- screamed. The ghost of the Schoolmaster I recovered." tions. of the Republic could only smile at that. "The American Dictionary" was al- Difficulties among Noah's sons-in-law THE END

• THE AMERIC, I LEGION MAGAZINE DECEMBER 1964 41 —

FRANCHISING: 400 NEW WAYS TO BE YOUR OWN BOSS (Continued from page 20)

panies combine all features, asking for cludes more than 1 .600 franchisees who business from scratch and accounts to a franchise fee. cash investment in equip- clean carpets and walls in homes, hotels no one. Almost all contracts lay down ment and inventory, plus royalties. When and offices, there are now dozens of fran- specific rules to which the franchisee cash investments arc required, most com- chisees who started with cash invest- must adhere on pain of losing his fran- panies will help good, qualified prospects ments of less than $7,000 and are now chise. If his franchise is cancelled, he raise the necessary cash through bank managers of businesses raking in $500,- may continue the business but without loans or through direct financing. 000 to $1 million a year. benefit of the parent company's name As a rule, the larger the cash invest- Stan Rosenthal, perhaps one of the na- and trademark. ment the fatter the anticipated income. tion's youngest franchisees, was barely Paradoxically, however, the "restric-

But like most rules there are exceptions. 23 years old when he was accepted for tive" contract is also the franchisee's In franchising, the exceptions are many a Mary Carter paint store franchise in greatest assurance of financial security because in most instances there is noth- Peekskill, N.Y. Fresh out of the army and success because almost all contracts ing to prevent franchisees from re-invest- and in search of a future, he managed grant franchisees exclusive trading areas ing profits to expand or to purchase addi- to round up the cash he needed to open in which the parent company agrees not tional franchises within the same com- the store—about $5,000 for inventory to set up a competing business, a decided pany. and somewhat less than $ 1 ,000 for pro- advantage when the franchise is based One of Manpower's most successful motion, signs and a cash register. That on a "hot" new product, service, or fa- operators, Roland Hill, opened his fran- was in 1962. Now, with the profits of his mous trade name. Moreover, the con- chise in San Jose, Calif., about seven first store, he owns a second Mary Carter tract guards against the one bad apple to the years ago. According company, he in nearby Ossining, N.Y., operated by ruining the barrelful. If a franchisee runs made "a modest investment" and had his father, and he's about to open a third a sloppy business, it could adversely af- the help of his wife. Today, he has five one in a new modern shopping center fect the entire chain. Getting rid of a bad sub-franchised offices in the San Jose a few miles east of Peekskill. apple helps protect the corporate image area and grosses well over $ 1 million a Make no mistake about it. Franchising for everyone. year. isn't all meat and gravy and easy living. But a franchise contract is not a one- About two years ago, Lindsay It takes as much, if not more, work to way street. It is also supposed to spell Townes, a young plumber, took a fran- a franchised business succeed than make out exactly what the company will do for chise from the Lindsay Co. to sell and a conventional business. Many fran- the franchisee, especially in the way of install water-conditioning equipment in chisees put in ten to 16 hours a day, six publicity, promotion, advertising, and homes and shops around Rockford, 111. and seven days a week. Mainly they are continuing management assistance. It typical Lindsay Co. franchise, of driven by an overwhelming desire to be A may also state exactly what the fran- there are over 600 throughout the their boss, to build a business in which own chisee must buy from the parent com- country, requires a cash investment of they feel economically secure which pany and what products or services he $5,000 to $6,000. Mr. Townes already and are willing to maintain sales quotas may sell even though not supplied or 11 contracts! employs an -man sales force and imposed by franchise necessarily approved by the parent com- grosses about $500,000 a year. Accord- The heart of the franchise system is a pany. ing to company estimates, his net income contract between the parent company There is no such thing as a standard (before taxes) should be about $40,000 and the franchisee. Thus, in reality, a franchise contract. They vary all over a year. franchisee is not truly his own boss, at the lot, ranging Trom simple one-page In the ServiceMaster chain, which in- least, not like the man who builds a forms to veritable documents of complex language which may be amended in face- to-face negotiations. Most companies find their franchisees through advertising, usually in the classi- fied columns of newspapers under "busi- ness opportunities." Nationally, they ad- vertise in magazines and perhaps most frequently in the Wall Street Journal. The franchising "industry" now has its own trade magazine, Modern Franchis- ing, a bi-monthly published at 549 W.

Washington Street, Chicago, 111. It car- ries news and features about franchising as well as recruiting advertisements.

Almost all new and current franchise opportunities are also listed and de- scribed in National Franchise Reports, a monthly ten-page newsletter which ac- cepts no advertising. Published at 333

North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111.,

it was founded more than ten years ago by Rogers Sherwood, a former business reporter, who saw the coming boom in franchising and decided to get in on the ground floor. Many companies first re- "Five no trump." lease their current needs for franchisees THE AMERICAN I.KfilON MAGAZINE through National Franchise Reports.

42 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 Mr. Sherwood's Reports, supplemented ment and supplies on which they make a n by a $2 annual, serve thousands of sub- hefty profit. Then you sink or swim on

Mil in ii huh in ill ill iiiiiiiii ii urn mi scribers at $ 1 2 a year and are considered your own. In fact, they prefer that you 8 1 the most authoritative in the field. go broke so that they can install another Once a reputable company launches sucker with another load of equipment SONGS OF WORLD WAR1 a new franchisee, it will do everything and supplies in your "exclusive" terri- possible to help him succeed. If the busi- tory. ness doesn't pan out as expected, perhaps It's difficult to spot the phonies. They because of a faulty location, they might put up a good front, even to the extent help him move to a new location, or they of renting batteries of costly automatic might bail him out at little or no loss to electric typewriters to answer corre- him by repurchasing equipment and in- spondence with impressive letters. But an ventory. A good company doesn't want almost sure sign of a fast-buck operator a failure to stigmatize the entire chain. is his glib talk and "rush act." If you Watching Ken Heller step out of his should ask for a copy of the contract to new $5,000 Thunderbird into his swank consult friends, family or an attorney, bachelor apartment, for instance, you'd he'll find a dozen persuasive arguments never guess that he was a franchise "fail- to convince you that even a day's delay might cost you the opportunity of a life- Musical memories to share and enjoy! time. No franchise is so "hot" that it The songs that were hummed on both ifour POSTMASTER su^tf can't stand a few days or a few weeks of SHOP-^MAIL EARLY, sides of the Atlantic—by the doughboys MAIL PARCELS thorough investigation. in the trenches and by their friends and As a matter of fact, most reputable families back home. In stirring vocal will insist only that you arrangements by The Four Lads, the 1 companies not GREETING CARDS' selections include Ya investigate them thoroughly but that you How Gonna Keep 'Em Down On The Farm (After They've visit one or more of their established Seen Paree), K-K-K Katie, Goodbye sure that theirs is the franchisees to be Broadway, Hello France and Hinky like to kind of business you might really Dinky Parlez-Vouz plus many other fa- marry for life. vorites from a hectic era. In any event, the best way to pick a Monaural UAL 3399 Stereo IMS 6699

