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16Th of December 2020 Dear Vice-President Schinas, Dear
16th of December 2020 Dear Vice-President Schinas, Dear Commissioner Johansson, Last September we reported to you about the dramatic situation of migrants and refugees and the local population on the island of Lesvos after the fire in the Moria camp. In the letter we sent you, we already warned you about the inhuman conditions in the new Kara Tepe camp: no access to water or electricity, no proper sanitation, no medication or the possibility of implementing Covid19 prevention measures. We also denounced the unacceptable treatment of people who were covid-positive, locked behind a fence but without adequate hygiene measures. Two months ago we said that the site did not have the environmental and geographical conditions to give shelter to these people: that it was exposed to wind, humidity and cold. At that time, the justification of the European Union and the Greek government was that the urgent and sudden nature of the accident had forced the establishment of the new camp in record time, even though we had already warned that this justification was not valid. It was only a matter of time before such a tragedy occurred. It is in this context that we again denounce with great sorrow the situation in which the Kara Tepe camp finds itself. After the fire, the Commission rushed to say that there would be no more Morias. But the truth is that the conditions in which they find themselves are even worse despite the colossal amounts of money supposedly spent on works for this “temporary” camp. Hence, more than 8,000 people living in tents in Kara Tepe are exposed to inhuman conditions and, on top of it all, this week they have been flooded. -
Letter to the Commission Regarding Printers Voluntary Agreement
Brussels, Wednesday 26th of May To: Mr Virginijus Sinkevičius, European Commissioner for Environment, Oceans and Fisheries Mr Thierry Breton, European Commissioner for the Internal Market Mr Frans Timmermans, European Commission Executive Vice-President for the European Green Deal We urge the European Commission to keep its promises and propose a regulatory measure addressing the durability and repairability of printers as well as the reusability of cartridges as part of the forthcoming Circular Electronics Initiative. And we ask that the Commission rejects the proposed voluntary agreement drafted by manufacturers. The Commission's flagship Circular Economy Action Plan, adopted in March 2020, has set out to address the entire life cycle of products and tackle their premature obsolescence notably by promoting the right to repair for ICT products. In addition to mobile phones, laptops and tablets, the Plan has rightfully identified printers as a particularly wasteful product category, and has included a commitment to tackle them by means of a dedicated regulatory instrument “unless the sector reaches an ambitious voluntary agreement” by September 2020. Nearly one year later, the discussions on the voluntary agreement have not yielded any tangible results. Voluntary approaches clearly do not work. We need strong regulatory action now. We are extremely concerned by this situation. Not only because of the negative impacts of short-lived printers on the environment and on consumers but also because we are witnessing promises made being walked back on. Printers are one of the most iconic examples of premature obsolescence. Our analysis of printers in use today suggests that over 80% of them have been in use for less than 3 years, and only about 4% have been in use for 5 years or longer. -
Ezker Abertzalearen Bilakaera 02.Formakuntzako Bigarren Blokea
Ezker Abertzalearen bilakaera 02.Formakuntzako bigarren blokea formakuntza ernaigazte.cc 2014ko uda Teoria maite dugulako nahi dugu praktika bizi, praktikan bizi. Egunero borrokaren bi- dea argitzen duten iraultzaile errepresaliatu guztiei. Eta bidean galdu ditugunei. AURKIBIDEA: 0. HERRI TXIKI BATEN HISTORIA HANDIA: 1. SORRERA ETA INSURREKZIO FASEA Testuingurua / Lehenengo hazia: EKIN / Ibilbide luze baten hasiera / Lehenengo asanblada / Bigarren eta hirugarren asanbladak / “Intelektualei karta” eta euskal udaberria / Laugarren asanblada V. Asanblada / Espiralaren hasiera / Oinordekotza galtzearen beldurra / Ogro Operazioa / Langile Frontea / Miliak eta Polimiliak / Galderak 2. HAUSTURA ALA ERREFORMA Testuingurua / Transakzio demokratikoa / Lehenengo hauteskundeak eta estrategia aldaketa / KAS alternatiba / Borroka da bide bakarra / Gerra zikinak etenik ez / Lehen aldiz hauteskundeetan / Gernikako Estatutua / Jarrai, Kas-Blokearen barne / Lemoiz apurtu! / Euskadiko Ezkerraren saldukeria / PSOE gobernuan / Beruna negoziazioaren truk / Soldaduska honi ez! / Arjelera bidea / Ezker Abertzalea aitzindari / Ajuria Eneako paktua / Galderak 3. ARGELETIK LIZARRA-GARAZIRA Testuingurua / Argeleko negoziaketak / Argelen ajeak eta Bidart Bide baten amaiera / Txinaurri prozesua, Nazio Eraikuntza / Matxinada Lizarrara bidea / Lizarra-Garazi akordioak, prozesu Soberanista / Blokeoruntz / Galderak 4. ILEGALIZAZIO FASEA Testuingurua / Terrorearen kontrako guda Euskal Herrian / Haika gazte, jaiki hadi / Ezker Abertzalea legez kanpo / Martxoaren 11 / Anoetako -
