Simposio Internacional El Greco 2014

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Simposio Internacional El Greco 2014 Fundación Museo El Greco 2014 Thyssen-Bornemisza Toledo Madrid Simposio Internacional 2o14 Mayo 21 / 22 / 23 / 24 Simposio Internacional El Greco 2014 I. El Greco en Creta e Italia II. El Griego en España I V. Arquitecturas y retablos El joven Greco: la espinosa cuestión El Entierro del Señor de Orgaz: El Greco Architeto. Algo más que retablos de su etapa veneciana y el estado sobre la invención de la tradición Joaquín Bérchez actual de la investigación y la liturgia del duelo 143 Maria Constantoudaki-Kitromilides Felipe Pereda 4 76 “Y aún sería mejor empleado”: modos de lo antiguo y arquitectura de retablos El Greco, ¿pintor cretense? La recepción del Greco en la corte Cristiano Tessari Angeliki Lymberopoulou de Felipe II 145 Almudena Pérez de Tudela 21 80 Entre la convención y la invención: los retratos italianos del Greco Las armaduras y armas del Greco V. El tratado y las notas, los dibujos Jeongho Park Johannes Ramharter Releer al Greco. Notas sobre unas notas 36 90 José Riello 158 El Greco, Giulio Clovio El problema de los dibujos del Greco y la “maniera di figure piccole” Benito Navarrete Elena De Laurentiis El Greco en blanco y negro: 101 reflexiones en torno a las estampas 46 de Diego de Astor María Cruz de Carlos y José Manuel Matilla (Re)consideración del mestizaje del Greco 171 III. El Toledo del Griego Andrew R. Casper 62 Un pintor forastero en la ciudad Nicos Hadjinicolaou 113 VI Toledo Urbs Sacra. La demanda de arte en el Toledo del Greco Tole do y el Greco después de 1614: Richard L. Kagan micromecenazgo ciudadano en el Seiscientos 192 Francisco J. Aranda 124 VII. Bibliografía general 204 I El Greco en Creta e Italia El joven Greco: la espinosa cuestión de su etapa veneciana y el estado actual de la investigación Maria Constantoudaki-Kitromilides 4 El Greco, ¿pintor cretense? Angeliki Lymberopoulou 21 Entre la convención y la invención: los retratos italianos del Greco Jeongho Park 36 El Greco, Giulio Clovio y la “maniera di figure piccole” Elena De Laurentiis 46 (Re)consideración del mestizaje del Greco Andrew R. Casper 62 I El Greco en Creta e Italia El joven Greco: la espinosa cuestión de su etapa veneciana y el estado actual de la investigación Maria Constantoudaki-Kitromilides Universidad de Atenas Venecia, la espléndida capital de la Serenísima República de San Mar- cos y metrópoli de numerosas posesiones en el Mediterráneo oriental, incluida la isla de Creta, fue el primer destino del periplo europeo de Domenikos Theotokopoulos. El maestro cretense pasó menos tiempo en ella (1567-1570) que en las demás ciudades en que vivió, y puede decirse que su periodo veneciano es un capítulo bastante nebuloso de su biografía. Solo tenemos dos documentos de la época que se refieran a esos años, y ambos nos ofrecen una información indirecta: el primero es de agosto de 1568, cuando Domenikos llevaba ya cierto tiempo en la ciudad, y el segundo es de noviembre de 1570, cuando ya la había aban- donado y se encontraba en Roma. El primero, fechado el 18 de agosto de 1568, es una resolución oficial que se encuentra en los archivos del duque de Creta1 [fig. 1a] y se refiere a la entrega de unos dibujos enviados por el artista a Candía, al conocido cartógrafo cretense Georgios Sideris (Sideros) o Kalapodas —autor, entre otras cosas, de un mapa del Mediterráneo fechado en 1561 y de otro de Creta fechado en 15622—, a través de un tercero, Manolis Datsypris, llamado Mantzapetas, que figura como comerciante en otros documentos. El pintor ya debía de llevar cierto tiempo estable- cido en Venecia, pues por entonces ya había podido sondear el mercado y adquirir algunos dibujos aparentemente específicos, y después enviar- los a Creta por medio de una persona que le parecía de confianza. Sin embargo, Datsypris se quedó con los dibujos. El beneficiario recurrió a las autoridades venecianas de Creta para solicitar que se le entregaran, y de esa manera hemos llegado a conocer el caso. Otro documento de los archivos cretenses, fechado el 12 de julio de 1567, nos permite quizás situar el traslado del artista de Creta a Vene- cia antes de esa fecha, como ya se ha sugerido3. Ese día, por orden de las autoridades venecianas, un hermano de Domenikos, Manoussos Theo- tokopoulos, que era recaudador de impuestos para las autoridades vene- cianas y comerciante, fue obligado a entregar a Tzouanes Sklavos, presi- dente del gremio de pintores de Candía, las “cosas que tenía” (“le cose lui tiene”), a riesgo de pagar una multa de 25 ducados. Esas “cosas” pertene- cían al gremio, y es posible que tuvieran alguna relación con Domenikos, 4 Fig. 1a Documento del 18 de agosto de 1568. Venecia, Archivio