Self-Determination for the Basque People
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Between Accommodation and Secession: Explaining the Shifting Territorial Goals of Nationalist Parties in the Basque Country and Catalonia
Between accommodation and secession: Explaining the shifting territorial goals of nationalist parties in the Basque Country and Catalonia Anwen Elias Reader at Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University Email: [email protected] Ludger Mees Full Professor at Department of Contemporary History, University of the Basque Country Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT This article examines the shifting territorial goals of two of the most electoral- ly successful and politically relevant nationalist parties in Spain: the Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV) and Convergència i Unió (CiU). Whilst both parties have often co-operated to challenge the authority of the Spanish state, their territorial goals have varied over time and from party to party. We map these changes and identify key drivers of territorial preferences; these include party ideology, the impact of the financial crisis, the territorial structure of the state, party competition, public opinion, government versus opposition, the impact of multi-level politics and the particularities of party organisation. These factors interact to shape what nationalist parties say and do on core territorial issues, and contribute to their oscillation between territorial accommodation and secession. However, the way in which these factors play out is highly context-specific, and this accounts for the different territorial preferences of the PNV and CiU. These findings advance our understanding of persistent territorial tensions in Spain, and provide broader theoretical insights into the internal and external dynamics that determine the territorial positioning of stateless nationalist and regionalist parties in plurinational states. KEYWORDS Spain; Basque Country; Catalonia; territorial goals; party strategies; nation- alism; regional autonomy. Article received on 04/10/2016, approved on 17/03/2017. -
The Lehendakari
E.ETXEAK montaje ENG 3/5/01 16:08 P‡gina 1 Issue 49 YEAR 2001 TheThe LehendakariLehendakari callscalls forfor anan electionelection inin thethe BasqueBasque CountryCountry onon MayMay 13th13th E.ETXEAK montaje ENG 4/5/01 08:53 P‡gina 2 Laburpena SUMMARY Laburpena SUMMARY EDITORIALA■EDITORIAL – Supplementary statement to the Decree dissolving Parliament ...................... 3 GAURKO GAIAK■CURRENT EVENTS – Instructions for voting by mail .................................................................................. 5 – Basque election predictions according to surveys................................................ 6 PERTSONALITATEAK■PERSONALITIES – The Sabino Arana Awards for the year 2000........................................................ 8 EUSKAL ETXEAK – The Human Rights Commissioner visited the Basque Country ....................... 8 ISSUE 49 - YEAR 2001 URTEA – Francesco Cossiga received the "Lagun Onari" honor ...................................... 9 EGILEA AUTHOR Eusko Jaurlaritza-Kanpo – The Government of Catalonia receives part of its history Harremanetarako Idazkaritza Nagusia from the Sabino Arana Foundation ....................................................................... 10 Basque Government-Secretary General for Foreign Action – The Secretary of State of Idaho calls for the U.S. C/ Navarra, 2 to mediate in the Basque Country......................................................................... 11 01007 VITORIA-GASTEIZ Phone: 945 01 79 00 ■ [email protected] ERREPORTAIAK ARTICLES ZUZENDARIA DIRECTOR – The -
The Case of Eta
Cátedra de Economía del Terrorismo UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales DISMANTLING TERRORIST ’S ECONOMICS : THE CASE OF ETA MIKEL BUESA* and THOMAS BAUMERT** *Professor at the Universidad Complutense of Madrid. **Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia Documento de Trabajo, nº 11 – Enero, 2012 ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the sources of terrorist financing for the case of the Basque terrorist organization ETA. It takes into account the network of entities that, under the leadership and oversight of ETA, have developed the political, economic, cultural, support and propaganda agenda of their terrorist project. The study focuses in particular on the periods 1993-2002 and 2003-2010, in order to observe the changes in the financing of terrorism after the outlawing of Batasuna , ETA's political wing. The results show the significant role of public subsidies in finance the terrorist network. It also proves that the outlawing of Batasuna caused a major change in that funding, especially due to the difficulty that since 2002, the ETA related organizations had to confront to obtain subsidies from the Basque Government and other public authorities. Keywords: Financing of terrorism. ETA. Basque Country. Spain. DESARMANDO LA ECONOMÍA DEL TERRORISMO: EL CASO DE ETA RESUMEN Este artículo tiene por objeto el análisis de las fuentes de financiación del terrorismo a partir del caso de la organización terrorista vasca ETA. Para ello se tiene en cuenta la red de entidades que, bajo el liderazgo y la supervisión de ETA, desarrollan las actividades políticas, económicas, culturales, de propaganda y asistenciales en las que se materializa el proyecto terrorista. -