USE good franchise and to protect yourself The one to watch: CODE NUM BERS J/P against the gyps is to follow that cele- StCUKlY IN ALL ADDRESSES ROBERT K.CHMSTENBERRY POSTMASTER brated Wall Street admonition: Investi- gate before you invest. ure." Ken, a handsome, 34-year-old Many publications, some of them free, former vice-squad detective in Milwau- provide detailed check lists as guides to kee, once invested his entire bankroll, EVERY selecting a good franchise and protecting about $7,000, in a Chicken Delight yourself. The Small Business Adminis- LEGIONNAIRE franchise. tration, Washington 25, D.C., offers a "I had to take the chance while I was free summary of the University of Min- force still young enough to go back to the nesota report. The National Better Busi- if I should fail," Ken recalls. He was al- ness Bureau, Inc., 230 Park Avenue, most ready to call it quits the day his New York, N.Y., has an excellent free store opened. He took in exactly $5.95! pamphlet, "Facts About Franchising." Soon, it was obvious that Ken's location, Other sources of information, perhaps rare ones, a one of those was poor available in your local library, are shown MacARTHUR MEMORIAL choice. Yet, with company encourage- below. Help preserve American traditions of ment and some assistance, he stuck to it, ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFOR- worked hard and eventually made the MATION ON FRANCHISING Freedom and Liberty with a contribu- business profitable. But it wasn't enough 1. The International Franchise Association, tion to. the MacArthur Memorial to keep him happy, so he sold out. 333 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago Foundation, a non-profit organization The company, impressed with Ken's 1, 111. devoted to carrying out the ideals of tenacity and willingness to learn, offered 2. The Franchise Annual, 1964. $2. Pub- lished by National Franchise Reports, General Douglas MacArthur. Opened him a staff job at $125 a week to help 333 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 1, open, sell and supervise other franchises. Jan. 26th, more than 400,000 visitors 111. 96 pp. Listings and general informa- Today, Ken is a vice president in the the MEMORIAL have tion. to MacARTHUR company, has a partnership interest in 3. The Franchise System of Distribution. viewed the crypt of "the world's great- several Chicken Delights, and admits |2.50. May be purchased directly from the est soldier statesman of the past 100 that he now pays more in income taxes Research Division, School of Business Ad- years." Your contribution of $13 or than he ever earned as a cop. ministration, University of Minnesota, Unfortunately, franchising now suf- Minneapolis, Minn. 55455. Make checks more will bring you a bronze replica of University Minnesota. fers severely from an invasion of shady payable to the of the MacArthur Medallion (illustrated 95 pp. Illustrated. operators and outright crooks. Many of above); contributors of $3 or more will Editor's Note: Mr. Kursh modestly omit- them, exploiting the glowing success ted his own comprehensive book on receive a Foundation souvenir. All stories of franchise pioneers, come up franchising. It is: contributions are tax deductible. with new business ideas which aren't The Franchise Boom. How You Can Profit Send you remittance to: worth a hill of beans. The industry calls In It, by Harry Kursh. Prentice-Hall, Inc. them "front money boys." Going Englewood Cliffs, N.J. $7.95. 273 pp. Il- MacArthur Memorial Foundation, Inc. through the motions of a legitimate fran- lustrated. Sample Contracts. Listings. P.O. Box 479 Norfolk, Virginia 23501 chise deal, they sell you a load of equip- THE END THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 43 )

THE LONG STRUGGLE IN VIETNAM Continued from page 13

a military mission to Laos—a move the head of a strong security police, which ernment troops, they often fled into Laos Chinese and Vietnamese communists at- had learned many lessons from the com- or Cambodia as well as North Vietnam. tacked as an American plot to restore munists. His wife, Madame Nhu, Prince Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodia's imperialism to all Indochina. wielded great influence behind the leader, denied that his country was a At first. General Phoumi seemed to be scenes, particularly in propaganda and "privileged sanctuary" for them, but the answer Washington was looking for cultural affairs. Diem's two brothers, Sihanouk was a declared believer in the in Laos, perhaps a leader as good as Catholic Archbishop Ngo Dinh Thuc ultimate victory of the communists and South Vietnam's Ngo Dinh Diem. In and Ngo Dinh Can, controlled political in the necessity to come to terms with December 1959. Phoumi drove the com- power levers in the north. Diem, a cau- them before that happened. He neither munists out of the Laotian Government. tious and suspicious man, trusted no one defended nor impounded the rebels, so But his 50.000 U.S.-trained and U.S.- except his own family. Under him they to all practical intents Cambodia was a backed troops proved unable to defeat sanctuary.

the 1 8,000 Pathet Lao and their instruc- The year 1961 opened with both Laos tors operating out of the North Vietnam and South Vietnam showing signs of im- sanctuary. A new crisis in Laos rapidly pending collapse. For the United States approached. it was to be the year of decision in South- In August 1960, Phoumi himself was east Asia—and the year when it finally ousted by a rebel officer named Capt. recognized what its decisions really Kong Le, who declared his loyalty to meant. the "neutralist" premier, Prince Sou- On January 6, Khrushchev made what vanna Phouma. Immediately, the Pathet Secretary of State Rusk later called "one Lao military threat erupted into what of the most important speeches on com-

looked like the start of a complete take- munist strategy of recent decades." In it, over. In September 1960, the United Khrushchev said world nuclear wars and States repeated the warning of 1953 large-scale "conventional" wars were against a military conquest of Laos. But too dangerous for the big powers to risk. this time it sent a carrier force into the But "wars of national liberation" were South China Sea, including 1,000 com- different. Naming Vietnam specifically, bat-ready Marines. he said, "It is a sacred war. We recognize This assertion of United States will- such wars." ingness to use its military held the com- The incoming Kennedy Administra- munists in check, but the "settlement" tion read this speech with the deepest in- for Laos of 1954 was hopelessly shat- terest, deriving these three major clues tered. In December, Phoumi once more from it: (1) Khrushchev's split with communist China had widened to came back into power, but the "neutra- "How many books did you say you have now lists" now set up their own government Madam?" the point where he was ready to put a in the South, and Laos was in effect split virtual ban on Big War, in defiance of in three Peking's insistence on more risk-taking; parts, with Phoumi's pro-West- THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE ern official government sandwiched be- (2) the price the West would have to tween communists and neutralists. built a formidable ruling machine that pay was more "sublimited wars" of in- brought cries of outrage from the better- surgency; (3) the Laos-Vietnam in- surgency would get much more intense, Meanwhile, South Vietnam, too, educated South Vietnamese—and from had come under the communist many quarters in the United States. As with both Moscow and Peking behind it, disagreeing the gun, in spite of the 1954 "cease fire." In the Vietcong stepped up their attacks, though over degree of 1958, Ho-Chi-Minh's radio in North the stern measures of the Diem Govern- intensity. Vietnam announced that the communists ment increased. Khrushchev later spelled all this out would mount a major campaign against By June 1960, assassinations by reds in detail for Kennedy when they met at the Diem regime. A virulent propaganda were taking placing at the rate of two Vienna in June. He and the U.S. Presi- offensive tore at Diem's American "im- to ten a day. In one year alone, 3,000 dent did agree that Laos could drag both perialist" sponsors, and red guerrilla South Vietnamese civilians were killed of them into a world war neither wanted, fighters known as "Vietcong," appeared and 2,500 kidnapped. Red insurgent or- and that some kind of limitation had to in South Vietnam. They were led by ganizers, many of whom had come in be placed on it. Kennedy came home tough cadres trained in North Vietnam, with the 900,000 refugees six years calling this a "somber" meeting. and supplied with weapons and material earlier, were persuading and forcing originating in Moscow and Peking and South Vietnamese peasants to give them With the Laos situation in turmoil transported through North Vietnam and havens. Many had family ties in the and the communists convinced the northeastern Laos over what came to be countryside and the cities, and they ex- United States would probably come in to called the "Ho-Chi-Minh Trail" through ploited them to the full. A "Front for the stop a final victory, it was time for them the jungles. Liberation of the South," inspired and to revert to their classic 1954 maneuver The Vietcong offensive hit the Diem backed by Hanoi, the capital of com- —a new, 14-nation Geneva conference. Government at one of its most sensitive munist North Vietnam, added to Diem's The Peking, Vietnamese and Laotian points: the increasingly personal rule of burdens by calling for the departure of reds went to it to get at the bargaining Diem and his brothers, particularly Ngo the Americans and their "puppet" Diem. table some of what they could not claim Dinh Nhu. (Note that what we call the In the South Vietnam countryside, the in the field. The United States went also first name is the last.) By 1958, the Ngo Vietcong grew bolder, too. Its guerrillas —to stave off the old, nasty choice of ( 1 Dinh family had replaced or stripped of attacked in force, sometimes with as a major land war in Asia or (2) a com- power most of the old leaders. Nhu was many as 500 men. When pursued by gov- munist sweep.

