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The Case of Eta
Cátedra de Economía del Terrorismo UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales DISMANTLING TERRORIST ’S ECONOMICS : THE CASE OF ETA MIKEL BUESA* and THOMAS BAUMERT** *Professor at the Universidad Complutense of Madrid. **Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia Documento de Trabajo, nº 11 – Enero, 2012 ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the sources of terrorist financing for the case of the Basque terrorist organization ETA. It takes into account the network of entities that, under the leadership and oversight of ETA, have developed the political, economic, cultural, support and propaganda agenda of their terrorist project. The study focuses in particular on the periods 1993-2002 and 2003-2010, in order to observe the changes in the financing of terrorism after the outlawing of Batasuna , ETA's political wing. The results show the significant role of public subsidies in finance the terrorist network. It also proves that the outlawing of Batasuna caused a major change in that funding, especially due to the difficulty that since 2002, the ETA related organizations had to confront to obtain subsidies from the Basque Government and other public authorities. Keywords: Financing of terrorism. ETA. Basque Country. Spain. DESARMANDO LA ECONOMÍA DEL TERRORISMO: EL CASO DE ETA RESUMEN Este artículo tiene por objeto el análisis de las fuentes de financiación del terrorismo a partir del caso de la organización terrorista vasca ETA. Para ello se tiene en cuenta la red de entidades que, bajo el liderazgo y la supervisión de ETA, desarrollan las actividades políticas, económicas, culturales, de propaganda y asistenciales en las que se materializa el proyecto terrorista. -
Self-Determination for the Basque People
THE HUMAN RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION AND THE LONG WALK OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY TO A DEMOCRATIC SCENARIO ―Law is a living deed, not a brilliant honors list of past writers whose work of course compels respect but who cannot, except for a few great minds, be thought to have had such a vision of the future that they could always see beyond their own times‖. Judge Ammoun ―Separate Opinion‖ Advisory Opinion of the ICJ Jon Namibia, 1971 Introduction Let me start with some considerations. The case of the right to self determination is the case of human rights and history shows us that human rights are the cause of the oppressed, the cause of the colonized, the subalterns, and the cause of those on the other side of the borderline. Human rights have always been opposed by those in power, by the states of the capitalist world system. And so the recognized human rights are not but the consequences of long term struggles for non-recognized rights. And same pass with the right to self determination. Those who today consider this right only to be applied to colonies or occupied territories, are the same who opposed to the struggles for national liberation. Those who consider right now the right to self determination recognized in art 1 of the UN International Covenants on Civil and Political rights and Social, Cultural and Ecomic Rights are the same who opposed in the UN to the stablishment of art.1 and those who right now try to limit the right of indigenous peoples to self determination. -
Pathways out of Violence Desecuritization and Legalization of Bildu and Sortu in the Basque Country Bourne, Angela
Roskilde University Pathways out of violence Desecuritization and legalization of Bildu and Sortu in the Basque Country Bourne, Angela Published in: Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe Publication date: 2018 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Bourne, A. (2018). Pathways out of violence: Desecuritization and legalization of Bildu and Sortu in the Basque Country. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, 17(3), 45-66. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe Vol 17, No 3, 2018, 45-66. Copyright © ECMI 2018 This article is located at: http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/201 8/Bourne.pdf Pathways out of Violence: Desecuritization and Legalization of Bildu and Sortu in the Basque Country Angela Bourne Roskilde University Abstract In this article, I examine political processes leading to the legalization of the Batasuna- successor parties, Bildu and Sortu. -
