Missile Developments

BALLISTIC, CRUISE MISSILE, AND MISSILE DEFENSE SYSTEMS: TRADE AND SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS, JUNE 1994-SEPTEMBER 1994

RUSSIA WITH AFGHANISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN TAJIKISTAN AUSTRALIA

8/10/94 According to Russian military forces in Dushanbe, the 12th post of the Moscow INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS border troops headquarters in Tajikistan is INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS attacked by missiles fired from Afghan ter- 9/27/94 ritory. The Russians respond with suppres- 7/94 Rocket and mortar attacks leave 58 people sive fire on the missile launcher emplace- It is reported that Australia’s University of dead and 224 wounded in Kabul. Kabul ment; no casualties are reported. Queensland can produce a scramjet air- radio attributes this attack to factions op- Itar-Tass (Moscow), 8/11/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-155, breathing engine, which may offer payload posing President Burhanuddin Rabbani. 8/11/94, p. 36 (4564). and cost advantages over conventional SLVs. More than 100 rockets and mortar shells Chris Schacht, Australian (Sydney), 7/20/94, p. 6; are fired on residential areas of Kabul by 8/27/94 in FBIS-EAS-94-152, 8/8/94, pp. 89-90 (4405). anti-Rabbani militia under the control of During the early morning hours, Tajik Prime Minister Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and Mujaheedin launch several missiles at the 7/94 northern warlord General Abdul Rashid Russian Frontier Guard observation posi- It is reported that the Australian government Dostam. tion and post on the Turk Heights in awarded Australia’s AWA Defence Industries Wall Street Journal, 9/28/94, p. 1 (4333). Tajikistan. The missiles are launched from (AWADI) a $17 million contract to produce the area of the Afghan-Tajik border and from the Active Missile Decoy (AMD) system, a Afghan territory, according to the second “hovering rocket-propelled anti-ship missile commander of Russian border guards in decoy system” providing for ship defense against sea-skimming missiles. AWADI will The numbers listed in parenthesis following the Tajikistan, Major General Aleksandr bibliographic references refer to the identification Savchenko. No Russian soldiers are killed. also develop a fire control system to coor- number of the document in the International Galina Gridneva, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 8/28/94; in dinate a ship’s decoy and combat data sys- Missile Proliferation Project Database, from FBIS-SOV-94-167, 8/29/94, p. 48 (4392). tems. The AMD system was jointly devel- which the news summaries are abstracted. oped by Australia and Sippican of the U.S., Because of the rapidly changing nature of the who developed the electronic payload. subject matter, The Nonproliferation Review is Flight International, 7/13/94, p. 16 (4430). unable to guarantee that the information reported herein is complete or accurate, and disclaims liability to any party for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions.

128 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Missile Developments

AUSTRALIA WITH RUSSIA Fan Song-E C-band targeting and missile guidance radar, the core of the SA-2 Guide- 7/94 line SAM system, and an SA-6 TEL have DENMARK The new launch complex that is being de- been photographed at the site. The Bosnian- veloped by Russia and the Australian com- Serb Army deploys the SA-2 system, gen- pany Space Transportation Systems (STS) erally with as many as six launchers, and on Papua New Guinea, which has a comple- also deploys dummy SAM sites to spoof tion date of 1998, will allow Russia to NATO aircraft. INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS double the payload it can launch into geo- Joris Janssen Lok, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/11/ 94, p. 25 (4309). stationary orbits on its Proton rockets from 9/94 2.4 metric tons to 4.8 metric tons. It is reported that the Royal Danish Navy Journal of Commerce, 1/21/94, p. 3A; in RA has activated two Harpoon Coastal Defence Report no. 17, 7/94, p. 75 (4607). System (HCDS) batteries containing Har- BRAZIL poon Block 1C missiles. Each battery is comprised of two launch vehicles and a mobile launch and command center situated on a Scania truck and built for rapid de- BELARUS ployment. The mobile launch and command center houses the guidance, launch data, and INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS communication systems and travels with the missile launch vehicles. Four missiles are 7/94 fitted on each launch vehicle. BELARUS WITH RUSSIA It is reported that Brazil is developing a four- Charles Bickers, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/24/94, stage rocket that can carry a 440 lb pay- p. 5 (4433). 5/18/94 load. The rocket, which may be ready for Russia withdraws the first shipment of SS- deployment in 1995, could allegedly be used 25 ICBMs from Belarus. At present, it is as an intermediate-range missile. believed that 27 SS-25s have been withdrawn For Your Eyes Only, 7/11/94 (4378). from Belarus to Russia. EGYPT Neue Zurcher Zeitung, 5/20/94; in Arms Control Today, 6/94 (4522). PPNN Newsbrief, Second Quarter, p. 17 (4522). CROATIA EGYPT WITH UNITED STATES

BOSNIA 9/94 McDonnell Douglas is awarded an $125 CROATIA WITH UKRAINE million contract by the U.S. Navy for 75 SLAMs and 44 Harpoon missiles. Of the 7/22/94 44 Harpoon missiles currently covered by The Ukrainian Defense Ministry press ser- the deal, Egypt will receive 16, Japan three, INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS vice denies a report by the Serbian publica- and Malaysia 25. Work on the contract is tion Novny that stated that Croatia has pro- expected to be completed by 12/96. 6/94 cured 20 S-300 anti-missile systems from Reuter, 8/22/94; in Executive News Service, 8/24/ According to NATO intelligence sources, the Ukraine. The Ukrainian Defense Ministry 94 (4347). Flight International, 9/14/94, p. 40 Bosnian-Serb Army maintains a large facil- press service states that Ukraine operates in (4347). ity for modifying and upgrading its air de- accordance with the moratorium on the sale fense systems which routinely works on SA- of arms to combative nations. 9/23/94 2, SA-3, and SA-6 SAMs. The facility, Radio Ukraine World Service (Kiev), 7/22/94; in U.S. Navy intelligence officers state that the which is reportedly near Banja Luka, com- FBIS-SOV-94-142, 7/25/94, p. 35 (4312). submarine-launched Harpoon missile has prises three administration and six produc- Krasnaya Zvezda, 7/26/94, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-94- been transferred to seven countries: Egypt, 147, 8/1/94, pp. 32-33 (4605). tion buildings, and may be developing and Greece, Japan, Israel, Turkey, the U.K., and installing fire control sensors and/or pas- Pakistan. sive electro-optical search technology. A Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 129 Missile Developments

9/23/94 and SM-39s will give [Pakistan] a very cost- Patrick Mercillon, spokesman for effective anti-blockade deterrent” against the FRANCE Aerospatiale Missiles of Chatillon, the Indian Navy during a conflict. According manufacturer of the SM-39 Exocet anti-ship to an official of the French Defense Pro- missile, states that “the United States has curement Agency (DGA), the first of the exported the submarine-launched Harpoon three Agosta submarines will be delivered to nine countries, so this kind of missile to Pakistan by late 1998. The first subma- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS has already been proliferated. We are sim- rine will be built completely in France, the ply doing what our competitors have already second will be assembled in Pakistan after 5/94 done.” being partially built in France, and the third French President Francois Mitterand states Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, will be built entirely in Pakistan. The work that France is planning to manufacture four Defense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). in Pakistan on the second and third subma- Triomphant-class submarines instead of six rines will be done at the Karachi Naval Ship- and that they will be equipped to carry an yards. upgraded version of the M4 missile, the M45 FRANCE WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, SLBM, which will be used until it is re- Defense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). placed by the M5 SLBM in 2010. Mitterand 6/20/94 states that France is continuing work on the The French space agency and its Ariane-5 development of a longer-range version of contracting team conducts, with the Euro- FRANCE WITH UKRAINE the ASMP air-to-surface, medium-range pean Space Agency, the third test-firing of nuclear missile, known as the ASLP air- the 1.3 million pound thrust Ariane-5 solid- 5/94 launched missile. According to Mitterand, fuel booster at Kourou, French Guiana. It is reported that Aerospatiale of France France is also developing a new land-based Because of a propellant viscosity problem and Yuzhnoe of Ukraine have signed four version of the M45 SLBM to replace the S3 resulting from ammonium perchlorate grains contracts which provide for the conversion IRBM in 2005. supplied by Espera, a subsidiary of France’s of SS-24 oxygen tanks to containers for liq- Dunbar Lockwood and Adam Grissom, Arms SNPE company, the test-firing is conducted uid oxygen and kerosene; the use of SS-24 Control Today, 9/94, p. 8 (4575). using a U.S. propellant supplied by Kerr- missiles and components to manufacture McGee. small rockets that will launch satellites into 8/94 Craig Covault, Aviation Week & Space Technology, a low-earth orbit from France’s space cen- It is reported that France has decided to 6/27/94, p. 81 (4556). ter in Guiana; the use of a 30 ton thrust postpone the deployment of its future long- engine as the second stage booster for small range nuclear missile, the M5, until 2010. rockets; and the conversion of SS-24 ICBM Financial Times, 8/4/94; in PPNN Newsbrief, Sec- FRANCE WITH PAKISTAN missile components to boosters for the ond Quarter, p. 10 (4427). Ariane-5 SLV. 9/21/94 Ukrinform (Kiev), 5/30/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-105, 9/94 France and Pakistan sign a $950 million deal 6/1/94, pp. 46-47 (4487). According to officials from Matra Defense that includes three Agosta 90-B submarines of France, an Apache prototype cruise mis- and the transfer of technology. The deal 7/94 sile completes its first long-range test at the also includes training and long-term logis- It is reported that Ukraine is initiating joint French Air Force’s In-Flight Test Center tical support, and reportedly gives the Pa- technology transfers with France’s CNES located at Cazaux. The Apache is guided kistani Navy “offensive capabilities far su- and the U.S. NASA, as well as booster de- over 140 km (84 mi) to a target by satellite perior to those of most non-NATO navies.” velopment with U.S. Boeing and France’s control. Frederic Aragon of Matra states The submarines are equipped with Air-In- Aerospatiale for the 461-ton “piggyback” air- that the first test of the Apache is signifi- dependent Propulsion (AIP) and are armed launched Zenit booster. cant because it marks the critical technical with torpedoes and SM-39 Exocet anti-ship Intelligence Newsletter, 7/26/94, p. 7 (4488). phase for the conventional-warhead stand- missiles. The Exocets can be fired while a off missile development program. It is es- submarine is submerged. timated that the Apache will be deployed Jawed Naqvi, Reuter, 9/23/94 (4331). Giovanni de FRANCE WITH UNITED KINGDOM on German Tornado and French Mirage Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 2000-D aircraft starting in 1997. 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). 9/94 Reuter, 9/6/94; in Executive News Service, 9/7/94 It is reported that Matra and Aerospatiale (4435). Defense News, 9/26/94, p. 18 (4441). 9/23/94 of France are interested in entering the U.K. A senior French defense official states that conventionally armed air-launched stand-off Pakistan feels that “the combination of AIP missile (CASOM) competition with the

130 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Missile Developments

Apache and ASMP-C missiles. U.K., and Pakistan. missile propellants listed are 92 liters of “O” Flight International, 9/14/94, p. 16 (4308). Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, fuel (nitric acid), 53,124 liters of “G” fuel Defense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). and 20,785 liters of IPN. India’s Agni and Prithvi missiles use “O” and “G” fuel. Times of India (Bombay), 4/12/94, pp. 1, 9; in JPRS- TND-94-012, 6/7/94, p. 22 (4553). GERMANY INDIA 6/1/94 At a beach in Payyoli, Indian fisherman dis- cover and drag ashore what is believed to be a surface-to-surface missile. The mis- GERMANY WITH IRAQ sile, missing its front portion but with el- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS evators, stabilizers, and rudders intact, is 6 7/19/94 m long, 2.5 m wide, and is marked with a German businessman Anton Eyerle, owner 4/94 Russian inscription. The object is identi- of Rhein-Bayern Fahrzeugbau, is sentenced India commissions a radar system at Gadanki fied as an SSM by the District Collector, to five-and-a-half years imprisonment be- near Tirupati to conduct research in atmo- Amitabh Kant, and Commodore S. Soman cause his firm continued to deliver missile spheric science and to help space scientists from the local NCC [National Cadet Corps] components to Iraq after the invasion of with safe rocket launches from the unit. District authorities request that Naval Kuwait in 8/90. The firm supplied more Sriharikota site, which is located 80 km experts in Cochin and the Indian Space Re- than 1,000 ignition systems for Iraqi Styx away. search Organization in Trivandrum contact and Scud missiles. Statesman (Calcutta), 4/27/94, p. 11; in JPRS-TND- Payyoli. 94-012, 6/7/94, p. 22 (4527). International Herald Tribune, 7/20/94 (4600). Hindu, 6/11/94, p. 13 (4323).

5/15/94 6/4/94 Pakistan’s Chief of Naval Staff Admiral At 11:35 am, a Prithvi is launched from a Saeed Khan says that India is reportedly mobile launcher near the Interim Testing GREECE working on the development of nuclear pro- Range (ITR) at the Chandipur-on-Sea facil- pulsion capability, which is “ominous” given ity on the Balasore coast and hits its target India’s nuclear capability and ballistic mis- 80 km away on Wheeler Island, four min- sile programs. utes after its launch. This is the 13th test- Nation (Islamabad), 5/16/94, pp. 1, 4; in JPRS- launch of the Prithvi and its first user trial. TND-94-012, 6/7/94, p. 15 (4426). GREECE WITH UNITED STATES It is also the first time the Prithvi carries a 5/30/94 live warhead. 5/94 Venkatnarain, All India Radio Network (Delhi), 6/ An official with India’s Defence Research 7/94; in FBIS-NES-94-109, 6/7/94, p. 72 (4497). and Development Laboratory (DRDL) states Navbharat Times (Bombay), 6/7/94, p. 9; in JPRS- Israel, Greece, and Japan finalize a $43.4 that measures are being taken to correct a TND-94-017, 7/13/94, p. 32 (4525). Aviation Week million Foreign Military Sales contract with problem with a faulty nozzle on the propel- & Space Technology, 6/13/94, p. 21 (4325). Laxmi Shankar Yadav, Dainik Jagran (Delhi), 6/19/94, p. the U.S. Loral Vought Systems for the pur- lant loading system of the Prithvi missile chase of Multiple Launch Rocket Systems 6; in JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/13/94, pp. 34-37 (4530). which is allowing propellant to seep into Asian Recorder, 6/25/94, pp. 24048-24049 (4623). (MLRS) and rockets. By 9/95, Japan will the engine casings. This problem caused a Sunil Dasgupta, India Today, 6/30/94, p. 93 (4525). receive 72 practice rockets; by 12/96, Is- scheduled 5/13/94 launch to be cancelled Asian Recorder, 7/2/94, pp. 24065-24066 (4525). rael will receive 6 MLRS launchers, 726 indefinitely. tactical rockets, and 720 practice rockets; Theresa Hitchens and Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense 6/6/94 and by 2/97, Greece will take delivery of 9 News, 6/6/94, p. 22 (4624). The Indian Army successfully launches the MLRS launchers and 132 reduced-range Prithvi missile in its second user trial to the practice rockets. 6/94 missile’s maximum range of 250 km. An- International Defense Review, 8/94, p. 17 (4466). It is reported that the Indian defense minis- other report states that the target is 145 mi try has offered to sell Indian Air Force equip- away and that the missile reached it 4 min- 9/23/94 ment, including 161 lines of electronic utes and 47 seconds after launch. U.S. Navy intelligence officers state that equipment for the Russian surface-to-air Venkatnarain, All India Radio Network (Delhi), 6/ the submarine-launched Harpoon missile missile (SAM II) guidance system, 126 ser- 7/94; in FBIS-NES-94-109, 6/7/94, p. 72 (4497). has been transferred to seven countries: Navbharat Times (Bombay), 6/7/94, p. 9; in JPRS- viceable missiles, 35 SAM II launchers, and TND-94-017, 7/13/94, p. 32 (4525). Laxmi Egypt, Greece, Japan, Israel, Turkey, the missile liquid propellants. Specifically, the Shankar Yadav, Dainik Jagran (Delhi), 6/19/94, p.