The Case of Eta
Cátedra de Economía del Terrorismo UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales DISMANTLING TERRORIST ’S ECONOMICS : THE CASE OF ETA MIKEL BUESA* and THOMAS BAUMERT** *Professor at the Universidad Complutense of Madrid. **Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia Documento de Trabajo, nº 11 – Enero, 2012 ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the sources of terrorist financing for the case of the Basque terrorist organization ETA. It takes into account the network of entities that, under the leadership and oversight of ETA, have developed the political, economic, cultural, support and propaganda agenda of their terrorist project. The study focuses in particular on the periods 1993-2002 and 2003-2010, in order to observe the changes in the financing of terrorism after the outlawing of Batasuna , ETA's political wing. The results show the significant role of public subsidies in finance the terrorist network. It also proves that the outlawing of Batasuna caused a major change in that funding, especially due to the difficulty that since 2002, the ETA related organizations had to confront to obtain subsidies from the Basque Government and other public authorities. Keywords: Financing of terrorism. ETA. Basque Country. Spain. DESARMANDO LA ECONOMÍA DEL TERRORISMO: EL CASO DE ETA RESUMEN Este artículo tiene por objeto el análisis de las fuentes de financiación del terrorismo a partir del caso de la organización terrorista vasca ETA. Para ello se tiene en cuenta la red de entidades que, bajo el liderazgo y la supervisión de ETA, desarrollan las actividades políticas, económicas, culturales, de propaganda y asistenciales en las que se materializa el proyecto terrorista. -
Ttoommoo Vviiiiii:: Otras Bandas Terroristas.Triple A, Extrema Derecha, Gae (Grupo Anti Eta), Terrorismo Islamista, Iraultza
Documentos para la historia- paz. ODAS LAS VÍCTIMAS DEL TERRORISMO T TOMO VIII: OTRAS BANDAS TERRORISTAS.TRIPLE A, EXTREMA DERECHA, GAE (GRUPO ANTI ETA), TERRORISMO ISLAMISTA, IRAULTZA, INCONTROLADOS....(1975-2004) OTRAS BANDAS TERRORISTAS (1975-2007) OTRAS BANDAS TERRORISTAS (1975-2007) TODAS LAS VÍCTIMAS DEL TERRORISMO AZ P EXTREMA DERECHA LA EXTREMA DERECHA ARA GERMÁN AGUIRRE IRAUSUTEGUI Legutiano (Álava), 12 de octubre de 1975 Taxista Hacia las once y media de la noche del domingo 12 de octubre de 1975, el taxista Germán Aguirre Iraustegui fue asesinado a tiros por personas de extrema derecha, a orillas del embalse de Santa Engracia, en la localidad alavesa de Legutiano, a escasos cien metros del cuartelillo de la Guardia Civil. LA P DOCUMENTOS HISTORIA- ermán Aguirre, natural de de alguna festividad. Pero al San Prudencio de Bergara, poco rato volvió a escuchar un ARA teníaG 38 años, estaba casado y gran número de disparos y el EXTREMA DERECHA contaba con dos hijos de 11 y 9 movimiento de varios automóvi- OS P EXTREMA DERECHA años de edad. Taxista de profe- les, que, según sus palabras, sión, desde hacía seis años, iban y venían. Sin embargo, no tenía parada en la localidad gui- se atrevió a asomarse a la venta- puzcoana de Arrasate- na y aún hubo una tercera oca- DOCUMENT Mondragón. sión, a los pocos minutos, en que sonó nuevamente otra tanda de tiros. Durante la mañana del día siguiente, lunes 13 de octubre de 1975, se trasladaron al lugar del Esta vecina también señaló que suceso, el coronel jefe del Tercio durante toda la noche se produjo de San Sebastián, Pajuelo en la zona un gran movimiento Arteaga y el teniente coronel de de guardias civiles, quienes la comandancia de Vitoria, Tejero acordonaron los alrededores del Molina. -
Self-Determination for the Basque People