44 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • [ iEMBER 1964 The new conference met in Geneva on The State Department took pains to A New FREE BOOK for May 16, 1961, and wrangled for the next tell the communists that "the United 15 months, while the three Laotian fac- States measures are not a threat to North tions battled in the field for positions Vietnam but are merely a response to of advantage in the ultimate settlement. the communist assault on South Viet- MEN PAST40 Before it could forge new agreements, nam." The measures were, in other the U.S. was faced with far more serious words, not a "rollback" of communist Troubled With Getting Up Nights, problems in South Vietnam. power, or "liberation" of North Vietnam Pains in Back, Hips, Legs, Throughout 1961, the Diem forces from red rule, but a move to stop red Nervousness, Tiredness. strove to meet the Vietcong challenge, expansion. This New Free Book points out that if but by the fall it was obvious they were you are a victim of the above symptoms, the trouble may be traceable to Glandu- failing badly. Diem called on the United began our full commitment in Thus lar Inflammation ... a condition that President first felt State for additional help, and Indochina. The effects were very commonly occurs in men of middle Kennedy sent Gen. Maxwell Taylor to in Laos in the early spring of 1 962. While age or past and is often accompanied by Indochina to review the entire situation the 14 nations still sat in Geneva duel- despondency, emotional upset and other mental and nervous reactions. there. ing verbally, the Pathet Lao once more Taylor's findings were a landmark. He attacked the stability of Laos with arms, The book explains that, although many people mistakenly think surgery reported the lack of everything from driving the government forces westward is the only answer to Glandular Inflam- proper equipment and weapons to under- toward the Mekong River boundary with mation, there is now a non-surgical standing the nature of the war itself. In Thailand. At the same time, red guer- treatment available. effect, Taylor said the South Vietnamese rillas brought Thailand under threat with were trying to meet a skillful and effec- attacks in northeastern Thailand, backed NON-SUWCAL TREATMENTS tive communist insurgency with arms, by arms slipped across the Mekong from This New Free Illustrated Book tells organization and doctrine designed for Laos, while a "Free Thai" radio propa- about the modern, mild, Non-Surgical an altogether different kind of "conven- ganda campaign spewed out of Hanoi. treatment for Glandular Inflammation tional" war. Though his criticisms neces- On May 15, 1962, the United States and that the treatment is backed by a sarily fell most heavily on the South Viet- moved 5,000 troops into Thailand and Lifetime Certificate of Assurance. Many men from all over the country have namese, they implied an indictment of made clear they would respond if the taken the NON-SURGICAL treatment the United States' past involvement for Pathet Lao tried to reach the Mekong. and have reported it has proven effec- the failure to see the changed nature of This plain threat by the United States to tive. the war. He recommended an immediate make it "our war" worked, and the com- The Non-Surgical treatment described and vast step-up in United States help, munists switched back to the bargaining in this book requires no painful surgery, hospitalization, anesthesia or long especially in the categories of men and table. The long-deadlocked Geneva con- period of convalescence. Treatment materiel needed for "counter-insur- ference came to a quick new "Agree- takes but a short time and the cost is gency" operations. ment" on June 12, 1962. It set up a Lao- reasonable. tian Government which included all recommendations were three of the warring factions — com- REDUCIBLE Taylor's HEMORRHOIDS adopted with little hesitation, and a munist, free and neutral—and, in theory, HERNIA flood of American men, money and reaffirmed Laos' "neutralization." In Non-Surgical treatment for both Reducible Hernia and Hemorrhoids, the book explains, can usually equipment began to flow into Saigon, July, U.S. troops began leaving Thailand, be taken at the same time as treatment for South Vietnam's capital, in 1961. In the and Laos went back to an uneasy truce Glandular Inflammation. next two years, U.S. personnel increased punctuated frequently by new clashes from a few hundred to over 12,000. Our between the communists and govern- spending there rapidly shot up to almost ment "neutralist" troops. half a million dollars a day. Criticism of the new U.S. commitment m The United States had now passed grew from two directions at home. Sen. over the most important watershed since Wayne Morse decried our stepped-up ILLUSTRATED BOOK

the Korean War: its acceptance of the participation and said it would lead to This New Free Book is communist challenge of "liberation" a head-on clash with China. He called fully illustrated and war. The communist challenge of con- Diem a "tyrant" and said that his kind of deals with diseases peculiar to men. Tak- ventional war had been met in Korea; the rule made victory against the reds im- ing a few minutes right now to fill out communist challenge of nuclear war possible and that the United States Pi was L the coupon below, may would be met in Cuba a year later. In making "a great mistake in South Viet- enable you to better enjoy the future years Indochina we accepted engagement on nam." Columnist Of Walter Lippmann went of your life and prove the third level of communist revolution- further, describing the original commit- DISEASES to be one of the best investments you ever "sub-limited." the ary war, the This was ment in 1 954 as an error and saying the made. last chance for the United States to get United States should admit it and with- , out without total disaster to its inter- draw. r EXCELSIOR FILL OUT THIS national prestige. It was not taken. From the other direction, Sen. MEDICAL CLINIC COUPON TODAY 12,000 to Saigon Sending Americans Thomas Dodd said the commitment was Dept. Ml 150 meant that the United States would ac- not enough, that coalition governments Excelsior Springs, Mo. cept the conflict even if it stepped up to in any country between free and com- Gentlemen: Kindly send me at once, your New FREE Book. I am interested in full in- general war, and communicated to the munist factions were open invitations to formation (Please Check Box) reds in advance that they could run into eventual red takeover. Others pointed Hernia Hemorrhoids Glandular Inflammation overwhelming force. out that as long as red power was intact