Ttoommoo Vviiiiii:: Otras Bandas Terroristas.Triple A, Extrema Derecha, Gae (Grupo Anti Eta), Terrorismo Islamista, Iraultza
Documentos para la historia- paz. ODAS LAS VÍCTIMAS DEL TERRORISMO T TOMO VIII: OTRAS BANDAS TERRORISTAS.TRIPLE A, EXTREMA DERECHA, GAE (GRUPO ANTI ETA), TERRORISMO ISLAMISTA, IRAULTZA, INCONTROLADOS....(1975-2004) OTRAS BANDAS TERRORISTAS (1975-2007) OTRAS BANDAS TERRORISTAS (1975-2007) TODAS LAS VÍCTIMAS DEL TERRORISMO AZ P EXTREMA DERECHA LA EXTREMA DERECHA ARA GERMÁN AGUIRRE IRAUSUTEGUI Legutiano (Álava), 12 de octubre de 1975 Taxista Hacia las once y media de la noche del domingo 12 de octubre de 1975, el taxista Germán Aguirre Iraustegui fue asesinado a tiros por personas de extrema derecha, a orillas del embalse de Santa Engracia, en la localidad alavesa de Legutiano, a escasos cien metros del cuartelillo de la Guardia Civil. LA P DOCUMENTOS HISTORIA- ermán Aguirre, natural de de alguna festividad. Pero al San Prudencio de Bergara, poco rato volvió a escuchar un ARA teníaG 38 años, estaba casado y gran número de disparos y el EXTREMA DERECHA contaba con dos hijos de 11 y 9 movimiento de varios automóvi- OS P EXTREMA DERECHA años de edad. Taxista de profe- les, que, según sus palabras, sión, desde hacía seis años, iban y venían. Sin embargo, no tenía parada en la localidad gui- se atrevió a asomarse a la venta- puzcoana de Arrasate- na y aún hubo una tercera oca- DOCUMENT Mondragón. sión, a los pocos minutos, en que sonó nuevamente otra tanda de tiros. Durante la mañana del día siguiente, lunes 13 de octubre de 1975, se trasladaron al lugar del Esta vecina también señaló que suceso, el coronel jefe del Tercio durante toda la noche se produjo de San Sebastián, Pajuelo en la zona un gran movimiento Arteaga y el teniente coronel de de guardias civiles, quienes la comandancia de Vitoria, Tejero acordonaron los alrededores del Molina. -
The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions
Center for Basque Studies Basque Classics Series, No. 6 The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions by Philippe Veyrin Translated by Andrew Brown Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support obtained by the Association of Friends of the Center for Basque Studies from the Provincial Government of Bizkaia. Basque Classics Series, No. 6 Series Editors: William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2011 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover and series design © 2011 by Jose Luis Agote Cover illustration: Xiberoko maskaradak (Maskaradak of Zuberoa), drawing by Paul-Adolph Kaufman, 1906 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veyrin, Philippe, 1900-1962. [Basques de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre. English] The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre : their history and their traditions / by Philippe Veyrin ; with an introduction by Sandra Ott ; translated by Andrew Brown. p. cm. Translation of: Les Basques, de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Classic book on the Basques of Iparralde (French Basque Country) originally published in 1942, treating Basque history and culture in the region”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-877802-99-7 (hardcover) 1. Pays Basque (France)--Description and travel. 2. Pays Basque (France)-- History. I. Title. DC611.B313V513 2011 944’.716--dc22 2011001810 Contents List of Illustrations..................................................... vii Note on Basque Orthography......................................... -
LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog: Relying on Basque Nationalists, but Still in Power: Where Next for Spain's '
LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog: Relying on Basque nationalists, but still in power: Where next for Spain’s ‘weak’ government? Page 1 of 3 Relying on Basque nationalists, but still in power: Where next for Spain’s ‘weak’ government? Since being returned to power following elections last year, Mariano Rajoy’s Spanish government has had to rely on the support of smaller parties, such as Ciudadanos and the Basque Nationalist Party, to pass key legislation, including the 2017 national budget. Caroline Gray assesses what this fragile political situation has meant for the country, noting that while Rajoy has so far managed to gain the alliances needed to implement core policies, this has only been achievable by granting significant concessions to the Basque Country. Mariano Rajoy, Credit: Michel Temer (CC BY SA 2.0) Spain was thrown into uncharted waters last year when conservative Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy formed the weakest minority government since Spain transitioned to democracy. Yet, despite predictions at the time that the Popular Party (PP) government would not last, the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) has spared it from an early death. With their five seats in the Spanish parliament, the Basque nationalists’ crucial decision to support the PP’s 2017 budget – backed also by the centre-right Ciudadanos – transformed the outlook. In some ways, it’s back to business as usual then. Except what’s ‘usual’ in Spanish politics has fundamentally changed, and clinging onto power by striking traditional bilateral deals with the Basques does not resolve the many issues now requiring broader consensus and compromise. -