THE HUMAN RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION AND THE LONG WALK OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY TO A DEMOCRATIC SCENARIO ―Law is a living deed, not a brilliant honors list of past writers whose work of course compels respect but who cannot, except for a few great minds, be thought to have had such a vision of the future that they could always see beyond their own times‖. Judge Ammoun ―Separate Opinion‖ Advisory Opinion of the ICJ Jon Namibia, 1971 Introduction Let me start with some considerations. The case of the right to self determination is the case of human rights and history shows us that human rights are the cause of the oppressed, the cause of the colonized, the subalterns, and the cause of those on the other side of the borderline. Human rights have always been opposed by those in power, by the states of the capitalist world system. And so the recognized human rights are not but the consequences of long term struggles for non-recognized rights. And same pass with the right to self determination. Those who today consider this right only to be applied to colonies or occupied territories, are the same who opposed to the struggles for national liberation. Those who consider right now the right to self determination recognized in art 1 of the UN International Covenants on Civil and Political rights and Social, Cultural and Ecomic Rights are the same who opposed in the UN to the stablishment of art.1 and those who right now try to limit the right of indigenous peoples to self determination. -
Pathways out of Violence Desecuritization and Legalization of Bildu and Sortu in the Basque Country Bourne, Angela
Roskilde University Pathways out of violence Desecuritization and legalization of Bildu and Sortu in the Basque Country Bourne, Angela Published in: Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe Publication date: 2018 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Bourne, A. (2018). Pathways out of violence: Desecuritization and legalization of Bildu and Sortu in the Basque Country. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, 17(3), 45-66. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe Vol 17, No 3, 2018, 45-66. Copyright © ECMI 2018 This article is located at: http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/201 8/Bourne.pdf Pathways out of Violence: Desecuritization and Legalization of Bildu and Sortu in the Basque Country Angela Bourne Roskilde University Abstract In this article, I examine political processes leading to the legalization of the Batasuna- successor parties, Bildu and Sortu. -
ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions. -
439 DÍAS. De Cómo ZAPATERO Buscó La PAZ
439 DÍAS. De cómo ZAPATERO buscó la PAZ. - 2 - A las víctimas del terrorismo. A Jesús Bueno. - 3 - Quiero agradecer la colaboración de todos aquellos que me han ayudado de un modo u otro a la elaboración de este trabajo y muy especialmente a Jesús Bueno, licenciado en Historia y director del trabajo; Fernando Berlín, periodista; y Ana Pastor, presentadora de 59” en TVE. Gracias a Eduardo Madina, diputado del PSOE y víctima del terrorismo e Iñaki Gabilondo, periodista. Gracias a todos aquellos que se dejaron entrevistar para hacer este trabajo, a aquellos que me dedicaron tiempo para sacarme de dudas y a aquellos que me proporcionaron una plataforma para poder hacer algunas entrevistas: PERIODISTA DIGITAL (periódico en castellano online más leído), Cadena SER (líder de la radio española según el EGM); CITY FM (300.000 oyentes según Infortecnia); y Radiocable (Premio Ondas 2006). - 4 - ÍNDICE 1 Introducción. 6 2 Del origen del nacionalismo vasco al nacimiento de ETA. 9 3 ETA y su historia. 3.1 ETA y el franquismo. 16 3.2 ETA, la llegada de la democracia y los Gobiernos de Felipe González. 22 3.3 ETA y el Gobierno de José María Aznar. 25 4 439 días. 31 5 Conclusión. 41 6 Fuentes de información. 46 ANEXO DE ENTREVISTAS 1 Entrevista exclusiva del autor a Iñaki Gabilondo. 51 2 Entrevista exclusiva del autor a Eduardo Madina. 57 3 Entrevista del autor a Iñaki Anasagasti. 65 4 Entrevista del autor a Vicente Martínez Pujalte. 67 5 Entrevista del autor a Uxue Barkos. 73 - 5 - 1 INTRODUCCIÓN A finales de la década de los cincuenta un grupo de jóvenes vascos fundaron la revista Ekin. -
Assessing ETA's Strategies of Terrorism
Small Wars & Insurgencies ISSN: 0959-2318 (Print) 1743-9558 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fswi20 End of the cycle: assessing ETA’s strategies of terrorism Charles W. Mahoney To cite this article: Charles W. Mahoney (2018) End of the cycle: assessing ETA’s strategies of terrorism, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 29:5-6, 916-940 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519300 Published online: 07 Mar 2019. Submit your article to this journal View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fswi20 SMALL WARS & INSURGENCIES 2018, VOL. 29, NOS. 5–6, 916–940 https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519300 End of the cycle: assessing ETA’s strategies of terrorism Charles W. Mahoney Department of Political Science, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA ABSTRACT In May 2018, the Basque insurgent