Nuclear- and Missile-Related Trade and Developments for Selected Countries, November 1996-February 1997

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Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments NUCLEAR- AND MISSILE-RELATED TRADE AND DEVELOPMENTS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, NOVEMBER 1996-FEBRUARY 1997

by Wyn Bowen, Kimber Cramer, Andrew Koch, and Adam Moody

The material in this overview is drawn from selected abstracts that appear in the Center for Nonproliferation Studies’ nuclear and missile databases. Transactions of nuclear and missile technologies, parts, and materials are listed according to the recipient country. Other developments are listed according to the country where the event or development took place. The new, streamlined format of this section indicates a decision by the Monitoring Proliferation Threats Project to focus on only key information in the overview and to offer more in-depth analysis in the “Reports” section of the journal.

From 12/5/96 to 12/18/96, Chinese Defense been at Liaoning. The project will be partly Minister Chi Haotian made his first trip to financed by a $2.5 billion loan from Russia. ASIA the United States, meeting with U.S. Presi- Russian technicians will assist in the con- dent Bill Clinton and Secretary of Defense struction. Russia and China also discussed William Perry. Chi discussed recent U.S. the construction of a gas centrifuge plant in weapons sales to Taiwan and China’s re- China and planned a 4/97 summit meeting. ported missile and nuclear transfers to Iran Washington Times, 12/28/96, p. A1; Nuclear News, BRUNEI and Pakistan. 12/96, p. 35; BBC Monitoring Summary Of World Broadcasts, 12/11/96; Nucleonics Week, 1/23/97, pp. Washington Times, [Online] http://www.wash- Missile 1, 11. times.com, 12/10/96; Reuter, 12/12/96; in Execu- The government of Brunei requested the pur- tive News Service, 12/12/96. chase of 96 RIM-7M vertical-launch Armen Abagyan, director of the All-Russian Seasparrow missiles, the related Mk 48 can- U.S. officials said China has not met the Institute for Nuclear Power Plant Operation ister system, and support from the United conditions for presidential certification of its (VNIIAES), made his first official visit to States at a total cost of $52 million. Brunei nonproliferation credentials. Certification China to consolidate the 11/27/96 bilateral wants the missiles to arm its new offshore would enable the 1985 Sino-U.S. nuclear nuclear energy framework accord. patrol vessels. cooperation agreement to enter into force. Nucleonics Week, 1/23/97, pp. 1, 11. Jane’s International Defense Review, 11/96, p. 9. A possible compromise is a “partial certification,” which would permit contracts to be Chinese and American researchers have completed the conceptual design for a 1,000 CHINA signed but not allow the transfer of components. China’s assistance to nuclear pro- MW pressurized water reactor (PWR). Qian Nuclear grams in Pakistan and Iran is the primary Juexin, engineer-in-chief at the Shanghai Chinese President Jiang Zemin, accompanied obstacle to certification. Nuclear Engineering Research and Design by Vice Premier and Foreign Minister Qian Nucleonics Week, 12/12/96, p. 1. Institute, said that design work was done by Qichen, met with Pakistani leaders on 12/1/ his organization in collaboration with the 96. The meetings were intended to assure In Moscow on 12/27/96, Russia and China Shanghai Nuclear Power Office, East China Pakistan that China had no intention of dis- signed an agreement to build two VVER- Electric Power Design Institute, and continuing its nuclear assistance. 1000 units near Lianyungang in China’s east- Westinghouse. News (Islamabad), 12/2/96, p. 1; in FBIS-NES-96- ern Jiangsu Province. The original site had Xinhua (Beijing), 2/27/97; in FBIS-CHI-97-040, 2/ 232, 12/2/96. 27/97.

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1997 129 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments

Missile INDIA begin user trials in 1997 and the Prithvi sur- On 11/29/96, China and India signed agree- face-to-surface missile had entered the Nuclear ments to limit the quantities and types of planned production program. India’s civilian nuclear program is suffering missiles and other military equipment de- Deccan Herald (Bangalore), 12/5/96; in FBIS-NES- a severe budget crisis, losing more than 70 96-236, 12/5/96; Asian Age (Delhi), 12/2/96, p. 1; ployed along their shared border. The agree- percent of its allocation since 1988. How- in FBIS-NES-96-234, 12/2/96. ments followed official talks between ever, the portion for financing research and Chinese President Jiang Zemin and Indian development is growing — to approximately According to a defense ministry report dis- Prime Minister Deve Gowda. closed in the Indian parliament, Prime Min- Hindu, 12/7/96, p. 1. $100 million per year. Bulletin Of The Atomic Scientists, 11/96-12/96, pp. ister Deve Gowda’s coalition government 15-16. plans to shelve the Agni intermediate-range The Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Tech- ballistic missile (IRBM) program unless the nology recently completed developmental S.B. Bhoje, an official at the Indira Gandhi country’s national security is threatened. The testing of a medium-range surface-to-air Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), said announcement came shortly after a visit by missile (SAM), called LY-60, for export. Liu that the concept design for the 500 MW fast Chinese President Jiang Zemin. It has been Xinamin, senior engineer at the academy, breeder reactor at Kalpakkam is complete. suggested that New Delhi suspended the said the LY-60 is capable of detecting up to Bhoje added that construction of the reactor missile project in return for concessions from 40 targets, tracking 12, and distinguishing would begin in 1999 and be completed by Beijing. which three are the greatest threats. It is de- 2007. Washington Post, 12/6/96, p. 46. signed to intercept air-to-ground missiles and Indian Express, 1/24/97, [Online] http:// attack aircraft. www.expressindia.com. An Indian Defence Research and Develop- Aviation Week & Space Technology, 12/2/96, p. 61. ment Organisation (DRDO) source said that Indian Prime Minister Deve Gowda dedi- a team of specialists at Bharat Dynamics Ltd. Richard Fisher Jr., a senior policy analyst at cated a new fuel fabrication plant at the in Hyderabad would not need long to as- the Washington-based Heritage Foundation, Nuclear Fuel Complex in Hyderabad. semble and prepare the Agni IRBM for said that China is adapting GPS technology Doordarshan Television Network (Delhi), 1/28/97; launch if the order were given. The Agni to improve the accuracy of its Dong Feng- in FBIS-NES-97-019, 1/28/97. could be fitted with a fuel-air explosive or a 15 (DF-15) ballistic missile and is develop- pre-fragmented warhead. India has per- ing a terminally guided warhead for it. Fisher In a change of policy, Indian Prime Minister formed extensive computer modeling of sev- received this information from an institute Deve Gowda said that his government in- eral warhead types for the Agni, but it has engineer while attending China’s Zhuhai tends to allow complete foreign ownership not been able to test the missile with a live Airshow, held 11/5/96-11/10/96. of nuclear plants on Indian territory. Voice Of America, [Online] http://www.voa.gov, 1/ Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Tokyo), 2/8/97, p. 1; in FBIS- warhead. 17/97. NES-97-027, 2/8/97. Business Standard (Delhi), 12/12/96, p. 3; in FBIS- NES-96-241, 12/12/96. During talks with Indian Minister of Foreign After three years of preparation, the new Affairs Inder Kumar Gujral, Russian First Indian Defence Minister Mulayam Singh missile unit of the Chinese army’s Second Deputy Prime Minister Viktor Ilyushin said Yadav said there was no chance the Agni Artillery Corps has reached “fighting” ca- his country plans to proceed with the sale of IRBM would be shelved; rather it was “very pacity. Previously, the Second Artillery two 1,000 MW light water reactors to India. much on.” In response to reports that the Corps fired four missiles during the 3/96 Russia has offered a $2.6 billion credit. Agni had been put on hold, DRDO chief Taiwan Strait exercises, and six missiles be- OMRI Daily Digest, 2/11/97. Abdul Kalam said that the project was pro- fore that. ceeding as planned and previous govern- Ping Kuo Jih Pao (Hong Kong), 2/11/97, p. A12; in FBIS-CHI-97-028, 12/11/97. Missile ments had allocated sufficient funds. India displayed its Prithvi and Akash mis- Hindustan Times (Delhi), 12/15/96, p. 9; in FBIS- NES-96-242, 12/15/96; Deccan Herald (Bangalore), According to representatives of the Russian siles at Aero India 1996, as well as an indig- 12/14/96; in FBIS-NES-96-242, 12/14/96. design bureau Antey, Russia is currently pro- enously developed airborne early warning viding China with Tor-M1 [NATO designa- (AEW) system. Abdul Kalam, scientific ad- DRDO scientists plan to increase the accu- tion SA-15] SAM systems and is negotiating visor to India’s defense minister, told report- racy of the 150 km-range Prithvi surface-to- to sell them to several other Asian countries. ers at the exhibition that India was “fully surface missile by incorporating GPS Segodnya, [Online] http://www.eastview.com/ capable of meeting all the technological re- technology. DRDO scientists hope GPS tech- segodnia, 2/25/97; Pravda pyat, 2/26/97, p. 1. quirements of the missile program.” Accord- nology will reduce the Prithvi’s circular er- ing to Kalam, India did not need to approach ror probability (CEP) from 150 m to 75 m. any of the MTCR member states to acquire Times Of India (Bombay), 12/25/96, p. 6; in FBIS- missile-related materials. Kalam said the NES-96-249, 12/25/96. Trishul surface-to-air missile (SAM) would

