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Navigating Socialist Encounters Africa in Global History

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Navigating Socialist Encounters Africa in Global History Navigating Socialist Encounters Africa in Global History Edited by Joël Glasman, Omar Gueye, Alexander Keese and Christine Whyte Advisory Board: Joe Alie, Felicitas Becker, William Gervase Clarence-Smith, Lynda Day, Scholastique Diazinga, Andreas Eckert, Babacar Fall, Toyin Falola, Matt Graham, Emma Hunter, Erin Jessee, Isabella Kentridge, Colleen Kriger, Kristin Mann, Patrick Manning, Conceição Neto, Vanessa S. Oliveira, Lorelle Semley, Ibrahim Sundiata Volume 2 Navigating Socialist Encounters Moorings and (Dis)Entanglements between Africa and East Germany during the Cold War Edited by Eric Burton, Anne Dietrich, Immanuel R. Harisch, and Marcia C. Schenck Gedruckt mit der freundlichen Unterstützung der Potsdam Graduate School, der Zentralen Forschungsförderung der Universität Potsdam, ,UP - Innovative Ideen fördern‘ und der Philosophisch-Historischen Fakultät der Universität Innsbruck. ISBN: 978-3-11-062231-7 eBook ISBN (PDF): 978-3-11-062354-3 eBook ISBN (EPUB): 978-3-11-062382-6 ISSN 2628-1767 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020952193 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Eric Burton et al., Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Cover image: An East German diplomat welcomes three Tanzanian journalists at Dar es Salaam airport on their return from a seminar in Berlin, ca. 1974 (courtesy of Norbert Böhme). Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com TableofContents Marcia C. Schenck, Immanuel R. Harisch, Anne Dietrich, and Eric Burton 1Introduction: Moorings and(Dis)Entanglements between Africa and East Germany during the Cold War 1 IShaping Pioneering Institutions Jörg Depta and Anne-Kristin Hartmetz 2Herder vs. Goethe in Egypt: East and West German Language Courses in Cairo and the Evolution of “German as aForeign Language” (DaF) 61 Christian Alvarado 3 “In the Spirit of Harambee!” Kenyan Student Unions in the German Democratic Republic andYugoslavia, 1964 –68 87 Eric Angermann 4Agency and Its Limits:African Unionists as Africa’s “Vanguard” at the FDGB CollegeinBernau 115 Franziska Rantzsch 5The Negotiations of the Contract Labor Accord between the GDR and Mozambique 139 II Navigating the GDR: Moorings and (Dis)Entanglements G. ThomasBurgess 6The Rise and FallofaSocialist Future: Ambivalent Encounters Between Zanzibar and East Germany in the Cold War 169 J. A. Osei, with an annotation by Immanuel R. Harisch 7MyImpression of the German Democratic Republic [Life Itself Exposes Lies] 193 VI TableofContents Fernando Agostinho Machava 8Echoes of the Past: The Social Impact of the Returned Labor Migrants from East Germany on the City of Maputo 207 Marcia C. Schenck and FranciscaRaposo 9Socialist Encounters at the SchoolofFriendship 235 Ibraimo Alberto and Marcia C. Schenck 10 PathsAre Made by Walking: Memories of Being aMozambican Contract Worker in the GDR 247 III Sourcing Visions of Solidarity GeorgeBodie 11 So Close, YetSoFar: Ulrich Makosch and the GDR’sAfrikabild on Screen and in Text 265 Paul Sprute 12 Diaries of Solidarity in the Global Cold War: The East German FriendshipBrigades and their Experience in ‘Modernizing’ Angola 293 Katrin Bahr 13 Between StateMission and Everyday Life: Private Photographs of East Germans in Mozambique in the 1980s 319 AlexandraPiepiorka and Eduardo F. Buanaissa 14 A(Post)Socialist MemorySpace? East German and Mozambican Memories of Cooperation in Education 351 List of Contributors 387 Index 393 MarciaC.Schenck, Immanuel R. Harisch, Anne Dietrich, and Eric Burton¹ 1Introduction: Moorings and (Dis)Entanglements between Africaand East Germany during the Cold War The Arusha Declaration of February 5, 1967confirmed the intention of Tanzania’s ruling party TANU (Tanganyika African National Union) to “build asocialist state.”² The declaration affirmedthat TANU plannedtopursue apolicy of nation- alization of major industries,banks, and insurance companies.³ Twomonths after the declaration, the Tanzaniantrade unionistSalvatory Kaindoah wrote an enthusiastic letter to share the news of developments in his country with the Fritz Heckert Trade Union College, in the East German town of Bernau whereKaindoah had studied: Dear Director of the College, Dr.Kampfert, Iamvery glad when Iamwritingthis lettertoyou now,beinginacountry which is in away liquidatingthe exploitation of man by man and on the waytoSocialism. Well done with your dailywork. How glad wereyou, when youheard that our country nationalizedall the banks and other big industries?