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Pan Africanism and the Challenge of EAC Integration
Pan-Africanism and the Challenge of East African Community Integration By Issa G. Shivji Mwalimu Nyerere University Professor of Pan-African Studies University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam [email protected] Paper to be presented at the EAC 10th Anniversary Symposium, 13-14 November 2009, Arusha, Tanzania. 1 Pan-Africanism and the Challenge of East African Community Integration By Issa G. Shivji Mwalimu Nyerere University Professor of Pan-African Studies University of Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam [email protected] I. Introductory The purpose of this short paper is to assess the challenge of regional unity like the East African Community (EAC) from the standpoint of pan-Africanism. We use the term ‘regional unity’, or regionalism, to refer to include both economic integration and political association. As we celebrate the 10th anniversary of the second-generation East African Community, it is opportune to stand back from the dominant debates on forms of integration – common market, monetary union, fast-tracking or snail-walking of the East African Federation etc. – and ask certain core questions: What exactly is the vision, the lodestar, so to speak, of the regional project? What is its historical genesis? What are the driving forces of the project, in whose interest and for what purpose? How does the project relate to the larger global forces, and in particular, to the changing world hegemonies? It is only by asking these bigger questions that we can critically assess where we are going and chart the possible way forward. It is not my intention to enter into a debate on the merits or demerits of the forms of economic integration or the speed of political association. -
Prospects for a Monetary Union in the East Africa Community: Some Empirical Evidence
Department of Economics and Finance Working Paper No. 18-04 , Guglielmo Maria Caporale, Hector Carcel Luis Gil-Alana Prospects for A Monetary Union in the East Africa Community: Some Empirical Evidence May 2018 Economics and Finance Working Paper Series Paper Working Finance and Economics http://www.brunel.ac.uk/economics PROSPECTS FOR A MONETARY UNION IN THE EAST AFRICA COMMUNITY: SOME EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE Guglielmo Maria Caporale Brunel University London Hector Carcel Bank of Lithuania Luis Gil-Alana University of Navarra May 2018 Abstract This paper examines G-PPP and business cycle synchronization in the East Africa Community with the aim of assessing the prospects for a monetary union. The univariate fractional integration analysis shows that the individual series exhibit unit roots and are highly persistent. The fractional bivariate cointegration tests (see Marinucci and Robinson, 2001) suggest that there exist bivariate fractional cointegrating relationships between the exchange rate of the Tanzanian shilling and those of the other EAC countries, and also between the exchange rates of the Rwandan franc, the Burundian franc and the Ugandan shilling. The FCVAR results (see Johansen and Nielsen, 2012) imply the existence of a single cointegrating relationship between the exchange rates of the EAC countries. On the whole, there is evidence in favour of G-PPP. In addition, there appears to be a high degree of business cycle synchronization between these economies. On both grounds, one can argue that a monetary union should be feasible. JEL Classification: C22, C32, F33 Keywords: East Africa Community, monetary union, optimal currency areas, fractional integration and cointegration, business cycle synchronization, Hodrick-Prescott filter Corresponding author: Professor Guglielmo Maria Caporale, Department of Economics and Finance, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK. -
Support for the Formation of a Federation of East African States: Citizens’ Attitudes in Kenya and Tanzania by Samuel Balongo
Support for the formation of a federation of East African states: Citizens’ attitudes in Kenya and Tanzania By Samuel Balongo Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 16 | January 2015 Introduction Political leaders in the five countries of the East African Community (EAC) – Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi – have made concerted efforts to promote the benefits of an East African Federation (EAF). The signing of regional integration treaties is covered extensively in national and regional media. Yet many citizens in the two largest member states are not convinced that integration will lead to promised benefits for their countries. In Afrobarometer public-opinion surveys in 2011- 2012, citizens of Kenya and Tanzania were asked about the likely impact of an integrated EAF on the availability of jobs, managing conflict, controlling corruption, strengthening democracy, and controlling prices. On none of these five issues did a majority of Tanzanians say that an EAF would have a positive impact, and on only two issues – availability of jobs and controlling prices – did a majority of Kenyans expect improvement through an EAF. Public opinion on the regional federation is important because formation of the EAF would require a passive referendum vote in each country; if regionalism is supported only by elites and not by common citizens, such a referendum could have a difficult time passing. Moreover, the implementation of integration treaties requires the understanding, conviction, and confidence of citizens. Active involvement of the public is crucial, and its absence has been identified as the greatest impediment to success of regional integration (Aryeetey & Oduro, 1996). After providing background on regional integration in East Africa, this paper uses Afrobarometer data to describe public opinion in Kenya and Tanzania regarding expected effects of an EAF and to analyse the possible influence of lived poverty, patriotism, trust in political institutions, and perceived transparency of political executives on public support for full federation. -