130 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1997 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments

India successfully flight tested its indig- terested in Israel’s Arrow anti-missile sys- JAPAN enously developed Trishul (Trident) SAM, tem because of concern about Pakistan’s al- Nuclear dubbed by analysts as “India’s answer to the leged acquisition of M-11 missiles. India also U.S.-made Patriot.” The test took place from needs advanced launch and guidance systems On 1/20/97, Japan’s Nuclear Energy Group a mobile launcher at the interim test range at for the Prithvi and submarine-launched issued a report calling for plutonium recy- Chandipur, approximately 15 km from Sagarika missiles. Indian officials said Israeli cling and the use of mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel Balasore in Orissa. Indian defense scientists firms have offered other equipment, includ- in the Japanese fuel cycle. The report also described the “command-guidance flight” as ing radars, electronic countermeasures sys- encouraged the continued development of flawless. tems, GPS navigation, and plutonium-burning fast-breeder reactors. Nucleonics Week, 1/30/97, pp. 6-7. AFP (Hong Kong), 12/29/96; in FBIS-NES-96-251, command-and-control systems. 12/29/96; All India Radio Network (Delhi), 12/30/ Defense News, 2/17/97-2/23/97, pp. 1, 40; Business 96; in FBIS-NES-96-251, 12/30/96; Reuter, 12/29/ Standard (Delhi), 2/25/97, p. 1; in FBIS-NES-97- Missile 96; in Executive News Service, 12/29/96. 038, 2/25/97. According to U.S. administration officials, Japanese officials appear hesitant about join- A senior Israeli defense official said that In- According to Indian officials, a delegation ing the United States in developing an anti- dia is negotiating the purchase of Barak-1 from Rosvoorouzhenie, Russia’s arms export ballistic missile system for the Japanese vertically launched SAMs. The missiles are agency, offered to sell India 150 km-range islands. Japan’s potential share of the project being acquired for the navy, primarily to de- S-300 [NATO designation SA-10 could amount to $10 billion annually for four fend against anti-ship missiles, including the ‘Grumble’] air-defense systems. Dmitry or five years. Japan will not make an official Harpoon. Development of the Barak-1 is a Morozov, a Rosvoorouzhenie spokesman, decision until mid-1997. joint venture between Israel Aircraft Indus- would not give details on numbers of sys- New York Times, 2/15/97, p. A1. tries (IAI) and Rafael. tems or price, but sources in both countries Indian Express (Delhi), 1/6/97; in FBIS-NES-97- say that Russia plans to sell India six S-300s 004, 1/6/97. worth $1 billion. The S-300 PMU, which can KOREAN PENINSULA ENERGY EVELOPMENT RGANIZATION Sources in the Indian Ministry of Defence destroy aircraft and SAMs, and the S-300 V D O say that Israel will subcontract to Russia for [NATO designation SA-12 ‘Giant’], which (KEDO) can target ballistic missiles, are the variants weapon systems supplied to India, a strat- On 12/10/96, U.S. and North Korean offi- egy designed to prevent the Arab world and being offered. Defense News, 2/24/97-3/2/97, p.6. cials met in New York to discuss issues such the United States from criticizing Indian- as the 9/96 incident in which a North Ko- Israeli cooperation. Israel can provide ad- India successfully tested the 250 km-range rean submarine landed commandos south of vanced technology for communication, com- Prithvi-250 surface-to-surface missile at the Kangnung in South Korea, the proposed mand, control, and intelligence-gathering Interim Test Range near Chandipur-on-sea four-party peace talks [involving North and systems, as well as specific technical assis- in Orissa. This test, the sixteenth launch of a South Korea, China, and the United States], tance on India’s indigenous Akash anti-mis- Prithvi and the third test-firing of the Prithvi- and the U.S.-North Korean Agreed Nuclear sile system. In addition to upgrades in air 250, operationalizes the Prithvi system. Ac- Framework. The U.S. delegation was led by defense and surveillance systems, India plans cording to mission director S.C. Narak, all Mark Minton, director of the State to acquire two “troops” [platoon-sized units mission objectives were met, including prov- Department’s Office of Korean Affairs. in an armored force] of Hunter and Seeker ing the advanced real-time software for tra- Disarmament Diplomacy, 12/96, pp. 43-44. remotely piloted vehicles. Joint Russian, Is- jectory maneuvers. He said that the raeli, and Indian teams will upgrade more development phase for the missile is now On 1/8/97, North Korean representative Ho than 120 MiG-21 fighter aircraft and develop complete. Jong and KEDO Executive Director Stephen state-of-the-art air-to-air missile technology. Deccan Herald (Bangalore), 2/25/97; in FBIS-NES- Bosworth signed two protocols in New York Hindustan Times (Delhi), 2/13/97, p. 12; in FBIS- 97-037, 2/25/97; Doordarshan Television Network that will allow work to begin at the light- NES-97-030, 2/13/97. (Delhi), 2/23/97; in FBIS-NES-97-037, 2/23/97. water reactor site at Sinpo, North Korea. The first protocol addresses the terms under During a visit to Israel, Indian Defence Sec- which North Korea will provide goods, ser- NDONESIA retary Taposh Banerji signed an agreement I vices, and facilities on-site at Sinpo. The with IAI to purchase 12 Searcher reconnais- Nuclear second addresses the turning over of the site sance unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for Indonesia intends to build its first nuclear itself from North Korea to KEDO. the army. The deal is worth approximately power plant near Mount Muria, 440 km east Korea Herald, [Online] http://203.240.240.11/ $18 million. Also, Banerji met with senior of Jakarta, and is investigating the possibil- kh0129, 1/9/97. Israeli officials and defense industry repre- ity of purchasing Australian uranium. sentatives to discuss acquiring missiles and Asian Defence Journal, 11/96, p. 72. KEDO and the European Union agreed on related equipment. India is particularly in- the general terms for E.U. membership in the