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 131 Missile Developments

6; in JPRS-TND-94-014, 7/13/94, pp. 34-37 (4530). 9/94 ensures that all major Pakistani cities, ex- Sunil Dasgupta, India Today, 6/30/94, p. 93 (4525). It is reported that the second developmental cept Quetta in the far south, are within range Asian Recorder, 7/2/94, pp. 24065-24066 (4525). launch of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle of Indian missiles. Munir states that Indian 7/94 (PSLV-D2) planned for 10/94 has been de- deployment of such missiles will give Paki- stan only a few minutes warning time if a It is reported that India has begun to de- layed. The launch is scheduled to occur surprise attack takes place, “and, therefore, velop the Surya (Sun) ICBM at the Interim before the end of 1994, but monsoons may increase the hair-trigger environment in Test Range (ITR) Chandipur. Indian scien- cause further postponements. Flight International, 9/7/94, p. 40 (4543). South Asia.” tists, working at ITR and at DRDO labora- News (Islamabad), 6/15/94, p. 1; in FBIS-NES-94- tories in Delhi, are striving to finalize the 9/20/94 108, 6/6/94, p. 81 (4533). design for the ICBM by 1995. The ICBM A malfunction in the Polar Satellite Launch is reportedly an upgrade of the Agni-3 mis- Vehicle (PSLV) causes it to veer off course 8/14/94 sile and will have a range of at least 12,000 during its first launch attempt. The mal- Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto km; it could be test-fired in 1996. function is attributed to a separation fault makes a statement critical of the Indian de- Asian Defense Journal, 7/94, p. 94 (4546). in the second and third stages; the PSLV’s ployment of Trishul, Prithvi, and Agni mis- siles and India’s “race” for weaponry. Dur- Late 7/94 engines function very well. Flight International, 8/3/94, p. 26 (4529). ing her Independence Day speech, Bhutto Bhuvanesh Chaturvedi, Minister of State in states that both Pakistan and India should the Department of Atomic Energy and follow a “zero-missile regime”; that is, nei- Space, tells the Indian Parliament that $108 INDIA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP ther country should possess any missiles. million has been approved by the govern- Ranjit Kumar, Navbharat Times (Delhi), 8/17/94, ment for testing the Cryogenic Upper Stage p. 7; in JPRS-TND-94-107, 9/8/94, p. 19 (4524). Project by the end of 1998, and says that 8/29/94-9/1/94 K. K. Katyal, Hindu, 8/27/94, p. 5 (4324). within four years India will be able to build A four-nation group of representatives from indigenously developed liquid-fuel rocket the MTCR visit India and Pakistan to dis- 8/15/94 engines. cuss the objectives of the regime in regards In his Independence Day address from the Washington Times, 7/30/94, p. A10 (4526). to missile developments in the region. The Red Fort in Delhi, Indian Prime Minister delegates from Australia, Switzerland, the P. V. Narasimha Rao asks why India’s mis- Late 7/94 U.S., and the U.K. begin what they describe sile program is receiving so much attention The Indian Army completes user trials of as “the first stage in a dialogue.” The team’s while Pakistan’s acquisition of “off-the-shelf” the Prithvi; as a result, production of the discussions with India on 8/29-8/30 cover nuclear weapons is not addressed. Rao states missile can begin. the Prithvi and Agni programs. Pakistan’s that India will not put a stop to “its defense International Defense Review, 9/94, p. 14 (4544). Hatf-1 and Hatf-2 programs, and possibly preparedness” and will not halt either the the Chinese transfer of M-11s to Pakistan, development or the deployment of its mis- 8/94 are discussed during the team’s meetings siles. It is reported that the Prithvi missile may with Pakistan on 9/1-9/2. Pakistan informs Ranjit Kumar, Navbharat Times (Delhi), 8/17/94, have been deployed in static formation and the delegates that it supports a missile-free p. 7; in JPRS-TND-94-107, 9/8/94, p. 19 (4524). K.K. Katyal, Hindu, 8/27/94, p. 5 (4324). that there are signs that the missile may be South Asia, but that India’s development and ready for launch from chosen sites on the deployment of missiles could spur a nuclear Western border. This temporary deployment arms race in the region. According to In- INDIA WITH PRC is expected to be a deterrent against dian defense sources, the MTCR team does Pakistan’s 70 km range Hatf-1 and 280 km not bring up the issue of India discontinu- range Hatf-2 missiles, deployed in 1991 and ing its missile program. 9/7/94-9/13/94 1993, respectively. Tahir Ikram, Reuter; in Executive News Service, 9/ Chinese Minister of Defense General Chi 2/94 (4535). Flight International, 9/21/94, p. 18 Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter, 8/94-9/94, p. 21 Haotian leads a delegation to India for dis- (4537). (4541). cussions on bilateral defense relations. The meetings are unsuccessful and key issues 8/1/94 remain unresolved, including China’s sale India conducts successful user trials of its INDIA WITH PAKISTAN of M-11 missiles to Pakistan, which India indigenously-produced Trishul short-range is interested in discussing with the Chinese. SAM. The Trishul is to form the “inner 6/4/94 The negotiations also include discussion on ring of an interlinked two-tier air defense Pakistan states that India’s test firing of the joint Chinese-Indian space exploration. system of the future,” while the Akash SAM, Prithvi has started a weapons race in South Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 9/19/94, p. 34 which is still being tested, will form the Asia. Munir Akram, a spokesman of the (4538). outer ring. Pakistan Foreign Office, states that this test Hindu, 8/13/94, p. 12 (4545).

132 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Missile Developments

within six to 12 months because “[t]esting INDIA WITH RUSSIA facilities don’t exist for a full-range test [of IRAN the No-dong-1] in North Korea,” and be- 6/94 cause it wants to avoid increasing the exist- It is reported that Russia has announced its ing tension over the nuclear issue. commitment to provide the spare parts for Martin Sieff, Washington Times, 6/16/94, p. A13 (4363). James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7/ military equipment India had purchased 30/94, pp. 23-33 (4569). from the Soviet Union and called for greater IRAN WITH NORTH KOREA trade between the two countries. In addi- 7/94 6/94 tion, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Youri It is reported that Iran is funding North The Director of U.S. Naval Intelligence [sic] Yarov says that the problems with the Korea’s development of the 1,000 km range (DNI) Rear Admiral Edward D. Shaefer, Jr., cryogenic engine deal between Russia and No-dong missile in hopes of obtaining an releases a posture statement, which, among India will be sorted out because Russia con- extended-range ballistic missile capability. other things, indicates that Iran may not yet siders it important for the two countries to James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7/30/94, pp. maintain good relations. be in possession of No-dong missiles. He 23-33 (4569). Hindu, 6/18/94, p. 5 (4388). states, “Iranian acquisition of the No-dong system from North Korea is possible in the 9/4/94 7/31/94 future.” According to CIA Director R. U.S. Administration sources reveal that U.S. It is reported that the Indian army may pur- James Woolsey, North Korean plans to sell Assistant Secretary of State Robert Gallucci chase Tunguska air defense systems from Iran the No-dong missile have not been car- and Israeli Foreign Ministry Deputy Chief Russia. The Indian Defence Research and ried out. Eytan Bentzur had discussed cooperative Development Organisation (DRDO) is Jon B. Wolfsthal and Dunbar Lockwood, Arms Con- arrangements to forestall North Korean ex- against the purchase as it wants to produce trol Today, 7/94, p. 23 (4359). Barbara Starr, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/6/94, pp. 4-6 (4481). ports of the No-dong-1 and -2 missiles to its indigenously built Trishul SAM as early Iran. Since 1993, Iran has been negotiat- as possible, and “buying the Russian system 6/94 ing for the purchase of either No-dong-1 would pull the plug on funds.” U.S. officials reportedly state that Iranian and -2 missiles or their manufacturing tech- Sudeep Chakravarti and Sunil Dasgupta, India To- nology. Libya and other Middle Eastern day, 7/31/94, pp. 30-35 (4334). officials have recently been present at a num- ber of missile tests in North Korea which countries were also interested in the No- the U.S. describes as “sales demonstrations.” dong missiles. Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 6/8/94, pp. A1, A9 Yi Sang-sok, Chungang Ilbo, 9/6/94, p. 1; in FBIS- INDIA WITH UKRAINE (4367). EAS-94-172, 9/6/94, p. 60 (4364).

9/16/94 6/14/94 According to Andrey Zhalko-Titarenko, act- U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Robert IRAN WITH PRC ing Director General of the Ukraine Space Pelletreau testifies before the House For- Agency, Ukraine and India sign a space eign Relations Committee that, “North Ko- 7/94 agreement to cooperate in the areas of space rea has in the past delivered Scud-Bs and U.S. Pentagon officials state that China is technology and the remote probing of the Scud-Cs, primarily to Iran and Syria.” ready to deliver 10 fast-attack missile boats Earth. Zhalko-Titarenko states that there is Pelletreau adds, “We’re concerned about and an “undisclosed number” of 83 km range a provision in the agreement for the use of press reports and other intelligence that they anti-ship missiles to Iran. Indian boosters to launch Ukrainian satel- might, at some point, sell the No-dong mis- Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 7/5/94, p. A1 (4571). lites and the reciprocal use of space facili- sile—with a much longer range than the Scud- ties. The U.S. is concerned that rocket tech- B and -C.” According to intelligence and nologies that fall under the MTCR may be nonproliferation sources, since 1988 North transferred to India. Ukraine, according to Korea has delivered 200-300 “knock-down” Zhalko-Titarenko, has assured the U.S. that kits of Scud-B missiles to Iran, where they the agreement does not have any “military were assembled at a plant near Isfahan. applications.” Since 1992, these sources say, 150 com- Pavlo Balkovsky, Reuter, 9/18/94 (4548). Interfax pleted Scud-Cs have been delivered. North (Moscow), 9/20/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-183, 9/21/94, p. 60 (4534). Hindu, 9/24/94, p. 16 (4542). Space Korean experts are in Iran attempting to News, 9/26/94, p. 2 (4542). extend the range of the Scud missiles. Ac- cording to intelligence sources, North Ko- rea may test its No-dong-1 missile in Iran

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 133 Missile Developments

were tagged to ensure that they will not be effort to rebuild advanced weapons systems. modified to ranges greater than the 150 km Harb was convicted of 23 counts relating to IRAQ allowed under the terms of the Gulf War the illegal shipping operation. ceasefire. The most dangerous and diffi- Daniel Southerland, Washington Post, 9/17/94, p. cult task is tagging operational missiles, C5 (4598). which were ready to launch as the U.N. experts worked around them. In addition IRAQ WITH GERMANY to the tagging, Silver made four scheduled and three surprise inspections of Iraqi mis- ISRAEL 7/19/94 sile production sites near Baghdad. German businessman Anton Eyerle, owner Leon Barkho, Reuter, 6/24/94; in Executive News of Rhein-Bayern Fahrzeugbau, is sentenced Service, 6/24/94 (4314). to five-and-a-half years imprisonment be- cause his firm continued to deliver missile 7/15/94 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS components to Iraq after the invasion of A multinational team of 10 U.N. inspectors Kuwait in 8/90. The firm supplied more led by German Norbert Reinecke flies to than 1,000 ignition systems for Iraqi Styx Baghdad on a planned 10-day inspection 8/94 and Scud missiles. mission to examine Iraq’s missile research The Israeli Navy and Israel Aircraft Indus- International Herald Tribune, 7/20/94 (4600). and development program. The team is to tries (IAI) have begun development of a re- lay the foundation for long-term monitor- placement for the Gabriel Mk-2 sea-skim- ing to ensure that Iraq does not revive weap- ming anti-ship missile. With a 36 km maxi- IRAQ WITH UNITED NATIONS ons programs banned by the U.N. Security mum range, the Gabriel Mk-2 has a launch Council. weight of 520 kg, including the 150 kg war- 6/11/94 Washington Times, 7/20/94, p. A15 (4320). head. The Israeli Navy wants the replace- U.S. President Clinton reports to Congress ment of the Gabriel Mk-2 to have a greater that UNSCOM has destroyed Iraq’s missile 8/94 range, as well as greater accuracy and le- launchers in Baghdad, missile support fa- UNSCOM Chairman Rolf Ekeus states that thality. Flight International, 8/10/94, p. 14 (4473). cilities, and a large portion of Iraq’s missile “satisfactory progress” has been made with regard to the monitoring of Iraqi nuclear manufacturing capability. Clinton also states 9/94 that “serious gaps remain in Iraq’s missile facilities and its weapons production pro- An undisclosed South American country is and weapons of mass destruction program grams. Rym Brahimi, UPI, 8/31/94 (4321). reportedly the first customer for a battle- and the destruction process for all desig- field air-defense version of the Israeli-built nated Iraqi weapons is not yet complete.” 9/23/94 Barak naval SAM. The Barak missile, de- Statesman (Calcutta); in Asian Recorder, 7/2/94, p. 24068 (4395). U.S. CIA Director James Woolsey contra- signed by Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) and dicts an UNSCOM finding that Iraq’s Scud Rafael Armament Development Authority, 6/14/94 missiles and chemical weapons have been has a maximum range of 10 km against An UNSCOM missile inspection team led destroyed; Woolsey accuses Saddam fixed-wing aircraft or high-speed sea-skim- by Patrice Palanque of France begins a four- Hussein’s regime of “still hiding Scud mis- ming targets, and weighs 98 kg. The Barak’s day missile inspection of Iraq. The mis- siles, chemical munitions, and its entire bio- command-to-line-of-sight guidance system sion is the 25th ballistic missile inspection logical weapons warfare program.” will be adapted by Rafael to operate with and the 81st inspection since the end of the Patrick Worsnip, Reuter, 9/26/94 (4477). the fire control radar used by the customer. Gulf War. International Defense Review, 9/94, p. 21 (4464). Leon Barkho, Reuter, 6/14/94 (4322). IRAQ WITH UNITED STATES 6/24/94 ISRAEL WITH NORTH KOREA U.N. arms experts complete a 15-day in- 9/15/94 spection during which they tagged missiles A Jordanian-born, naturalized U.S. citizen, Mid 6/94 and inspected missile production sites. The Al M. Harb, is convicted of circumventing Israeli ambassador to South Korea Na’im leader of the mission, Mark Silver, does not the U.S. trade embargo on Iraq. Harb ille- Asher says that North Korea is selling long- say how many missiles had been tagged, but gally procured and exported technology, range Scud ballistic missiles to several coun- does say that all of the tagged missiles had machinery, spare parts, and other goods tries in the Middle East, including Syria, been declared by Iraq. The tagged missiles which experts say were probably intended Iran, and Libya. Asher says that Israeli ef- have ranges between 50 and 149 km, and for military use in the Iraqi government’s forts to persuade North Korea to halt its

134 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Missile Developments missile exports to the Middle East have not 5/26/94 battle control center to intercept targets up met with success, and that U.S. efforts to The Israeli Home Front Command, with to an altitude of 35 mi. have sanctions implemented against North U.S. cooperation, detonates a Scud-like Joseph Lovece, Defense Week, 7/5/94, p. 6 (4505). Korea would be in Israel’s interest. missile in a southern Israeli open training KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 6/19/94; in JPRS- range scattered with reinforced structures. 7/94 TND-94-014, 7/13/94, p. 56 (4411). The missile, which is similar to Scuds owned It is reported that the Senate Armed Ser- by Syria and other Arab countries, contains vices Committee recommends that the U.S. hundreds of kilograms of explosives; the continue cooperating with Israel on The- ISRAEL WITH RUSSIA experiment is designed to study the impact ater Missile Defense (TMD), the Arrow a Scud would create falling into a densely ATBM, and the boost phase intercept tech- 9/94 populated area. nology program. Russian Space Agency Director General Yuri Arye Kiesel, Yedi’ot Aharonot, 5/27/94, p. 17; in BMD Monitor, 7/1/94, p. 227 (4499). Koptev meets with Israeli Space Agency FBIS-NES-94-124, 5/28/94, p. 54 (4478). Chairman Yuval Ne’eman to discuss pos- 7/94 sible launcher and satellite cooperation be- 6/94 Feasibility studies of Israel’s boost-phase tween the two countries. Israeli sources It is reported that Lt. Gen. Malcolm intercept (BPI) technologies are scheduled report that Koptev broached the possibility O’Neill, Director of the U.S. Ballistic Mis- to be completed. The BPI system, known of Russia launching Israeli satellites and sile Defense Organization (BMDO), said as the Israel Boost-Intercept System (IBIS), inspected Israeli space facilities. Ne’eman that there must be a successful intercept test will be composed of long-range high en- and Koptev sign an agreement to encourage by the Israeli Arrow missile before the U.S. durance unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). scientific and commercial space contacts. will provide $25 million in funding that has The UAVs will be equipped with sensors to Space News, 9/5/94, p. 2 (4476). already been earmarked for deployment detect a ballistic missile launch by an en- technology R&D or participate in any pro- emy. Once a launch is detected, the UAV gram to deploy the Arrow. To date, the U.S. will fire high-speed air-to-air missiles car- ISRAEL WITH SYRIA and Israel have been jointly developing the rying infrared seekers to destroy the missile Arrow missile under the $330 million Ar- over enemy territory. 6/22/94 row Continuation Experiments (ACES) pro- International Defense Review, 8/94, p. 15 (4568). In a speech to the Zionist General Council, gram, of which the U.S. funds 75 percent. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin says Barbara Starr, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/4/94, p. 4 9/94 that “Syria today has ground-to-ground mis- (4496). The U.S. Navy begins evaluating the Israeli siles in quantity and in quality that [make] Barak ship point-defense missile as a pos- what we suffered from Iraq in the gulf war 6/12/94 sible alternative to the Evolved Sea Spar- [seem like] a children’s game.” Opposition The Israeli Arrow Continuing Experiments row Missile (ESSM), which is being devel- leaders denounce Rabin for attempting to series (ACES) experiences its first major oped by Hughes Missile Systems Co. and frighten opponents into advocating an ex- success when an Arrow-1 missile intercepts Raytheon Co. for an estimated cost of $250 tensive withdrawal from the Golan Heights. and destroys a dummy chemical warhead on million. The Barak, which is being devel- Sharone Parnes, Defense News, 6/27/94, p. 16 the Palmachim range south of Tel Aviv. The oped by Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) and (4335). U.S. provided 72 percent of the $330 mil- Rafael Armament Development Authority, lion in funding for Arrow development. is a vertically launched missile weighing 98 Defense Daily, 6/14/94, p. 403 (4568). Barbara kg and has a range of 10 km (5.5 nm). The ISRAEL WITH UNITED STATES Opall, Defense News, 6/20/94, p. 36 (4568). JINSA Security Affairs, 7/94, pp. 1, 8-9 (4469). Joseph Barak is being designed to defend ships Lovece, Defense Week, 7/5/94, p. 6 (4505). Inter- against high-speed, stealthy, sea-skimming 5/94 national Defense Review, 8/94, p. 15 (4568). targets. Israel, Greece, and Japan finalize a $43.4 Barbara Opall, Defense News, 9/26/94, p. 14 (4566). million Foreign Military Sales contract with Late 6/94 the U.S. Loral Vought Systems for the pur- An Israeli industry official states that the 9/23/94 chase of Multiple Launch Rocket Systems Arrow missile is comparable in efficiency U.S. Navy intelligence officers state that the (MLRS) and rockets. By 9/95, Japan will to the U.S. Patriot PAC-3 system, and says submarine-launched Harpoon missile has receive 72 practice rockets; by 12/96, Is- that the Arrow will be deployed using only been transferred to seven countries: Egypt, rael will receive 6 MLRS launchers, 726 Israeli funds and that Israel will not sell the Greece, Japan, Israel, Turkey, the U.K., and tactical rockets, and 720 practice rockets; system to other countries. The Arrow sys- Pakistan. and by 2/97, Greece will take delivery of 9 tem is planned for use in a two-tier missile Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, De- MLRS launchers and 132 reduced-range defense, employing six canister-launched fense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). practice rockets. missiles, an Elta “Music” radar, and a Tadiran International Defense Review, 8/94, p. 17 (4466).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 135 Missile Developments