group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) officially disbanded after a 60-year struggle. This inquiry assesses ETA’s violent cam- paigns using recent conceptual and theoretical advancements from the field of terrorism studies. Three conclusions concerning the group’s strategies of terrorism are advanced. First, ETA regularly targeted civilians to achieve goals other than coercing the Government of Spain; these objectives included out- bidding rival separatist groups and spoiling negotiation processes. Second, ETA’s most rapid period of organizational growth occurred as the result of an aggressive terrorist campaign, demonstrating that civilian targeting can serve as a stimulus to rebel group recruitment. Finally, while terrorism did not advance ETA’s primary political objective of creating an independent Basque state, it did enable the group to assume a leading position within the radical Basque separatist movement, helping extend ETA’s lifespan and making the group an embedded actor within the contentious political processes surround- ing the question of Basque self-determination. -
Catholic Mediation in the Basque Peace Process: Questioning the Transnational Dimension
religions Article Catholic Mediation in the Basque Peace Process: Questioning the Transnational Dimension Xabier Itçaina 1,2 1 CNRS—Centre Emile Durkheim, Sciences Po Bordeaux, 11 allée Ausone, 33607 Pessac, France; [email protected] 2 GEZKI, University of the Basque Country, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain Received: 30 March 2020; Accepted: 17 April 2020; Published: 27 April 2020 Abstract: The Basque conflict was one of the last ethnonationalist violent struggles in Western Europe, until the self-dissolution in 2018 of ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, Basque Country and Freedom). The role played by some sectors of the Roman Catholic Church in the mediation efforts leading to this positive outcome has long been underestimated, as has the internal pluralism of the Church in this regard. This article specifically examines the transnational dimension of this mediation, including its symbolic aspect. The call to involve the Catholic institution transnationally was not limited to the tangible outcomes of mediation. The mere fact of involving transnational religious and non-religious actors represented a symbolic gain for the parties in the conflict struggling to impose their definitions of peace. Transnational mediation conveyed in itself explicit or implicit comparisons with other ethnonationalist conflicts, a comparison that constituted political resources for or, conversely, unacceptable constraints upon the actors involved. Keywords: Basque conflict; nationalism; Catholic Church; Holy See; transnational mediation; conflict resolution 1. Introduction The Basque conflict was one of the last ethnonationalist violent struggles in Western Europe, until the definitive ceasefire (2011), decommissioning (2017), and self-dissolution (2018) of the armed organization ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, Basque Country and Freedom). -
Informe Sobre Víctimas De Vulneraciones De Derechos Humanos Derivadas De La Violencia De Motivación Política
Informe.qxp 24/06/2008 13:14 PÆgina 1 Informe sobre Víctimas de Vulneraciones de Derechos Humanos derivadas de la Violencia de Motivación Política Jon-MMirena Landa Gorostiza Director de Derechos Humanos Departamento de Justicia, Empleo y Seguridad Social Gobierno Vasco Informe.qxp 24/06/2008 13:14 PÆgina 2 Informe.qxp 24/06/2008 13:14 PÆgina 3 Informe sobre Víctimas de Vulneraciones de Derechos Humanos derivadas de la Violencia de Motivación Política Jon-Mirena Landa Gorostiza Director de Derechos Humanos Departamento de Justicia, Empleo y Seguridad Social Gobierno Vasco Vitoria-Gasteiz, 24 de junio de 2008 Informe.qxp 24/06/2008 13:14 PÆgina 4 “Sólo la existencia de este informe para mí vale mucho, qué alegría me llevé, garaia da. Es tiempo. Por fin, después de tantos años de olvido, alguien se acuerda de nosotros”. Miren Salegi Urbieta Informe.qxp 24/06/2008 13:14 PÆgina 5 ÍNDICE Página 08 1. Introducción 1.1. Contenido de este informe 1.2. Cuáles son los objetivos de este informe 12 2. Mandato 2.1. A qué mandato responde 2.2. Cumplimiento del mandato parlamentario 2.3. Vulneración de los derechos a la vida y a la integridad física y psíquica 2.4. En quiénes y cómo se concreta el informe 2.5. Otras vulneraciones a tener en cuenta en un futuro mandato 18 3. Antecedentes 20 4. Metodología empleada. 4.1. Realización del informe 4.2. Recogida de datos 4.3. Contextos y periodos 4.4. Apartado especial sobre la tortura 5. Estructura de las vulneraciones del derecho a la vida y a la 26 integridad física y psíquica 5.1.