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Theresienstadt Concentration Camp from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Coordinates: 50°30′48″N 14°10′1″E
Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Theresienstadt concentration camp From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coordinates: 50°30′48″N 14°10′1″E "Theresienstadt" redirects here. For the town, see Terezín. Navigation Theresienstadt concentration camp, also referred to as Theresienstadt Ghetto,[1][2] Main page [3] was established by the SS during World War II in the fortress and garrison city of Contents Terezín (German name Theresienstadt), located in what is now the Czech Republic. Featured content During World War II it served as a Nazi concentration camp staffed by German Nazi Current events guards. Random article Tens of thousands of people died there, some killed outright and others dying from Donate to Wikipedia malnutrition and disease. More than 150,000 other persons (including tens of thousands of children) were held there for months or years, before being sent by rail Interaction transports to their deaths at Treblinka and Auschwitz extermination camps in occupied [4] Help Poland, as well as to smaller camps elsewhere. About Wikipedia Contents Community portal Recent changes 1 History The Small Fortress (2005) Contact Wikipedia 2 Main fortress 3 Command and control authority 4 Internal organization Toolbox 5 Industrial labor What links here 6 Western European Jews arrive at camp Related changes 7 Improvements made by inmates Upload file 8 Unequal treatment of prisoners Special pages 9 Final months at the camp in 1945 Permanent link 10 Postwar Location of the concentration camp in 11 Cultural activities and -
Antonio Iturbe
THE LIBRAIAN OF AUSCHWITZ IIi ANTONIO ITURBE TRANSLATED BY LILIT ŽEKULIN THWAITES HENRY HOLT AND COM PANY NEW YORK 207-68939_ch00_4P.indd 3 7/26/17 12:58 PM Henry Holt and Company, Publishers since 1866 Henry Holt® is a registered trademark of Macmillan Publishing Group, LLC 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010 fiercereads .com Text copyright © 2012 by Antonio Iturbe Translation copyright © 2017 by Lilit Žekulin Thwaites Endpaper images courtesy of the National Archives All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. ISBN 978-1-62779-618-7 Our books may be purchased in bulk for promotional, educational, or business use. Please contact your local bookseller or the Macmillan Corporate and Premium Sales Department at (800) 221-7945 ext. 5442 or by e-mail at [email protected]. First published in Spain by Editorial Planeta in 2012 First American edition, 2017 Printed in the United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 207-68939_ch00_4P.indd 4 7/26/17 12:58 PM Dear reader, I want to tell you how the book you are holding came into being. Some years ago, the Spanish author Antonio Iturbe was searching for someone who could tell him some details about the books on the children’s block in the Auschwitz– Birkenau concentration camp. He received my internet address, and we started exchanging emails. His were short, apol o getic questions and mine long, detailed answers. But then we met in Prague, and for two days I showed him where I grew up and where I played in a sandbox and went to school and the house that we—my parents and I— left forever when we were sent to the Terezín ghetto by the Nazi occupants. -
USHMM Finding
http://collections.ushmm.org Contact [email protected] for further information about this collection RG-50.862: EHRLICH COLLECTION - SUMMARY NOTES OF AUDIO FILES Introductory note by Anatol Steck, Project Director in the International Archival Programs Division of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: These summary transcription notes of the digitized interviews recorded by Leonard and Edith Ehrlich in the 1970s as part of their research for their manuscript about the Jewish community leadership in Vienna and Theresienstadt during the Holocaust titled "Choices under Duress" are a work in progress. The project started in April 2016 and is ongoing. The summary notes are being typed while listening to the recordings in real time; this requires simultaneous translation as many of the interviews are in German, often using Viennese vernacular and/or Yiddish terms (especially in the case of the lengthy interview with Benjamin Murmelstein which the Ehrlichs recorded with Mr. and Mrs. Murmelstein over several days in their apartment in Rome and which constitutes a major part of this collection). The summary notes are intended as a tool and a finding aid for the researcher; researchers are strongly encouraged to consult the digitized recordings for accuracy and authenticity and not to rely solely on the summary notes. As much as possible, persons mentioned by name in the interviews are identified and described in the text; however, as persons are often referred to in the interviews only by last name, their identification is sometimes based on the context in which their names appear within the interview (especially in cases where different persons share the same last name). -