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1997 131 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments organization. The arrangement includes an North Korea has resumed canning nuclear SOUTH KOREA annual $16.2 million contribution by the E.U. fuel rods at its Yongbyon facility. The U.S. Nuclear in exchange for full membership and two State Department has dispatched a team to seats on KEDO’s executive board. the site to supervise the process. In 1996, South Korea’s Yonggwang-4 Nucleonics Week, 1/16/97, p. 15. Yonhap (Seoul), 1/30/97; in FBIS-TEN-97-002, 1/ nuclear power plant began commercial op- 30/97. erations, while construction of the Equipment for use at the Sinpo, North Ko- Yonggwang-5 and -6 reactors continued. The rea, light water reactor project was due to South Korea’s Ambassador Yi Sung-kon met Wolsong-2 Canadian-designed pressurized leave for North Korea on 1/20/97. This is with IAEA Director General Hans Blix on water reactor (PWR) is expected to be op- the first shipment of equipment under the 2/4/97 in Vienna to discuss South Korean erational in 6/97. There are currently seven U.S.-North Korean Agreed Nuclear Frame- concerns about the planned shipment of low- additional reactor units under construction work, implemented by KEDO. level nuclear waste from Taiwan to North in South Korea expected to begin commer- Nuclear News, 2/97, p. 44. Korea. “The problem,” Blix said, “is that cial operations by 2002. neither the IAEA nor other international or- Nukem, 11/96, pp. 33-34. KEDO officials from the United States, ganizations have the legal tools to control South Korea, and Japan will meet on 2/12 the shipment of low-level nuclear waste from South Korea’s National Assembly passed a and 2/13/97 in Tokyo to discuss the North one country to another.” law that significantly revises the country’s Korean light water reactor project. The offi- Yonhap (Seoul), 2/5/97; in FBIS-TEN-97-002, 2/5/ Atomic Energy Law. South Korea’s Atomic cials will discuss the interim evaluation of 97. Energy Commission will be responsible for the project’s rough order magnitude (ROM), decisions relating to storage and disposal of the dispatch of the seventh site survey team, Missile spent fuel. The Korea Electric Power Cor- and the protocol covering steps to be taken North Korea’s state-run Lyongaksan General poration (KEPCO) will take over waste man- in the event of non-compliance. Trade Corporation is responsible for the 4/ agement activities. The Korea Nuclear Fuel Yonhap (Seoul), 2/10/97; in FBIS-EAS-97-027, 2/ 96 shipment of 200 barrels of ammonium Co. will take over the design of pressurized 13/97. perchlorate from Nampo, North Korea, water reactors and the operation of the Ko- through Hong Kong, to Pakistan’s Space and rea Atomic Energy Research Institute’s KEDO plans to send a seventh land survey Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (KAERI’s) fuel-fabrication facilities. team for the North Korean light-water reac- (SUPARCO). Korean Atomic Industrial Forum; in NucNet News, tor project on 2/22/97, as scheduled, despite South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), 12/13/96, 12/3/96, No. 565. the uncertainty of North-South relations. p. 4; in FBIS-CHI-96-242, 12/13/96. Relations are tense because of the defection Missile by North Korean Worker’s Party Secretary PAKISTAN Responding to the U.S. claim that South Hwang Jang Yop to South Korea. The inci- Nuclear Korea test-fired a missile just before the start of U.S.-South Korean missile talks in 12/96, dent occurred at the South Korean Embassy The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission the Korea Times reported that the United in China. (PAEC) said the Chashma 300 MW pressur- Yonhap (Seoul), 2/14/97; in FBIS-EAS-97-031, 2/ States probably detected the test flight of a ized water reactor (PWR), built with Chi- 14/97. prototype unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). nese assistance, is proceeding on schedule, Korea Times (Seoul), 1/1/97, p. 21; in FBIS-EAS- and the nuclear components will be deliv- NORTH KOREA 97-001, 1/1/97. ered by China in 1997. PAEC personnel are Nuclear undergoing maintenance and operational In 6/97, the Korea Aerospace Research In- On 1/11/97, Taiwan’s state utility, Taipower, training at China’s Qinshan nuclear power stitute (KARI) intends to launch a two-stage signed a contract to ship 60,000 barrels of plant. rocket called the KRS-II from Anhung city low-level nuclear waste per year for the next Nucleonics Week, 12/5/96, p. 16. in South Chungchong province. The KRS- two years to North Korea. Taiwan state tele- II, a follow-on to the single stage KRS-I will vision reported that the first shipment may Missile have a range of 123 km. KARI, the Korea occur by the end of 2/97. Taiwan will pay Pakistan launched its first indigenously built Advanced Institute for Science and Technol- North Korea approximately $1,150 per bar- missile craft at the naval dockyard in ogy, Seoul University, and Hanyang Univer- rel. North Korea’s Atomic Safety Commis- Karachi. The 200-ton ship is capable of 25 sity developed the rocket. Doo-won Heavy sion will provide space (in a final storage knots and will be equipped with surface-to- Industrial, Hanhwa, Korean Fiber, Danam facility), supervision, and safety controls, and surface missiles, modern electronic-warfare Industries, and Ace Antenna will produce the will be responsible for shipment. systems, fully automatic radar control, and a KRS-II. Reuter, 1/27/97; in Executive News Service, 1/27/ combat information command center. Joong-Ang Ilbo, [Online] http://www.joongang.co.- 97. PTV Television Network (Islamabad), 11/17/96; in kr:80/joongang, 1/23/97; in FBIS-EAS-97-015, 1/ FBIS-NES-96-223, 11/17/96. 23/97.