di Stato, Duca di Candia (de su primera publicación, 1975) Fig. 1b Carta de Giulio Clovio al cardenal Alejandro Farnesio, 16 de noviembre de 1570. Parma, Archivio di Stato quien probablemente había sido miembro de él. Este dato parece indi- car que el pintor se había ido de Candía con destino a Venecia en algún momento anterior a ese mes de julio de 1567. El segundo documento que se refiere al joven Theotokopoulos en Venecia está fechado el 16 de noviembre de 1570 y es la muy conocida carta de recomendación que dirigió en Roma Giulio Clovio a su protec- tor el cardenal Alejandro Farnesio, que estaba a la sazón en Viterbo4. El artista croata recomendaba calurosamente al joven candiota, de quien afirmaba que era discípulo de Tiziano y tenía un raro talento para la pin- tura: “discepolo di Titiano, […] raro nella pittura” [fig. 1b]. Esto es todo lo que tenemos de documentos del siglo xvi, aunque hay referencias posteriores y esporádicas sobre la estancia del pintor en Venecia, y en especial sobre su conexión con Tiziano5. En cuanto a su ac- tividad artística, hemos de hacer conjeturas a partir de un corpus inesta- ble de muy pocas obras firmadas, casi ninguna de ellas fechada, y de una serie de obras atribuidas, casi todas ellas valoradas y datadas de manera diversa por los especialistas. Pero los problemas no terminan aquí. Hasta obras firmadas se han considerado en ocasiones no autógrafas, y se han atribuido a otro hipo- tético pintor que presumiblemente se llamaba como él6. Además solo en uno de los cuadros que aquí consideramos figura una fecha, y tiene una forma desacostumbrada que ha desconcertado a los investigadores7. La duración y las fechas exactas de la estancia de Theotokopoulos en Venecia afectan como es obvio a la cuestión de su producción artística en la ciudad. Si aceptamos que llegó a Venecia en la primavera de 1567, y dado que en noviembre de 1570 ya se había marchado a Roma, enton- ces fue un periodo breve, de solo unos tres años y medio (e incluso se ha propuesto la hipótesis de que en medio estuvo una temporada fuera de la ciudad)8. Fue sin embargo una estancia fecunda, que afectó de manera significativa a la evolución de su pintura y de su personalidad artística en general. Las razones concretas que le llevaron a trasladarse a Venecia solo pue- den ser objeto de suposiciones. La metrópoli era un imán para profesio- nales y artistas ambiciosos, y varios pintores cretenses ya habían seguido ese mismo camino en la primera mitad del siglo xvi, como por ejemplo Markos Strelitzas-Bathas, perteneciente a la amplia familia del notable pintor Theophanis Strelitzas-Bathas9. Cabe recordar también a Michael Damaskinos, quien se trasladó a Venecia más o menos en las fechas en 5 El joven Greco: la espinosa cuestión de su etapa veneciana... Maria Constantoudaki-Kitromilides que lo hizo Theotokopoulos10. Este ya había dado pruebas de su interés por el arte y la cultura de Italia durante su juventud en Candía, pues había utilizado para sus primeras composiciones diversos modelos italianos11 . En Venecia se encontró en un entorno cultural mucho más estimu- lante y exigente que el de su juventud, aunque la Creta veneciana, y en especial la ciudad de Candía, habían alcanzado un nivel excelente en la pintura, sobre todo en la de iconos12, pero también en la arquitectura y la escultura13, la talla de madera14 y las artes decorativas15, así como en la literatura y el teatro16. A pesar de que su obra estaba bien valorada en Creta como cabe deducir de datos de archivo17, el artista decidió, casi con seguridad en la primavera de 1567, trasladarse a Venecia, lo que supon- dría el comienzo de su ausencia definitiva de la isla que le había visto nacer. En lo que se refiere a su producción artística durante esos años vene- cianos, no tenemos ninguna obra históricamente documentada. Esa es- casez de datos y los vacíos que aún subsisten complican la labor de los investigadores, como se puede comprobar en primer lugar en las dificul- tades para asignar o no a este periodo determinadas obras, y después en las cambiantes opiniones sobre su atribución y datación. Esta situación se ha visto aún más agravada por el hecho de que, sobre todo en épocas pasadas, se le han atribuido una serie de tablas de calidad inferior o in- cluso firmadas en falso con su nombre18. En consecuencia, muchos de los especialistas que han trabajado sobre este periodo de la juventud del Greco se han sentido como si avanzaran por un camino erizado de espi- nas, y de ahí el título que hemos dado al presente trabajo. No obstante, a pesar de ser más breve y estar mucho menos docu- mentado que otros periodos de su vida, la estancia en Venecia tuvo sin duda mucha importancia para su formación.
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