„Das Gesundheitswesen Im Ghetto Theresienstadt“ 1941 – 1945
Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit „Das Gesundheitswesen im Ghetto Theresienstadt“ 1941 – 1945 Verfasser Wolfgang Schellenbacher angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. Phil.) Wien, 2010 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt A 312 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt Geschichte Betreuerin: Univ.-Doz. Dr. Brigitte Bailer 1 Index 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Aufbau der Arbeit ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.2 Quellenlage und Forschungsstand............................................................................................ 6 1.2.1 Literatur zur Ghettoselbstverwaltung............................................................................................12 2. Geschichte Theresienstadts...............................................................................................14 2.1 Planungen zur Errichtung des Ghettos Theresienstadt.....................................................14 2.2 Exkurs: Die Festung Theresienstadt ......................................................................................16 2.3 Sammel- und Durchgangslager für Juden aus dem „Protektorat“ (November 1941 bis Juni 1942)............................................................................................................................................18 2.4 Altersghetto..................................................................................................................................21 -
Cultural Life in the Theresienstadt Ghetto- Dr. Margalit Shlain [Posted on Jan 5Th, 2015] People Carry Their Culture with Them W
Cultural Life in the Theresienstadt Ghetto- Dr. Margalit Shlain [posted on Jan 5th, 2015] People carry their culture with them wherever they go. Therefore, when the last Jewish communities in Central Europe were deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto (Terezin in Czech), they created a cultural blossoming in the midst of destruction, at their last stop before annihilation. The paradoxical consequence of this cultural flourishing, both in the collective memory of the Holocaust era and, to a certain extent even today, is that of an image of the Theresienstadt ghetto as having had reasonable living conditions, corresponding to the image that the German propaganda machine sought to present. The Theresienstadt ghetto was established in the north-western part of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia on November 24, 1941. It was allegedly to be a "Jewish town" for the Protectorate’s Jews, but was in fact a Concentration and Transit Camp, which functioned until its liberation on May 8, 1945. At its peak (September 1942) the ghetto held 58,491 prisoners. Over a period of three and a half years, approximately 158,000 Jews, from the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Germany, Austria, Holland, Denmark, Slovakia, and Hungary, as well as evacuees from other concentration camps, were transferred to it. Of these, 88,129 were sent on to their death in the 'East', of whom only 4,134 survived. In Theresienstadt itself 35,409 died from "natural" causes like illness and hunger, and approximately 30,000 inmates were liberated in the ghetto. This ghetto had a special character, as the Germans had intended to turn it into a ghetto for elderly and privileged German Jews, according to Reinhard Heydrich’s announcement at the "Wannsee Conference" which took place on January 20th, 1942 in Berlin. -
Whole Dissertation Hajkova 3
Abstract This dissertation explores the prisoner society in Terezín (Theresienstadt) ghetto, a transit ghetto in the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia. Nazis deported here over 140, 000 Czech, German, Austrian, Dutch, Danish, Slovak, and Hungarian Jews. It was the only ghetto to last until the end of Second World War. A microhistorical approach reveals the dynamics of the inmate community, shedding light on broader issues of ethnicity, stratification, gender, and the political dimension of the “little people” shortly before they were killed. Rather than relegating Terezín to a footnote in narratives of the Holocaust or the Second World War, my work connects it to Central European, gender, and modern Jewish histories. A history of victims but also a study of an enforced Central European society in extremis, instead of defining them by the view of the perpetrators, this dissertation studies Terezín as an autarkic society. This approach is possible because the SS largely kept out of the ghetto. Terezín represents the largest sustained transnational encounter in the history of Central Europe, albeit an enforced one. Although the Nazis deported all the inmates on the basis of their alleged Jewishness, Terezín did not produce a common sense of Jewishness: the inmates were shaped by the countries they had considered home. Ethnicity defined culturally was a particularly salient means of differentiation. The dynamics connected to ethnic categorization and class formation allow a deeper understanding of cultural and national processes in Central and Western Europe in the twentieth century. The society in Terezín was simultaneously interconnected and stratified. There were no stark contradictions between the wealthy and majority of extremely poor prisoners. -