But the United States emphasized that in Laos, in the form of the Pathet Lao, it NAME. it was not taking over the war. President would feed the revolt in South Vietnam ADDRESS- Kennedy said, later, "It is their war and that therefore United States with- TOWN [South Vietnam's]. They are the ones drawal from Laos would be inconsistent STATE who have to win or lose it." (Continued on next page)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 45 —

THE LONG STRUGGLE IN VIETNAM over red-held territory in Laos, and the military blow by the United States (Continued from page 45) U.S. -trained Royal Laotian air force also against communist territory since the went into action. On June 11, six U.S.- Korean War. It was followed by an im- with its growing involvement in South built jets bombed the Pathet Lao base at mediate augmentation of U.S. forces in Vietnam. Khang Kay, in Laos, while the United Southeast Asia in readiness for any coun- Administration spokesmen admitted States denied they had U.S. pilots. ter-blow of any size. that the Laos agreements were fragile In July, the movement of 5,000 more President Johnson went on the air as at best, but defended them as the best American troops into South Vietnam was the strike was beginning to assure the obtainable under the circumstances. announced, and U.S. spending increases communists that this "response will be President Kennedy said, "We've got a were projected over the $700 million limited and fitting." He emphasized very simple policy in Vietnam ... we level for fiscal year 1965. Maximum pointedly, "We still seek no wider war." want the war to be won, the communists publicity was given these facts, too. Publicity was given to Ambassador Tay- to be contained and the Americans to go It was now the communists' turn to lor's notification of General Khanh that home." The point, as he further empha- worry, especially the North Vietnamese. his call for an extension of the war was sized, was that "we are not there to see against present U.S. policy. a war lost." For the first time in the long Indo- The dispute went to crisis point in chinese struggle, too, the two sides had 1963. In May, Diem's police fired on exchanged roles. It was now the com- demonstrating Buddhists in the northern munists who had to decide what response South Vietnam city of Hue, and riots to make—or whether to respond at all spread throughout the country as stu- and the United States which had the dents protested and monks burned them- initiative. Nor would this be the last such selves in public. The Kennedy Adminis- time, said President Johnson on August tration fought off demands that the 8. The air and naval action in the Gulf United States Southeast Asia, abandon of Tonkin, he announced, applied more while bringing strong pressure on Diem broadly to "aggression in Southeast Asia to reform his methods of rule. The dis- as a whole." This threatened the "priv- sension over whether to back or Diem ileged sanctuary" in North Vietnam and try to oust him all the into reached way the red-held areas of Laos, where red the U.S. Mission in Saigon. forces could rest and plan new forays be- Before a showdown could be reached, tween strikes. Diem was overthrown and assassinated To sum up where the United States by a junta of 16 South Vietnamese gen- stood in the fall of 1964: erals, on November 1, 1963. This got The range of our responses to the com- Washington off the worst part of the munist "war of liberation" had been wid- hook, but the disappearance of the Ngo ened. Dinh family from power did not solve New risks considered to be "manage- the prime question. How could any able" were taken. They could lead to South Vietnamese government long sur- more general war, but the belief was "I'll remember this day for weeks." vive in a war which had no apparent they would stay within the confines of THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE end? This was a point Maj. Gen. Nguyen limited war, and would help produce that Khanh, the who took over junta rule of From China and Russia came the de- effect. South January Vietnam on 30, 1964, mand for a new conference of the 14 na- Though the scale of combat had risen pressed on his U.S. allies. Throughout tions that signed the 1962 Geneva Agree- appreciably, what had escalated enor- the spring of 1964, while the communists ments. France, as well as many neutrals, mously was the U.S. commitment in the in both Laos and South Vietnam stepped backed this demand, while in the United intangibles: will, prestige, determination. up the their pace of attacks, Khanh States 5,000 college professors called for The United States was now fully im- urged the United on States the need for a "neutralized Vietnam" and pacifist mersed in the kind of political-psycho- carrying the fight to the enemy. groups circulated an "open letter" from logical-military war the reds had made In March 1964, under President John- North Vietnam leader Ho-Chi-Minh ask- their own specialty, in which the intangi- son, another 1,500 U.S. military men ing the American people to force their bles were often the most important were sent to Vietnam, raising the total government to negotiate with him. stakes. to 16,500. Though it was carefully ex- The United States refused to entertain Late this fall, Gen. Khanh stepped plained that these were "advisors," the the conference idea, saying that it would out in favor of a civilian government move unleashed speculation that the war only serve to "ratify the violations" of under Tran Van Huong, former Saigon was about to be widened. On April 26, the existing treaties the communists had mayor. Then, after the Vietcong attacked Secretary of State Rusk made a deliber- committed. The buildup went on, with a U.S. bomber base, rumors were rife of ately vague reference to "military actions South Vietnam's General Khanh adding sterner U.S. action. against North Vietnam" and said, "This new tension when he declared in July As these words go to press the last course of action—its implications and that his government felt free to carry the chapter is not written, but the struggle ways of carrying it out—has been care- war into North Vietnam on its own. in Indochina is seen as an extension of fully studied." Amid a welter of speculation about our Korea policy to hold red colonialism Further well-advertised American just what action would be taken, a clash where it is in Asia while, unlike Korea, hints that some kind of initiative against between U.S. and North Vietnamese avoiding any bigger military commit- North Vietnam was under consideration warships took place in early August. Part ment than is necessary. It is a neat trick followed. In June, top-level U.S. military of the new posture of the United States to win any struggle with the minimum and civilian leaders met at Honolulu and now became clear. possible involvement. The communists new stories of impending strikes against U.S. planes struck at North Vietnam have done it many times. In Vietnam to- North Vietnam were "leaked." Next, bases, destroyed PT boats, bases and oil day we are witnessing our own first big U.S. reconnaissance planes appeared facilities. This was the first organized attempt to walk that tightrope, the end