Economic and Social Council in Its Resolutions 663 C (XXIV) of 31 July 1957 and 2076 (LXII) of 13 May 1977
UNITED E NATIONS Economic and Social Distr. Council GENERAL E/CN.4/2004/56/Add.2 6 February 2004 Original: ENGLISH COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Sixtieth session Item 11 (a) of the provisional agenda CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING THE QUESTION OF TORTURE AND DETENTION Report of the Special Rapporteur on the question of torture, Theo van Boven Addendum VISIT TO SPAIN* ** * The summary of this mission report is being circulated in all official languages. The report itself is contained in the annex to the summary and is being circulated in the language of submission and Spanish only. ** In accordance with General Assembly resolution 53/208B, paragraph 8, this document is submitted late so as to include the most up-to-date information possible. GE.04-10716 (E) 130204 E/CN.4/2004/56/Add.2 page 2 Summary At the invitation of the Government, the Special Rapporteur on the question of torture undertook a visit to Spain from 5 to 10 October 2003 within the framework of his mandate. The Special Rapporteur expresses his appreciation to the Government of Spain for having extended full cooperation to him during the mission. The report contains a study of the legal and factual aspects regarding allegations of torture or ill-treatment, in particular as regards detainees held in connection with counter-terrorism measures. The Special Rapporteur concludes that torture or ill-treatment is not systematic in Spain, but that the system as it is practised allows torture or ill-treatment to occur, particularly with regard to persons detained incommunicado in connection with terrorist-related activities. -
Comparing the Basque Diaspora
COMPARING THE BASQUE DIASPORA: Ethnonationalism, transnationalism and identity maintenance in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Peru, the United States of America, and Uruguay by Gloria Pilar Totoricagiiena Thesis submitted in partial requirement for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 2000 1 UMI Number: U145019 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U145019 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Theses, F 7877 7S/^S| Acknowledgments I would like to gratefully acknowledge the supervision of Professor Brendan O’Leary, whose expertise in ethnonationalism attracted me to the LSE and whose careful comments guided me through the writing of this thesis; advising by Dr. Erik Ringmar at the LSE, and my indebtedness to mentor, Professor Gregory A. Raymond, specialist in international relations and conflict resolution at Boise State University, and his nearly twenty years of inspiration and faith in my academic abilities. Fellowships from the American Association of University Women, Euskal Fundazioa, and Eusko Jaurlaritza contributed to the financial requirements of this international travel. -
2009 October
COORDINADORA PARA LA PREVENCIÓN DE LA TORTURA [email protected] http://www.prevenciontortura.org REPORT TO THE COMMITTEE AGAINST TORTURE ON THE SPANIARD GOVERNMENT ANSWERS TO THE CAT QUESTIONS FOR THE 5TH PERIODIC REPORT 2009 October The following Report is a Resume in English of the complete Report in Spanish made to help de CAT members to understand the reality that our Coordinadora para la Prevención de la Tortura is denouncing. In this resume we include all figures and tables that you can find in the complete Report as well as all the quotes and references to annexes to enlarge information with concrete cases, testimonies and documents. However the quantity of information is so broad that we have had time for translating into English this Resume. We also want to underline that we present our Reports (the complete Spanish one as well as the English resume) as a critic to the Spanish Government answers to de CAT questions (document CAT/C/ESP/Q/5/Add.1), thus we follow the same structure and we use the same numeration and references of issues, though we do not answer to some of the questions because they do not fit within our Coordinadora daily work. Coordinadora para la prevención de la tortura: Report to CAT, on Spain (2008) 2 Being born in 2004 November, nowadays the Coordinadora is configured by the following Associations: - Acció dels Cristians per l'Abolició de la Tortura (ACAT) - Alerta Solidària - Asociación APOYO - Asociación EXIL - Associació Catalana per la Defensa del Drets Humans - Associaçaõ Contra a Exclusão pelo -
00-190 Eng Briefing Notes Jan