Terezin (Theresienstadt)
ARC Main Page Aktion Reinhard Terezin Transports Ghettos Terezin (Theresienstadt) Last Update 23 September 2006 The "Ghetto Theresienstadt" was established in NW Czechoslavakia. Terezin (Theresienstadt) was founded as a garrison town in the late 18th Century, during the reign of Emperor Joseph II and named after his mother, Empress Maria Theresa. In WW2 the town served as a ghetto to which the Nazis expelled 140,000 Jews, mostly from the "Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia", but also from central and western Europe. The ghetto was controlled by the Zentralamt für die Regelung der Judenfrage in Böhmen und Mähren, which was under the jurisdiction of the RSHA. The commandants were: Siegfried Seidl, November 1941 - July 1943; Anton Burger, July 1943 - February 1944, and Karl Rahm, February 1944 - May 1945. Terezin All of the above were selected from Adolf Eichmann's staff, and as well as SS men; Czech gendarmes served as ghetto guards. The small fortress near the ghetto was used as an internment camp for political prisoners. Terezin was first mentioned in a Nazi document on 10 October 1941. The plan was to concentrate there most of the Jews from the "Protectorate", Germany and other western European countries, particularly prominent persons, old people, or those who had served in the German Army during WW 1. The Jews should be transferred from Terezin gradually to the death camps of Aktion Reinhard and Auschwitz. Gate #1 * Gate #2 Terezin also served to camouflage the extermination of the Jews from world opinion, by presenting it as a model Jewish settlement. The first group of Jews from Praha arrived at the end of November 1941. -
Study Guide REFUGE
A Guide for Educators to the Film REFUGE: Stories of the Selfhelp Home Prepared by Dr. Elliot Lefkovitz This publication was generously funded by the Selfhelp Foundation. © 2013 Bensinger Global Media. All rights reserved. 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements p. i Introduction to the study guide pp. ii-v Horst Abraham’s story Introduction-Kristallnacht pp. 1-8 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions pp. 8-9 Learning Activities pp. 9-10 Enrichment Activities Focusing on Kristallnacht pp. 11-18 Enrichment Activities Focusing on the Response of the Outside World pp. 18-24 and the Shanghai Ghetto Horst Abraham’s Timeline pp. 24-32 Maps-German and Austrian Refugees in Shanghai p. 32 Marietta Ryba’s Story Introduction-The Kindertransport pp. 33-39 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions p. 39 Learning Activities pp. 39-40 Enrichment Activities Focusing on Sir Nicholas Winton, Other Holocaust pp. 41-46 Rescuers and Rescue Efforts During the Holocaust Marietta Ryba’s Timeline pp. 46-49 Maps-Kindertransport travel routes p. 49 2 Hannah Messinger’s Story Introduction-Theresienstadt pp. 50-58 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions pp. 58-59 Learning Activities pp. 59-62 Enrichment Activities Focusing on The Holocaust in Czechoslovakia pp. 62-64 Hannah Messinger’s Timeline pp. 65-68 Maps-The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia p. 68 Edith Stern’s Story Introduction-Auschwitz pp. 69-77 Sought Learning Objectives and Key Questions p. 77 Learning Activities pp. 78-80 Enrichment Activities Focusing on Theresienstadt pp. 80-83 Enrichment Activities Focusing on Auschwitz pp. 83-86 Edith Stern’s Timeline pp. -
Universidade Estadual De Campinas Instituto De Estudos Da Linguagem
UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ESTUDOS DA LINGUAGEM JACQUELIN DEL CARMEN CEBALLOS GALVIS RETORNO SEM RETORNO ÀS CIDADES DA MORTE CAMPINAS 2020 JACQUELIN DEL CARMEN CEBALLOS GALVIS RETORNO SEM RETORNO ÀS CIDADES DA MORTE Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para obtenção do título de Doutora em Teoria e História Literária na área de Teoria e Crítica Literária. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Márcio Orlando Seligmann-Silva Este exemplar corresponde à versão final da Tese defendida por Jacquelin Del Carmen Ceballos Galvis e orientada pelo Prof. Dr. Márcio Orlando Seligmann- Silva. CAMPINAS 2020 Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem Leandro dos Santos Nascimento - CRB 8/8343 Ceballos Galvis, Jacquelin Del carmen, 1978- C321r CebRetorno sem retorno às cidades da morte / Jacquelin Del carmen Ceballos Galvis. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2020. CebOrientador: Márcio Orlando Seligmann-Silva. CebTese (doutorado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem. Ceb1. Kulka, Otto Dov, 1933-. Paisagens da metrópole da morte : reflexões sobre a memória e a imaginação. 2. Testemunho. 3. Memória. 4. Luto. I. Seligmann-Silva, Márcio Orlando.. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: Retorno sin retorno a las ciudades de la muerte Palavras-chave em inglês: Kulka, -