⁴ Kaindoah, at thattime employed at the TanzanianNational Institute for Produc- tivity in Dar es Salaam, seemed to suggest thatthe Arusha Declaration meant the This introduction is the result of acollective thinkingand writingprocess of all four editors. Giventhe ongoingbenchmarkization of current academia,itisofincreasingimportance which author’sname comes first.Inorder to mitigate the effects of this development,wehavedecided to use an alphabetical order for the edited volume and an alphabeticallyreversed order for the introduction. The introduction also owes much to the valuable comments,corrections, and ad- vice of anumber of people. We want to thank the twoanonymous reviewers, Nele Fabian, Inge- borgGrau, and Arno Sondereggerfor their careful reading and helpful suggestions.Wealso want to thank the members of the GDR working groupatLeipzig University and Innocent Rwehabura for their comments. Last but not least we aregrateful to Pieter Cordwell for skillfullyeditingthe text and to MalteKöppen for streamliningthe footnotes, cleaningupthe bibliography,and cre- atingthe index. Tanganyika African NationalUnion, “Arusha Declaration,” February 5, 1967, accessed Janu- ary 29,2020, www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nyerere/1967/arusha-declaration.htm. Andrew Coulson, Tanzania: APoliticalEconomy (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2013). Salvatory Kaindoah to Karl Kampfert,Dar es Salaam, April 10,1967, StiftungArchivder Par- teien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv, Berlin (henceforth: SAPMO BArch), DY 79/619. OpenAccess. ©2021 Marcia C. Schenck, Immanuel R. Harisch, Anne Dietrich, and Eric Burton, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative CommonsAttribution 4.0 International License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110623543-001 2 Marcia C. Schenck, Immanuel R. Harisch, Anne Dietrich, and Eric Burton convergence of the United Republic of Tanzania with the German Democratic Re- public (GDR) in acohesive and growingworld of socialism. This was to be Social- ism with acapital “S,” perhaps optimisticallyindicating that the policies of TANU and the policiesofthe GDR’sruling Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands,SED)led to ashared socialist future. Kaindoah’scel- ebratory letter is one of amyriad of examples of dialogue and entanglements be- tween African proponents of socialism, with their multiple visions of African and global futures,and East German individuals and institutions. ManyEast Germans, however,wereless confident about the viability of Tan- zania’spolicies and converging paths – includingthosewho observed these events from East Africa. Someweeks before Kaindoah’sletter was written, East Germanexpertsand diplomats gathered at ameeting of the local party branch of the SED in Stone Town,the capital of Tanzania’sisland region of Zan- zibar (it had been aseparate country until it mergedwith Tanganyikain1964 to createTanzania). Their discussions revealed the urge to classifyand evaluate the ArushaDeclaration basedonhow it conformed to Marxist-Leninist dogma. Ac- cording to the minutes of the party meeting,several comrades “immediatelyla- beled the program as unscientific” and dismissed its usefulnesstobuilding so- cialism in Tanzania. Other members questioned the suitability of asocialist program to Tanzania.They sawTanzania as being completelydifferent in mate- rial and culturalterms comparedtoEuropean circumstances, and at least one developmental stageawayfrom being a “Workers’ and Peasants’ State,” like the GDR.One memberasserted thatthe Arusha Declaration was “based on the level of development and the mentality of Africans. Can Africans even build so- cialism with their ideology?” He further alluded to the fact thatthe East Germans had not seen the declaration coming, despite their supposedlyleadingrole in guiding Tanzania to socialism: “Whywerewesurprised by the declaration?”⁵ The surprise felt by the East Germans in Zanzibar stemmed from the fact that manyofthem took for granted the leading roles of the Soviet Union and the GDR on the road to socialist development.Thus, manyfound it difficult to come to terms with Tanzanianactors who wereconceptualizing their own road to socialist development. In both Tanzania and the GDR,socialism would remain official government policy for the next two decades and beyond. By 1967, bothsocialisms had al- Contribution by Comrade O.,noplace[Zanzibar], no date[March 9, 1967], SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/98149.For adiscussionofthe roleofEast German advisers in Zanzibar,see Eric Burton, “Di- vergingVisions in Revolutionary Spaces:East German Advisers and Revolution from Abovein Zanzibar,1964–1970,” in Between East and South: Spaces of Interaction in the Globalizing Econ- omyofthe Cold War,ed. Anna Calori
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