46 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • D :EMBER 1964 — . . 1

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THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 47 THE PRIVATE LIVES OF THE COMMUNIST ROYAL FAMILIES (Continued from page 24) million who wears a girdle. Why Italian first in the communist world to tell in turn divorced after WW2 in order fashions? Because the Hoxhas are the mighty Stalin to fly a kite and get away to marry his present wife, Jolanka proud owners of one of Albania's 300 with it. Born the seventh of 15 children, Budisavljevic, a wartime partisan aide experimental Chinese TV sets. They are Josip Broz (his real name) started out as and later a social companion of Tito. tuned in to Television Rome, where they a locksmith at 15. Then he traveled as a This marriage is childless, but there was can see the good things of life—like handyman throughout Central Europe, another son, Mishko, from the second girdles. picking up odd jobs. Some of his close marriage. The sons' fates are never dis- Hoxha, who became an instant gen- associates say that turning communist cussed in the semi-controlled Yugoslav eral on assuming political power, is the was partly Tito's reaction to two chance press. most widely educated of any top com- incidents in his youth. One day, the story The squat, cigar-smoking, camera- while serving as altar boy, Josip munist leader. He is cosmopolitan in goes, an toting president now divides his time personal tastes, and speaks perfect had his ears boxed by the village priest. between prolonged vacations on his French, with a smattering of four other That made him a sworn enemy of the private Adriatic island, Brioni, and languages, including English. He is world-wide official travels in his self-ap- known as a flamboyant and self-assertive pointed capacity as the father of the intellectual with excellent insight into third, or "neutral," force in world affairs. the human nature of his fellow men. Al- With absolute personal power at home, though he has personally outlawed Tito now seeks international recognition, gambling, he is reputedly one of the and he has had considerable success. His leading poker players in the country. 1962 visit at the White House was a Some say that his gambling enthusiasm highlight in this quest. is due to the fear of others to win from Tito is more socially accessible to his him. people than other red rulers. His olive- Hoxha's 51 -year-old premier, Mehmet skinned, dark-eyed, opera-loving wife is Shehu, is best known for a 1950 incident at least 25 years his junior and very during which he drew a pistol and shot much in the public eye. Being perhaps another communist in cold blood. Like the best-looking first lady of communism, his boss, Shehu presides over his prole- she does not shy away from plunging tarian flock from a luxurious Italian- necklines and imported eye-catching style villa, surrounded by nests of evening dresses. At their dreamy island machineguns. He is notorious for per- retreat they play tennis or fish. Evenings, sonal violence, foul language and an they play chess, billiards or quiet music. occasional indulgence in fiery Albanian In their hilltop Belgrade villa, con- folk dances at public ceremonies. His fiscated from a rich merchant, the man

lust for power is coupled with physical who started the gradual disintegration of

bravery. Shehu is the strong-nerved, the Soviet empire over the issue of

silent type who is a shrewd infighter, Stalin's "personality cult," can often "I asked you a question, Charles. view parading soldiers singing "Tito is biding his time. Of all places, he was Yesterday." educated in the prewar American Vo- our little white flower." The soldiers cational School in Tirana, sponsored by have never been stopped by Tito for the American Junior Red Cross. Before THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE committing this "gross Marxist devia- he started to destroy people, he wrote tion." church. On the other occasion, he spent poetry. The son of a Moslem priest, his apprentice wages on a new suit, which Rumania Shehu married a schoolteacher, Fiqrete, was stolen from him before he could Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej is a color- when she was a partisan under his war- less party stalwart who recently started show it to his parents. His anger and time command. All that is about known a spectacular new course of frustration is said to have contributed to Rumania on her is that she is quite fat for her age. all the Tito's subsequent zeal to "revenge" all nationalism with old communist She is not yet 40. the "poor and exploited." trappings. His life story reads like a Yugoslavia The road to supreme power over 16 textbook example of a communist or- In neighboring Yugoslavia, President million Yugoslavs was dotted with jails ganization man whose chief ability is to middle. In Tito is the only communist who was and hardships. It started in Russia where play both ends against the given the top job in his country for life Tito became an Austrian prisoner-of- communist jargon, this is called "opera- tion it floats and who has an excellent chance of sur- war in 1913. He was still there when the cork"— always up. viving in office. He also is the only red Bolshevik Revolution broke out in 1917. Gheorghiu-Dej's success has been ruler who has a broad measure of popu- He soon joined the movement, married ascribed to luck and adaptability, as well lar support. This stems from his recog- 16-year-old Pelaghia Belousova, and was as to his good-natured mediocrity. His nized heroism in the forbidding Yugoslav ready to settle down as a Soviet citizen. ignorance of worldly things is the butt mountains where his civilian army with But in 1920 the Kremlin sent him back of many spicy jokes. His extravagance makeshift weapons pinned down ele- to Yugoslavia to organize shipyard and vanity are notorious. Often sporting ments of 18 Nazi divisions and the entire workers. This led to several jail sen- a worker's cap, the 62-year-old absolute Italian occupation army during WW2. tences, including a house arrest in his ruler of Rumania appears good-natured

Now 72 but still handsome, spry and native village during which Josip adopted and soft-spoken, but while Gheorghiu- carefully groomed, Tito has mellowed the name "Tito" to carry out clandestine Dej is retiring in public, he is loud in in his high position of party esteem and party missions. private. There is some confusion about East-West wooing for his political favors. After giving him a son, Zarko, the number of his marriages. His first

But his steel-blue eyes still betray the Pelaghia died in 1938 and Tito soon wife, Tica, left him in the thirties when stubborn defiance which made him the married Berta Has, a Slovene, whom he he was in jail. He is very partial to his