Economic and Social Council in Its Resolutions 663 C (XXIV) of 31 July 1957 and 2076 (LXII) of 13 May 1977
UNITED E NATIONS Economic and Social Distr. Council GENERAL E/CN.4/2004/56/Add.2 6 February 2004 Original: ENGLISH COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Sixtieth session Item 11 (a) of the provisional agenda CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING THE QUESTION OF TORTURE AND DETENTION Report of the Special Rapporteur on the question of torture, Theo van Boven Addendum VISIT TO SPAIN* ** * The summary of this mission report is being circulated in all official languages. The report itself is contained in the annex to the summary and is being circulated in the language of submission and Spanish only. ** In accordance with General Assembly resolution 53/208B, paragraph 8, this document is submitted late so as to include the most up-to-date information possible. GE.04-10716 (E) 130204 E/CN.4/2004/56/Add.2 page 2 Summary At the invitation of the Government, the Special Rapporteur on the question of torture undertook a visit to Spain from 5 to 10 October 2003 within the framework of his mandate. The Special Rapporteur expresses his appreciation to the Government of Spain for having extended full cooperation to him during the mission. The report contains a study of the legal and factual aspects regarding allegations of torture or ill-treatment, in particular as regards detainees held in connection with counter-terrorism measures. The Special Rapporteur concludes that torture or ill-treatment is not systematic in Spain, but that the system as it is practised allows torture or ill-treatment to occur, particularly with regard to persons detained incommunicado in connection with terrorist-related activities. -
2009 October
COORDINADORA PARA LA PREVENCIÓN DE LA TORTURA [email protected] http://www.prevenciontortura.org REPORT TO THE COMMITTEE AGAINST TORTURE ON THE SPANIARD GOVERNMENT ANSWERS TO THE CAT QUESTIONS FOR THE 5TH PERIODIC REPORT 2009 October The following Report is a Resume in English of the complete Report in Spanish made to help de CAT members to understand the reality that our Coordinadora para la Prevención de la Tortura is denouncing. In this resume we include all figures and tables that you can find in the complete Report as well as all the quotes and references to annexes to enlarge information with concrete cases, testimonies and documents. However the quantity of information is so broad that we have had time for translating into English this Resume. We also want to underline that we present our Reports (the complete Spanish one as well as the English resume) as a critic to the Spanish Government answers to de CAT questions (document CAT/C/ESP/Q/5/Add.1), thus we follow the same structure and we use the same numeration and references of issues, though we do not answer to some of the questions because they do not fit within our Coordinadora daily work. Coordinadora para la prevención de la tortura: Report to CAT, on Spain (2008) 2 Being born in 2004 November, nowadays the Coordinadora is configured by the following Associations: - Acció dels Cristians per l'Abolició de la Tortura (ACAT) - Alerta Solidària - Asociación APOYO - Asociación EXIL - Associació Catalana per la Defensa del Drets Humans - Associaçaõ Contra a Exclusão pelo -
Catholic Mediation in the Basque Peace Process: Questioning the Transnational Dimension