6/21/94 Heavy Industries shipyard in Uraga, and is Japan’s Institute of Space and Aeronautical scheduled to enter service in 3/95. ITALY Science (ISAS) successfully tests the first- Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7/2/94, p. 12 (4327). stage M-14 engine for its 3-stage M-5 space launch vehicle. One report says the test lasts 8/94 for 80 seconds and burns 71 tons of fuel; The Japanese newspaper Mainichi Shimbun other reports list the test duration variously releases a 100-page top secret Foreign Min- ITALY WITH UNITED STATES as 41 and 78 seconds. The solid-fuel M-14 istry report from 1969 entitled “Prerequi- engine, produced by Nissan, is 13.65 m long sites of Japan’s Foreign Policy.” According 9/94 and 2.5 m in diameter, and is capable of to the report, the Foreign Ministry had de- The U.S. Pentagon informs Congress of the 926,000 lbs thrust. It weighs 92,100 kg, cided to “ensure [Japan] had the financial proposed $48 million sale of 42 Maverick and its control system utilizes a “gas-gen- and technical potential to make nuclear arms missiles and 33 AIM-120 AMRAAMs to erator controlled, movable-nozzle thrust- without producing them.” Mainichi Italy. vector.” Japan plans to conduct “in-flight Shimbun reports that the Foreign Ministry International Defense Review, 9/94, p. 9 (4349). combustion tests” on the M-5 rocket’s M- believes that Japan is currently able to pro- 24 engine in fall 1994. Testing is planned duce nuclear weapons, and critics believe in summer 1995 for a “flight-configured” that Japan could convert its indigenously prototype M-14 engine with high-tensile- produced SLV into a ballistic missile. steel casing and thinner, “more critical” Eugene Moosa, Washington Times, 8/5/94, p. A14 JAPAN (4344). nozzle material. The M-5 SLV’s maiden flight from Kagoshima space center has been 8/94 postponed until 1996 because of problems It is reported that Japan’s National Space with extendable nozzles on the second and Development Agency (NASDA) has said third stages. The M-5 SLV is 26 m long that it will stress reusability in its future INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS and can carry a payload of 2,000 kg into space vehicles. NASDA’s proposed Fully low-earth orbit, or a 520 kg payload des- Reusable Space Infrastructure plan includes 6/94 tined for the moon or other planets. Planned the development of a shuttle vehicle and six The “special committee on long-term vi- payloads include a telescope, a lunar orbiter, reusable orbital transfer vehicles. sion,” an advisory committee to the Japa- and a Mars probe. nese Space Activities Commission, gives a Eiichiro Sekigawa, Aviation Week & Space Tech- Washington Times, 6/24/94, p. A17 (4329). Paul nology, 8/8/94, pp. 64-65 (4457). report recommending the development of an Proctor, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 7/4/ 94, p. 17 (4329). Flight International, 7/20/94, p. H-2 rocket capable of carrying double the 8/12/94 payload of the current version. 18 (4329). Recommendations by a top-level Japanese David Swinbanks, Nature, 8/11/94 (4402). 6/30/94 government panel are released. The panel 6/13/94 Japan’s new Defense Minister Tokuichiro urges Japan to utilize military reconnaissance The Director General of the Defense Policy Tamazawa states that an advisory panel will satellites and to cooperate with the U.S. on Bureau of the Japanese Defense Agency tells issue a recommendation for a Japanese mis- creating a ballistic missile defense system the budget committee of the upper house of sile defense system as part of a draft of to defend Japan against a “limited missile the Japanese Diet that “with our existing Japan’s basic defense strategy. A senior of- attack.” The recommendations are to be used weapons system it would be difficult to deal ficial from Japan’s Defense Agency says that as the basis for the replacement of the Japan with long-range ballistic missiles like [North Theater Missile Defense (TMD) will be part Defense Agency’s 1976 “Outline of National Korea’s] No-dong because the velocity of of Japan’s strategic plans. The official states, Defense” by the end of 1994. Japan’s De- their descent is too rapid.” The point is “We cannot afford not to study the system. fense Agency has requested 20 million yen reiterated by Defense Agency minister The current Japanese defense is virtually ($200,000) for initial funding for TMD in Atsushi Kanada, who tells the committee, useless to address ballistic missile threats.” its 1995 budget request. Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 8/15/94, pp. 1, 29 “Once a No-dong with a range of 1,000 km Pat Cooper and Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 7/10/ 94, pp. 1, 28 (4407). (4351). Eiichiro Sekigawa, Aviation Week & Space is developed, Japan’s defenses will not be Technology, 8/22/94, p. 59 (4459). Naoaki Usui, sufficient. We will have to install a large- 7/2/94 Defense News, 9/12/94, p. 10 (4453). scale air defense system.” It is reported that Japan has launched its Reuter, 6/14/94 (4348). 8/17/94 third hydrofoil missile boat, armed with four Japan cancels a scheduled launch of its H-2 SSM-1B (Type 90) anti-ship missiles. The rocket due to problems with a fuel valve. missile boat was put to sea by Japan’s Mari- Wall Street Journal, 8/19/94, p. A8 (4326). David time Self-Defense Force from the Sumitomo Swinbanks, Nature, 8/25/94 (4326).

136 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Missile Developments

8/18/94 9/10/94 tinues its missile development program. The Japan’s National Space Development Agency The Executive Director of NASDA, white paper notes that North Korea is near- (NASDA) again aborts a scheduled launch Tomifume Godai, responds to a 4/30/94 ing final development of its 1,000 km range of the H-2 rocket. The cancellation is caused Jane’s Defence Weekly article entitled “Bal- No-dong-1 missile, and developing even by problems with a computer chip in the H- listic Missiles Hit New Heights,” arguing longer range systems. 2’s “ground-based launch control equip- that Japan would not convert its civilian SLV William Dawkins, Financial Times, 7/16/94 (4358). ment,” which cause the rocket’s boosters to technology into a ballistic missile capabil- fail to fire. The H-2, which has a liquid- ity. He states that NASDA’s objective is to fuel main engine and solid-fuel booster en- further space exploration, and points out that JAPAN WITH UNITED STATES gines, was to deliver a two-ton telecommu- the Japanese Diet has decided that Japan’s nications satellite into geostationary orbit. development of space should be for peace- 5/94 Wall Street Journal, 8/19/94, p. A8 (4326). Michael ful purposes only. Godai also argues that Israel, Greece, and Japan finalize a $43.4 Mecham, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 8/ Japan’s H-2 SLV could not be used as an million Foreign Military Sales contract with 22/94, p. 25 (4460). David Swinbanks, Nature, 8/ the U.S. Loral Vought Systems for the pur- 25/94 (4326). ICBM because it cannot be launched in the short time available in an emergency or cri- chase of Multiple Launch Rocket Systems 8/28/94 sis situation. (MLRS) and rockets. By 9/95, Japan will Japan successfully launches its H-2 space Tomifume Godai, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/10/94 receive 72 practice rockets; by 12/96, Is- (4343). launch vehicle for the second time from the rael will receive 6 MLRS launchers, 726 tactical rockets, and 720 practice rockets; Tanegashima Space Center. 9/10/94 Washington Times, 8/29/94, p. A13 (4610). New and by 2/97, Greece will take delivery of 9 York Times, 8/29/94, p. 2 (4610). Simon Mansfield, Japanese defense ministry sources publicize MLRS launchers and 132 reduced-range Space News, 9/5/94, p. 3 (4610). plans to integrate the radar networks of the practice rockets. air, ground, and maritime defense forces into International Defense Review, 8/94, p. 17 (4466). 9/94 a single comprehensive radar network to It is reported that Japan’s Science and Tech- bolster defenses against potential North 5/94 nology Agency (STA) requested about $2.81 Korean missile attacks. Japan signs a $50 million contract with U.S. billion for its space programs for fiscal year Reuter, 9/10/94; in Executive News Service, 9/13/ Loral Vought Systems for an additional 9 1995, a 9.1 percent increase from 1994. The 94 (4370). MRLS launchers (5 assembled and 4 par- STA’s proposed programs include: the tially assembled) to be delivered to Japan’s launches of the fourth H-2 and the first J-1 Nissan Aerospace division of the Nissan SLVs; development and launch of the JAPAN WITH NORTH KOREA Motor Company by 8/96. HOPE-X unmanned mini-shuttle technol- Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/25/94, p. 13 (4466). ogy demonstrator; and other programs. The 6/94 Ministry of International Trade and Indus- It is reported that Japanese intelligence 6/94 try (MITI) requested $133.6 million for fis- sources believe that the North Korean con- U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense Organization cal year 1995 for its space programs. trolled Chongryun, the 250,000-member (BMDO) Director Lt. Gen. Malcolm Eiichiro Sekigawa, Aviation Week & Space Tech- General Association of Korean Residents in O’Neill gives his Japanese counterparts a nology, 9/19/94, p. 61 (4456). Japan, secretly provides money and equip- briefing entitled “Ballistic Missile Defense: ment, including powerful computers, to Options for Japanese TMD” in which four 9/3/94 North Korea for its nuclear and missile de- options for Japanese ballistic missile defense The Socialist Democratic Party (SDP) de- velopment programs in violation of Japa- are outlined. Japan’s present plan includes clares Japan’s military to be constitutional nese laws. the deployment of 24 Patriot PAC-2 units in a controversial vote. The controversial Edward W. Desmond and Hiroko Tashiro, Time, 6/ that are to be operational by 1999 and up to nature of the vote worries many Japanese 13/94, p. 27 (4523). four Aegis destroyers and four AWACS air- officials who are advocating that Japan pur- craft that are to be operational by 1998. sue development of a Theater Missile De- 7/15/94 Missile defense option A would cost $4.5 fense (TMD) system, because many Social- The Japanese Defense Agency warns in its billion and would use Aegis destroyers in ists oppose joint development of a TMD sys- annual white paper that North Korean weap- concert with Patriot PAC-3 land-based units tem with the U.S. ons programs are “a serious destabilizing to engage targets in the upper and lower tiers, Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 9/12/94, p. 16 (4458). factor.” Japanese Defense Agency advisor respectively. Option B would cost $16.3 Hirotsu Ota says that Japan currently has billion and would include Patriot PAC-3 no “contingency plans” for defense against a units, eight new Aegis destroyers, and a new North Korean attack, but that “measures radar system situated west of Tokyo. Op- would be considered” if North Korea con- tion C would cost $4.55 billion and would

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 137 Missile Developments employ six land-based THAAD firing units 9/10/94 and the Patriot PAC-3, for a combined total It is reported that the Japan Defence Equip- of 560 missiles. Option D would cost $8.9 ment Association will establish a “joint re- KUWAIT billion and would include five THAAD fir- search committee” by the end of 1994 to ing units, upgraded Patriot missiles, and four examine the Theater Missile Defense (TMD) Aegis destroyers. Each of the Aegis destroy- system, in order to “coordinate activities ers would carry 36 ATBMs; one would be already underway.” The cost of the proposed stationed in the Sea of Japan, one off TMD system could exceed $20 billion. KUWAIT WITH RUSSIA Kyushu, and the remaining two held in re- Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/10/94, p. 16 (4341). serve. 6/94 Paul Beaver, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/13/94, p. 21 9/23/94 Kuwait welcomes a high-level Russian mili- (4350). U.S. Navy intelligence officers state that the tary delegation to conclude a substantial submarine-launched Harpoon missile has weapon systems sale. Kuwait is intent on 6/94 been transferred to seven countries: Egypt, buying the S-300/S-300V (SA-10 Japan considers a U.S. proposal for coop- Greece, Japan, Israel, Turkey, the U.K., and “Grumble”/SA-12 “Gladiator”) and TOR M- eration on Theater Missile Defense (TMD). Pakistan. 1 (SA-15 “Gauntlet) SAMs. Kuwait may Via the program, the U.S. hopes to gain Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, De- also buy BMP-2s and -3s, as well as five S- access to Japanese radar circuit production fense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). 300 systems which could be integrated into technology, “advanced materials” to produce its air defense system beside its U.S.-built lightweight rockets, and cooperation in the Patriot missiles. production of an optoelectronic guidance James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7/9/94, p. 1 system for ATBMs. (4467). Daily Japan Digest, 6/20/94 (4339). KAZAKHSTAN 8/8/94 6/8/94 An official of Rosvooruzheniye, a Russian Meetings commence in Tokyo between Ja- state-owned arms trading company, an- pan and a team from the U.S. Pentagon’s nounces a contract for Kuwait’s purchase of Ballistic Missile Defense Organization KAZAKHSTAN WITH RUSSIA 27 300mm, twelve-round BM 9A52-2 (BMDO), headed by David Martin. The Smerch multiple rocket launch systems. U.S. is seeking to jointly develop a two- 6/94 Stephen Foye, RFE/RL News Briefs, 8/8/94, p. 3 phase sea-based tactical missile defense sys- It is reported that Kazakh National Space (4470). Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 8/ tem with Japan, at an estimated cost of $85 Agency Director Aisultan Kalybayev has 11/94, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-94-157, 8/15/94, p. 10 (4470). Christopher F. Foss and James Bruce, million, using Aegis ships and upgrades of said that a draft treaty calling for Russia to Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/20/94, p. 21 (4582). the U.S. Standard SAM. The first “Navy pay Kazakhstan $115 million a year for use Lower-Tier” phase includes Aegis upgrades of the Baykonur Cosmodrome is in compli- 8/29/94 and slight changes in the Standard missile. ance with a 3/28/94 agreement signed by It is reported that Russia is close to con- The second “Navy Upper-Tier” phase would Russian President Boris Yeltsin and Kazakh cluding a deal to sell an SA-12 missile de- augment the Standard missile with a kinetic President Nursultan Nazarbayev. Russia will fense system to Kuwait. Once the SA-12 is kill vehicle to intercept missiles at higher rent the launch pads and buildings located integrated with the U.S.-built Patriot anti- altitudes. in the Kazakh town of Leninsk for a term of missile systems, Kuwait will have the only Barbara Opall and Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 6/ 20 years, which can be extended for another two-tier missile defense system outside of 6/94, pp. 1, 42 (4400). 10-year period. The municipal council in Russia. However, Russia’s Rosvooruzheniye Leninsk expressed concern over the future 9/94 said that Kuwait has not yet ordered the sys- of the Baykonur Cosmodrome. It has sup- tem. Kuwait’s Defense Minister, Sheik McDonnell Douglas is awarded an $125 ported an appeal made by several of its mem- Ahmed Mahud Sabah Ahmed, has indicated million contract by the U.S. Navy for 75 bers to the Kazakh Supreme Soviet about that Kuwait may be interested in buying the SLAMs and 44 Harpoon missiles. Of the the lack of a mechanism for implementing SA-10, the SA-12, and the SA-15. 44 Harpoon missiles currently covered by the agreement signed by Russia and Christopher F. Foss and James Bruce, Jane’s De- the deal, Egypt will receive 16, Japan 3, Kazakhstan on the use of Baykonur. fence Weekly, 8/20/94, p. 21 (4582). Washington and Malaysia 25. Work on the contract is Interfax (Moscow), 6/8/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-111, Times, 8/29/94, p. A16 (4455). Christopher F. Foss expected to be completed by 12/96. 6/9/94, p. 64 (4422). Vladimir Akimov, Itar-Tass and James A. Bruce, Washington Times, 9/21/94, Reuter, 8/22/94; in Executive News Service, 8/24/ (Moscow), 6/10/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-113, 6/13/94, p. A11 (4582). 94 (4347). Flight International, 9/14/94, p. 40 p. 70 (4421). (4347).