48 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 — " two daughters who are said to have capitalists chase ten-year-old children heavily contributed to the description of into factories and mines to fatten the Borrow BY MAIL Bucharest as the "Paris of the East." He capitalists' bellies His crude propagan- even appointed one of them a star in dists once told the Bulgarians that t»i^4^:,T*i,ooo the country's nationalized film industry. "Metrecal" is "an insidious, charlatan Enjoy the things you want NOW with a confidential - Outside of the girls' unprintable jokes, drug" giving a "false satisfaction of hun- LOAN -by-MAiL — get any amount, $100 to $1,000. Pay back in nothing is known about their private ger" to 17 million Americans who "go small monthly installments to fit your paycheck. No co-makers. Cash 30 Monlhlj You Get Payments lives. Their heavy-set, bushy eyebrowed to bed hungry every night." Also, Credit Life Insurance is avail- able, at nominal cost, which will pay S 100 $ 4.78 the father is rumored to have cancer, but balance of your loan in case of death. 300 14.33 The 52-year-old former printer was a No matter where you live, rush this coupon mailed 500 23.55 officially, his health too is a state secret. now. Loan Order Blank FREE high school drop-out when he first joined tn a plain envelope. No obligation. Act! 700 32.10 The heavy-handed president has in the underground communist movement. DIAL FINANCE CO.,410KilpatrickB1dg. 900 40.23 Dept.1 2-092 - Omaha, Nebraska 68102 1,0001 44.24 Ion Gheorghe Maurer a smooth-operat- But he has artfully zigzagged with Mos- I DIAL FINANCE CO.. 410 Kilpatrick Bldg. ing premier. They are life-long ac- cow ever since and owes his political I Dept 12-092 - Omaha, Nebraska 68102 Please rush FREE Loan Order Blank. quaintances despite their opposite back- success entirely to Khrushchev. Beyond Name . grounds and cultures. The suave, the fact that he is married, there is a Address- sophisticated premier defies every de- complete blank in Bulgaria and abroad City .Zone State, scription of the rough-and-ready com- about Zhivkov's personal life. This | Amount you want to borrow $.. munist stereotype. He could best be probably accounts for the general notion described as "parlor pink." He is a well- that the premier lives a quiet and modest dressed and much traveled diplomat who life. He certainly shuns publicity. He has FALSE TEETH backed into communism as its prewar never held a press conference. In the KLUTCH holds them tighter defense lawyer in royalist Rumania. He inner party circles he is known to fly KLUTCH forms a comfort cushion; holds dental soon had so many communist clients into a screaming rage over political up- plates so much firmer and snugger that one can eat and talk with greater comfort- and security; in many that joining the party was just good pub- sets. of intellectual in- His own sense cases almost as well as with natural teeth. Klutch lic relations. Ironically, Maurer lost the feriority has made him an extremely lessens the constant fear of a dropping, rocking, chafing plate. ... If your druggist doesn't have 1933 case against the organizers of touchy man, automatically suspicious of Klutch, don't waste money on substitutes, but send us and we will mail you a generous trial box. bloody railroad strikes, and his present party highbrows. This complex could 100 KLUTCH CO., Box 407L, ELMIRA. N. Y. boss, Gheorghiu-Dej, was among those provide for a stormy marriage since sentenced. (Incidentally, "Dej" is the Zhivkov's wife (first name unknown) is LEARN name of the provincial town where the a physician, though it is not known MEAT CUTTING present party chief and president served whether a practicing one or not. Bul- Train quickly In 8 short weeks at Toledo for a bright future with security 12 years. He assumed that name in honor garians caught their first glimpse of her In the vital meat business. Big pay, full-time Jobs—HAVE A PROFITABLE MARKET OF YOUR OWN! Pay after of that period of his life.) But the future in 1962 when she accompanied Nina graduation. Diploma given. Job help. m Thousands of successful graduates. Our premier met his future president again Khrushchev on a shopping and sight- 41st year! Send now for big, new Illustrated FREE catalog. No obligation. G. I. Approved. in 1944. This time dressed in a in Sofia. NATIONAL SCHOOL OF MEAT CUTTING Maurer, seeing spree Mrs. Zhivkov was Dept. A-55, Toledo 4, Ohio stolen Rumanian air-force uniform, then adjudged a "homely woman" in her marched up to the Dej jail and took fifties. Whatever she did before or since ELECTRIC SHAVERS Gheorghiu and 15 other communists was officially adjudged either too trivial, Brand new, latest models, fully guaranteed. All ms orders mailed in 24 hours. LIST OUR into his "military custody." It later came too private or too important to be re- /Sfc'-'M! MEN'S MODELS PRICE PRICE Norelco "20" Speedshaver ...$19.95 .. $14.45 "200" out that the wartime pro-axis regime was ported. it not. Ronson 19.95 . . 12.95 Thus was "30" Norelco Floating Head . . . 29.95 . . 16.95 actually placating the approaching Red Bulgaria, backward and straightlaced Remington "25" 29.50.. 16.65 Remington Lectronic II 37.95 .. 24.45 Army in permitting this to happen. But though it may sound, has one revolution- Schick Super Speed 29.50 . . 17.85 Sunbeam with Barber Trim 26.25 . . 18.45 Gheorghiu never forgot this favor and ary feature no other communist country Add $1.00 extra for Postage and Sales Tax. Complete refund will be made, if you are not satisfied. Send check or M.0. to: always kept Maurer just one rung below can boast. Its new president, Georgi JOHN BROOKS, DEPT. 145, BOX 212, ST. LOUIS 66, M0. himself. The pair often go hunting. As Traikov, is not a communist, although this is a sport in which communists who Khrushchev recently said of him: "God are rivals never engage in together, it grant that we should have more such Income unlimited in ever growing profession. Our stu- strongly suggests that they enjoy that non-communists." Traikov is so new dents are earning lucrative fees in dignified full or part time home-office business preparing income tax communist rarity—friendship. (April 1964) in his ceremonial office that profitable returns during busy tax season. Many operate Business Tax Service with steady monthly fees of is Maurer of mixed German-French western Kremlinologists don't even $10-$50. No bookkeeping experience necessary. We train you at home and help you start. Licensed by ancestry. His first marriage, a college whether he is married or not. If he know N.Y. Education Dep't. No agent will call. Write for free literature. romance, ended in divorce. has one is, his wife, too, leads a quiet life. He No- National Tax Training School, Monsey, VI7 N. Y. daughter by his second marriage. The body seems to know she exists. names of his immediate family members Hungary Shrinks Hemorrhoids are not known in the West. They are also Janos Kadar of Hungary was hand- a dark secret to most Rumanians. picked by Khrushchev to pacify the New Way Without Surgery Bulgaria country after the 1956 revolution was A popular Bulgarian joke asks: "Who brutally crushed by Soviet tanks through Stops Itch -Relieves Pain is the greatest biologist in history?" The Kadar's betrayal. He set out to accom- For the first time science has found a answer is: "Todor Zhivkov's father plish this task with a judicious mixture of new healing substance with the astonishing ability to shrink hemorrhoids and to relieve the only man who ever produced a talk- the carrot and the whip. pain — without surgery. ing pumpkin." The 51 -year-old party boss and un- In case after case, while gently relieving pain, actual reduction (shrinkage) took place. Perhaps it was cracks like this that disputed ruler of 10 million temporarily Most amazing of all — results were so recently led the party boss and premier resigned Hungarians has known terror thorough that sufferers made astonishing statements like "Piles have ceased to be a to impose a five-year jail sentence for both as a jailer of anti-communists and problem! telling "political jokes." Zhivkov is the a victim of communist jailers. The The secret is a new healing substance least-known communist leader. The events of October 1956 brought Kadar (Bio-Dyne®) — discovery of a world-famous research institute. American way of life seems remote and freedom from jail and humiliation, in- This substance is now available in sup- phoney to him. Ugly tongues have it that cluding physical torture from fellow pository or ointment form under the name Preparation H®. Ask for it at all drug he still believes that the blood-thirsty (Continued on page 51) counters. THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 49 MAKE THIS AN NEW Alternate Uniform

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50 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 THE PRIVATE LIVES OF THE COMMUNIST ROYAL FAMILIES His official biography carefully avoids (Continued from page 49) the fact that Novotny was liberated from the Nazi concentration camp in Maut- Marxists. The temporary revolutionary private residence is unknown. The people hausen by General Patton's army. The government of Premier Imre Nagy made know he is married, but only once have proletarian make-up and plump appear- Kadar party chief. He paid respect to they seen a picture of his wife, acci- ance of his wife, Bozena, prompted the Nagy over Budapest radio and praised dentally. They still don't know her first president to leave her at home when he "the glorious uprising of our people," name, or whether she has children. An and other communist bigwigs attended and the decision to abolish the one-party inquiry at the Hungarian mission in New the UN General Assembly in New York system. The next day Soviet tanks York showed that the officials don't in 1960. Old-timers remember her from rumbled through the city and massacred know either. One communist source said prewar May Day (Labor Day) parades, thousands of Hungarian freedom- Mrs. Kadar is a press officer in the in red "babushka," with a clenched fist, fighters. Nagy took refuge in the Yugo- Budapest Parliament. The way the yelling "give us bread and freedom." The slav Embassy, but Kadar, instead of Parliament and the press operate in names of her two sons are not known going into hiding, made a deal. He re- here. The younger one has been de- placed Nagy as premier and "negotiated" scribed by insiders as being far from a with the Soviets a "safe conduct" for model citizen. His main interest is in Nagy and other leaders of the revolt to soccer at which he is not very good. The leave Hungary. When the Red Army other son does not share his father's arrested Nagy, Kadar did not even pro- politics. He is a laborer, trying to live test. Three months later he linked him down the fact that his dad is communist with "the imperialists." A year later president of 15 million Czechoslovaks. Nagy was executed. Kadar's epitaph was that "the Hungarian people have settled East Germany accounts," adding that "a group of chief Walter and Lotte Ulbricht of East criminals received deserved punish- Germany are a marriage of political con- ment." venience. They seem to deserve each That was in 1958. In 1963, Kadar other. There is some question as to who opened the border for older Hungarians wears the family pants. to visit their refugee relatives abroad. In This is not to say that the 70-year-old, 1964, hundreds of these freedom-fight- bearded party boss is henpecked in poli- ers took Kadar's word and visited their tics. He is no sissy. He still goes skating homeland, now as American or West to keep in shape. While his life-long idol, European citizens, and returned un- Stalin, was both feared and loved, Ul- bothered as promised. Last August, bricht is only hated. A current joke epito-