religions Article Catholic Mediation in the Basque Peace Process: Questioning the Transnational Dimension Xabier Itçaina 1,2 1 CNRS—Centre Emile Durkheim, Sciences Po Bordeaux, 11 allée Ausone, 33607 Pessac, France; [email protected] 2 GEZKI, University of the Basque Country, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain Received: 30 March 2020; Accepted: 17 April 2020; Published: 27 April 2020 Abstract: The Basque conflict was one of the last ethnonationalist violent struggles in Western Europe, until the self-dissolution in 2018 of ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, Basque Country and Freedom). The role played by some sectors of the Roman Catholic Church in the mediation efforts leading to this positive outcome has long been underestimated, as has the internal pluralism of the Church in this regard. This article specifically examines the transnational dimension of this mediation, including its symbolic aspect. The call to involve the Catholic institution transnationally was not limited to the tangible outcomes of mediation. The mere fact of involving transnational religious and non-religious actors represented a symbolic gain for the parties in the conflict struggling to impose their definitions of peace. Transnational mediation conveyed in itself explicit or implicit comparisons with other ethnonationalist conflicts, a comparison that constituted political resources for or, conversely, unacceptable constraints upon the actors involved. Keywords: Basque conflict; nationalism; Catholic Church; Holy See; transnational mediation; conflict resolution 1. Introduction The Basque conflict was one of the last ethnonationalist violent struggles in Western Europe, until the definitive ceasefire (2011), decommissioning (2017), and self-dissolution (2018) of the armed organization ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, Basque Country and Freedom). -
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HispanismeS Revue de la Société des Hispanistes Français 16 | 2020 Langues en contact avec l’espagnol et défis sociétaux Radicalización nacionalista en Cataluña y pacificación en el País Vasco Un breve análisis del tiempo presente Radicalisation nationaliste en Catalogne et pacification au Pays basque. Une brève analyse de l'époque actuelle Nationalist radicalisation in Catalonia and pacification in the Basque Country. A brief analysis of the present time Mathieu Petithomme Edición electrónica URL: https://journals.openedition.org/hispanismes/757 DOI: 10.4000/hispanismes.757 ISSN: 2270-0765 Editor Société des Hispanistes Français Referencia electrónica Mathieu Petithomme, «Radicalización nacionalista en Cataluña y pacificación en el País Vasco», HispanismeS [En línea], 16 | 2020, Publicado el 01 diciembre 2020, consultado el 31 agosto 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/hispanismes/757 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/hispanismes.757 Este documento fue generado automáticamente el 31 agosto 2021. Les contenus de cette revue sont mis à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. Radicalización nacionalista en Cataluña y pacificación en el País Vasco 1 Radicalización nacionalista en Cataluña y pacificación en el País Vasco Un breve análisis del tiempo presente Radicalisation nationaliste en Catalogne et pacification au Pays basque. Une brève analyse de l'époque actuelle Nationalist radicalisation in Catalonia and pacification in the Basque Country. A brief analysis of the present time Mathieu Petithomme Introducción Desde hace más de una década, en el contexto posterior a la crisis económica del 2008, un marco de referencia casi monolítico se ha impuesto en los medios de comunicación y en el espacio público, según el cual estaríamos asistiendo en Europa al auge de los «nacionalismos» y de los «separatismos». -
ELDH Report on the Mission to Basque Country March 2010
EJDM Europäische Vereinigung von Juristinnen und Juristen für Demokratie und Menschenrechte in der Welt e.V. ELDH European Association of Lawyers for Democracy and World Human Rights EJDH Asociacion Europea de los Juristas por la Democracia y los Derechos Humanos en el Mundo EJDH Association Européenne des Juristes pour la Démocratie et les Droits de l’Homme dans le Monde EGDU Associazione Europea delle Giuriste e dei Giuristi per la Democrazia e i Diritti dell’Uomo nel Mondo Professor Bill Bowring, President (London) Professeure Monique CHEMILLIER- GENDREAU, Présidente d’honneur (Paris) Thomas SCHMIDT (Rechtsanwalt) Secretary General (Duesseldorf) Report on the ELDH Human Rights Mission to Basque Country 25th till 28th March 2010, Donostia ELDH Participants: Professor Bill Bowring (ELDH President), Thomas Schmidt (ELDH General Secretary) Organizer: BEHATOKIA, Iratxe Urizar This report is the result of a four days visit to the Basque Country. Due to the excellent preparation and organization, including detailed documentation, by Behatokia - Basque Observatory of Human Rights1 and in particular by Iratxe Urizar, who also translated for us, it was possible to have seven meetings with defendants, defenders in the anti-terror law prosecutions, motivated by Judge Baltasar Garzón, especially the mass prosecutions known as the 18/98 cases. We also met a representative of Etxerat (the Basque prisoners’ relatives’ and friends organisation) and to participate in a conference concerning the Udalbiltza case. This report can only give a short impression of the information gathered. Severe human rights violations (including torture and arbitrary detention) for people who are active in the cause of Basque independence were confirmed by all people that we met. -
El Recorrido Jurisprudencial De La Suspensión Y Disolución De Batasuna: Agosto De 2002 Amayo De 2007 (1)
EL RECORRIDO JURISPRUDENCIAL DE LA SUSPENSIÓN Y DISOLUCIÓN DE BATASUNA: AGOSTO DE 2002 AMAYO DE 2007 (1) EDUARDO VÍRGALA FORURIA 1. SUSPENSIÓN PENAL DE BATASUNA.—2. LEY ORGÁNICA 6/2002, DE 27 DE JUNIO, DE PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS (LOPP).—3. ILEGALIZACIÓN DE HB, EH Y BATASUNA (2002) Y RECHAZO A LA INSCRIP- CIÓN DE ASB (2007).—4. SUSPENSIÓN Y DISOLUCIÓN DE GRUPOS PARLAMENTARIOS CONTROLADOS POR BATASUNA.—5. ANULACIÓN DE CANDIDATURAS PRESENTADAS POR AGRUPACIONES ELECTORALES CONTROLADAS POR BATASUNA.—6. LACONTROVERTIDA ANULACIÓN DE PARTE DE LAS LISTAS ELEC- TORALES DE ACCIÓN NACIONALISTA VASCA (ANV). El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer con un cierto detalle, pero también de una manera sistemática, el ingente número de resoluciones judiciales reca- ídas en relación con el partido político Batasuna desde su inicial suspensión penal en 2002 hasta el rechazo a la inscripción en el Registro de partidos de su sucesora ASB en mayo de 2007. 1. SUSPENSIÓN PENAL DE BATASUNA La suspensión de las actividades de Batasuna comienza en el verano de 2002 con el Auto de 26 de agosto del Juzgado central de instrucción núm. 5 (1) Este artículo se ha realizado en el marco del proyecto de investigación «Constituciona- lización y constitucionalidad de los partidos políticos» dirigido por Javier Corcuera Atienza y financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (BJU2003-07795). El autor asume la responsabilidad total del texto, pero quiere aquí dejar constancia de la valiosa colaboración pres- tada por el Prof. Javier Corcuera tanto en la aportación de determinadas resoluciones judiciales como en sus comentarios al contenido del trabajo. Revista Española de Derecho Constitucional ISSN: 0211-5743, núm. -
Soziologia Eta Zientzia Politikoaren Euskal Aldizkaria
SOZIOLOGIA ETA ZIENTZIA POLITIKOAREN EUSKAL ALDIZKARIA INGURUAKREVISTA VASCA DE SOCIOLOGÍA Y CIENCIA POLÍTICA [64] PRODUCE • EKOIZLEA Asociación Vasca de Sociología y Ciencia Política • Euskal Soziologia eta Zientzia Poli- tikoaren Elkartea Email: [email protected] Web: http://inguruak.eus INDEXACIÓN • INDEXAZIOA: La Revista Vasca de Sociología y Ciencias Políticas INGURUAK está indexada en las bases de datos siguientes: CIRC, MIAR, LATINDEX, IN-RECS, RESH, DICE y Dialnet INGURUAK Soziologia eta zientzia politikoaren euskal aldizkaria honako datu-baseetan zerrendatuta dago: CIRC, MIAR, LATINDEX, IN-RECS, RESH, DICE eta Dialnet. EDICIÓN • ARGITARATZAILEA: Asociación Vasca de Sociología y Ciencia Política • Euskal Soziologia eta Zientzia Politikoaren Elkartea Junio de 2018 • 2018ko ekaina INGURUAK. Revista Vasca de Sociología y Ciencia Política se publica bajo el sistema de li- cencias Creative Commons según la modalidad: Reconocimiento—No Comercial (CC BY-NC 4.0): se permite la generación de obras derivadas siempre que no se haga su uso comercial. ISSN: 0214-7912 Depósito legal • Lege gordailua: BI 2059-98 DIRECTORA • ZUZENDARIA Patricia Campelo (UPV/EHU) CONSEJO EDITORIAL • ARGITALPEN KONTSEILUA Ekhi Atutxa (UPV/EHU) Iraide Fernández (UPV/EHU) Jonatan García Rabadán (UPV/EHU) Jone Goirigolzarri (UD /DU) Amaia Izaola (UPV/EHU) Rafael Leonisio (UPV/EHU) Julia Shershneva (UPV/EHU) CONSEJO DE REDACCIÓN • ERREDAKZIO KONTSEILUA Beatriz Otero (UPV/EHU) Jaione Mondragón (UPV/EHU) Gorka Urrutia (UD/ DU) Joseba Azkarraga (UPV/EHU) Ana Irene Del -