An Investment Guide to the East African Community
UNITED NATIONS International Chamber of Commerce The world business organization AN INVESTMENT GUIDE TO THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY Opportunities and conditions July 2005 UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2005 ii UNCTAD The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a per- manent intergovernmental body. Its main goals are to maximize the trade, investment and development opportunities of developing countries, to help them face challenges arising from globalization, and to help them integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis. UNCTAD’s membership comprises 192 States. Its secretariat is located in Geneva, Switzerland, and forms part of the United Nations Secretariat. ICC The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) is the world business organization. It is the only body that speaks with authority on behalf of enterprises from all sectors in every part of the world, grouping together thousands of members, companies and associations from 130 countries. ICC promotes an open international trade and investment system and the market economy in the context of sustainable growth and development. It makes rules that govern the conduct of business across borders. Within a year of the creation of the United Nations it was granted consultative status at the highest level (category A) with the United Nations Economic and Social Council. This is now known as General Category consulta- tive status. Notes The term “country” as used in this study also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas; the designa- tions employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatso- ever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Governance and Development of the East African Community: the Ethical Sustainability Framework
Governance and Development of the East African Community: The Ethical Sustainability Framework Dickson Kanakulya Faculty of Arts and Sciences Studies in Applied Ethics 16 Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication Linköping 2015 Studies in Applied Ethics 16 Distributed by: Department of Culture and Communication Linköping University 581 83 Linköping Sweden Dickson Kanakulya Governance and Development of the East African Community: The Ethical Sustainability Framework Licentiate thesis Edition 1:1 ISSN 1402‐4152:16 ISBN 978‐91‐7685‐894‐3 © The author Department of Culture and Communication 2015 Declaration: I declare that this study is my original work and a product of my personal critical research and thought. …………………………………………….. Kanakulya Dickson, Kampala, Uganda November, 2015 ii Approval: This research report has been submitted with the approval of my supervisor: Prof. Goran Collste --2015--11--09----- Co-Supervisor’s name: Signature: Date iii © 2015 Kanakulya Dickson All rights reserved iv Dedication: This work is dedicated to the Lord of all Spirits and Letters; accept it as a feeble effort to serve your eternal purposes.To Caroline Kanakulya, a beautiful and kindred spirit. To the healing of the spirit of East Africans.To the watchers who stood steadfast in the days of the multiplication. Great mysteries await across! v Acknowledgements: I acknowledge the Swedish Agency for International Development (Sida) and Makerere University for funding this research; and the staff of Makerere Directorate of Graduate Research and Training for support during the study. My deepest gratitude goes to my wife Caroline Kanakulya, my travel companion in life’s journey; thanks for standing my flaws and supporting me. -
AC Vol 43 No 15
www.africa-confidential.com 26 July 2002 Vol 43 No 15 AFRICA CONFIDENTIAL ZIMBABWE 3 SUDAN After the phoney war The economic crisis may just force Calling the shots at Machakos President Robert Mugabe to stand Arch manipulation of American and British peacemakers buys the down at the ruling ZANU-PF’s NIF another six and a half years’ time annual conference in December. ‘Breakthrough on peace!’ shout the headlines. ‘It’s a sham, it won’t work!’ protest the National Islamic Rival factions are lining up behind Parliament’s Speaker, Emmerson Front’s opponents. Five weeks of closed-door discussions at Machakos, Kenya, between the NIF Mnangagwa, and a smaller group government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army/Movement, ended on 20 July. The talks, under the of ZANU-PF reformers behind auspices of the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), produced a protocol of Finance Minister Simba Makoni. understanding and an agreement to reconvene at the Machakos Garden Hotel on 12 August. The enthusiasm came almost entirely from the government side. Its team, led by presidential Peace KENYA 4Advisor Ghazi Salah el Din el Atabani, a core NIF man, talked as if peace already reigned. The SPLA/M delegation, led by Colonel John Garang de Mabior’s deputy, Commander Salva Kiir Uhuru now! Mayardit, was far less effusive, with good reason. Chaired by Kenya, overseen by Eritrea, Ethiopia and Uganda and driven (in top gear) by Britain and the United States, the talks were heavily weighted Uhuru Kenyatta has a lot of supporters for his bid for the in the Sudan government’s favour. -