132 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1997 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments

TAIWAN ESTONIA Missile EUROPE Missile On 1/15/97, six MIM-104 U.S. Patriot mis- The Anglo-French company Matra BAe sile systems arrived at Keelung in Taiwan. Dynamics and the Estonian plant Dvigatel The United States is to deliver the remain- in Tallinn agreed to start preliminary produc- der of a total 200 Patriot missiles in 3/97. tion of surface-to-surface and surface-to-air ARMENIA AFP, 1/16/97; in FBIS-CHI-97-011, 1/16/97. missiles. The first prototypes are scheduled Nuclear to be assembled by 1/97. Taiwan is preparing for the first test-firing According to Suren Azatyan, director of Pravda pyat, 12/10/96, p. 1. of its Tien Chi (Sky Halberd) surface-to-sur- Armenia’s Metsamor nuclear power plant, face missile. The Tien Chi is reportedly France is expected to build Armenia’s sec- FINLAND adapted from the Tien Kung-2 (Sky Bow-2) ond nuclear power station for approximately Missile surface-to-air missile (SAM). $2 billion. France will provide equipment for Jane’s Defence Weekly, 1/29/97, p. 14. the plant, except for the reactors and steam One of three Russian Buk M1 [NATO des- generators, which will be supplied by Rus- ignation SA-10 ‘Grumble’] SAM systems was delivered to the Finnish Air Defense THAILAND sia. Segodnya, [Online] http://www.eastview.com/ Network. Finland is acquiring the SAM sys- Nuclear segodnia, 1/23/97. tem to protect the Helsinki region from air Thailand’s Office of Atomic Energy for attacks. According to representatives of the Peace asked the Thai cabinet to allocate 3.3 Russian supplier and the Finnish Air Defense billion baht for construction of a 5-10 MW BELARUS Network, Finland was the first export cus- research reactor to be built by the U.S. com- Nuclear tomer for the Buk M1. pany General Atomics. Russian Defense Minister Igor Rodionov and Hufvudstadsbladet, 1/31/97, p. 1; in FBIS-WEU-97- Bangkok Post, 1/2/97, p. 1; in FBIS-EAS-97-001, 024, 1/31/97; Pravda pyat, 1/24/97-1/31/97, p. 1. 1/2/97. acting Belarusian Defense Minister Alexander Chumakov held a ceremony in a village west of Minsk marking the with- GEORGIA UZBEKISTAN drawal of the last Soviet-era RS-12M [NATO Nuclear Nuclear designation SS-25 ‘Topol’] ICBM from At a press conference on 1/13/97, Russian Belarusian territory. The director-general of the Uzbek Navoyi Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor Mikhailov Reuter, 11/27/96; in Executive News Service, 11/ said that Russia will take back about 9.5 lb mining and metallurgical combine signed an 27/96. agreement in Washington, D.C. to deliver of highly enriched uranium and nearly 2 lb Uzbek uranium to the United States. Accord- of spent fuel from the Georgian Institute of ing to the agreement, the Navoyi combine BULGARIA Physics during 2/97 or 3/97. Mikhailov said negotiations are at a “bureaucratic stage.” will supply a significant quantity directly to Nuclear the U.S. market and a larger quantity via The transaction, estimated to cost $500,000, Thirteen containers of radioactive material has been slowed due to insufficient funds and third-party countries. were confiscated from private homes in the Nezavisimaya gazeta, [Online] http:// the inability of Russia and Georgia to resolve home.eastview.com/news/ng, 1/23/97. Bulgarian towns of Isperikh and Golyam a number of “technical issues.” Porovets. According to preliminary data New York Times, 1/5/97, pp. 4-5; OMRI Daily Di- from the Nuclear Research and Nuclear gest, 1/13/97; New York Times, 1/14/97, p. 8; Arms VIETNAM Power Generation Institute (NRNPGI), the Control Today, 1/97-2/97, p. 27. Nuclear containers held cesium-137, iridium, ura- Following a review of documents to be de- nium, and plutonium. Yordan Stamenov, di- ROMANIA classified by the U.S. Department of Energy, rector of NRNPGI, said the contents of the Nuclear it was discovered that two U.S. engineers containers were “all isotopes which were Romanian police discovered a small amount were sent in 3/75 to retrieve uranium fuel produced abroad... and were either smuggled of uranium in an apartment in Bucharest. and 80 g of plutonium from a U.S.-built re- to Bulgaria or stolen.” Diplomatic sources said that 60 g of “low- actor in Dalat, South Vietnam. They recov- Novinar, 12/18/96, p. 3; in FBIS-EEU-96-233, 12/ grade uranium” were seized. Nine Roma- ered 26 lb of uranium, but inadvertently left 18/96. nians and one Moldovan were arrested. the plutonium behind. The department was Another source said that eight suspects were not aware of the missing plutonium until the apprehended, 200 g of uranium seized, and review in late 1996. that the arrests took place in a Bucharest Washington Post, 1/16/97, p. A22. park, where the suspects were attempting to pass the nuclear material concealed in a loaf