6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-61726-0 - Eichmann’s Men Hans Safrian Excerpt More information Introduction The silent transition from falsehood to self-deception is useful: anyone who lies in good faith lies better. He recites his part better, is more easily believed by the judge, the historian, the reader, his wife, and his children. Primo Levi, The Drowned and the Saved Even more than sixty years after the onset of the National Socialist geno- cides, the question arises how it could happen that men, women, and children persecuted as Jews or “Gypsies” became victims of a state-sponsored terror that deprived millions of their lives. This book deals with a centrally situated group of National Socialist perpetrators who drove German, Austrian, Polish, Russian, French, Greek, Italian, and Czech Jews from their homes and home- lands and carried out deportations into the ghettos, concentration camps, and extermination camps in occupied Eastern Europe. This examination recon- structs the “careers” of Adolf Eichmann and his men in relation to the entire program of racist policies. The National Socialists escalated exclusion from the community of the Volk (nation) step by step – from stigmatization, pillaging, and segregation to expulsion, forced labor, and deportation, and all the way to mass murder. The chronological organization of this study traces this escalation within three main sections: r the forcible expulsion of Jews from Großdeutschland (the Greater German Reich) and the confinement of Polish Jews in ghettos from 1938 to 1941 r the transition from the policies of expulsion to the policies of mass murder during 1941 and 1942 r the deportation to concentration and extermination camps and geno- cides from 1942 until 1944. -
Anne Weise-Alfred Bergel.Pdf
Alfred Bergel Opens a New Chapter on Holocaust Art: Spiritual Sustenance and Forced Forgery Anne Weise Here we were enduring incredible hardships, bidding our friends, family and colleagues good bye forever at regular intervals, living surrounded by death, sickness, hunger, filth, and cruelty of every imaginable kind – and this brilliant man tried to teach us - secretly - after the official curfew time about such esoteric fine points as color, harmony, balance, form, beauty.1 (Charlotte Guthmann-Opfermann about Alfred Bergel in Theresienstadt.) It all started with repeatedly reading the name Fredi in the diaries of Karl König as part of my task in the Karl König Archive. It was clear that they were best friends during their youth, but who was Fredi – whom we soon identified as Alfred Bergel... but who was he? The internet gave the information that he was imprisoned in the concentration camp Theresienstadt and murdered in Auschwitz, and, step by step, I found some quotes by survivors who remembered Alfred Bergel from Theresienstadt. After contacting several Holocaust museums who almost all told me that they did not know of him, my curiosity was completely awakened, but also a sense of responsibility. Shouldn't we use the many diary entrees to reinstate this forgotten soul of the Holocaust, one of thousands that vanished into oblivion? Long lasting and thorough research started. His biography could gradually be re-construed, including surprising activities in Theresienstadt of copying or even forging art, opening a new chapter in Holocaust research! Alfred Bergel, a Viennese Jew, artist and art teacher was forced to work with art in the concentration camp Theresienstadt from 1942 to 1944. -
WITNESS to AUSCHWITZ Excerpts from 18 Centropa Interviews WITNESS to AUSCHWITZ Excerpts from 18 Centropa Interviews
WITNESS TO AUSCHWITZ excerpts from 18 Centropa interviews WITNESS TO AUSCHWITZ Excerpts from 18 Centropa Interviews As the most notorious death camp set up by the Nazis, the name Auschwitz is synonymous with fear, horror, and genocide. The camp was established in 1940 in the suburbs of Oswiecim, in German-occupied Poland, and later named Auschwitz by the Germans. Originally intended to be a concentration camp for Poles, by 1942 Auschwitz had a second function as the largest Nazi death camp and the main center for the mass extermination of Europe’s Jews. Auschwitz was made up of over 40 camps and sub-camps, with three main sec- tions. The first main camp, Auschwitz I, was built around pre-war military bar- racks, and held between 15,000 and 20,000 prisoners at any time. Birkenau – also referred to as Auschwitz II – was the largest camp, holding over 90,000 prisoners and containing most of the infrastructure required for the mass murder of the Jewish prisoners. 90 percent of Auschwitz’s victims died at Birkenau, including the majority of the camp’s 75,000 Polish victims. Of those that were killed in Birkenau, nine out of ten of them were Jews. The SS also set up sub-camps designed to exploit the prisoners of Auschwitz for slave labor. The largest of these was Buna-Monowitz, which was established in 1942 on the premises of a synthetic rubber factory. It was later designated the headquarters and administrative center for all of Auschwitz’s sub-camps, and re-named Auschwitz III. All the camps were isolated from the outside world and surrounded by elec- trified barbed wire.