138 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Missile Developments

to hinder attempts at detection. 6/9/94 Barbara Starr, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/25/94, p. North Korean Foreign Minister Kim Yong- MALAYSIA 10 (4410). nam tells reporters at Kiev airport after a visit to Ukraine that North Korea will con- 6/94 tinue to test-launch missiles, stating, “Mis- According to U.S. CIA Director R. James sile launches occur in any country regularly, Woolsey, the CIA will continue to monitor and the United States and Japan do this most MALAYSIA WITH UNITED STATES North Korea’s nuclear program, and the “po- often. Until now, no one ever mentioned tential exports” of nuclear warheads and anything about our launches of experimen- 9/94 Scud, No-dong, and Taep’o-dong missiles. tal missiles. We don’t understand why there McDonnell Douglas is awarded an $125 Woolsey states that at present, these tech- is so much noise about it now.” million contract by the U.S. Navy for 75 nologies are not ready for export, although Reuter, 6/9/94; in Executive News Service, 6/9/94 SLAMs and 44 Harpoon missiles. Of the they could earn North Korea hard currency (4368). 44 Harpoon missiles currently covered by in the future. the deal, Egypt will receive 16, Japan 3, Barbara Starr, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/6/94, pp. 6/14/94 4-6 (4481). and Malaysia 25. Work on the contract is According to the 7/1/94 early edition of the South Korean newspaper Chosen Ilbo, North expected to be completed by 12/96. 6/94 Reuter, 8/22/94; in Executive News Service, 8/24/ Korea conducts its first test on the engine 94 (4347). Flight International, 9/14/94, p. 40 Director of U.S. Naval Intelligence (DNI) for its new ballistic missiles, the Taep’o- (4347). Rear Admiral Edward D. Shaefer, Jr. releases dong-1 and Taep’o-dong-2, at its North a posture statement, which suggests that Hamgyong Province missile testing site. North Korea’s 1,000 km range No-dong-1 The Taep’o-dong missile is a continuation SSM, in addition to being chemical and of the No-dong-1 and is currently in the conventional warhead capable, may also be MOLDOVA testing stage of development. It is estimated nuclear capable by the year 2000. While that the Taep’o-dong has a range of over this is the accepted deployment date, the 2,000 km. According to Chosen Ilbo, the report notes that “some authorities believe” tests are detected by U.S. spy satellites, and that the missile could be nuclear capable by indicate that the speed of development of 1995. The posture statement further states the Taep’o-dong is quicker than first MOLDOVA WITH RUSSIA AND YEMEN that the Taep’o-dong SSM “is still in the thought. According to some U.S. intelli- initial research phase and is not expected to gence estimates, the Taep’o-dong-1 could 6/20/94 become operational until the early 2000s.” be operational by 1996, and the Taep’o- Barbara Starr, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/18/94, p. According to Moldovan news sources, the dong-2 by 2000. Moldovan Ministry of Defense sells four 1 (4359). Jon B. Wolfsthal and Dunbar Lockwood, Arms Control Today, 7/94, p. 23 (4359). Barbara Starr, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/25/94, p. MiG-24s and seven missile launchers, worth 10 (4410). Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese), 7/2/94 (4412). a total of $40 million, to Yemen via 6/94 Rosvooruzheniye, a Russian state arms com- It is reported that increased activity at North pany. 6/20/94 Korea’s missile launch and support sites has Itar, 8/23/94 (4376). William J. Taylor, Jr., Senior Vice Presi- private and governmental North Korea ex- dent at the Center for Strategic and Interna- perts convinced that the country is prepar- tional Studies, writes in an editorial that ing to test its No-dong missile to verify the North Korea is in possession of approxi- system’s flight characteristics. mately 100 SSMs and “deliverable chemi- NORTH KOREA Paul Mann, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 6/ 20/94, p. 19 (4428). cal, and probably, biological weapons.” William J. Taylor, Jr., Washington Times, 6/20/94, p. A20 (4369). 6/9/94 South Korean Defense Minister Rhee 7/94 Byoung-tae, in a report to the South Korean INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS It is reported that a Russian satellite took parliament, states that since early 5/94 North detailed images of North Korea’s missile Korea had been preparing to test launch the testing facility in Taep’o Dong, in the North 5/94 Taep’o-dong missile, which has a range of According to U.S. officials, North Korea Hamgyong Province. The facility includes more than 1,000 km. three missile launch sites, a rocket engine begins shielding the simulators for the Reuter, 6/9/94, in Executive News Service, 6/9/94, Taep’o-dong-1 and -2 at the Sanum Dong (4361). test stand and platform, missile construc- Missile Research and Development facility tion and maintenance facilities, and docks

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 139 Missile Developments for missile tracking ships. other things, indicates that Iran may not yet NORTH KOREA WITH ISRAEL Kyodo News Service, 5/9/94 (4498). Aviation Week be in possession of No-dong missiles. He & Space Technology, 7/11/94, p. 55 (4498). states, “Iranian acquisition of the No-dong Mid 6/94 system from North Korea is possible in the 7/27/94 Israeli Ambassador to South Korea Na’im future.” According to CIA Director R. Asher says that North Korea is selling long- North Korean defector Kang Myong-do ac- James Woolsey, North Korean plans to sell range Scud ballistic missiles to several coun- cuses North Korea of carrying out negotia- Iran the No-dong missile have not been car- tries in the Middle East, including Syria, tions on its nuclear program with the intent ried out. Iran, and Libya. Asher says that Israeli ef- of stalling to allow time to build missiles to Jon B. Wolfsthal and Dunbar Lockwood, Arms Con- forts to persuade North Korea to halt its mis- carry nuclear warheads. Kang says that trol Today, 7/94, p. 23 (4359). Barbara Starr, Jane’s sile exports to the Middle East have not met North Korea had already built five nuclear Defence Weekly, 8/6/94, pp. 4-6 (4481). with success, and that U.S. efforts to have “bombs” and intends to build an additional sanctions implemented against North Ko- five. 6/94 rea would be in Israel’s interest. Times Record, 7/29/94, p.8 (4356). U.S. officials reportedly state that Iranian officials have recently been present at a num- KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 6/19/94; in JPRS- TND-94-014, 7/13/94, p. 56 (4411). 8/94 ber of missile tests in North Korea which the U.S. describes as “sales demonstrations.” It is reported that the U.S. Defense Intelli- NORTH KOREA WITH JAPAN gence Agency (DIA) told the Senate Select Bill Gertz, Washington Times, 6/8/94, pp. A1, A9 (4367). Committee on Intelligence that North Ko- 6/94 rea, regardless of any agreements, will con- It is reported that Japanese intelligence tinue to develop nuclear weapons. Accord- 6/14/94 U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Robert sources believe that the North Korean con- ing to the DIA, a ballistic missile is North trolled Chongryun, the 250,000-member Korea's preferred delivery system; its Scud Pelletreau testifies before the House For- eign Relations Committee that, “North Ko- General Association of Korean Residents in and No-dong missiles can target all of Japan, secretly provides money and equip- South Korea and parts of Japan, China, and rea has in the past delivered Scud-Bs and Scud-Cs, primarily to Iran and Syria.” ment, including powerful computers, to Russia. North Korea for its nuclear and missile de- James R. Asker, Aviation Week & Space Technol- Pelletreau adds, “We’re concerned about ogy, 8/15/94, p. 19 (4461). press reports and other intelligence that they velopment programs in violation of Japa- might, at some point, sell the No-dong mis- nese laws. 9/26/94 sile—with a much longer range than the Scud- Edward W. Desmond and Hiroko Tashiro, Time, 6/ 13/94, p. 27 (4523). The South Korean news agency Yonhap cites B and -C.” According to intelligence and a Unification Ministry report submitted to nonproliferation sources, since 1988 North 7/15/94 Korea has delivered 200-300 “knock-down” the National Assembly which states that The Japanese Defense Agency warns in its kits of Scud-B missiles to Iran, where they North Korea is capable of producing 100- annual white paper that North Korean weap- were assembled at a plant near Isfahan. 150 Scud-B and -C missiles per year, and ons programs are “a serious destabilizing Since 1992, 150 completed Scud-Cs have “was expected to complete development” of factor.” Japanese Defense Agency advisor been delivered. It is reported that Iran is its 1,500-2,000 km range, No-dong-2 mis- Hirotsu Ota says that Japan currently has funding North Korea’s development of the sile by the end of 1995. The report states no “contingency plans” for defense against a 1,000 km range No-dong missile with hopes that, because of the growing economic dis- North Korean attack, but that “measures of achieving an extended-range ballistic parity between North and South Korea, the would be considered” if North Korea con- missile capability. North Korean experts North is no longer able to maintain its mili- tinues its missile development program. The are in Iran attempting to extend the range of tary edge and has thus resorted to “develop- white paper notes that North Korea is near- the Scud missiles. According to intelligence ing long-range guided missiles and biologi- ing final development of its 1,000 km range sources, North Korea may test its No-dong- cal and chemical weapons.” No-dong-1 missile, and developing even Reuter, 9/26/94 (4357). Washington Times, 9/27/ 1 missile in Iran within 6-12 months be- longer range systems. 94, p. A20 (4357). cause “[t]esting facilities don’t exist for a William Dawkins, Financial Times, 7/16/94 (4358). full-range test [of the No-dong-1] in North Korea,” and because it wants to avoid in- NORTH KOREA WITH IRAN creasing the existing tension over the nuclear NORTH KOREA WITH UNITED STATES issue. 6/94 Martin Sieff, Washington Times, 6/16/94, p. A13 The Director of U.S. Naval Intelligence (4363). James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7/ 6/29/94 (DNI) Rear Admiral Edward D. Shaefer, Jr. 30/94, pp. 23-33 (4569). Assistant Secretary of State Robert Gallucci, releases a posture statement, which, among commenting on the upcoming 7/8/94 talks with North Korea in Geneva, states, “We

140 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Missile Developments would like to see the North Koreans adjust PAKISTAN WITH INDIA their missile technology export policy and also their development policy.” Gallucci PAKISTAN 6/4/94 adds, “If the dialogue fails and if the DPRK Pakistan states that India’s test-firing of the does not prove willing to take the necessary Prithvi has started a weapons race in South steps to resolve issues, we will return again Asia. Munir Akram, a spokesman of the to the Security Council.” Pakistan Foreign Office, states that this test Sid Balman Jr., UPI, 6/29/94 (4366). INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS ensures that all major Pakistani cities, ex- cept Quetta in the far south, are within range 5/15/94 of Indian missiles. Munir states that Indian NORTH KOREA WITH YEMEN According to Pakistan’s Chief of Naval Staff deployment of such missiles will give Paki- Admiral Saeed Khan, Pakistan’s submarine stan only a few minutes warning time if a 6/8/94 fleet is armed with Harpoon missiles. surprise attack takes place, “and, therefore, Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh states Nation (Islamabad), 5/16/94, pp. 1, 4; in JPRS- increase the hair-trigger environment in TND-94-012, 6/7/94, p. 15 (4426). that North Korea has agreed to sell missiles South Asia.” to the southern side in Yemen’s civil war. News (Islamabad), 6/15/94, p. 1; in FBIS-NES-94- Saleh, who leads the northern forces, said, 108, 6/6/94, p. 81 (4533). “Now we have received confirmation about PAKISTAN WITH FRANCE a new contract of MiG-29 (jets) and a num- 8/14/94 ber of T-82 (tanks) and tactical missiles 9/21/94 Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto contracted with North Korea.” France and Pakistan sign a $950 million deal makes a statement critical of the Indian de- Reuter, 6/13/94; in Executive News Service, 6/13/ that includes three Agosta 90-B submarines ployment of Trishul, Prithvi, and Agni mis- 94 (4429). and the transfer of technology. The deal siles and India’s “race” for weaponry. Dur- also includes training and long-term logis- ing her Independence Day speech, Bhutto 6/13/94 tical support, and reportedly gives the Pa- states that both Pakistan and India should In response to Yemeni President Ali kistani Navy “offensive capabilities far su- follow a "zero-missile regime," that is, nei- Abdullah Saleh’s statement concerning a perior to those of most non-NATO navies.” ther country should possess any missiles. contract with North Korea for weapons, in- The submarines are equipped with Air-In- Ranjit Kumar, Navbharat Times (Delhi), 8/17/94, cluding tactical missiles, an unidentified dependent Propulsion (AIP) and are armed p. 7; in JPRS-TND-94-107, 9/8/94, p. 19 (4524). North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman with torpedoes and SM-39 Exocet anti-ship K. K. Katyal, Hindu, 8/27/94, p. 5 (4324). tells the [North] Korean Central News missiles. The Exocets can be fired while a Agency (KCNA) that the accusation was submarine is submerged. 8/15/94 “... an utterly groundless fabrication.” Jawed Naqvi, Reuter, 9/23/94 (4331). Giovanni de In his Independence Day address from the Reuter, 6/13/94; in Executive News Service, 6/13/ Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 9/ Red Fort in Delhi, Indian Prime Minister 94 (4429). 26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). P. V. Narasimha Rao asks why India’s mis- sile program is receiving so much attention 9/23/94 while Pakistan’s acquisition of “off-the-shelf” A senior French defense official states that nuclear weapons is not addressed. Rao states Pakistan feels that “the combination of AIP that India will not put a stop to “its defense NORWAY and SM-39s will give [Pakistan] a very cost- preparedness” and will not halt either the effective anti-blockade deterrent” against the development or the deployment of its mis- Indian Navy during a conflict. According siles. to an official of the French Defense Pro- Ranjit Kumar, Navbharat Times (Delhi), 8/17/94, curement Agency (DGA), the first of the p. 7; in JPRS-TND-94-107, 9/8/94, p. 19 (4524). INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS three Agosta submarines will be delivered K.K. Katyal, Hindu, 8/27/94, p. 5 (4324). to Pakistan by late 1998. The first subma- 6/8/94 rine will be built completely in France, the Norway tests four of its 20-year-old surface- second will be assembled in Pakistan after PAKISTAN WITH MULTI-COUNTRY to-surface Penguin missiles; three fell short being partially built in France, and the third GROUP of the target and the fourth failed to launch. will be built entirely in Pakistan. The work The Penguin missile test, which was the first in Pakistan on the second and third subma- 8/29/94-9/1/94 in 12 years, prompted the Norwegian Navy rines will be done at the Karachi Naval Ship- A four-nation group of representatives from to reassess its deployment of the Penguins. yards. the MTCR visit India and Pakistan to dis- Reuter, 6/8/94; in Executive News Service, 6/8/94 Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, De- cuss the objectives of the regime in regards (4436). fense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). to missile developments in the region. The

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 141 Missile Developments delegates from Australia, Switzerland, the Chinese technicians will soon travel to Pa- 7/94 U.S., and the U.K. begin what they describe kistan to assist in activating the M-11 mis- It is reported that China launches its Apstar- as “the first stage in a dialogue.” The team’s siles that China had sold to Pakistan. 1 telecommunications satellite into orbit in discussions with India on 8/29-8/30 cover Wall Street Journal, 9/14/94, p. A18 (4451). defiance of a U.N. pact requiring consent the Prithvi and Agni programs. Pakistan’s for close orbits and despite Japan’s request Hatf-1 and Hatf-2 programs, and possibly to change Apstar’s orbit. the Chinese transfer of M-11s to Pakistan, PAKISTAN WITH UNITED STATES Wall Street Journal, 7/22/94, p. A8 (4447). are discussed during the team’s meetings with Pakistan on 9/1-9/2. Pakistan informs 9/23/94 8/28/94 the delegates that it supports a missile-free U.S. Navy intelligence officers state that the China launches its Long March-2E rocket South Asia, but that India’s development and submarine-launched Harpoon missile has from Xichang in its third successful lift-off, deployment of missiles could spur a nuclear been transferred to seven countries: Egypt, carrying an Australian Optus B3 commer- arms race in the region. According to In- Greece, Japan, Israel, Turkey, the U.K., and cial satellite made by Hughes. dian defense sources, the MTCR team does Pakistan. One official adds that, currently, Flight International, 9/7/94, p. 40 (4381). not bring up the issue of India discontinu- three Pakistani submarines are capable of ing its missile program. firing submarine-launched Harpoon mis- Tahir Ikram, Reuter; in Executive News Service, 9/ siles. PRC WITH INDIA 2/94 (4535). Flight International, 9/21/94, p. 18 Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, De- (4537). fense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). 9/7/94-9/13/94 Chinese Minister of Defense, General Chi Haotian, leads a delegation to India for dis- PAKISTAN WITH PRC cussions on bilateral defense relations. The PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF meetings are unsuccessful and key issues 8/22/94 remain unresolved, including China’s sale According to U.S. officials, Pakistan has CHINA of M-11 missiles to Pakistan, which India agreed to pay China $15 million as a partial is interested in discussing with the Chinese. payment on its 1988 contract with the China The negotiations also include discussion on Precision Machinery Import and Export collaborative Chinese-Indian space explo- Corp., which is government owned, for an ration. indeterminate number of M-11 missiles, INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Vivek Raghuvanshi, Defense News, 9/19/94, p. 34 launchers, and support equipment. (4538). Washington Times, 9/7/94, pp. A1, A18 (4549). R. Jeffrey Smith and Thomas W. Lippman, Wash- Late 5/94 ington Post, 9/8/94, p. A32 (4622). According to U.S. intelligence, China launches a new diesel-electric submarine, PRC WITH IRAN 9/94 which U.S. analysts call the Wuhan-C. The For the first time, Pakistan concedes that it Wuhan-C is a possible prototype for the 7/94 has purchased M-11 missiles from China. Type 039, a second-generation Ming class U.S. Pentagon officials state that China is Pakistan Embassy political counselor Zamir submarine produced in 1990 that will be ready to deliver 10 fast-attack missile boats Akram said in Washington, D.C., that his capable of firing surface-to-surface anti-ship and an “undisclosed number” of 83 km range country has made no secret of the purchases. missiles while submerged. anti-ship missiles to Iran. Pakistan states that sanctions should not be Barbara Starr, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/13/94, p. Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 7/5/94, p. A1 (4571). levied due to the purchase because the range 3 (4373). of the M-11 missile falls below the required 300 km minimum range set by the MTCR. 6/94 PRC WITH PAKISTAN Other Pakistani officials continue to deny The Director of U.S. Naval Intelligence (DNI) Rear Admiral Edward D. Shaefer, Jr. that Pakistan has made the purchase. 8/22/94 R. Jeffrey Smith and Thomas W. Lippman, Wash- releases a posture statement, which states ington Post, 9/8/94, p. A32 (4622). Asian Age, 9/ that China is “believed to be working on an According to U.S. officials, Pakistan has 9/94; in International Security Digest, 9/94, p. 94 indigenous design for a second generation agreed to pay China $15 million as a partial (4539). nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine payment on its 1988 contract with the China to carry a new SLBM also in development; Precision Machinery Import and Export 9/94 the new SSBN may be launched by the turn Corp., which is government owned, for an It is reported that a U.S. intelligence report, of the century.” indeterminate number of M-11 missiles, which was leaked to the media, said that Jon B. Wolfsthal and Dunbar Lockwood, Arms Con- launchers, and support equipment. trol Today, 7/94, p. 23 (4359).

