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„Das Gesundheitswesen Im Ghetto Theresienstadt“ 1941 – 1945

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„Das Gesundheitswesen Im Ghetto Theresienstadt“ 1941 – 1945 Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit „Das Gesundheitswesen im Ghetto Theresienstadt“ 1941 – 1945 Verfasser Wolfgang Schellenbacher angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. Phil.) Wien, 2010 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt A 312 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt Geschichte Betreuerin: Univ.-Doz. Dr. Brigitte Bailer 1 Index 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Aufbau der Arbeit ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.2 Quellenlage und Forschungsstand............................................................................................ 6 1.2.1 Literatur zur Ghettoselbstverwaltung............................................................................................12 2. Geschichte Theresienstadts...............................................................................................14 2.1 Planungen zur Errichtung des Ghettos Theresienstadt.....................................................14 2.2 Exkurs: Die Festung Theresienstadt ......................................................................................16 2.3 Sammel- und Durchgangslager für Juden aus dem „Protektorat“ (November 1941 bis Juni 1942)............................................................................................................................................18 2.4 Altersghetto..................................................................................................................................21 2.5 Propagandaghetto ......................................................................................................................23 2.6 Auflösungserscheinungen und Ende ......................................................................................27 2.7 Exkurs: „Alltag“ im Ghetto .....................................................................................................29 3. Historischer Abriss über das Gesundheitswesens in Theresienstadt ......................35 3.1 Der Aufbau der ersten Abteilungen .......................................................................................35 3.1.1 Erste Strukturen....................................................................................................................................37 3.1.2 Medizinisches Material......................................................................................................................39 3.1.3 Erste Herausforderungen und Ausbau – von der „Marodenstube“ zum Gesundheitswesen ..........................................................................................................................................40 3.2 Sommer 1942: Neue unlösbare Herausforderungen ..........................................................44 3.2.1 Alte Menschen......................................................................................................................................44 3.2.2 Überfüllung............................................................................................................................................46 3.2.3 Struktur des Gesundheitswesens.....................................................................................................47 3.2.4 Fliegen, Ruhr, Läuse, Typhus..........................................................................................................49 3.2.5 Krankheit und Tod – Herbst 1942..................................................................................................52 3.3 Die Zeit der „Normalisierung“................................................................................................53 3.3.1 Die „Fürsorgeabteilung“....................................................................................................................54 3.3.2 „Verbesserungen“................................................................................................................................55 3.3.3 Wider die „Normalisierung“ ............................................................................................................59 3.4 1944................................................................................................................................................62 2 3.4.1 Die „Stadtverschönerung“ ................................................................................................................63 3.4.2 Die Herbsttransporte 1944................................................................................................................65 3.5 Auflösungserscheinungen und Ende ......................................................................................67 4. Die Zwangskooperation des Gesundheitswesens mit der Lagerkommandantur..70 4.1 Die Ghettoverwaltung................................................................................................................70 4.2 Die Abteilungen der Jüdischen Selbstverwaltung – Bürokratie ......................................73 4.3 Wahrnehmung der „Selbstverwaltung“ durch die Häftlinge...........................................75 4.4 Das Gesundheitswesen und die Zwangskooperation mit der Lagerkommandantur ..79 4.5 Das Gesundheitswesen als „Instanz der Ohnmacht“ .........................................................80 4.5.1 Qualifikationslisten .............................................................................................................................80 4.5.2 Selbstmorde ...........................................................................................................................................84 4.5.3 Kranke (Hilfe und Vernichtung).....................................................................................................88 4.6 Gesundheitswesen und Propaganda.......................................................................................91 4.6.1 Die internationale Kommission vom Roten Kreuz...................................................................93 4.6.2 Der Theresienstadt-Film....................................................................................................................94 5. Theresienstädter Krankheiten und Todesfälle.............................................................97 5.1 Statistiken des Gesundheitswesens .........................................................................................97 5.2 Häufigste Krankheiten und Todesursachen......................................................................100 5.2.1 Darmkrankheiten: Enteritis und Dysenterie.............................................................................101 5.2.2 Augenkrankheiten.............................................................................................................................102 5.2.3 Typhus..................................................................................................................................................104 5.2.4 Tuberkulose (TBC) ..........................................................................................................................105 5.2.5 Amenorrhoe........................................................................................................................................106 5.2.6 Scharlach .............................................................................................................................................108 5.2.7 Selbstmorde ........................................................................................................................................109 6. Handelnde Personen........................................................................................................ 111 6.1 KrankenpflegerInnen .............................................................................................................111 6.1.1 „Berufsweg“ .......................................................................................................................................113 6.1.2 Motivation...........................................................................................................................................114 6.1.3 „Soziale Stellung“ der Krankenschwestern .............................................................................116 6.1.4 Arbeitsaufgaben der Krankenschwestern .................................................................................117 6.1.5 Kurzbiographie einer Krankenschwester: Resi Weglein (1894 - 1977).........................119 3 6.2 Ärztinnen und Ärzte...............................................................................................................119 6.2.1 „Berufsweg“ .......................................................................................................................................121 6.2.2 Motivation...........................................................................................................................................122 6.2.3 „Soziale Stellung“ der Ärztinnen und Ärzte............................................................................123 6.2.4 Arbeitsaufgaben ................................................................................................................................124 6.2.5 Kurzbiographie eines Arztes: Dr. Franz Hahn (1913 - 2000)............................................126 6.3 PatientInnen .............................................................................................................................127
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