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1997 133 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments of bread to a Swiss buyer. The Romanian on Russian territory. The FSB charged the DM105,000. For months, 1.4 million Rus- press originally reported that the confiscated firm with nuclear smuggling, and an investi- sian soldiers have received no salary. Rus- material was highly enriched uranium from gation is under way. sian Colonel General Muranov had said that, dismantled Ukrainian nuclear weapons. Izvestiya, 12/25/96, p. 2. “The situation is dramatic! I know that deal- However, neither Romania nor Ukraine had ers are already offering nuclear weapons....” officially reported the incident to the IAEA, According to Russian officials, in late 1996, Bild, 2/3/97, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-97-023, 2/3/97. and it had not appeared on the IAEA’s the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy nuclear materials smuggling database as of (Minatom) purchased via European middle- WEDEN 12/23/96. men an IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer for S NuclearFuel, 12/30/96, p. 14; Kossuth Radio Net- $7 million and a Challenge superserver, each Nuclear work, 12/17/97; in FBIS-TAC-97-003, 12/17/96. capable of executing 10 billion operations According to Swedish police, 1,025.4 kg of per second. According to Minatom head weapons-grade beryllium disappeared from In a report to Romanian President Emil Viktor Mikhailov, by early 1997 the a freight terminal at Arlanda airport in Constantinescu and other government offi- supercomputers were in use at Chelyabinsk- Stockholm as it was being shipped from Es- cials, the police announced that they confis- 70 and Arzamas-16, Russia’s primary tonia to the United States. No additional in- cated a total of 15 kg of nuclear fuel and 318 nuclear warhead R&D centers. formation was provided. kg of radioactive material in 1996. Interfax, 1/13/97; Russia Today, [Online] http:// Reuter, 11/22/96; in Executive News Service, 11/ Rompress, 1/18/97; in FBIS-EEU-97-016-A, 1/18/ www.russiatoday.com/rtoday/news, 2/25/97. 22/96. 97. In 1/97, the U.S. firm Silicon Graphics UKRAINE RUSSIA shipped two small supercomputers to Missile Nuclear Chelyabinsk-70, which had informed the company that the computers would be used Volodymyr Karkanytsya, deputy head of Italian law enforcement agencies foiled a for “environmental science.” The comput- Ukraine’s military-industrial complex, said plan to illicitly sell Russian nuclear material ers were identified as “‘parallel processors’ that three Ukrainian arms exporting firms to countries in North Africa. According to equipped with eight R1000 processors” (Progress, Ukrinmash, and Ukroboron-ser- Italian officials, a former KGB agent who manufactured by MIPS, a firm specializing vice) will be merged into a single company used the name “Major” had established con- in high-speed microprocessors. Silicon called Ukrspetsexport in order to increase tact with the Cosa Nostra crime organiza- Graphics said it did not know Chelyabinsk- government control over the country’s arms tion. Major intended to sell uranium obtained 70 was a nuclear weapon-design facility. The sales. from Russian weapons stockpiles. Eleven $650,000 deal was finalized in 1996. OMRI Daily Digest, 11/6/96. people have been arrested in Italy and Ger- New York Times, 2/19/97, p. 6; Wall Street Journal, many in connection with the operation, code- 2/18/97, p. 4; Export Practitioner, 3/97, pp. 10-11. Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma decreed named Tabula Rasa. that control over defense-related exports be Itar-Tass, 11/24/96; in FBIS-SOV-96-229, 11/25/96; Missile increased. The decree seeks to implement La Nazione, 11/26/96, p. 6; in FBIS-WEU-96-229, 11/26/96. The Russian arms exporter Rosvoorouzhenie “strict control” over the international trans- is likely to consider an offer by the German port of weapons and military technology, as A special train carried 29 MT of nuclear firm Daimler-Benz to purchase RS-18 well as the “raw materials and skills” used waste from Loviisa, Finland, to Chelyabinsk, [NATO designation SS-19 ‘Stiletto’] ICBMs in their production. Russia. This was the last such shipment to for use in launching satellites, according to OMRI Daily Digest, 1/3/97. Russia. The Finnish parliament passed a law a source close to the organization. Russian President Leonid Kuchma refuted allegations prohibiting the export of radioactive waste, authorities are still negotiating the contract, that Ukraine sold OTR-21 [NATO designa- effective January 1997. and its completion depends upon several in- Izvestiya, 11/28/96, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-96-233, 11/ tergovernmental agreements. Russia will re- tion SS-21 ‘Scarab’] ballistic missiles to 28/96; NucNet News, 12/4/96. quire that “certain classified instruments” be Libya and repaired Libya’s Soviet-made sub- removed from the missiles prior to shipment marines. The Krasnoyarsk branch of Russia’s Federal to Germany. Delovoy mir, 2/6/97, p. 2; in Oborona i bezopastnost, 2/10/97, p. 12. Security Service (FSB) confiscated 22 MT Moskovskiye novosti, 12/8/96-12/15/96, p. 2; Mos- of “radioactive concentrate” illegally brought cow News, 12/19/96-12/25/96, p. 16. to Russia by an unnamed foreign firm. It acquired 26 bags of a radioactive substance, Unpaid Russian soldiers are reportedly sell- declared as sugar on customs documentation, ing defense matériel to arms dealers, crimi- and transported them to Krasnoyarsk in two nal organizations, and terrorists. The current railroad cars. FSB officers suspect that the price of a Russian RSD-10 [NATO designa- firm was attempting to dump nuclear waste tion SS-20 ‘Saber’] ballistic missile is

134 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1997 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments

YUGOSLAVIA (SERBIA/ given to the United States are “not a conces- IRAN sion.... The contract is still valid.” ONTENEGRO M ) Jamestown Foundation Monitor, 1/15/97; Izvestiya, Nuclear Nuclear 1/15/97, p. 3; in Oborona i bezopastnost, 1/17/97, U.S. and Cypriot officials are preparing to p. 13. Officials at the Vinca Institute of Nuclear intercept a shipment of equipment for an Ira- Sciences in Belgrade requested that the nian civilian reactor that is expected to be An unnamed Russian defense ministry offi- IAEA remove 40 kg of unused highly en- shipped via Cyprus. The Cypriot ports of cial said that Russia might provide Cyprus riched uranium fuel, which is not well pro- Larnaca and Limassol have allegedly become with its secret Tuman jamming system to tected, from its premises. Another 40 kg of important transshipment points for uncon- protect the S-300s during their deployment spent fuel stored at the site is in dangerously ventional weapons bound for Iran and Syria. to Cyprus. Tuman uses a network of small corroded canisters and could explode. Defense News, 11/4/96-11/10/96, p. 15. marine beacons that detect low-flying aircraft NuclearFuel, 2/10/97, pp. 1, 8-9. and interfere with their navigational equip- Unnamed European intelligence sources said ment. Thus, aircraft are forced to fly at a Iran is trying to construct mine shafts in higher altitude where they can be more eas- preparation for conducting nuclear tests. Iran MIDDLE EAST AND ily detected by radar and shot down. has received some Russian assistance with AFRICA Itar-Tass, 1/31/97; in Jamestown Foundation Moni- the mining project and is attempting to actor, 2/3/97 ; Russian Public Television First Chan- quire the technology through industrial es- nel Network, 2/1/97; in FBIS-SOV-97-025, 2/1/97. pionage. U.S. News & World Report, 12/2/96, p. 27. While in Davos, Switzerland, Greek Cypriot President Glafcos Clerides said that Cyprus CYPRUS In early 12/96, Iran informed the IAEA that will cancel plans to purchase 20 Russian S- it plans to build a uranium hexafluoride Missile 300s if Nicosia and Ankara reach a settle- (UF6) conversion plant at Isfahan with Chi- A delegation from the Russian arms exporter ment on the divided island. nese assistance; operation should begin af- Rosvoorouzhenie signed a contract with the AFP, 1/31/97; in FBIS-WEU-97-021, 1/31/97. Greek Cypriot government to provide 20 S- ter 2000 under IAEA safeguards. U.S. 300 [NATO designation SA ‘Giant’] SAM An unnamed Russian Defense Ministry officials are concerned that the UF6 could systems at a cost of $660 million, according spokesman said that Russia may offer Cyprus be used to produce weapons-grade nuclear to Greek Cypriot sources. the Tor-M1 [NATO designation SS-15 material. NuclearFuel, 12/16/96, p. 1. OMRI Daily Digest, 1/6/97. ‘Gauntlet’] SAM system if Turkey tries to block delivery of the S-300 to Cyprus. The Iran reportedly agreed to allow IAEA inspec- Turkey threatened a pre-emptive strike if the Tor-M1 is designed to counter cruise mis- tors to conduct environmental monitoring of Greek Cypriot government goes ahead with siles, laser-guided bombs, and remote-con- its declared nuclear facilities under the the purchase of S-300s from Russia. How- trolled air-to-surface missiles. However, ever, U.S. State Department official Carey IAEA’s 93+2 enhanced safeguards program. Greek Cypriot defense minister Costas NuclearFuel, 1/13/97, pp. 3-4. Cavanaugh announced that the missile sale Eliades “expressed surprise” and said that had been “significantly postponed” based on his government is not interested in purchas- Missile Greek Cypriot government assurances that ing the Tor-M1. Iran has developed its own 40 km-range, 240 it would not deploy the missiles for at least Defense News, 2/3/97-2/9/97, p. 12; Itar-Tass, 1/27/ mm-caliber multiple rocket system. The 16 months. In a meeting with Cavanaugh, 97; in Jamestown Foundation Monitor, 1/28/97; FADJR-3 rocket uses a solid propellant and Greek Cypriot President Glafcos Clerides Segodnya, [Online] http://www.eastview.com/ segodnia, 1/28/97. was developed by the Parchin Missile Indus- said that “not a single component of those tries Division of the Iranian Defense Indus- missile systems will be brought to this is- tries Organization. Western experts believe land in the next 16 months.” EGYPT that Hezbollah guerrillas in Lebanon have Washington Times, 1/11/97, p. A8 ; New York Times, Missile acquired the FADJR-3. It would allow them 1/14/97, p. 6; Financial Times, [Online] http:// The Egyptian government will receive 368 www.ft.com, 1/14/96. to deploy further away from Israeli positions, HAWK rocket motors from the U.S. firm making detection of launch sites more diffi- Aerojet Propulsion Systems of Sacramento, Greek Cypriot President Glafcos Clerides cult. denied reports that Cyprus promised to de- California. The company received the $7.5 Jane’s Defence Weekly, 11/6/96, p. 23. lay the deployment of S-300s. Clerides said million order from the U.S. Army Missile that the 16-month delay was required by Command, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama. The Tehran Radio reported that an Iranian fighter Russia to complete its part of the estimated order should be completed by 8/31/98. aircraft launched an advanced air-to-sea mis- $600 million deal. An official at the Cypriot Jane’s Defence Contracts, 11/96, p. 13. sile during the Pirouzi-75 [Victory-75] mili- embassy in Moscow said that assurances tary exercises in the Persian Gulf. The missile

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1997 135 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments was reported to have a range of 145 km and sian missile technology assistance to Iran. Reuter, 12/2/96; in Executive News Service, 12/2/ electronic countermeasures capabilities. The According to senior U.S. sources, “over- 96; Reuter, 12/6/96; in Executive News Service, 12/ 9/96. last time an Iranian aircraft used such a mis- whelming” evidence presented to the White sile was during the 1980-88 war with Iraq House by senior Israeli officials regarding UNSCOM chief Rolf Ekeus visited Baghdad when an F-14 fired the last of Iran’s U.S.- the SS-4 transfer matched U.S. intelligence in a failed attempt to obtain Iraq’s permis- supplied Harpoon anti-ship missiles. Accord- gathered in recent weeks. U.S. sources said sion to remove the missile engines and other ing to the Islamic Republic News Agency that along with “some parts” for the SS-4 components destroyed and buried without (IRNA), an Iranian naval official said that missile, Russia provided Iran with detailed U.N. supervision after the 1990-91 Gulf War. Iran tested an indigenous Tondar ballistic plans. According to U.S. officials, According to Ekeus, Iraq was shown docu- missile during the exercises. Chernomyrdin denied that the Russian gov- ments with unique identification numbers for Iran Brief, 12/5/96, pp. 7-8. ernment authorized this transfer. Adminis- missiles that had been exported by the So- tration officials theorized that perhaps During 10-day military exercises in late 11/ viet Union. He also produced as evidence “cash-strapped Soviet arms producers or Iraqi data showing receipt of the missiles. 96, Chinese-built C-802 anti-ship missiles complexes” conveyed the missile technology were successfully fired from Iran’s Houdong According to Ekeus, UNSCOM has not to Iran. found any of the “specifically numbered and patrol boats, and “precise hits” were scored Los Angeles Times, [Online] http://www.latimes.com, by updated Chinese HY-2 Silkworm mis- 2/12/97. identified missiles in Iraq.” Reconciling the siles. Although the C-802 had been success- discrepancy between import documentation and the physical evidence remained impos- fully fired in 1/96, the exercises marked the IRAQ sible after 15 hours of technical meetings first time they had been fired from the Chi- Nuclear nese-built Houdong patrol boats. The C-802 between Ekeus and Iraqi Deputy Prime Min- The Swiss company CETEC attempted to has a range of 100 km. ister Tariq Aziz. ship about 300 valves for uranium enrich- Washington Times, 12/19/96, p. A13; Reuter, 12/18/ Reuter, 12/9/96; in Executive News Service, 12/9/ 96; in Executive News Service, 12/27/96; Times 96; Khaleej Times, 12/9/96, p. 1. ment centrifuges, as well as cascade components, to Iraq via Singapore and Jordan. In [Online] http://www.sunday-times.co.uk, 12/12/96. 9/96, the equipment, worth over £200,000, Mohammad Hossein Mahlouji, Iranian min- Ekeus told the UN Security Council that was seized in Jordan where it had been stored ister for mines and metals, signed a letter of UNSCOM had recently discovered that turbo intent pledging Iran’s interest in buying the in a warehouse since 1991. Middle East, 12/96, p. 21. pumps had been removed from the long- German firm Sket Magdeburg GmbH, an range missiles Iraq claimed to have destroyed ailing machine-tool manufacturer. Mahlouji At the request of German authorities, Bra- and buried after the 1990-91 Gulf War. Iraq signed the letter during a visit to the German zilian police arrested German nuclear spe- does not possess the capability to indig- state of Saxony. According to Saxony-Anhalt cialist Karl-Heinz Schaab who allegedly sold enously manufacture such turbo pumps. spokesman Hans Juergen Fink, Iran wants Iraq more than 20 carbon-fiber rotors for use Ekeus also said that Iraq retained “a signifi- to purchase the firm either as a whole or in in its nuclear program. Schaab owned Rosch cant number of operational missiles which parts. Verbundwerkstoff in Kaufbeuren, Germany, could constitute a complete missile force.” Iran Brief, 1/6/97, p. 8. and provided uranium enrichment technol- The Security Council said it “deplores” Iraq’s Israel’s Ha’aretz newspaper quoted a mili- ogy to Brazil for its nuclear submarine pro- refusal to let UNSCOM ship over 100 mis- tary expert as saying that Iran was secretly gram. sile engines to the United States for analy- Agencia Estado (Sao Paulo), 12/20/96; in FBIS-LAT- negotiating with Russia to acquire produc- sis. 96-252, 12/20/96. Reuter, 12/30/96; in Executive News Service, tion technology for the 2,000 km-range R- 12/2/97; New York Times, [Online] http:// 12 [NATO designation SS-4 ‘Sandel’] Missile www.nytimes.com, 12/19/96. surface-to-surface missile. However, Sergey Baghdad prevented UNSCOM inspectors Tretyakov, Russia’s ambassador to Iran, de- from shipping abroad the remains of Iraqi Iraq has reportedly reactivated its arms pro- nied that Moscow and Tehran had conducted long-range missile engines. These and other curement network in the United Kingdom, secret talks to negotiate the transfer of SS-4 missile parts were due to be sent to the United approaching British machine-tool maker production technology. States to determine if they were produced in BSA Tools five or six times through inter- Abrar (Tehran), 1/7/97, p. 12; in FBIS-NES-97-013, Iraq or the Soviet Union. UNSCOM has ap- mediaries. 1/7/97. Sunday Times, [Online] http://www.sunday- proximately 60 missile engines stored at its times.co.uk, 1/19/97. During talks between U.S. Vice President Al headquarters in Baghdad and approximately Gore and Russian Prime Minister Viktor 20-25 engines remain buried at two locations UNSCOM inspectors discovered further evi- Chernomyrdin the week of 2/3/97, the near the Iraqi capital. After the 1990-91 Gulf dence that Iraq is continuing to conduct re- Clinton administration issued a diplomatic War, Iraq scrapped and buried a large num- search and development of long-range warning to Moscow regarding alleged Rus- ber of Scud missiles without UN supervision. ballistic missiles. The inspectors found and