142 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Missile Developments

Washington Times, 9/7/94, pp. A1, A18 (4549). Andrey Kirillov, Anna Melnikova, and Vladimir R. Jeffrey Smith and Thomas W. Lippman, Wash- Solntsev, Itar-Tass World Service (Moscow), 9/3/ ington Post, 9/8/94, p. A32 (4622). 94; in FBIS-SOV-94-172, 9/6/94, p. 19 (4483). RUSSIA Andrey Kirillov, Anna Melnikova, and Vladimir 9/94 Solntsev, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 9/3/94; in FBIS-SOV- 94-172, 9/6/94, p. 12 (4483). Michael Specter, For the first time, Pakistan concedes that it New York Times, 9/4/94, p. 4 (4550). Sergei has purchased M-11 missiles from China. Shargorodsky, Washington Times, 9/4/94, p. A8 Pakistan Embassy political counselor Zamir (4374). Nadezhda Potapova, Itar-Tass (Moscow), INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Akram said in Washington, D.C., that his 9/6/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-172, 9/6/94, pp. 18-19 (4483). country has made no secret of the purchases. 4/94 Pakistan states that sanctions should not be As a result of the START II agreement, a levied due to the purchase because the range strategic nuclear division at Khabarovsk is of the M-11 missile falls below the required to be deactivated and its base occupied by a 300 km minimum range set by the MTCR. ROMANIA sub-unit of the main center for space ve- Other Pakistani officials continue to deny hicle operation and testing. that Pakistan has made the purchase. Segodnya, 4/8/94, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-94-068, 4/8/ R. Jeffrey Smith and Thomas W. Lippman, Wash- 94, p. 32 (4362). ington Post, 9/8/94, p. A32 (4622). Asian Age, 9/ 9/94; in International Security Digest, 9/94, p. 94 (4539). INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS 6/94 The Director of U.S. Naval Intelligence 9/94 6/94 (DNI) Rear Admiral Edward D. Shaefer, Jr. It is reported that a U.S. intelligence report, RATMIL, which was once the Bucharest- releases a posture statement which states that which was leaked to the media, said that based Romanian state arsenal, is develop- Russia’s first Typhoon-class SSBN at Chinese technicians will soon travel to Pa- ing modifications for Soviet-designed equip- Severodvinsk shipyard is “undergoing an kistan to assist in activating the M-11 mis- ment and is also developing new equipment overhaul and modernization to accommo- siles that China had sold to Pakistan. such as “reactive shells” for 122 mm truck- date new ballistic missiles,” believed to be Wall Street Journal, 9/14/94, p. A18 (4451). mounted 40-tube MRLs. SS-N-20s. In the 1993 posture statement, Paul Beaver, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/25/94, p. 30 the DNI said that the SS-N-20s “should be- (4377). gin flight testing soon.” PRC WITH RUSSIA Jon B. Wolfsthal and Dunbar Lockwood, Arms Con- Early 9/94 trol Today, 7/94, p. 23 (4359). 6/94 Romanian deputy national police chief Gen- It is reported that in the opinion of U.S. eral Costica Voicu announces that police 6/22/94 intelligence sources, China is currently have arrested seven Romanians in Turnu Under the direction of the Ministry of De- employing several thousand former Soviet Severin, on Romania’s Danube River bor- fense, Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces scientists and technicians in the research, der with Yugoslavia, for attempting to sell carry out coordinated launches of strategic development, and production of advanced 11 “triggering devices” for surface-to-air missiles of all three legs of the nuclear triad, weapons. The weapons include a new gen- missile warheads; the arrest took place in including the launch of an RS-12M “Topol” eration of mobile, solid-fuel intercontinen- early 9/94. According to the police, the (SS-25) ICBM from Plesetsk to the Kura tal missiles and a modern version of the missile devices were manufactured in Ro- testing ground on the Kamchatka Peninsula, Soviet MiG series of tactical aircraft. The mania by a manufacturer that has not yet the launch of an SLBM from the Barents scientists, most of whom are Russian, are been identified. Sea, and the launch of a long-range ALCM, paid in hard currency and receive a higher Washington Times, 9/13/94, p. A12 (4311). possibly an AS-15, from a Tu-160 bomber. Russian Television Network (Moscow), 6/22/94; in salary than they would at home. FBIS-SOV-94-122, 6/24/94, p. 31 (4609). Anatoliy U.S. News & World Report, 6/6/94, p. 24 (4445). Yurkin, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/22/94; in FBIS-SOV- 94-120, 6/22/94, p. 28 (4609). Ostankino Televi- 9/3/94 sion First Channel Network (Moscow), 6/22/94; in Russian President Boris Yeltsin and the FBIS-SOV-94-121, 6/23/94, p. 26 (4609). Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 6/23/94, p. 1 (4609). Chairman of the PRC Jiang Zemin sign a joint declaration which includes measures 7/94 to ensure the non-targeting of their strate- It is reported that Russia is developing a gic nuclear missiles and a statement that new, fast, and subsonic unmanned aerial neither country will be the first to use vehicle (UAV), the “Malachite F,” with pro- nuclear weapons against the other.

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 143 Missile Developments duction primarily geared for export. Ac- for use with the RSD-10 (SS-20). 9/20/94 cording to Deputy Head of Procurement Steven Zaloga, Armed Forces Journal, 8/94, p. 43 The Russian power distribution authority Colonel Valery Barkovski, the UAV being (4585). Energonadzor cuts off the power to the Stra- developed is a 950 km/h system with a one tegic Rocket Forces (SRF) Central Com- hour endurance time, a 300 km radius of 8/18/94 mand Post (CCP) for three to four hours action, and an increased payload capacity A surface-to-surface missile engine ignites, because of an unpaid power bill. The SRF to handle the radar and other sensors. The due to careless handling during planned CCP has an autonomous power supply, but UAV is not related to any current drone or loading and unloading work at a technical there is some debate as to whether the cut target development program, Barkovski said. battalion subordinate to the Moscow Air off threatened national security. An SRF Charles Bickers, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7/23/94, Defense District. The accident causes a fire spokesperson said that the autonomous p. 24 (4599). in the missile engine and warhead storage power supply was switched on “in a brief area and a series of explosions leading to time” but added that such a cutoff could lead 8/94 the deaths of a missile transfer crew and the to “significant complications in controlling It is reported that the Khrunichev State Space disappearance of a crane operator. The en- nuclear weapons.” SRF commander Igor and Scientific-Production Center (KSSSPC) suing explosions also destroy a technical Sergeyev said, “You cannot even imagine wins a competition to establish the Angara installation, however, no local inhabitants how much switching off the electricity space complex as the site for future heavy- are hurt and no damage to the environment threatened the security of this country.” class space launch vehicles. The launch pads results from the accident. Segodnya (Moscow), 9/23/94, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV- from which the Angara will launch will most Valeriy Prasolov, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 8/ 94-185, 9/23/94, p. 30 (4583). Oleg Falichev and likely be situated in Plesetsk in Northern 23/94, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-94-163, 8/23/94, p. 28 Aleksandr Dolinin, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 9/ (4578). Russia and, later, at Svobodny in the Rus- 23/94, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-94-185, 9/23/94, pp. 31- 32 (4613). David Hearst, Guardian, 9/23/94 sian Far East. The Russian Space Corpora- 9/94 (4613). Adi Ignatius, Wall Street Journal, 9/23/94 tion Energia and the Makeyev State Rocket It is reported that the A-135 domestic (4613). Center will develop the hydrogen-oxygen nuclear interceptor, which works by using fueled second stage of the Angara rocket. atmospheric nuclear explosions to kill in- 9/22/94 Interfax, 8/18/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-161, 8/19/94, Russian Prime Minister Viktor p. 24 (4396). coming missiles both at close range and far away, has been complete for more than three Chernomyrdin says that he would punish officials at the Moscow region electrical 8/94 years and is awaiting a decision by the de- fense minister to deploy it in place of exist- authority who cut the power to the Central It is reported that a new Russian coastal Command of Russia’s strategic nuclear force defense missile system, called the Bal ing A-50 and A-30 interceptors in the Mos- cow ABM belt. The A-135 would destroy due to unpaid bills. The power authority (Wave), will be marketed by the Granit In- reportedly did not know the identity of the stitute in St. Petersburg to clients in the the first salvo of nuclear missiles, giving Russian leaders the time needed to launch a military installation prior to the incident. Arabian Gulf, South America, and Asia. International Herald Tribune, 9/23/94 (4393). The Bal battery system consists of four counter-strike. There are 100 A-135 mis- launch vehicles with eight missiles apiece, siles lying in depots near Moscow, awaiting 9/23/94 deployment. a mobile command and control vehicle, and A regiment of the Omsk division of the a radar target acquisition vehicle utilizing Pavel Felgengauer, Segodnya (Moscow), 9/16/94, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-94-180, 9/16/94, pp. 27-28 Russian Strategic Missile Troops at the the 3Ts-24 surveillance radar. The Bal uti- (4590). Plesetsk test range flight-tests a “dummy” lizes the Kh-35 missile, which is the equiva- SS-25 Topol strategic nuclear missile. The lent of the U.S. Navy’s Harpoon. 9/94 missile successfully hits its training ground Steven Zaloga, Armed Forces Journal, 8/94, p. 43 It is reported that Strategic Missile Forces target on the Kamchatka peninsula 25 min- (4463). unit X commander Colonel Aleksey utes after launch. Russia has also devel- 8/94 Zhvanko has stated that he is in charge of oped and indigenously built a new missile, It is reported that there have been a mini- an operation currently scrapping six obso- the Topol-M. Anatoliy Yurkin, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 9/24/94; in mum of 10 incidents in which the mobile lete strategic missiles from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus per month. In the near future, FBIS-SOV-94-186, 9/26/94, p. 27 (4482). NTV launch vehicles of the RS-12M Topol (SS- (Moscow), 9/25/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-186, 9/26/94, 25) have overturned. None of the accidents the number of missiles dismantled at the pp. 27-28 (4482). were severe enough to ignite the solid fuel operation may increase to 10-12 missiles per engines, nor have the nuclear warheads been month. Oleg Bedula, Krasnaya Zvezda, 9/14/94, p. 1; in involved in any dangerous incidents. The FBIS-SOV-94-179, 9/15/94, p. 24 (4592). mobile truck is a massive, 10-wheeled ve- hicle similar to an earlier model designed

144 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Missile Developments

RUSSIA WITH AFGHANISTAN AND RUSSIA WITH INDIA Russian President Boris Yeltsin and Kazakh TAJIKISTAN President Nursultan Nazarbayev. Russia will 6/94 rent the launch pads and buildings located 8/10/94 It is reported that Russia has announced its in the Kazakh town of Leninsk for a term of According to Russian military forces in commitment to provide the spare parts for 20 years, which can be extended for another Dushanbe, the 12th post of the Moscow equipment India had purchased from the 10-year period. The municipal council in border troops headquarters in Tajikistan is Soviet Union and called for greater trade Leninsk expressed concern over the future attacked by missiles fired from Afghan ter- between the two countries. In addition, of the Baykonur Cosmodrome. It has sup- ritory. The Russians respond with suppres- Russian Deputy Prime Minister Youri [sic] ported an appeal made by several of its mem- sive fire on the missile launcher emplace- Yarov says that the problems with the cryo- bers to the Kazakh Supreme Soviet about ment; no casualties are reported. genic engine deal between Russia and India the lack of a mechanism for implementing Itar-Tass (Moscow), 8/11/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-155, will be sorted out because Russia considers the agreement signed by Russia and 8/11/94, p. 36 (4564). it important for the two countries to main- Kazakhstan on the use of Baykonur. tain good relations. Interfax (Moscow), 6/8/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-111, 6/9/94, p. 64 (4422). Vladimir Akimov, Itar-Tass 8/27/94 Hindu, 6/18/94, p. 5 (4388). (Moscow), 6/10/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-113, 6/13/94, During the early morning hours, Tajik p. 70 (4421). Mujaheedin launch several missiles at the 7/31/94 Russian Frontier Guard observation posi- It is reported that the Indian army may pur- tion and post on the Turk Heights in chase Tunguska air defense systems from RUSSIA WITH KUWAIT Tajikistan. The missiles are launched from Russia. The Indian Defence Research and the area of the Afghan-Tajik border and from Development Organisation (DRDO) is 6/94 Afghan territory, according to the second against the purchase as it wants to produce Kuwait welcomes a high-level Russian mili- commander of Russian border guards in its indigenously built Trishul SAM as early tary delegation to conclude a substantial Tajikistan, Major General Aleksandr as feasible, and “buying the Russian system weapon systems sale. Kuwait is intent on Savchenko. No Russian soldiers are killed. would pull the plug on funds.” buying the S-300/S-300V (SA-10 Galina Gridneva, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 8/28/94; in Sudeep Chakravarti and Sunil Dasgupta, India To- “Grumble”/SA-12 “Gladiator”) and TOR M- FBIS-SOV-94-167, 8/29/94, p. 48 (4392). day, 7/31/94, pp. 30-35 (4334). 1 (SA-15 “Gauntlet) SAMs. Kuwait may also buy BMP-2s and -3s, as well as five S- 300 systems which could be integrated into RUSSIA WITH AUSTRALIA RUSSIA WITH ISRAEL its air defense system beside its U.S.-built 7/94 9/94 Patriot missiles. James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 7/9/94, p. 1 The new launch complex that is being de- Russian Space Agency Director General Yuri (4467). veloped by Russia and the Australian com- Koptev meets with Israeli Space Agency pany Space Transportation Systems (STS) Chairman Yuval Ne’eman to discuss pos- 8/8/94 on Papua New Guinea, which has a comple- sible launcher and satellite cooperation be- An official of Rosvooruzheniye, a Russian tion date of 1998, will allow Russia to tween the two countries. Israeli sources state-owned arms trading company, an- double the payload it can launch into geo- report that Koptev broached the possibility nounces a contract for Kuwait’s purchase of stationary orbits on its Proton rockets from of Russia launching Israeli satellites and 27 300 mm, twelve-round BM 9A52-2 2.4 metric tons to 4.8 metric tons. inspected Israeli space facilities. Ne’eman Smerch multiple rocket launch systems. Journal of Commerce, 1/21/94, p. 3A; in RA Re- and Koptev sign an agreement to encourage Stephen Foye, RFE/RL News Briefs, 8/8/94, p. 3 port no. 17, 7/94, p. 75 (4607). scientific and commercial space contacts. (4470). Viktor Litovkin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 8/ Space News, 9/5/94, p. 2 (4476). 11/94, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-94-157, 8/15/94, p. 10 (4470). Christopher F. Foss and James Bruce, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/20/94, p. 21 (4582). RUSSIA WITH BELARUS RUSSIA WITH KAZAKHSTAN 5/18/94 8/29/94 Russia withdraws the first shipment of SS- 6/94 It is reported that Russia is close to con- 25 ICBMs from Belarus. At present, it is It is reported that Kazakh National Space cluding a deal to sell an SA-12 missile de- believed that 27 SS-25s have been withdrawn Agency Director Aisultan Kalybayev has fense system to Kuwait. Once the SA-12 is from Belarus to Russia. said that a draft treaty calling for Russia to integrated with the U.S.-built Patriot anti- Neue Zurcher Zeitung, 5/20/94; in Arms Control pay Kazakhstan $115 million a year for use Today, 6/94 (4522). PPNN Newsbrief, Second missile systems, Kuwait will have the only Quarter, p. 17 (4522). of the Baykonur Cosmodrome is in compli- two-tier missile defense system outside of ance with a 3/28/94 agreement signed by Russia. However, Russia’s Rosvooruzheniye