EAC), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and Southern African Development Community (SADC
The Civil Society Guide to Regional Economic Communities East African Community (EAC), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and Southern African Development Community (SADC) The Civil Society Guide to Regional Economic Communities East African Community (EAC), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and Southern African Development Community (SADC) Study undertaken by the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Internally Displaced Persons, pursuant to Resolution 234 of April 2013 and approved by the Commission at its 55th Ordinary Session, May 2014 2015 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) This publication is available as a pdf on the ACHPR’s website under a Creative Commons licence that allows copying and distributing the publication, only in its entirety, as long as it is attributed to the ACHPR and used for non-commercial educational or public policy purposes. Published by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights ACPHR 31 Bijilo Annex Layout Kombo North District Western Region P.O. Box 673 Banjul The Gambia Tel: (220) 4410505 / 4410506 Fax: (220) 4410504 Email: [email protected] Web: www.achpr.org Designed and typeset by COMPRESS.dsl | www.compressdsl.com The Civil Society Guide to Regional Economic Communities | v Contents Tables vii Figures viii Acknowledgements ix Background x 1. Executive summary 1 Abbreviations and acronyms 1 1.1 Regional Economic Communities 1 1.2 Historical background and legal framework 2 1.3 Organs and institutions 3 1.4 Decision-making processes 3 1.5 Budgets and financing 4 1.6 Relationship with the AU and other RECs 5 1.7 Engagement with civil society 5 1.8 Current debates within the RECs 6 2. -
Politics, Decolonisation, and the Cold War in Dar Es Salaam C
A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/87426 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications Politics, decolonisation, and the Cold War in Dar es Salaam c. 1965-72 by George Roberts A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History University of Warwick, Department of History, September 2016 Politics, decolonisation, and the Cold War in Dar es Salaam, c. 1965-72 Acknowledgements 4 Summary 5 Abbreviations and acronyms 6 Maps 8 Introduction 10 Rethinking the Cold War and decolonisation 12 The ‘Cold War city’ 16 Tanzanian history and the shadow of Julius Nyerere 20 A note on the sources 24 1 – From uhuru to Arusha: Tanzania and the world, 1961-67 34 Nyerere’s foreign policy 34 The Zanzibar Revolution 36 The Dar es Salaam mutiny 38 The creation of Tanzania 40 The foreign policy crises of 1964-65 43 The turn to Beijing 47 Revisiting the Arusha Declaration 50 The June 1967 government reshuffle 54 Oscar Kambona’s flight into exile 56 Conclusion 58 2 – Karibu Dar es Salaam: the political geography of a Cold War city 60 Dar es Salaam 61 Spaces 62 News 67 Propaganda -
Tanzanian Affairs Issued by the Britain-Tanzania Society
No 100 Sept - Dec 2011 Tanzanian Affairs Issued by the Britain-Tanzania Society 36 Years of Tanzanian Affairs The BAE Problem Some of our Contributors Tanzania & Libya Behaviour of MPs Famine in 42 Districts ta_100_final_rev.indd 1 24/08/2011 10:02:02 Inset photographs above: President Kikwete and Editor David Brewin. Cover design by Sipho Fakudze, Swaziland. ta_100_final_rev.indd 2 24/08/2011 10:02:05 Dramatic U-Turn on Constitution 3 Page 1 of Issue 1 (December 1975) ta_100_final_rev.indd 3 24/08/2011 10:02:06 A MESSAGE FROM BTS VICE-PRESIDENT The production of Tanzanian Affairs is one of the most important and most successful activities of the Britain-Tanzania Society. For 100 issues now it has kept us all up to date on economic, political, social and other developments in Tanzania. More than that - it has helped to keep the world at large informed about Tanzania. In 1984 David Brewin took over as editor and he and his correspondents have maintained a consist- ently high standard issue by issue. Congratulations are in order. Derek Ingram A MESSAGE FROM THE FIRST EDITOR I have been so long associated with the Britain Zimbabwe Society - as its publications editor, conference organiser, Chair and President - that it is hard to remember that I began by editing the Britain-Tanzania Society newsletter. But the connection is a direct one. The Britain Zimbabwe Society was modelled on BTS though it has never attained its size or been able to emulate its development activities. I have put so much work into it over 30 years that I soon became a sleeping member of BTS. -
And Others Africa South Of
