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The Case of Eta
Cátedra de Economía del Terrorismo UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales DISMANTLING TERRORIST ’S ECONOMICS : THE CASE OF ETA MIKEL BUESA* and THOMAS BAUMERT** *Professor at the Universidad Complutense of Madrid. **Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia Documento de Trabajo, nº 11 – Enero, 2012 ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the sources of terrorist financing for the case of the Basque terrorist organization ETA. It takes into account the network of entities that, under the leadership and oversight of ETA, have developed the political, economic, cultural, support and propaganda agenda of their terrorist project. The study focuses in particular on the periods 1993-2002 and 2003-2010, in order to observe the changes in the financing of terrorism after the outlawing of Batasuna , ETA's political wing. The results show the significant role of public subsidies in finance the terrorist network. It also proves that the outlawing of Batasuna caused a major change in that funding, especially due to the difficulty that since 2002, the ETA related organizations had to confront to obtain subsidies from the Basque Government and other public authorities. Keywords: Financing of terrorism. ETA. Basque Country. Spain. DESARMANDO LA ECONOMÍA DEL TERRORISMO: EL CASO DE ETA RESUMEN Este artículo tiene por objeto el análisis de las fuentes de financiación del terrorismo a partir del caso de la organización terrorista vasca ETA. Para ello se tiene en cuenta la red de entidades que, bajo el liderazgo y la supervisión de ETA, desarrollan las actividades políticas, económicas, culturales, de propaganda y asistenciales en las que se materializa el proyecto terrorista. -
Pais Vasco 2018
The País Vasco Maribel’s Guide to the Spanish Basque Country © Maribel’s Guides for the Sophisticated Traveler ™ August 2018 [email protected] Maribel’s Guides © Page !1 INDEX Planning Your Trip - Page 3 Navarra-Navarre - Page 77 Must Sees in the País Vasco - Page 6 • Dining in Navarra • Wine Touring in Navarra Lodging in the País Vasco - Page 7 The Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve - Page 84 Festivals in the País Vasco - Page 9 • Staying in the Urdaibai Visiting a Txakoli Vineyard - Page 12 • Festivals in the Urdaibai Basque Cider Country - Page 15 Gernika-Lomo - Page 93 San Sebastián-Donostia - Page 17 • Dining in Gernika • Exploring Donostia on your own • Excursions from Gernika • City Tours • The Eastern Coastal Drive • San Sebastián’s Beaches • Inland from Lekeitio • Cooking Schools and Classes • Your Western Coastal Excursion • Donostia’s Markets Bilbao - Page 108 • Sociedad Gastronómica • Sightseeing • Performing Arts • Pintxos Hopping • Doing The “Txikiteo” or “Poteo” • Dining In Bilbao • Dining in San Sebastián • Dining Outside Of Bilbao • Dining on Mondays in Donostia • Shopping Lodging in San Sebastián - Page 51 • Staying in Bilbao • On La Concha Beach • Staying outside Bilbao • Near La Concha Beach Excursions from Bilbao - Page 132 • In the Parte Vieja • A pretty drive inland to Elorrio & Axpe-Atxondo • In the heart of Donostia • Dining in the countryside • Near Zurriola Beach • To the beach • Near Ondarreta Beach • The Switzerland of the País Vasco • Renting an apartment in San Sebastián Vitoria-Gasteiz - Page 135 Coastal -
Self-Determination for the Basque People
THE HUMAN RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION AND THE LONG WALK OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY TO A DEMOCRATIC SCENARIO ―Law is a living deed, not a brilliant honors list of past writers whose work of course compels respect but who cannot, except for a few great minds, be thought to have had such a vision of the future that they could always see beyond their own times‖. Judge Ammoun ―Separate Opinion‖ Advisory Opinion of the ICJ Jon Namibia, 1971 Introduction Let me start with some considerations. The case of the right to self determination is the case of human rights and history shows us that human rights are the cause of the oppressed, the cause of the colonized, the subalterns, and the cause of those on the other side of the borderline. Human rights have always been opposed by those in power, by the states of the capitalist world system. And so the recognized human rights are not but the consequences of long term struggles for non-recognized rights. And same pass with the right to self determination. Those who today consider this right only to be applied to colonies or occupied territories, are the same who opposed to the struggles for national liberation. Those who consider right now the right to self determination recognized in art 1 of the UN International Covenants on Civil and Political rights and Social, Cultural and Ecomic Rights are the same who opposed in the UN to the stablishment of art.1 and those who right now try to limit the right of indigenous peoples to self determination. -
Economic and Social Council in Its Resolutions 663 C (XXIV) of 31 July 1957 and 2076 (LXII) of 13 May 1977
UNITED E NATIONS Economic and Social Distr. Council GENERAL E/CN.4/2004/56/Add.2 6 February 2004 Original: ENGLISH COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Sixtieth session Item 11 (a) of the provisional agenda CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING THE QUESTION OF TORTURE AND DETENTION Report of the Special Rapporteur on the question of torture, Theo van Boven Addendum VISIT TO SPAIN* ** * The summary of this mission report is being circulated in all official languages. The report itself is contained in the annex to the summary and is being circulated in the language of submission and Spanish only. ** In accordance with General Assembly resolution 53/208B, paragraph 8, this document is submitted late so as to include the most up-to-date information possible. GE.04-10716 (E) 130204 E/CN.4/2004/56/Add.2 page 2 Summary At the invitation of the Government, the Special Rapporteur on the question of torture undertook a visit to Spain from 5 to 10 October 2003 within the framework of his mandate. The Special Rapporteur expresses his appreciation to the Government of Spain for having extended full cooperation to him during the mission. The report contains a study of the legal and factual aspects regarding allegations of torture or ill-treatment, in particular as regards detainees held in connection with counter-terrorism measures. The Special Rapporteur concludes that torture or ill-treatment is not systematic in Spain, but that the system as it is practised allows torture or ill-treatment to occur, particularly with regard to persons detained incommunicado in connection with terrorist-related activities. -