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 145 Missile Developments said that Kuwait has not yet ordered the sys- RUSSIA WITH SOUTH KOREA Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. As a re- tem. Kuwait’s Defense Minister, Sheik sult, the speed of new interceptors will be Ahmed Mahud Sabah Ahmed, has indicated 8/94 limited to 1.24 miles per second, the speed that Kuwait may be interested in buying the It is reported that Gennadiy Yanpolskiy, of those used in the U.S. Army’s new The- SA-10, the SA-12, and the SA-15. vice-chairman of the Russian state commit- ater High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) Christopher F. Foss and James Bruce, Jane’s De- tee for defence sectors of industry, has stated, system. The administration’s decision also fence Weekly, 8/20/94, p. 21 (4582). Washington effectively stalls the development of several Times, 8/29/94, p. A16 (4455). Christopher F. Foss “We could agree to supply S-300 complexes and James A. Bruce, Washington Times, 9/21/94, to South Korea given its desire to buy them.” wide-area missile defense systems, includ- p. A11 (4582). Vladimir Solntsev, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 8/10/94; in ing the Navy’s Upper Tier system and the FBIS-SOV-94-154, 8/10/94, p. 9 (4454). Air Force’s Boost Phase Intercept Program, which is designed to kill theater missiles RUSSIA WITH NORTH KOREA 8/4/94 shortly after launch. The U.S. also agrees South Korean Defense Ministry officials to end the development of new Army, Navy, 7/94 state that South Korea and Russia will com- and Air Force wide-area defense systems. It is reported that three North Koreans are plete an agreement in 9/94 for Russia to Washington Times, 7/1/94 (4318). Bill Gertz, Wash- ington Times, 7/1/94, p. A3 (4390). detained while allegedly attempting to gather transfer military weaponry, including S-300 air defense missiles, to South Korea as pay- missile and nuclear technology in Russia. 7/94 Washington Times, 7/5/94; in ISD, 7/94 (4494). ment for a portion of the $650 million Rus- sian debt to South Korea. It is reported that the Russians have pro- Defense News, 8/8/94, p. 2 (4413). posed a series of tests and experiments uti- lizing early warning sensors, Patriot mis- RUSSIA WITH PRC sile interceptors, and the SA-12 missile sys- 6/94 RUSSIA WITH UNITED STATES tem. According to the U.S. Air Force Se- nior Executive Officer for Space Maj. Gen. It is reported that in the opinion of U.S. Garry Schnelzer, the cost would presumably intelligence sources, China is currently 5/5/94 be divided between the U.S. and Russia. employing several thousand former Soviet U.S. officials propose a range of coopera- BMD Monitor, 7/1/94, p. 228 (4353). scientists and technicians in the research, tive ballistic missile defense programs with development, and production of advanced Russia that are to involve the sharing of basic technology, as well as jointly-conducted 7/94 weapons. The weapons include a new gen- It is reported that the Douglas Company of eration of mobile, solid-fuel intercontinen- experiments and exercises. BMD Monitor, 7/1/94, p. 228 (4353). the U.S. has contracted with Novator, a tal missiles and a modern version of the Russian firm based in Yekaterinburg, to Soviet MiG series of tactical aircraft. The deliver 2,000 Russian missiles to the U.S. scientists, most of whom are Russian, are 6/94 It is reported that Russia and the U.S. are Army for use as test targets for the next gen- paid in hard currency and receive a higher eration of U.S. anti-missile missile systems. salary than they would at home. currently negotiating the inclusion of Rus- sian SS-25 ballistic missiles in the 1993 Leonid Pozdeyev, Krasnaya Zvezda, 6/3/94, p. 1; U.S. News & World Report, 6/6/94, p. 24 (4445). in FBIS-SOV-94-109, 6/7/94, pp. 14-15 (4391). bilateral launch agreement that allowed Rus- Intelligence Newsletter, 7/26/94, p. 7 (4391). 9/3/94 sia access to the lucrative space launch mar- Russian President Boris Yeltsin and the ket in exchange for Russian promises to price 8/94 Chairman of the PRC, Jiang Zemin, sign a its services at market value. The problem It is reported that the U.S. Air Force’s Philips joint declaration which includes measures is that Russia is using SS-25s to boost low- Laboratory will begin using a new Russian to ensure the non-targeting of their strate- earth orbit (LEO) payloads for between $3.5 generator based on a rocket engine to test gic nuclear missiles and a statement that and $7 million, which is below market new advanced weaponry systems. The Rus- neither country will be the first to use value. Under the 1993 agreement, LEO sian generator is a magneto-hydrodynamic nuclear weapons against the other. launches were to be handled on a case-by- generator that converts chemical energy into Andrey Kirillov, Anna Melnikova, and Vladimir case basis; the U.S. would like to place a kinetic energy, and then into electrical en- Solntsev, Itar-Tass World Service (Moscow), 9/3/ more specific limit on the launches. ergy, by burning rocket fuel to create a high 94; in FBIS-SOV-94-172, 9/6/94, p. 19 (4483). Aerospace Daily, 6/2/94, pp. 343-344 (4586). Andrey Kirillov, Anna Melnikova, and Vladimir speed plasma flow which is directed through Solntsev, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 9/3/94; in FBIS-SOV- a magnetic field to induce voltage. 94-172, 9/6/94, p. 12 (4483). Michael Specter, 6/94 International Defense Review, 8/94, p. 70 (4492). New York Times, 9/4/94, p. 4 (4550). Sergei The Clinton Administration agrees to Rus- Shargorodsky, Washington Times, 9/4/94, p. A8 sian demands to freeze the capability of U.S. (4374). Nadezhda Potapova, Itar-Tass (Moscow), high-speed anti-missile missiles at current 9/6/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-172, 9/6/94, pp. 18-19 (4483). levels under the terms of the 1972 Anti-

146 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Missile Developments

RUSSIA WITH UNITED KINGDOM AND get drone. The Flowchart-2 weighs 600 kg UNITED STATES fully loaded and travels at high subsonic SOUTH AFRICA speeds. 5/25/94 Helmoed-Romer Heitman, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/20/94, p. 10 (4560). Russian Defense Minister General Pavel Grachev writes a letter to Russian President Boris Yeltsin announcing the completion of SOUTH AFRICA WITH UNITED KINGDOM nuclear missile detargeting. Russian ICBMs INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS were detargeted in accordance with an agree- 9/94 ment that had been initially concluded be- 5/94 It is reported that Kentron may enter the tween the U.S. and Russia in 1/94, which It is reported that a new SAM, which will U.K. SR(A)1236 conventionally armed air- the U.K. joined in 2/94. The agreement probably be a navalized version of the launched stand-off missile (CASOM) com- called for the missiles to be retargeted by 5/ SAHV-3 missile, is being developed as part petition with its modular stand-off weapon 30/94. The missiles are not currently tar- of the South African Navy’s (SAN) corvette (MUPSOW), a classified South African Air geted at any location, so, because they can- requirement. Kentron has done preliminary Force program that is still in the develop- not be launched without a flight plan, un- work on a vertical launch version of the mental phase. The MUPSOW has been authorized launches cannot occur. Mach 3.5, 123 kg, 12 km range SAHV-3, described by one source as “somewhere be- Asian Defense Journal, 8/94, pp. 104-105 (4418). which is capable of 40 g’s, but there are indications that the SAN will opt for a train- tween the Apache and the Tomahawk,” and able launcher. Future upgrades of the ships is thought to be a follow-on to the H2 ex- may include a new SSM. tended-range glide bomb, which reportedly Helmoed-Romer Heitman, Jane’s Defence Con- began development in the late 1970s and SAUDI ARABIA tracts, 5/94, pp. 1-2 (4306). was employed in the Angolan war. The U.K. Treasury is to review the CASOM program 7/94 before the request for proposals; this delay Johan Alberts, CEO of South Africa’s Denel is likely to be beneficial for the Kentron bid. company, announces that Denel’s Eloptro It is believed that U.K. Ministry of Defence INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS optics/optronics and Kentron divisions have officials have met with South African offi- been merged, and are now operating under cials regarding the MUPSOW. 8/5/94 the name of Kentron. Kentron now con- Flight International, 9/14/94, p. 16 (4308). Defector Mohammed A. al-Khilewi, the sists of three sections: Dynamics, Eloptro, former second-ranking official at the Saudi and Irenco. Kentron Dynamics produces Mission to the U.N., states that in 1985 the Darter infra-red AAM, ZT-35 anti-tank “Saudi Arabia started to think seriously missile, Seeker RPV, and Skua high-speed SOUTH KOREA about starting its own nuclear weapons pro- target. Irenco produces stabilized TV/FLIR gram.” Saudi Arabia has CSS-2 IRBMs in turrets for aircraft and helicopters, and its arms inventory. Eloptro is to produce items such as IR sen- Paul Lewis, New York Times, 8/7/94 (4338). sors, thermal imagers, and laser range-find- ers. Kentron is to increase emphasis on long-range reconnaissance and stand-off SOUTH KOREA WITH RUSSIA SAUDI ARABIA WITH UNITED STATES weapons. Helmoed-Romer Heitman, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/94 7/2/94, p. 37 (4310). 9/94 It is reported that Gennadiy Yanpolskiy, vice-chairman of the Russian state commit- It is reported that Raytheon has won a $9.3 8/94 tee for defence sectors of industry, has stated, million contract from the U.S. Army Mis- The South Africa company Kentron, a di- “We could agree to supply S-300 complexes sile Command for integration work on eight vision of the Denel company, has report- to South Korea given its desire to buy them.” Patriot tactical fire units bought by Saudi edly developed a ‘stealth’ target drone called Vladimir Solntsev, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 8/10/94; in Arabia. According to Raytheon’s Vice Presi- the Flowchart-2, which is intended to simu- FBIS-SOV-94-154, 8/10/94, p. 9 (4454). dent of Corporate Communications, Pat late “low-observable” aircraft and cruise Coulter, one of the eight units will be used missiles. The Flowchart-2 is 5 m long, with 8/4/94 for Saudi training and another will be kept a wingspan of 3.5 m, and incorporates a South Korean Defense Ministry officials as a floating spare. new, low observable airframe with many state that South Korea and Russia will com- Defense News, 9/19/94, p. 25 (4554). subsystems from the Skua high-speed tar- plete an agreement in 9/94 for Russia to

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 147 Missile Developments transfer military weaponry, including S-300 missiles, related hardware, logistics and air defense missiles, to South Korea as pay- spare parts support, installation assistance, ment for a portion of the $650 million Rus- TAIWAN and training. The MADS are to be deliv- sian debt to South Korea. ered beginning in 9/96. Defense News, 8/8/94, p. 2 (4413). Aerospace Daily, 7/1/94, p. 5A (4415). Jason Glashow, Defense News, 7/4/94, p. 16 (4415). BMD Monitor, 7/15/94, p. 237, (4415). Washington Times, 7/17/94, p. A7 (4415). International De- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS fense Review, 9/94, pp. 13-14 (4415).

SYRIA 7/94 Taiwan makes public photographs showing the Hsiung Feng-2 medium-range ASM. The Hsiung Feng-2, believed to be derived TAJIKISTAN from a ship-launched missile, utilized tur- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS bofan propulsion and active radar and im- aging infrared (IIR) dual-seeker guidance. 6/26/94 It will probably be carried on Taiwan’s In an interview, an Israeli official states, AIDC Ching-Kuo indigenous defense TAJIKISTAN WITH AFGHANISTAN AND “Syria already has produced a small quan- fighter, and may also be used on Taiwan’s RUSSIA tity of the [Scud-C] missiles and they al- F-16, Mirage 2000, and AT-3 “support vari- ready have their own launchers. In 12 to 24 ant” aircraft. The Hsiung Feng series and 8/10/94 months, they will enter into full production the Sky Sword AAM were developed by the According to Russian military forces in capability.” According to Israeli military Chung Shan Institute of Science and Tech- Dushanbe, the 12th post of the Moscow officials, Syrian leaders consider the Scud- nology (CSIST), a division of Aero Indus- border troops headquarters in Tajikistan is C SSM as a counter to the Israeli Air Force’s try Development Centre (AIDC). atttacked by missiles fired from Afghan ter- strike capabilities. Despite the fact that Charles Bickers, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/18/94, ritory. The Russians respond with suppres- Syria’s total defense budget has dropped in p. 4 (4345). Flight International, 8/3/94, p. 18 sive fire on the missile launcher emplace- (4345). 1994 to around $3 billion, or 44 percent of ment; no casualties are reported. its national budget, Israeli officials have Itar-Tass (Moscow), 8/11/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-155, stated that Syria has increased spending on 8/94 8/11/94, p. 36 (4564). its Scud-C program; production of the Scud- It is reported that Taiwan has deployed the C and other SSMs has become the highest Sky Bow SAM, Sky Sword AAM, and U.S. 8/27/94 military priority in Syria. Hawk missiles to defend against a possible During the early morning hours, Tajik Richard C. Barnard and Barbara Opall, Defense Chinese invasion. Sky Bow and Sky Sword Mujaheedin launch several missiles at the News, 7/4/94, p. 15 (4337). were developed by the Taiwanese military’s Russian Frontier Guard observation posi- Chungsan Institute of Science and Technol- tion and post on the Turk Heights in ogy. Tajikistan. The missiles are launched from SYRIA WITH ISRAEL Asia Pacific Defence Review, 8/94, p. 81 (4330). the area of the Afghan-Tajik border and from Afghan territory, according to the second 6/22/94 commander of Russian border guards in In a speech to the Zionist General Council, TAIWAN WITH UNITED STATES Tajikistan, Major General Aleksandr Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin says Savchenko. No Russian soldiers are killed. that “Syria today has ground-to-ground mis- 6/29/94 Galina Gridneva, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 8/28/94; in siles in quantity and in quality that [make] The U.S.’s Raytheon Co. signs a contract FBIS-SOV-94-167, 8/29/94, p. 48 (4392). what we suffered from Iraq in the gulf war with Taiwan’s Defense Ministry to sell Tai- [seem like] a children’s game.” Opposition wan $600 million worth of Modified Air leaders denounce Rabin for attempting to Defense Systems (MADS), which are based frighten opponents into advocating an ex- on the Patriot missile system. Other sources tensive withdrawal from the Golan Heights. report the deal is worth $565 million. The Sharone Parnes, Defense News, 6/27/94, p. 16 MADS system will replace one of Taiwan’s (4335). older Nike-Hercules SAM battalions, and will be deployed in the northern region of Taiwan. Under the terms of the contract, Raytheon will supply Taiwan with fire units,

148 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Missile Developments

pan 3, and Malaysia 25. Work on the con- Krasnaya Zvezda, 7/26/94, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-94- tract is expected to be completed by 12/96. 147, 8/1/94, pp. 32-33 (4605). TURKEY Reuter, 8/22/94; in Executive News Service, 8/24/ 94 (4347). Flight International, 9/14/94, p. 40 (4347). UKRAINE WITH FRANCE

9/94 5/94 The Pentagon informs Congress of the pro- TURKEY WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP It is reported that Aerospatiale of France posed $32 million sale of 270 Multiple and Yuzhnoe of Ukraine have signed four 6/9/94 Launch Rocket System pods to Turkey. contracts which provide for the conversion International Defense Review, 9/94, p. 9 (4349). Turkey hosts a NATO meeting in Istanbul of SS-24 oxygen tanks to containers for liq- uid oxygen and kerosene; the use of SS-24 at which the foreign ministers of NATO 9/23/94 settle on a counterproliferation policy of missiles and components to manufacture U.S. Navy intelligence officers state that the small rockets that will launch satellites into strengthening existing international agree- submarine-launched Harpoon missile has ments while preparing defenses against po- a low-earth orbit from France’s space cen- been transferred to seven countries: Egypt, ter in Guiana; the use of a 30 ton thrust tential nuclear or chemical weapon-armed Greece, Japan, Israel, Turkey, the U.K., and ballistic missile threats from rogue states in engine as the second stage booster for small Pakistan. rockets; and the conversion of SS-24 ICBM the Middle East or North Africa. A policy Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, De- statement released after the meeting said, fense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). missile components to boosters for the “Weapons of mass destruction and their de- Ariane-5 SLV. livery means can pose a direct military risk Ukrinform (Kiev), 5/30/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-105, 6/1/94, pp. 46-47 (4487). to the member states of the alliance and to their forces.” The ministers provide no in- 7/94 formation on how NATO, which is already UKRAINE It is reported that Ukraine is initiating joint evaluating the establishment of ballistic technology transfers with France’s CNES missile defenses, could adapt to meet this and the U.S. NASA, as well as booster de- threat. velopment with U.S. Boeing and France’s Aliza Marcus, Reuter, 6/9/94; in Executive News Aerospatiale for the 461-ton “piggyback” air- Service, 6/10/94 (4307). INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS launched Zenit booster. Intelligence Newsletter, 7/26/94, p. 7 (4488). 8/94 TURKEY WITH UNITED STATES A number of surface-to-air missiles are sto- len from a military unit in the Cherkassk UKRAINE WITH INDIA 8/1/94 region of Ukraine by both servicemen and The U.S. Defense Department announces civilians, according to the Ukrainian Min- 9/16/94 that it has proposed to sell Turkey 596 more istry of Defense. Some of the missiles have According to Andrey Zhalko-Titarenko, act- air-to-air and air-to-surface missiles for ap- been located. ing Director General of the Ukraine Space proximately $137 million. The missile deal Interfax (Moscow), 8/11/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-156, would include 80 AIM-120 Advanced Me- 8/12/94, p. 26 (4462). Agency, Ukraine and India sign an agree- dium Range Air-to-Air Missiles ment to cooperate in the areas of space tech- (AMRAAM) worth roughly $52 million, nology and the remote probing of the Earth. 500 AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles UKRAINE WITH CROATIA Zhalko-Titarenko states that there is a pro- for $55 million, and 16 Harpoon anti-ship vision in the agreement for the use of In- missiles for $30 million. 7/22/94 dian boosters to launch Ukrainian satellites Umit Enginsoy, Defense News, 8/8/94, p. 18 (4431). The Ukrainian Defense Ministry press ser- and the reciprocal use of space facilities. Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/13/94, p. 12 (4595). vice denies a report by the Serbian publica- The U.S. is concerned that rocket technolo- tion Novny that stated that Croatia has pro- gies that fall under the MTCR may be trans- 9/94 cured 20 S-300 anti-missile systems from ferred to India. Ukraine, according to McDonnell Douglas is awarded a contract Ukraine. The Ukrainian Defense Ministry Zhalko-Titarenko, has assured the U.S. that for 75 SLAMs and 44 Harpoon missiles. press service states that Ukraine operates in the agreement does not have any “military The contract is worth $125 million, but its accordance with the moratorium on the sale applications.” value may increase by $12 million if Tur- of arms to combative nations. Pavlo Balkovsky, Reuter, 9/18/94 (4548). Interfax key opts to procure 12 Harpoon missiles. (Moscow), 9/20/94; in FBIS-SOV-94-183, 9/21/94, Radio Ukraine World Service (Kiev), 7/22/94; in p. 60 (4534). Hindu, 9/24/94, p. 16 (4542). Space Of the 44 Harpoon missiles currently cov- FBIS-SOV-94-142, 7/25/94, p. 35 (4312). News, 9/26/94, p. 2 (4542). ered by the deal, Egypt will receive 16, Ja-