DOCUMENT RESUME ED C50 000 48 SO 001 213 AUTHOR Duignan, Peter; And Others TITLE Africa South of the Sahara: A Bibliography for Undergraduate Libraries. INSTITUTION National Council of Associations for International Studies, Pittsburgh, Pa.; New York State Education Dept., Albany. SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DREW), Washington, D.C. REPORT NO OPUB-12 BUREAU NO BR-5-0931 PUE LATE 71 NCTE 127p. AVAILABLE FROM Foreign Area Materials Center, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, New York ($8.95) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF-$0.65 HC-$E.58 DESCRIPTORS African Culture, African History, Area Studies, Bibliographies, Higher Education, *Library Collections, Library Materials, *Library Material Selection, *Social Sciences, *Undergraduate Study IDENTIFIERS *Africa, ESEA Title 4 ABSIRACI Library collections are generally ill equipped tc effectively sin:port foreign area students. This bibliography, one of a series on "neglected" foreign areas, attempts to provide guidelines for libraries in meeting these resources needs. Selection of entries was made according to the following guidelines: 1)few works in languages other than English; 2)emphasis on books published in the last 25 years, except for classica works; 3)few government documents; and, 4)an attempt to balance source books and secondary works, while covering all disciplines. Arrangement of entries is by broad geographic category, with subsections based on type of publication (bibliography, reference bcck, journal, general book) and subject area (history and archaeology, philosophy and religion, art and architecture etc.). Each entry is graded as to its degree of necessity for undergraduate collections, from books that should be purchased whether or not any courses on the area are taught, tc books necessary for an undergraduate area studies program. -
The East African Political Federation; Addressing Fears, Concerns and Challenges · Presented by Hon
A PAPER ON "THE EAST AFRICAN POLITICAL FEDERATION; ADDRESSING FEARS, CONCERNS AND CHALLENGES · PRESENTED BY HON. ABDULKARIM HARELIMANA, MEMBER OF EALA AT THE SYMPOSIUM OF EALA 10TH ANNIVERSARY ON 2ND JUNE 2011, ARUSHA TANZANIA 1.0 INTRODUCTION The East African Community (EAC) is the regional economic bloc comprising the Republic of Burundi, Republic of Kenya, Republic of Rwanda, United Republic of Tanzania, and the Republic of Uganda. The Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community was signed in Arusha on 30'" November 1999 and ratified on 7'" July, 2000. The Republics of Burundi and Rwanda joined the rest of the countries in 2007. According to the EAC Treaty, the mission of the Community is to be realized in an incremental progression through the stages of a Customs Union, a Common Market, a Monetary Union, and ultimately a Political Federation of the East African states. At a special Summit held in Nairobi on 27 - 29 August, 2004, the Heads of State expressed concern at the slow pace of integration and resolved to examine ways of expediting the process so that the ultimate goal of a Political Federation is achieved through a Fast Track Mechanism. 1.1 OVERVIEW A federation can loosely be defined as a form of Government or country where there is territorial distribution of power between one central or a common government and subordinate or lower Governments. The elements of a federation therefore include shared powers and responsibilities defined by law and practice. It therefore goes without saying that in order to federate, federating units should be prepared to cede certain powers to one common centre. -
East African Federation: Tanzanian Awareness of Economic and Political Integration Remains Poor, but There Is Growing Support for Political Links
Afrobarometer Briefing Paper No. 146 East African Federation: Tanzanian Awareness of Economic and Political Integration Remains Poor, But There Is Growing Support for Political Links By Josie Knowles July 2014 1. Introduction The current East African Community (EAC) was formally launched in 2001 comprising of Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. In 2007, the community expanded to include Rwanda and Burundi. Within this regional framework, the grouping has achieved two primary stages of integration: a Customs Union (2005) and Common Market (2010). Nevertheless, despite apparent economic progress, there are inter-state agreement and national implementation challenges which have negatively impacted upon further bargaining between the EAC partner states. Against this backdrop, hopes for imminent political integration, known as the East African Federation (EAF) appear illusive. This paper will draw attention to the national implementation challenges of the EAC by exploring Tanzanian public opinion towards the economic and political goals that the EAC continues to grasp for. A central principle of the EAC framework is people-centred cooperation, where the main beneficiaries of the Community are East African citizens. Under Article 127 of the EAC Treaty, member states agree to promote, “an enabling environment for the participation of Civil Society in the development of activities within the Community.” The EAC secretariat highlights that for any stage of regional integration to be successful and sustainable, it is essential to incorporate full ownership and participation by the people, especially through their institutions of choice, for example, political parties, membership organisations and civil society organisations.1 It follows then that inadequate involvement of the population of East Africa has serious consequences for the legitimacy of the Community and indeed, the ultimate objective, East African Federation.