Kadar let it be known that Hungarian mizes his public image: "A proud subor- political exiles can claim indemnification dinate reports to Ulbricht after the lat- for property confiscated in 1956. ter's vacation. 'In your absence I solved 'It's called a rainbow cake—and you the housing shortage and the anti-re- Today, to make anti-Soviet jokes on certainly have the pot for it." an open stage in Budapest is not con- ligious fight. I opened the Berlin wall for sidered "anti-communist." To be anti- THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE one day, and hung your picture in every " Kadar, however, has become a dubious church to chase the crowds out.' political strategy for local aspirants for Hungary, this could be true, without any The last of the surviving absolute des- outsider ever having heard about it. power. Kadar is not a national hero but pots, the son of a Leipzig tailor. Ulbricht he is today far less hated than his record Czechoslovakia likes to refer to himself as "father of the would suggest and justify. It must seem Czechoslovak President Antonin people." He is officially lauded as a scien- ironic tist, architectural even to him that the policies he Novotny is currently engaged in the geologist, author and now advocates are identical expert. has looked into things like with those greatest balancing act of his life. He He for which his personal friend and former wants to preside over de-Stalinization ancient history and the hierarchy of foreign minister, Laszlo Rajk, was exe- without tumbling down in the process. aviation. He spent the years between cuted in 1949—with Kadar signing the According to inside predictions, he 1933 and 1945 in Stalin's Moscow, and order of execution as head of the secret should have been deposed and put in his enemies claim that his heart and soul police. jail years ago. But the 59-year-old, have never left the place. As prickly as The once strong-willed, tough revo- handsome, though dull and humorless, the experience may be for his victims, lutionary now looks resigned, bent and party boss still clings on. he still practices Stalin's well-proven spent. His formerly intense face re- Novotny is a model "aparatchik," or habit of kissing babies. Ulbricht does sembles a wax mask of a man broken by "organization man." A locksmith and not smoke or drink. He would sooner the tools of his success, and haunted by metal-worker in his youth, he has never understand capitalism than a joke. his weighing conscience. Kadar has been popular even among native com- All this is probably fine with his 60- never been known for good living and munists. He barely started high school, year-old wife Lotte, who is the most fastidious clothing, and today he seems which still shows in his rambling, single-minded suffragette of communism to care even less. His only known hobby impromptu admonitions to his unen- and a formidable politician in her own is hunting. His locksmith background, thusiastic countrymen. Once, on nation- right. She and Walter lived two decades folksy ways and earthy language hit it off wide radio, he asked, "Is this thing on?" of a comradely exile tryst in Moscow with large segments of the proletariat. Without waiting for an answer, he de- until their romance had to be solemnized He fares less well with the sensitive, livered a speech full of earthy idioms in 1945, when they were hand-picked status-conscious intelligentsia who still and unclear directives. When the boos to face the 17 million people in Soviet- frown on him for quitting school at 14. from the workers' audience appeared too occupied East Germany. Frau Lotte Kadar's private life is one of the best embarrassing, Novotny's live broadcast was a militant political activist when she kept secrets. Even the location of his was cut off in the middle of a sentence. (Continued on next page)

THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 51 Private Lives of the Communist Royal Families boy in life but durable in politics. He A Polish "coexistence" joke asks: (Continued trom page 51) still is the life of the diplomatic cocktail "What is Gomulka?" and the answer is:

party. Whether it's true or not, he has a "A technical wonder with his face turned reached 16. A leather jacket and floppy reputation of a gay blade, the lover of East, his hands turned West and his back slacks were her favorite wardrobe until gay parties, gay women, good food and turned on his own people." Similarly, the Walter reached the pinnacle of power. drinks. balding Cyrankiewicz was the target of Now she plays a regular German haus- In 1956, Gomulka's courage and ob- a joke asking whether a pig can be bald. frau acutely interested in her husband's stinacy defied Khrushchev when he The answer was, "We don't answer po- work. Once she wrote an article about came storming into Eastern Poland litical questions." When he heard about the "Walter homemaker." But her blood threatening bloody reprisals for tolerated it, the premier laughed and said: "Good still churns when it comes to violations national expressions of anti-communism. joke on Khrushchev." of women's equality. She also discovered Then Gomulka's basic loyalty to com- There is no official biography on either that this is an unwanted right when it munism slowly prevailed over the na- of the two leaders. Certainly, Gomulka comes to harsh work and long hours. tion's desire to be free. Bespectacled isn't apt to write the story of his years in Nevertheless, she still goes around fac- and resilient, Gomulka is a good example Stalinist jails. They say he has a healthy tories, raising hell over inadequate work- of the type of self-punishment a devoted respect for the Soviet secret police of ing conditions for women. Of course, she Marx disciple must endure to earn his which his father-in-law, I. S. Unshlict, also fights for more nurseries and kinder- pay and fame. He was repeatedly jailed once was a dreaded commissar. gartens so that still more East German before WW2, and then Stalin ordered The Gomulkas have a grown son who women can equal men in heavy work. him imprisoned for "nationalism" from stays out of the public eye. His mother With some 20 crack Soviet divisions 1951 through 1954. Ironically, prison has a wanderlust which has taken her to back them up, the Ulbrichts are not probably saved Gomulka's life, because on several private trips abroad—always likely to lose any "elections" soon. he escaped the 1938 Stalin-ordered incognito. In contrast, there is nothing Poland purge of the Polish Communist Party. secretive about Nina Cyrankiewicz. She The two rulers of Poland today are Another irony is that Gomulka could is among Poland's legitimate, serious, divided and disillusioned men who seem have been an American. His parents actresses. She is sophisticated, stylish and to be seeking old answers for new prob- emigrated here, but returned disillu- even glamorous in Western terms. Her lems. They are also poles apart in their sioned before Wladyslaw was born. stage name is Nina Andrycz. She seems contrasting personalities. In Poland, Gomulka quit school at 14 an ideal wife for a man reputed to treat Party leader Wladyslaw Gomulka to work as a mechanic in the oil fields. the marital vows as an anachronism. If looked like a Tito in 1956 and almost He was an accomplished agitator by the the Cyrankiewicz' have children, the captured the nation's imagination about time he was 21. Today, he is shy, retir- country is unaware of it. the age-old Polish pride, purpose and ing and stern-faced. He rules the lives of these men have reached near- goals. In 1964, at age 59, he looks more 30 million restive Poles from a two-room All and more like a reluctant bride unwill- apartment which he and his Jewish, absolute power at a time when their ing to hitch up with democracy. Moscow-born wife, Zona, received be- political religion goes through a deep Where Gomulka is austere, ascetic fore his assumption of supreme power. crisis of morale. Despite some material and puritanical, his 52-year-old premier, In contrast, the more ostentatious Cyran- progress, daily existence in Eastern Eu- Jozef Cyrankiewicz, is a has-been play- kiewicz has several plushy residences. rope is grayer. Public bitterness and re- sentment grow. Anti-regime opposition now stems not from "decadent reac- STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION tionaries," but from grumpy communist (Act of October Section Title United States Code) 23, 1962; 4369, 39, intellectuals and the comfort-hungry 1. Date of filing: September 1964. given.) 24, managerial class. The leaders desperately 2. Title of Publication: THE AMERICAN The American Legion, 700 Nortb Pennsylvania LEGION MAGAZINE. Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206. seek logical answers to stubborn prob- 3. 8. Known bondholders, mortgagees, and other Frequency of issue: Monthly. lems, but the forbidding rules of the security holders owning or holding 1 percent or 4. Location of known office of publication: 1 100 Broadwav, Louisville, Kentucky 40201 (Jefferson more °? tot ^ amount of bonds, mortgages or other game, plus lifelong habits, allow little securities: None. County). or no cheating of the Marxist bible. 5. Location of the headquarters or general busi- 9. Paragraphs 7 and 8 include, in cases where ness offices of the publishers: 700 North Penn- the stockholder or security holder appears upon Having written the rules themselves, sylvania Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206. the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or there seems to be no way out for them. 6. Names and addresses of publisher, editor, corporation for whom such trustee is acting, also and managing editor: They only have one inside joke that .-., . „ .... % t-. xr ., , the statements in the two paragraphs show the Publisher: James F. ONeil, 720 Fifth Avenue, - affiant s fuU knowledge and belief as to the cir- might prove a restful consolation. On :\ew \ork, JNew *oik 10019. cumstances and conditions under which stock- Editor: Robert B. Pitkin, 720 Fifth Avenue, holders and security holders who do not appear arriving in hell, the story goes, these dic- New York, New York 10019. upon tne books of the company as trustees, hold tators will be asked by the Devil whether Managing Editor: Is one. stock and securities in a capacity other than that 7. Owner (// owned by a corporation, its name of a bona fide owner. Names and addresses of they want to go to the communist or and address must be stated and also immediately individuals who are stockholders of a corporation capitalist section. They will all choose thereunder the names and addresses of stock- which itself is a stockholder or holder of bonds, holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of mortgages or other securities of the publishing the communist department, knowing total amount of stock. If not owned by a corpora- corporation have been included in paragraphs 7 Hon, the names and addresses of the individual and 8 when the interests of such individuals are full well that the heating system won't owners mast be given. owned by a partnership equivalent to 1 percent or more of the total amount If work there. the end or other unincorporated firm, its name ami ad- of the stock or securities of the publishing dress, as well as that of each individual must be corporation.