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 149 Missile Developments

UKRAINE WITH UNITED STATES UNITED KINGDOM WITH RUSSIA AND SLAM, Hughes may enter the Air Hawk, UNITED STATES and Texas Instruments may enter the ex- 7/94 tended-range JSOW variant. Rockwell may It is reported that Ukraine is initiating joint 5/25/94 enter the AGM-130 stand-off weapon, al- technology transfers with France’s CNES Russian Defense Minister General Pavel though the missile’s 200 km (110 nm) range and the U.S. NASA, and booster develop- Grachev writes a letter to Russian President falls short of the 400 km range requirement ment with U.S. Boeing and France’s Boris Yeltsin announcing the completion of expected to be given in the British Ministry Aerospatiale for the 461-ton “piggyback” air- nuclear missile detargeting. Russian ICBMs of Defence request. launched Zenit booster. were detargeted in accordance with an agree- Flight International, 9/14/94, p. 16 (4308). Intelligence Newsletter, 7/26/94, p. 7 (4488). ment that had been initially concluded be- tween the U.S. and Russia in 1/94, which 9/94 8/31/94 the U.K. joined in 2/94. The agreement It is reported that McDonnell Douglas During a meeting between the Ukrainian called for the missiles to be retargeted by 5/ (MDC) of the U.S. is negotiating with GEC- American Community and a U.S. delega- 30/94. The missiles are not currently tar- Marconi Avionics (GMAv) of the U.K. over tion which includes the Ambassador-at- geted at any location, so, because they can- the possibility of including the British Large to the newly-independent states of the not be launched without a flight plan, un- company’s advanced infra-red imaging (IIR) former Soviet Union, James Collins, details authorized launches cannot occur. seeker as part of the Grand SLAM missile of the $350 million Nunn-Lugar aid pack- Asian Defense Journal, 8/94, pp. 104-105 (4418). produced by MDC and Hunting. The Grand age to Ukraine are revealed. An SS-24 dis- SLAM missile is competing for the Royal mantlement project will receive $50 mil- Air Force’s (RAF) stand-off missile require- lion, and the U.S. will participate in the UNITED KINGDOM WITH SOUTH AFRICA ment. It is estimated that 500-1,000 mis- building of storage facilities for SS-19 fuel. siles will be purchased to meet the RAF’s UNIS; in Ukrainian Weekly, 9/11/94, pp. 2, 16 9/94 conventional stand-off needs. (4490). Flight International, 9/21/94, p. 18 (4439). It is reported that Kentron may enter the U.K. SR(A)1236 conventionally armed air- 9/23/94 launched stand-off missile (CASOM) com- U.S. Navy intelligence officers state that the petition with its modular stand-off weapon submarine-launched Harpoon missile has (MUPSOW), a classified South African Air UNITED KINGDOM been transferred to seven countries: Egypt, Force program that is still in the develop- Greece, Japan, Israel, Turkey, the U.K., and mental phase. The MUPSOW has been Pakistan. described by one source as “somewhere be- Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, De- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS tween the Apache and the Tomahawk,” and fense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). is thought to be a follow-on to the H2 ex- 8/94 tended-range glide bomb, which reportedly It is reported that the HMS Vanguard Tri- began development in the late 1970s and was employed in the Angolan war. The U.K. dent submarine has successfully completed UNITED STATES its first test-firing of an unarmed Trident II Treasury is to review the CASOM program D-5 ballistic missile while submerged off before the request for proposals, a delay that the Florida coast. will likely be beneficial for the Kentron bid. Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter, 8/94, p. 23 (4509). It is believed that U.K. Ministry of Defence (MoD) officials have met with South Afri- can officials regarding the MUPSOW. INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Flight International, 9/14/94, p. 16 (4308). UNITED KINGDOM WITH FRANCE 6/2/94 9/94 The Extended Range Interceptor (ERINT), UNITED KINGDOM WITH UNITED STATES It is reported that Matra and Aerospatiale produced by Loral Vought, intercepts and of France are interested in entering the U.K. destroys an MQM-107D target drone at the conventionally armed air-launched stand-off 9/94 White Sands Missile Range, completing its missile (CASOM) competition with the It is reported that several U.S. companies third successful test in a row. The drone Apache and ASMP-C missiles. are interested in entering the U.K. conven- simulates a typical diving ground attack Flight International, 9/14/94, p. 16 (4308). tionally armed air-launched stand-off maneuver that an aircraft might use to at- weapon (CASOM) competition. McDonnell tack a ground target. The ERINT, recently Douglas and Hunting may enter the Grand approved as the missile for the PAC-3 mis-

150 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Missile Developments sile defense system, has in the last six months ager Col. Fred Kilgore will propose delays a series of tests on the aircraft carrier USS intercepted Storm targets which were car- in the first test firing of the THAAD hit-to- Dwight D. Eisenhower and other ships, the rying simulated bulk chemical warheads and kill interceptor at a 7/25/94 meeting with CEC was used against seven simulated bal- submunitions. the director of the BMDO, Army Lt. Gen. listic missile launches and one live launch. Aerospace Daily, 6/3/94, p. 354 (4419). Malcolm O’Neill. The system shows great potential for increas- Jason Glashow and Barbara Opall, Defense News, ing the abilities of land-based air defense 6/16/94 7/25/94, pp. 1, 28 (4493). weapons, including the Army’s Patriot mis- Raytheon Missile Corporation announces sile. that it has received a $43.3 million contract 7/30/94 Robert Holzer, Defense News, 9/26/94, p. 12 (4519). to provide the U.S. Navy with 145 Stan- The U.S. Air Force announces that an MX dard missiles, one-half of the FY 1994 al- Peacekeeper missile was struck by two high- 9/94 lotment for Standard missiles. The Stan- power rifle bullets which caused $11 mil- It is reported that the U.S. Navy awards dard missile is a supersonic, all-weather lion worth of damage. The missile was Hughes Aircraft Co. a “sole-source” contract SAM able to engage hostile aircraft and struck during a journey from an Air Force worth over $2 billion to build Tomahawk missiles up to 80 miles distant. It provides base near Cheyenne, Wyoming to cruise missiles. The contract provides $130 fleet air defense and is the Navy’s primary Vandenburg Air Force Base for a test launch million for 216 Block III Tomahawk mis- air defense missile. scheduled for 9/94. The missile had been siles, with future options for 1995-1998 Arms Trade News, 7/94, p. 2 (4355). disassembled and packed in unmarked box- purchases and $226.5 million for develop- cars for the journey, and was hit in the first ment of the Block IV Tomahawk upgrade 7/94 and second stages by the unknown sniper. under the Tomahawk Baseline Improvement The U.S. State Department concludes that The damage was discovered during a rou- Program (TBIP). Under TBIP, two versions the high endurance unmanned aerial vehicle tine inspection after delivery. The missile of the Block IV Tomahawk will be designed (UAV) to be designed for use in the ARPA was rendered useless by the bullets, and was for greater effectiveness against hardened Tier II Plus project falls under the MTCR sent to Ogden, Utah where inspectors will and relocatable targets. The Tomahawk as a “Category I system.” The State Depart- determine how much of it can be salvaged. Multi-Mission Missile (TMMM), for use ment will decide on a case-by-case basis The Air Force maintains that there was never against land-based targets and ships, will whether foreign companies can compete to any danger of the nuclear-tipped missile carry the smaller and lighter WDU-36B participate in the UAV project. The UAV exploding. high-explosive warhead, allowing for addi- can carry 500 kg (1,100 lbs) over 300 km Sunday Times, 7/31/94 (4346). tional fuel and a greater range. The war- (186 mi). ARPA would like the Tier II Plus head design for the second version, the system to be able to carry 1,500 lbs over a 8/10/94 Tomahawk Hard Target Penetrator (THTP), distance of 900-1,900 mi. U.S. Senate and House conferees finalize will be determined by Hughes. Defense Daily, 7/5/94, (4479). Aerospace Daily, the defense authorization bill allocating a International Defense Review, 7/94, pp. 16-17 7/7/94, p. 24 (4479). Jane’s Defence Contracts, 8/ $263.8 billion budget for Fiscal Year 1995. (4486). Steven Pearlstein, Washington Post, 9/17/ 94, p. 6 (4479). The bill includes $696 million for 18 Tri- 94; in Executive News Service, 9/19/94 (4486). Jeff dent II SLBMs to be used on the Navy’s 10 Cole, Wall Street Journal, 9/19/94, p. 3 (4486). 7/94 Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/24/94, p. 3 (4486). Bruce Trident ballistic missile submarines in the A. Smith, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 9/ It is reported that kinetic energy missile tech- Atlantic Fleet. The bill also eliminates $375 26/94, pp. 86-87 (4486). nology, developed by the U.S. Army, may million previously allocated for 48 Tri-Ser- be provided to the U.S. Air Force for use in vice Standoff Attack Missiles (TSSAMs) to 9/94 the AF Boost Phase Interceptor (BPI) pro- be built by Northrup-Grumman. Under the It is reported that Honeywell Military Avi- gram, designed to kill theater ballistic mis- bill, both the Navy’s Tier II theater missile onics has been awarded a contract by the siles shortly after launch. The Army pro- defense and the Air Force’s Brilliant Eyes, U.S. Navy for guidance units to be used in gram, the Atmospheric Interceptor Technol- space-based missile-attack warning satellite the improved versions of the Navy’s Stand- ogy (AIT) program, is a part of the weap- programs’ funding will be restricted until it off Land Attack Missile (SLAM), produced ons directorate at the Army Space and Stra- has been determined that the programs are by the McDonnell Douglas Co. The initial tegic Defense Command, and is one of sev- allowed under the ABM Treaty. order is for 28 guidance and navigation units eral Army theater ballistic missile defense Arthur G. Atkins and Dunbar Lockwood, Arms for use during the initial upgrade develop- programs that are to be follow-ons to the Control Today, 9/94, p. 26 (4465). Bloomberg, 9/ ment phase of the improved SLAM, but that 14/94 (4465). Patriot interceptor and the THAAD systems. number could increase by another 750 units, Jason Glashow and Theresa Hitchens, Defense News, depending on final procurement levels. 7/11/94, p. 8 (4501). 9/94 Defense News, 9/29/94, p. 19 (4593). It is reported that a new U.S. Navy target- 7/25/94 ing system, called the Cooperative Engage- It is reported that THAAD program man- ment Capability (CEC), performed well. In

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 151 Missile Developments

9/94 UNITED STATES WITH EGYPT the U.S. trade embargo on Iraq. Harb ille- The U.S. Navy approves the acquisition of gally procured and exported technology, the AGM/RGM/UGM-84G Harpoon Block 9/94 machinery, spare parts, and other goods 1G upgrade, which will be installed in over McDonnell Douglas is awarded an $125 which experts say were probably intended 2,000 existing Block 1C Harpoon missiles. million contract by the U.S. Navy for 75 for military use in the Iraqi government’s The Block 1G Upgrade consists of software SLAMs and 44 Harpoon missiles. Of the effort to rebuild advanced weapons systems. modifications that will allow the missile to 44 Harpoon missiles currently covered by Harb was convicted of 23 counts relating to re-attack missed targets until it runs out of the deal, Egypt will receive 16, Japan 3, the illegal shipping operation. fuel, and an enhanced electronics counter- and Malaysia 25. Work on the contract is Daniel Southerland, Washington Post, 9/17/94, p. C5 (4598). countermeasures package. expected to be completed by 12/96. Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/17/94, p. 12 (4596). Reuter, 8/22/94; in Executive News Service, 8/24/ 94 (4347). Flight International, 9/14/94, p. 40 9/3/94 (4347). UNITED STATES WITH ISRAEL The U.S. Air Force (USAF) unveils its new radar-evading cruise missile, the Tri-Ser- 9/23/94 5/94 vice Standoff Attack Missile (TSSAM), in U.S. Navy intelligence officers state that the Israel, Greece, and Japan finalize a $43.4 an effort to preserve the program. The mili- submarine-launched Harpoon missile has million Foreign Military Sales contract with tary would like to procure 4,100 TSSAMs been transferred to seven countries: Egypt, the U.S. Loral Vought Systems for the pur- at a cost of over $2 million each, and the Greece, Japan, Israel, Turkey, the U.K., and chase of Multiple Launch Rocket Systems USAF and Navy plan to go forward with Pakistan. (MLRS) and rockets. By 9/95, Japan will the $13.3 billion program if funding is se- Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, De- receive 72 practice rockets, by 12/96 Israel fense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). cured from Congress. A number of compa- will receive 6 MLRS launchers, 726 tacti- nies are preparing to offer less expensive cal rockets, and 720 practice rockets, and systems to replace the TSSAM if the Penta- by 2/97 Greece will take delivery of 9 MLRS UNITED STATES WITH GREECE gon decides to terminate the program be- launchers and 132 reduced-range practice rockets. cause of technical problems and cost over- 5/94 runs. International Defense Review, 8/94, p. 17 (4466). Israel, Greece, and Japan finalize a $43.4 Charles Aldinger, Reuter, 9/6/94; in Executive News Service, 9/7/94 (4601). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/ million Foreign Military Sales contract with 5/26/94 24/94, p. 10 (4602). the U.S. Loral Vought Systems for the pur- The Israeli Home Front Command, with chase of Multiple Launch Rocket Systems U.S. cooperation, detonates a Scud-like 9/20/94 (MLRS) and rockets. By 9/95, Japan will missile in a southern Israeli open training The Defense Resources Board meets to con- receive 72 practice rockets, by 12/96 Israel range scattered with reinforced structures. sider three possible design concepts for the will receive 6 MLRS launchers, 726 tacti- The missile, which is similar to Scuds owned Alert, Locate, and Report Missiles cal rockets, and 720 practice rockets, and by Syria and other Arab countries, contains (ALARM) system, a program the U.S. Air by 2/97 Greece will take delivery of 9 MLRS hundreds of kilograms of explosives; the Force plans to spend about $1 billion on launchers and 132 reduced-range practice experiment is designed to study the impact between 1995 and 1999. rockets. a Scud would create falling into a densely Andrew Lawler, Space News, 8/15/94, pp. 4, 21 International Defense Review, 8/94, p. 17 (4466). populated area. (4567). Steve Weber, Space News, 9/26/94, pp. 3, Arye Kiesel, Yedi’ot Aharonot, 5/27/94, p. 17; in 21 (4567). Steve Weber, Defense News, 9/26/94, 9/23/94 pp. 4, 36 (4567). FBIS-NES-94-124, 5/28/94, p. 54 (4478). U.S. Navy intelligence officers state that the 9/23/94 submarine-launched Harpoon missile has 6/94 U.S. Congressman Robert Livingston from been transferred to seven countries: Egypt, It is reported that Lt. Gen. Malcolm Louisiana announces the formation of the Greece, Japan, Israel, Turkey, the U.K., and O’Neill, Director of the U.S. Ballistic Mis- Coalition to Defend America, a group dedi- Pakistan. sile Defense Organization (BMDO), said Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, De- that there must be a successful intercept test cated to ensuring that no further reductions fense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). in missile defenses are negotiated during the by the Israeli Arrow missile before the U.S. U.S.-Russian summit scheduled for late 9/ will provide $25 million in funding that has already been earmarked for deployment 94. Livingston releases letters signed by UNITED STATES WITH IRAQ 32 House members and 39 Senators urging technology R&D or participate in any pro- President Clinton not to negotiate limits on gram to deploy the Arrow. To date, the U.S. 9/15/94 and Israel have been jointly developing the theater missile defense. A Jordanian-born, naturalized U.S. citizen, Washington Times, 9/24/94, p. A5 (4354). Arrow missile under the $330 million Ar- Al M. Harb, is convicted of circumventing