ETA violence and the Basque Country: Does federalism offer a solution? BY GURUTZ JAUREGUI The Spanish system of regional and federal models of government. The problem of territory autonomies has had very positive effects Its complex and ambiguous nature is a The Basque region is located for the Basque Country. The progress constant source of clashes between the geographically in Spanish and French made over the years in the recovery of federal and community governments. territory. Traditionally, the strategic Basque identity has been very significant. Rather than a list of powers, the aspiration of Basque nationalism has The system, however, has been unable to Constitution establishes a distribution of been to establish an independent State solve the ‘Basque problem’. The conflict functions. In many areas, the Constitution that covers the whole territory. between Basque separatists and Spain qualifies the functions of the autonomous has left hundreds dead, and has caused Not only is the division between France regions with phrases such as ‘in the untold suffering. and Spain a contentious issue, but frame of’ or ‘according to’ (other there are also problems regarding the Today’s conflicts between the Basque authorities). The upshot is that the federal territorial boundaries of the Basque region and the Spanish government are government has established regulations, region inside Spain. chiefly, although not exclusively, based on directives and controls that have led to a three aspects: distribution of powers, terri- real reduction in the powers of the The Autonomy Statute identifies the tory, and the right to self-determination. autonomous regions. provinces of Alava, Guipuzcoa and Vizcaya as comprising the Basque region, The regions have very few possibilities and also mentions Navarra, giving it the Distribution of powers for participating in overall federal choice of joining this region. -
Catholic Mediation in the Basque Peace Process: Questioning the Transnational Dimension
religions Article Catholic Mediation in the Basque Peace Process: Questioning the Transnational Dimension Xabier Itçaina 1,2 1 CNRS—Centre Emile Durkheim, Sciences Po Bordeaux, 11 allée Ausone, 33607 Pessac, France; [email protected] 2 GEZKI, University of the Basque Country, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain Received: 30 March 2020; Accepted: 17 April 2020; Published: 27 April 2020 Abstract: The Basque conflict was one of the last ethnonationalist violent struggles in Western Europe, until the self-dissolution in 2018 of ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, Basque Country and Freedom). The role played by some sectors of the Roman Catholic Church in the mediation efforts leading to this positive outcome has long been underestimated, as has the internal pluralism of the Church in this regard. This article specifically examines the transnational dimension of this mediation, including its symbolic aspect. The call to involve the Catholic institution transnationally was not limited to the tangible outcomes of mediation. The mere fact of involving transnational religious and non-religious actors represented a symbolic gain for the parties in the conflict struggling to impose their definitions of peace. Transnational mediation conveyed in itself explicit or implicit comparisons with other ethnonationalist conflicts, a comparison that constituted political resources for or, conversely, unacceptable constraints upon the actors involved. Keywords: Basque conflict; nationalism; Catholic Church; Holy See; transnational mediation; conflict resolution 1. Introduction The Basque conflict was one of the last ethnonationalist violent struggles in Western Europe, until the definitive ceasefire (2011), decommissioning (2017), and self-dissolution (2018) of the armed organization ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, Basque Country and Freedom). -
Informe Sobre Víctimas De Vulneraciones De Derechos Humanos Derivadas De La Violencia De Motivación Política
Informe.qxp 24/06/2008 13:14 PÆgina 1 Informe sobre Víctimas de Vulneraciones de Derechos Humanos derivadas de la Violencia de Motivación Política Jon-MMirena Landa Gorostiza Director de Derechos Humanos Departamento de Justicia, Empleo y Seguridad Social Gobierno Vasco Informe.qxp 24/06/2008 13:14 PÆgina 2 Informe.qxp 24/06/2008 13:14 PÆgina 3 Informe sobre Víctimas de Vulneraciones de Derechos Humanos derivadas de la Violencia de Motivación Política Jon-Mirena Landa Gorostiza Director de Derechos Humanos Departamento de Justicia, Empleo y Seguridad Social Gobierno Vasco Vitoria-Gasteiz, 24 de junio de 2008 Informe.qxp 24/06/2008 13:14 PÆgina 4 “Sólo la existencia de este informe para mí vale mucho, qué alegría me llevé, garaia da. Es tiempo. Por fin, después de tantos años de olvido, alguien se acuerda de nosotros”. Miren Salegi Urbieta Informe.qxp 24/06/2008 13:14 PÆgina 5 ÍNDICE Página 08 1. Introducción 1.1. Contenido de este informe 1.2. Cuáles son los objetivos de este informe 12 2. Mandato 2.1. A qué mandato responde 2.2. Cumplimiento del mandato parlamentario 2.3. Vulneración de los derechos a la vida y a la integridad física y psíquica 2.4. En quiénes y cómo se concreta el informe 2.5. Otras vulneraciones a tener en cuenta en un futuro mandato 18 3. Antecedentes 20 4. Metodología empleada. 4.1. Realización del informe 4.2. Recogida de datos 4.3. Contextos y periodos 4.4. Apartado especial sobre la tortura 5. Estructura de las vulneraciones del derecho a la vida y a la 26 integridad física y psíquica 5.1.