Average Single No. Copies Issue CHANGE OF ADDRESS 10. A. Total No. Copies Printed (net press run) 2,524,581 2,510,515 Notify Circulation Dept., P. O. Box 1!. Paid Circulation 1. To Term Subscribers by Mail, Carrier 1055, Indianapolis, Ind. 46206, using Delivery or by Other Means 2,519,432 2,505,317 2. Sales Through Agents, News Dealers, Post Office Form 3578. Attach old or Otherwise None None address label and give old and new C. Free Distribution (including samples) by Mail, Carrier Delivery or by Other Means 5,149 5,198 addresses and current membership D. Total No. of Copies Distributed (sum of lines sure to notify Bl, B2 and C) 2,524,581 2,510,515 card number. Also be I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete. James F. O'Neil your Post Adjutant.

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54 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 Luxurious — SHOPPER $ / Refreshing ijr -Relaxing! ENJOY BATTLE CREEK

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Address . LE-3, Box 300, Miami Beach 39, Fla. satisfied. 10 Year Written Factory Guarantee on parts and workmanship. Mail order today or come into factory. City . State. AMERICAN MACHINE TOOL CO., Dept. Royersford, Pa. & AL124 Age Occupation. ( .-1 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 55 NOT WHAT BUT WHERE When questioned if you Like a lady, "I do" PARTING Can be said, with no reason to falter. But it's different when You say "I do" again To the question that's asked at the altar. SHOTS Berton Brai.ey HOW IT REALLY IS

Conscience is that which gets credit for what often really belongs to cold feel. Wilfred E. Beaver

NIL WIND Gowns that are cut As daring as sin, Are nothing to be sneezed at, Or in. Nick Kozmeniuk DAFFYNITION ACQUAINTANCE: A person with whom you have nodding in common. Jack Herbert SLIGHT OVERSIGHT They told me she was pretty. My blind date that they got; They told me she was pretty, They just didn't say pretty what! S, S. BlDDLE

ROUTE OF ALL EVIL

Money doesn't talk these days— it goes without saying. 'Cross the first hair over and back, bring the rear one up front and over to the side. Now, the side one ..." Gottfried R. von Kronenberoer UNTIDY TIE STARTING YOUNG I cleaned his spotted neckties; It was no small maneuver. The wife of an advertising copywriter put her small son to bed and Can someone now please tell me told him. "Now, Mickey, say your prayers." What removes the spot remover? "Oh. lord." mumbled I he liille fellow, "please bless mama and daddy, Mary Markley and give us this day our slow-rising, oven-baked, vitamin-enriched bread." Jim Kelly POINT OF VIEW The underdog doesn't get all the worst of it— after all, he IS lighting in the shade. APPRECIATION" "MUSIC David O. Flynn At the conclusion of a concert, two ushers were applauding longer and harder than anybody else. One of the concert patrons noticed AND I'M SICK OF THEM this and smiled, saying, "It does my heart good to see good music so Obesity's my malady; well appreciated." That's why my meals are salady. D. A. Collins "Oh, it ain't that, Ma'rn," replied one of the ushers. "One more

encore . . . and we're on overtime!" f Lucille J. Goody ar

CONGRESSIONAL RIVALRY The conscientious Congressman held his job uppermost in his heart and mind, even while at home. One night his wife nudged him from his slumber and whispered, "Sam, I think there are burglars in the house." Sam raised up on one arm, squinted, and replied, "No, my dear. There may be a few in the Senate, but in the House? Never!" Ray Trail

HOW'S YOUR ARITHMETIC? A man was walking along the street one afternoon when he saw a friend approaching with a gloomy look on his face. "What's the matter with you?" asked the first man.

"I'm in trouble," said his friend, "and I need five dollars right away. I've only got four dollars, and I don't know what to do." "I'm broke myself," said the first man, "but I can tell you how to get the other dollar." "How?" "It's simple," was the reply. "Go to a pawnshop and pawn your four dollars for three dollars. Then find somebody and sell the pawn ticket for two dollars. Then you've got your fivel" "What do you mean, you've used up al Dan Bennett your sick leave?" 56 THE AMERICAN LEGION MAGAZINE • DECEMBER 1964 SEAGRAM-DISTILLERS COMPANY, NEW YORK CITY. BLENDED WHISKEY. 86 PROOF. 65% GRAIN NEUTRAL SPIRITS.

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©1964 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, THE BEST TOBACCO MAKES THE BEST SMOKE! Winston-Salem, N. C.