152 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Missile Developments row Continuation Experiments (ACES) pro- UNITED STATES WITH ITALY radar system situated west of Tokyo. Op- gram, of which the U.S. funds 75 percent. tion C would cost $4.55 billion and would Barbara Starr, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/4/94, p. 4 9/94 employ six land-based THAAD firing units (4496). The U.S. Pentagon informs Congress of the and the Patriot PAC-3, for a combined total of 560 missiles. Option D would cost $8.9 7/94 proposed $48 million sale of 42 Maverick missiles and 33 AIM-120 AMRAAMs to billion and would include five THAAD fir- It is reported that the Senate Armed Ser- Italy. ing units, upgraded Patriot missiles, and four vices Committee recommends that the U.S. International Defense Review, 9/94, p. 9 (4349). Aegis destroyers. Each of the Aegis destroy- continue cooperating with Israel on The- ers would carry 36 ATBMs; one would be ater Missile Defense (TMD), the Arrow stationed in the Sea of Japan, one off Kyushi, ATBM, and the boost phase intercept tech- UNITED STATES WITH JAPAN and the remaining two held in reserve. nology program. Paul Beaver, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/13/94, p. 21 BMD Monitor, 7/1/94, p. 227 (4499). 5/94 (4350). 7/94 Israel, Greece, and Japan finalize a $43.4 6/94 million Foreign Military Sales contract with Feasibility studies of Israel’s boost-phase Japan considers a U.S. proposal for coop- the U.S. Loral Vought Systems for the pur- intercept (BPI) technologies are scheduled eration on Theater Missile Defense (TMD). chase of Multiple Launch Rocket Systems to be completed. The BPI system, known Via the program, the U.S. hopes to gain (MLRS) and rockets. By 9/95, Japan will as the Israel Boost-Intercept System (IBIS), access to Japanese radar circuit production receive 72 practice rockets; by 12/96, Is- will be composed of long-range high en- technology, “advanced materials” to produce rael will receive 6 MLRS launchers, 726 durance unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). lightweight rockets, and cooperation in the tactical rockets, and 720 practice rockets; The UAVs will be equipped with sensors to production of an optoelectronic guidance and by 2/97, Greece will take delivery of 9 detect a ballistic missile launch by an en- system for ATBMs. MLRS launchers and 132 reduced-range emy. Once a launch is detected, the UAV Daily Japan Digest, 6/20/94 (4339). will fire high-speed air-to-air missiles car- practice rockets. International Defense Review, 8/94, p. 17 (4466). rying infrared seekers to destroy the missile 6/8/94 over enemy territory. 5/94 Meetings commence in Tokyo between Ja- International Defense Review, 8/94, p. 15 (4568). pan and a team from the U.S. Pentagon’s Japan signs a $50 million contract with U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense Organization Loral Vought Systems for an additional 9 9/94 (BMDO), headed by David Martin. The MRLS launchers (5 assembled and 4 par- The U.S. Navy begins evaluating the Israeli U.S. is seeking to jointly develop a two- tially assembled) to be delivered to Japan’s Barak ship point-defense missile as a pos- phase sea-based tactical missile defense sys- Nissan Aerospace division of the Nissan sible alternative to the Evolved Sea Spar- tem with Japan, at an estimated cost of $85 Motor Company by 8/96. row Missile (ESSM), which is being devel- million, using Aegis ships and upgrades of Jane’s Defence Weekly, 6/25/94, p. 13 (4466). oped by Hughes Missile Systems Co. and the U.S. Standard SAM. The first “Navy Raytheon Co. for an estimated cost of $250 6/94 Lower-Tier” phase includes Aegis upgrades million. The Barak, which is being devel- U.S. Ballistic Missile Defense Organization and slight changes in the Standard missile. oped by Israel Aircraft industries (IAI) and (BMDO) Director Lt. Gen. Malcolm The second “Navy Upper-Tier” phase would Rafael Armament Development Authority, O’Neill gives his Japanese counterparts a augment the Standard missile with a kinetic is a vertically launched missile weighing 98 briefing entitled “Ballistic Missile Defense: kill vehicle to intercept missiles at higher kg and has a range of 10 km (5.5 nm). The Options for Japanese TMD” in which four altitudes. Barak is being designed to defend ships Barbara Opall and Naoaki Usui, Defense News, 6/ options for Japanese ballistic missile defense against high-speed, stealthy, sea-skimming 6/94, pp. 1, 42 (4400). are outlined. Japan’s present plan includes targets. the deployment of 24 Patriot PAC-2 units Barbara Opall, Defense News, 9/26/94, p. 14 (4566). 9/94 that are to be operational by 1999 and up to McDonnell Douglas is awarded an $125 9/23/94 four Aegis destroyers and four AWACS air- million contract by the U.S. Navy for 75 U.S. Navy intelligence officers state that the craft that are to be operational by 1998. SLAMs and 44 Harpoon missiles. Of the submarine-launched Harpoon missile has Missile defense option A would cost $4.5 44 Harpoon missiles currently covered by been transferred to seven countries: Egypt, billion and would use Aegis destroyers in the deal, Egypt will receive 16, Japan 3, Greece, Japan, Israel, Turkey, the U.K., and concert with Patriot PAC-3 land-based units and Malaysia 25. Work on the contract is Pakistan. to engage targets in the upper and lower tiers expected to be completed by 12/96. Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, De- respectively. Option B would cost $16.3 Reuter, 8/22/94; in Executive News Service, 8/24/ fense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). billion and would include Patriot PAC-3 94 (4347). Flight International, 9/14/94, p. 40 units, eight new Aegis destroyers, and a new (4347). Defense News, 9/19/94, p. 24 (4508).

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 153 Missile Developments

9/10/94 range of 150 km. U.S. Teledyne appears to ket in exchange for Russian promises to price It is reported that the Japan Defence Equip- be favored to supply the turbojet engine for its services at market value. The problem ment Association will establish a “joint re- the mid- and long-range missiles, but as yet is that Russia is using SS-25s to boost low- search committee” by the end of 1994 to no decision has been made. earth orbit (LEO) payloads for between $3.5 examine the Theater Missile Defense (TMD) Flight International, 8/17/94, p. 15 (4443). and $7 million, which is below market system, in order to “coordinate activities value. Under the 1993 agreement, LEO already underway.” The cost of the proposed launches will be handled on a case-by-case TMD system could exceed $20 billion. UNITED STATES WITH NORTH KOREA basis; the U.S. would like to place a more Jane’s Defence Weekly, 9/10/94, p. 16 (4341). specific limit on the launches. 6/29/94 Aerospace Daily, 6/2/94, pp. 343-344 (4586). 9/23/94 Assistant Secretary of State Robert Gallucci, U.S. Navy intelligence officers state that the commenting on the upcoming 7/8/94 talks 6/94 submarine-launched Harpoon missile has with North Korea in Geneva, states, “We The Clinton Administration agrees to Rus- been transferred to seven countries: Egypt, would like to see the North Koreans adjust sian demands to freeze the capability of U.S. Greece, Japan, Israel, Turkey, the U.K., and their missile technology export policy and high-speed anti-missile missiles at current Pakistan. also their development policy.” Gallucci levels under the terms of the 1972 Anti- Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, De- adds, “If the dialogue fails and if the DPRK Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. As a re- fense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). does not prove willing to take the necessary sult, the speed of new interceptors will be steps to resolve issues, we will return again limited to 1.24 miles per second, the speed to the Security Council.” ofthose used in the U.S. Army’s new The- UNITED STATES WITH MALAYSIA Sid Balman Jr., UPI, 6/29/94 (4366). ater High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system. The administration’s decision also 9/94 effectively stalls the development of several McDonnell Douglas is awarded an $125 UNITED STATES WITH PAKISTAN wide-area missile defense systems, includ- million contract by the U.S. Navy for 75 ing the Navy’s Upper Tier system and the SLAMs and 44 Harpoon missiles. Of the 9/23/94 Air Force’s Boost Phase Intercept Program, 44 Harpoon missiles currently covered by U.S. Navy intelligence officers state that the which is designed to kill theater missiles the deal, Egypt will receive 16, Japan 3, submarine-launched Harpoon missile has shortly after launch. The U.S. also agrees and Malaysia 25. Work on the contract is been transferred to seven countries: Egypt, to end the development of new Army, Navy, expected to be completed by 12/96. Greece, Japan, Israel, Turkey, the U.K., and and Air Force wide-area defense systems. Reuter, 8/22/94; in Executive News Service, 8/24/ Pakistan. One official adds that, currently, Washington Times, 7/1/94 (4318). Bill Gertz, Wash- 94 (4347). Flight International, 9/14/94, p. 40 ington Times, 7/1/94, p. A3 (4390). (4347). Defense News, 9/19/94, p. 24 (4508). three Pakistani submarines are capable of firing submarine-launched Harpoon mis- siles. 7/94 Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, De- It is reported that the Russians have pro- UNITED STATES WITH MULTI-COUNTRY fense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). posed a series of tests and experiments uti- GROUP lizing early warning sensors, Patriot mis- sile interceptors, and the SA-12 missile sys- 8/94 UNITED STATES WITH RUSSIA tem. According to the U.S. Air Force Se- It is reported that three European partners nior Executive Officer for Space Maj. Gen. of the Polyphem fibre-optic-guided, short- 5/5/94 Garry Schnelzer, the cost would presumably range missile program, Aerospatiale, U.S. officials propose a range of coopera- be divided between the U.S. and Russia. Deutsche Aerospace (DASA), and tive ballistic missile defense programs with BMD Monitor, 7/1/94, p. 228 (4353). Italmissile, want to work with the U.S. com- Russia that are to involve the sharing of basic pany that is awarded a contract for the En- technology, as well as jointly-conducted 7/94 hanced Fibre-Optic Guided Missile experiments, and exercises. It is reported that the Douglas Company of (EFOGM) program. According to DASA BMD Monitor, 7/1/94, p. 228 (4353). the U.S. has contracted with Novator, a head Ernst Seiffarth, “close contact” has been Russian firm based in Yekaterinburg, to made with Boeing, Hughes, Raytheon, and 6/94 deliver 2,000 Russian missiles to the U.S. Westinghouse, the U.S. companies compet- It is reported that Russia and the U.S. are Army for use as test targets for the next gen- ing for EFOGM. The Polyphem missile’s currently negotiating the inclusion of Rus- eration of U.S. anti-missile missile systems. middle-range variant has a turbojet engine sian SS-25 ballistic missiles in the 1993 Leonid Pozdeyev, Krasnaya Zvezda, 6/3/94, p. 1; providing a range of 60 km.The long-range in FBIS-SOV-94-109, 6/7/94, pp. 14-15 (4391). bilateral launch agreement that allowed Rus- Intelligence Newsletter, 7/26/94, p. 7 (4391). version has stealth features and a possible sia access to the lucrative space launch mar-

154 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 Missile Developments

8/94 wan $600 million worth of Modified Air 9/23/94 It is reported that the U.S. Air Force’s Philips Defense Systems (MADS), which are based U.S. Navy intelligence officers state that the Laboratory will begin using a new Russian on the Patriot missile system. Other sources submarine-launched Harpoon missile has generator based on a rocket engine to test report the deal is worth $565 million. The been transferred to seven countries: Egypt, new advanced weaponry systems. The Rus- MADS system will replace one of Taiwan’s Greece, Japan, Israel, Turkey, the U.K., and sian generator is a magneto-hydrodynamic older Nike-Hercules SAM battalions, and Pakistan. generator that converts chemical energy into will be deployed in the northern region of Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, De- kinetic energy, and then into electrical en- Taiwan. Under the terms of the contract, fense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332). ergy, by burning rocket fuel to create a high Raytheon will supply Taiwan with fire units, speed plasma flow which is directed through missiles, related hardware, logistics and a magnetic field to induce voltage. spare parts support, installation assistance, UNITED STATES WITH UKRAINE International Defense Review, 8/94, p. 70 (4492). and training. The MADS are to be deliv- ered beginning in 9/96. 7/94 Aerospace Daily, 7/1/94, p. 5A (4415). Jason It is reported that Ukraine is initiating joint Glashow, Defense News, 7/4/94, p. 16 (4415). BMD UNITED STATES WITH RUSSIA AND technology transfers with France’s CNES Monitor, 7/15/94, p. 237, (4415). Washington and the U.S.’s NASA, and booster develop- UNITED KINGDOM Times, 7/17/94, p. A7 (4415). International De- fense Review, 9/94, pp. 13-14 (4415). ment with U.S. Boeing and France’s 5/25/94 Aerospatiale for the 461-ton “piggyback” air- Russian Defense Minister General Pavel launched Zenit booster. Intelligence Newsletter, 7/26/94, p. 7 (4488). Grachev writes a letter to Russian President UNITED STATES WITH TURKEY Boris Yeltsin announcing the completion of 8/31/94 nuclear missile detargeting. Russian ICBMs 8/1/94 During a meeting between the Ukrainian were detargeted in accordance with an agree- The U.S. Defense Department announces American Community and a U.S. delega- ment that had been initially concluded be- that it has proposed to sell Turkey 596 more tion which includes the Ambassador-at- tween the U.S. and Russia in 1/94, which air-to-air and air-to-surface missiles, for Large to the newly-independent states of the the U.K. joined in 2/94. The agreement approximately $137 million. The missile former Soviet Union, James Collins, details called for the missiles to be retargeted by 5/ deal would include 80 AIM-120 Advanced of the $350 million Nunn-Lugar aid pack- 30/94. The missiles are not currently tar- Medium Range Air-to-Air Missiles age to Ukraine are revealed. An SS-24 dis- geted at any location, so, because they can- (AMRAAM) worth roughly $52 million, mantlement project will receive $50 mil- not be launched without a flight plan, un- 500 AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles lion, and the U.S. will participate in the authorized launches cannot occur. for $55 million, and 16 Harpoon anti-ship building of storage facilities for SS-19 fuel. Asian Defense Journal, 8/94, pp. 104-105 (4418). missiles for $30 million. UNIS; in Ukrainian Weekly, 9/11/94, pp. 2, 16 Umit Enginsoy, Defense News, 8/8/94, p. 18 (4431). (4490). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8/13/94, p. 12 (4595). UNITED STATES WITH SAUDI ARABIA 9/94 UNITED STATES WITH UNITED KINGDOM 9/94 McDonnell Douglas is awarded a contract for 75 SLAMs and 44 Harpoon missiles. It is reported that Raytheon has won a $9.3 9/94 million contract from the U.S. Army Mis- The contract is worth $125 million, but its value may increase by $12 million if Tur- It is reported that several U.S. companies sile Command for integration work on eight are interested in entering the U.K. conven- Patriot tactical fire units bought by Saudi key opts to procure 12 Harpoon missiles. Of the 44 Harpoon missiles currently cov- tionally armed air-launched stand-off Arabia. According to Raytheon’s Vice Presi- weapon (CASOM) competition. McDonnell dent of Corporate Communications, Pat ered by the deal, Egypt will receive 16, Ja- pan 3, and Malaysia 25. Work on the con- Douglas and Hunting may enter the Grand Coulter, one of the eight units will be used SLAM, Hughes may enter the Air Hawk, for Saudi training and another will be kept tract is expected to be completed by 12/96. Reuter, 8/22/94; in Executive News Service, 8/24/ and Texas Instruments may enter the ex- as a floating spare. 94 (4347). Flight International, 9/14/94, p. 40 tended-range JSOW variant. Rockwell may Defense News, 9/19/94, p. 25 (4554). (4347). enter the AGM-130 stand-off weapon, al- though the missile’s 200 km (110 nm) range 9/94 falls short of the 400 km range requirement UNITED STATES WITH TAIWAN The U.S. Pentagon informs Congress of the expected to be given in the British Ministry proposed $32 million sale of 270 Multiple of Defence request. 6/29/94 Launch Rocket System pods to Turkey. Flight International, 9/14/94, p. 16 (4308). The U.S.’s Raytheon Co. signs a contract International Defense Review, 9/94, p. 9 (4349). with Taiwan’s Defense Ministry to sell Tai-

The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995 155 Missile Developments

9/94 ber of T-82 (tanks) and tactical missiles It is reported that McDonnell Douglas contracted with North Korea.” (MDC) of the U.S. is negotiating with GEC- Reuter, 6/13/94; in Executive News Service, Marconi Avionics (GMAv) of the U.K. over 6/13/94 (4429). the possibility of including the British company’s advanced infra-red imaging (IIR) 6/13/94 seeker as part of the Grand SLAM missile In response to Yemeni President Ali produced by MDC and Hunting. The Grand Abdullah Saleh’s statement concerning a SLAM missile is competing for the Royal contract with North Korea for weapons, in- Air Force’s (RAF) stand-off missile require- cluding tactical missiles, an unidentified ment. It is estimated that 500-1,000 mis- North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman siles will be purchased to meet the RAF’s tells the [North] Korean Central News conventional stand-off needs. Agency (KCNA) that the accusation was Flight International, 9/21/94, p. 18 (4439). “...an utterly groundless fabrication.” Reuter, 6/13/94; in Executive News Service, 6/13/ 94 (4429). 9/23/94 U.S. Navy intelligence officers state that the submarine-launched Harpoon missile has been transferred to seven countries: Egypt, Greece, Japan, Israel, Turkey, the U.K., and YUGOSLAVIA Pakistan. Giovanni de Briganti and Vivek Raghuvanshi, De- fense News, 9/26/94, pp. 1, 34 (4332).

INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS

YEMEN 8/94 The local media in Yugoslavia has reported on an indigenously-built SS-1 Scud missile. Western officials have said that these reports are probably propaganda. Paul Beaver, Washington Times, 8/2/94, p. A14 (4471). YEMEN WITH MOLDOVA AND RUSSIA

6/20/94 According to Moldovan news sources, the Moldovan Ministry of Defense sells four MiG-24s and seven missile launchers, worth a total of $40 million, to Yemen via Rosvooruzheniye, a Russian state arms com- pany. Itar, 8/23/94 (4376).

YEMEN WITH NORTH KOREA

6/8/94 Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh states that North Korea has agreed to sell missiles to the southern side in Yemen’s civil war. Saleh, who leads the northern forces, said, “Now we have received confirmation about a new contract of MiG-29 (jets) and a num-

156 The Nonproliferation Review/Winter 1995