Euskeraren Iker Atalak
Euskeraren Iker Atalak 8 LABAYRU IKASTEGIA BILBAO BIZKAIA KUTXA FUNDAZIOA BILBAO 2001 Argitalpen honen moldaketak eta prestakuntzak Eusko Jaurlaritza eta Bizkaiko Foru Aldundiaren laguntza izan dau. LABAYRU IKASTEGIKO HIZKUNTZA ARLOAREN ALDIZKARIA Zuzendaria ADOLFO AREJITA Idazkaritza burua SEGUNDO OAR-ARTETA Idazkaritza ASIER ASTIGARRAGA ENEKO BARRUTIA K. JOSU BIJUESCA IGONE ETXEBARRIA JABIER KALZAKORTA JON KORTAZAR ANDER MANTEROLA Edizio-Taiuketa IKEDER, S. L. LABAYRU IKASTEGIA Egoitza Euskal Biblioteka Aretxabaleta, 1-1.a Larrauri 1-A, 5.a 48010 BILBAO 48160 DERIO Tel.: 94 443 76 84 - Fax: 94 443 77 58 Tel.: 94 406 01 71 - Fax: 94 406 01 73 Posta elektronikoa: [email protected] Posta elektronikoa: [email protected] Web-orria: www.labayru.org © Artikuluena, autoreak eurak. © Argitaraldi honena: Labayru Ikastegia-Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa Fundazioa. ISSN: 1132-0702 Lege Gordailua: BI-847-94 Fotokonposaketa: Ikur, S. A. Silutegia: Gestingraf, S. A. L. Azala: Bilboko ikuspegia, san Antongo eleizea bertan dala. 1880. AURKIBIDEA Aurkezpena . 7 LITERATURA GAIAK Zenbait gogoeta euskarak letra hizkuntza gisa izan duen bilakaeraz (XVII-XVIII. mendeak) . 9 Barakaldo eta Enkartazioen historia linguistikoaz . 47 Louis Hamacei Goure Erregue Hounaren Testamendia . 119 “Arreba sabelkide Denuxi’ri”: Orixeren fantasia bat . 145 Irudizko Lokuzioak Hiriart-Urrutiren kazetalanetan . 161 GRAMATIKA GAIAK Aditz-izenen eta partizipioen formak bizkaieraz . 225 Meñakako euskeraren soinu egituraz . 241 VARIA Rafael de Mikoleta en querella criminal contra una mujer . 259 Bitoriano Gandiaga eta Bilbo . 279 Nere etikatik edertasun etikara igarotzen jakin zuen baserritar olerkaria . 297 Irudien argibidea . 305 5 AURKEZPENA Euskal ikerkuntza-lanei eskainirik dagoen aldizkari honek urrats bat gehia- go eman nahi du ale berri honekin, 2001. urteari dagokion 8gn honekin. -
Accounting for the Role of the Public in Democratic States’
ACCOUNTING FOR THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC IN DEMOCRATIC STATES’ COUNTERTERRORISM POLICIES: A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY ANALYSIS OF SPAIN AND THE UNITED KINGDOM A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By MEGAN R. CRONENWETT B.A. International Studies, Wright State University, 2007 2011 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES 10 March 2011 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Megan Cronenwett ENTITLED Accounting for the Role of the Public in Democratic States’ Counterterrorism Policies: A Comparative Case Study Analysis of Spain and the United Kingdom BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts. ______________________________ Donna Schlagheck, Ph.D. Thesis Director ______________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Director, Master of Arts Program in International and Comparative Politics Committee on Final Examination: ___________________________________ Donna Schlagheck, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ___________________________________ Liam Anderson, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ___________________________________ Vaughn Shannon, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ___________________________________ Andrew T. Hsu, Ph.D. Dean, School of Graduate Studies ABSTRACT Cronenwett, Megan, M.A., Department of Political Science, Wright State University, 2011. “Accounting for the Role of the Public in Democratic States’ Counterterrorism Policies: A Comparative Case Study of Spain and the United Kingdom”. Democratic states are more susceptible to terrorist attacks and yet have the most responsibility to ensure their counterterrorism responses are in accordance with democratic principles. Respect for the rule of law and the freedoms of speech and press are just a few of the principles ingrained in democratic philosophy and likewise, by the very nature of a democracy, democratic states must be held accountable to their citizenries.