136 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1997 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments copied from an Iraqi computer software that have been initiated in the early 1990s to meet support. simulates the launch and probable trajectory a navy requirement for an ASM with in- Defense News, 11\25\96-12\1\96, p. 13. of such missiles. The software was appar- creased engagement range and greater lethal- ently obtained illegally after the 1990-91 ity. Israel’s ramjet projects may have been The first of eight fast patrol craft built for Gulf War. According to U.N. officials, the undertaken in conjunction with Somchem, a Kuwait was rolled out at the Constructions software could help Iraq develop missiles South African firm. Mecaniques de Normandie (CMN) shipyard with ranges of up to 985 miles. Flight International, 11/6/96-11/12/96, p. 17. in Cherbourg, France. According to CMN, New York Times, [Online] http://www.nytimes.com, the boats will be fitted with British Aero- 12/19/96; Washington Post, [Online] http:// Two U.S. Congressmen announced that they space (BAe) Sea Skua anti-ship missiles www.washingtonpost.com, 2/5/97. would call for the suspension of aid to Israel (ASM). In 1996, the Kuwaiti parliament or- if evidence shows that Israel transferred sen- dered an investigation into the defense Seven UNSCOM inspectors arrived in Iraq sitive military technology, including cruise ministry’s decision to purchase 80 Sea Skuas to supervise the excavation of a ballistic mis- missile, missile defense, and guidance tech- from BAe rather than Exocet MM-15 ASMs, sile site near Baghdad, according to Goran nologies to China. which were offered at a lower price by the Wallen, director of UNSCOM’s Ongoing Washington Report On Middle East Affairs, 11/96- French firm Aerospatiale. According to Sa- Monitoring and Verification (OMV) Center. 12/96, p. 9. lem Sabah, Kuwait’s defense minister, the Wallen said the excavation was part of an BAe offer included a gift of 20 Sea Skuas Iraqi initiative to convince UNSCOM that Senior officials from the U.S. Ballistic Mis- and a commitment by the United Kingdom Baghdad had destroyed all of its operational sile Defense Organization (BMDO) said the to honor a disputed $11 million debt. Soviet-made long-range missiles by the end United States “will work at a low level” with Jane’s Defence Weekly, 2/19/97, p. 14. of 1992. According to UN experts, Iraq may Israel to develop a combination UAV and have more than 100 Scud missile engines. high-speed interceptor missile to destroy LIBYA Wallen said UNSCOM would insist on ship- ballistic missiles in the boost phase. Israel ping abroad for analysis scrapped missile plans to develop a stealthy version of the HA- Missile components excavated at another site if the 10 UAV with a 1,000 lb payload to carry a Officials from the U.S. Central Intelligence current dig is unsuccessful. derivative of the Python-4 air-to-air missile. Agency (CIA) sent a classified report to the Reuter, 1/7/97; in Executive News Service, 1/8/97. Aviation Week & Space Technology, 1/20/97, p. 19. U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) which disclosed that, in 7/96, the Serbian firm JPL Ekeus announced that Iraq agreed to send Israel is developing a cruise missile for pos- Systems signed a $30 million contract to pro- abroad remnants of prohibited missile en- sible export to China. Based on the Star-1 vide technical assistance to Libya’s Al Fatah gines for technical analysis by U.N. inspec- anti-radiation attack drone, the new missile medium-range ballistic missile development tors. Ekeus had previously accused Baghdad has a range of 397 km, and a maximum alti- program. Libya has been developing the Al of misleading UNSCOM inspectors by de- tude of 10,000 m, incorporates both GPS and Fatah since the early 1990s, and the DOD stroying inferior Iraqi-produced engines but inertial navigation guidance, and may use estimates that the missile may have a poten- concealing more sophisticated Soviet-made image-seeking terminal guidance. The cruise tial range of up to 590 miles, far enough to engines. UNSCOM and Iraq agreed to ship missile will be larger and more powerful than hit targets in southern Europe. the scrapped missile components either to the Star-1, and Israel Military Industries is Washington Times, 11/12/96, p. A3. France or the United States. Iraq originally planning to fit it with a hard-target penetrat- suggested the remnants be shipped to France ing warhead. According to a secret NATO report entitled or Russia but not the United States. Flight International, 2/5/97-2/11/97, p. 13. MC161/96: The General Intelligence Esti- Washington Post, [Online] http:// mate, Strategic Overview, Libya will have www.washingtonpost.com, 2/24/97; Reuter, 3/2/97; KUWAIT 1,000-3,000 km-range ballistic missiles in Executive News Service, 3/2/97. armed with nuclear, chemical, or biological Missile warheads by 2006. Kuwait’s Ministry of Defense awarded an El Mundo (Madrid), 11/25/96, pp. 6-7. ISRAEL $11.4 million contract to the U.S. firm Missile Raytheon to build two Patriot missile sites The Washington Times published extracts The Israeli firm Rafael is developing ramjet and a depot. Construction will begin by the from a classified U.S. CIA report which said engines for missiles. Rafael’s Manor Propul- end of 1996 and is scheduled for comple- two Ukrainian “legal entities” signed $510 sion and Explosive Systems division has tion by 7/98. Raytheon Electronic Systems million worth of contracts with Libya for the tested an annular-intake ramjet design that will supply Patriot system expertise, while shipment of short-range ballistic missiles, as may be part of a project to develop a super- Raytheon’s Engineers and Contractors Di- well as warship and submarine spare parts sonic successor to the Israel Aircraft Indus- vision will provide engineering and construc- to Tripoli. tries (IAI) Gabriel anti-ship missile (ASM). tion management. A Kuwaiti company will Krasnaya zvezda, 12/11/96, p. 3. The Gabriel-successor project is thought to provide construction resources and other

The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1997 137 Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments

SOUTH AFRICA TURKEY Missile Missile SOUTH AMERICA The Somchem division of Denel is develop- Turkish Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan ing a self-forging fragment (SFF) warhead signed a contract with Israel Aircraft Indus- to upgrade the Israel Aircraft Industries tries (IAI) for the overhaul of 54 Turkish F- Gabriel Mk-1 anti-ship missile. Somchem 4 Phantom aircraft. Additionally, Israel’s has completed static tests of the design and Rafael will supply 30 Popeye AGM-142 pre- ARGENTINA is negotiating with at least one foreign cision-guided standoff, air-to-surface mis- Nuclear Gabriel operator. The South African Navy siles for the aircraft as well as installation Operations resumed at the Arroyitas heavy is partially financing the development pro- assistance. Turkey plans to co-produce 120 water plant, which will produce an initial gram. The new warhead weighs 150 kg and more Popeye missiles with Israel. batch of 40 MT for Argentina’s nuclear re- Arms Trade News, 11/96, p. 3; Globes (Internet), 12/ is equipped with 35 SFF submunitions. actors. Jane’s International Defense Review, 1/97, p. 19. 8/96; FBIS-NES-96-237, 12/8/96. Telam (Buenos Aires), 11/4/96; in FBIS-LAT-96- 217, 11/4/96. The U.S. firm Lockheed Martin Vought Sys- SUDAN tems received its first international order for BRAZIL Missile the Army Tactical Missile System Nuclear During the week of 1/27/97, an official from (ATACMS) when Turkey ordered 72 of them Sudan’s government denied that Iran had for a total cost of $47.9 million. Each Brazil is considering whether to resume work supplied it with “chemical-tipped” missiles ATACMS missile can carry 950 anti-person- on the 1,365 MW Angra-3 pressurized wa- and other weapons for use in its ongoing civil nel and anti-matériel submunitions to a range ter reactor for which it has purchased $1 bil- war. A Sudanese diplomat said that although of up to 100 miles. Lockheed Martin Vought lion worth of equipment. Nuclear Engineering International, 11/96, p. 8. his government had a right to receive vari- Systems spokesman Craig Vanbebber said the sale to Turkey paves the way for addi- ous types of assistance “from our brothers” Brazil’s acting president, Marco Maciel, au- to liberate territory captured by the rebels, tional ATACMS exports. Although no additional orders have been received, other thorized the Army Ministry to form an asso- no military assistance had been received from ciation with a federal university in order to Iran. countries have expressed interest. Defense News, 11/11/96-11/17/96, p. 27. continue Project Atlantic. This project ini- Defense News, 2/3/97-2/9/97, p. 2. tially involved the proposed installation of a Vadim Kuznetsov, Russia’s ambassador to 10-20 MW graphite reactor at the Special SYRIA Turkey, said Moscow is prepared to sell Projects Institute in Guariba, but the reactor Nuclear Ankara missile systems, assault helicopters, will now be transferred to a university se- Syrian officials said that Damascus is con- tanks, and light weapons. Kuznetsov said lected for the association. tinuing its effort to purchase a nuclear reac- Russia has proposed selling about a dozen Agencia Estado (Sao Paulo), 11/27/96; in FBIS-LAT- tor from Argentina. weapon systems and has offered joint ven- 96-230, 11/27/96. Ambito Financiero (Buenos Aires), 12/16/96, p. 19; tures and licensed co-production. According Brazil’s Aramar Navy Experimental Center in FBIS-LAT-96-244, 12/16/96. to Russian defense and industry sources, of- in Ipero will supply Argentina with enriched ficials from Rosvoorouzhenie, Russia’s state- uranium for its research reactors and future Missile owned arms export agency, have entered nuclear power plants. With the addition of a Syria conducted an undisclosed number of negotiations with Turkey for the joint pro- new uranium processing plant, Aramar’s Scud surface-to-surface missile launches in duction of S-300 air-defense missiles [NATO 20,000 SWU capacity is expected to double. the eastern desert region of the country. The designation SA-10 ‘Grumble’], Mi-28 and launches were believed to have involved Agencia Estado (Sao Paulo), 12/18/96; in FBIS-LAT- Ka-52 assault helicopters, T-80 tanks, and 96-245, 12/18/96. Scud-B missiles. Although U.S. officials said Mi-26 heavy transport aircraft. the launches appeared to be basic field tests, Defense News, 3/3/97-3/9/97, pp. 3, 26. they are increasingly concerned that Syria’s test program could result in the development of a chemical warhead and increased cooperation with Russia on chemical weapons. Syria is thought to possess an arsenal of more than 200 missiles. Jane’s Defence Weekly, 1/15/97, p. 3.

138 The Nonproliferation Review/Spring-Summer 1997