2009 October
COORDINADORA PARA LA PREVENCIÓN DE LA TORTURA [email protected] http://www.prevenciontortura.org REPORT TO THE COMMITTEE AGAINST TORTURE ON THE SPANIARD GOVERNMENT ANSWERS TO THE CAT QUESTIONS FOR THE 5TH PERIODIC REPORT 2009 October The following Report is a Resume in English of the complete Report in Spanish made to help de CAT members to understand the reality that our Coordinadora para la Prevención de la Tortura is denouncing. In this resume we include all figures and tables that you can find in the complete Report as well as all the quotes and references to annexes to enlarge information with concrete cases, testimonies and documents. However the quantity of information is so broad that we have had time for translating into English this Resume. We also want to underline that we present our Reports (the complete Spanish one as well as the English resume) as a critic to the Spanish Government answers to de CAT questions (document CAT/C/ESP/Q/5/Add.1), thus we follow the same structure and we use the same numeration and references of issues, though we do not answer to some of the questions because they do not fit within our Coordinadora daily work. Coordinadora para la prevención de la tortura: Report to CAT, on Spain (2008) 2 Being born in 2004 November, nowadays the Coordinadora is configured by the following Associations: - Acció dels Cristians per l'Abolició de la Tortura (ACAT) - Alerta Solidària - Asociación APOYO - Asociación EXIL - Associació Catalana per la Defensa del Drets Humans - Associaçaõ Contra a Exclusão pelo -
The Construction of the Basque Polarized Pluralism
The Construction of the Basque Polarized Pluralism Francisco J. LLERA RAMO Universidad del País Vasco Working Paper n.64 Barcelona 1993 The political transition from the authoritarian system to the pluralist regime started in December 1976 with the Political Reform Act and finished with the approving referenda of Constitution and Statutes, being the first one (December 1978) general for the State and the second (October 1979) specific for the Basque Country. The following stage in both cases was that of starting the previously designed institution-building process to result in a third phase that we might define as consolidation of the democratic system which is the present one. The Basque people have been called to polls more than twelve times since the first free elections in 1977. They have voted the composition of the Houses in Madrid and Vitoria, of the regional institutions of Alava, Guipúzcoa and Vizcaya, of the city councils and even of the European Parliament, not to mention the four referenda. At the regional level, the "inaugural" 1980 election opened a period of political alignment and institution-building hegemonized by the PNV (Partido Nacionalista Vasco, Basque Nationalist Party) in a context of strong anti-centralist mobilization and of maximum activity of the radical nacionalism's armed organisms at the same time as ETApm decided its disolution. The second elections of 1984 were of "passage", extending the previous situation to a term shortened by PNV's parliamentary weakening eventually leading to its early split at the time of defining the internal organization of the Basque Country with the LTH as well as its alliance-politics. -
ELDH Report on the Mission to Basque Country March 2010
EJDM Europäische Vereinigung von Juristinnen und Juristen für Demokratie und Menschenrechte in der Welt e.V. ELDH European Association of Lawyers for Democracy and World Human Rights EJDH Asociacion Europea de los Juristas por la Democracia y los Derechos Humanos en el Mundo EJDH Association Européenne des Juristes pour la Démocratie et les Droits de l’Homme dans le Monde EGDU Associazione Europea delle Giuriste e dei Giuristi per la Democrazia e i Diritti dell’Uomo nel Mondo Professor Bill Bowring, President (London) Professeure Monique CHEMILLIER- GENDREAU, Présidente d’honneur (Paris) Thomas SCHMIDT (Rechtsanwalt) Secretary General (Duesseldorf) Report on the ELDH Human Rights Mission to Basque Country 25th till 28th March 2010, Donostia ELDH Participants: Professor Bill Bowring (ELDH President), Thomas Schmidt (ELDH General Secretary) Organizer: BEHATOKIA, Iratxe Urizar This report is the result of a four days visit to the Basque Country. Due to the excellent preparation and organization, including detailed documentation, by Behatokia - Basque Observatory of Human Rights1 and in particular by Iratxe Urizar, who also translated for us, it was possible to have seven meetings with defendants, defenders in the anti-terror law prosecutions, motivated by Judge Baltasar Garzón, especially the mass prosecutions known as the 18/98 cases. We also met a representative of Etxerat (the Basque prisoners’ relatives’ and friends organisation) and to participate in a conference concerning the Udalbiltza case. This report can only give a short impression of the information gathered. Severe human rights violations (including torture and arbitrary detention) for people who are active in the cause of Basque independence were confirmed by all people that we met. -
THE BASQUE COUNTRY a Varied and San Sebastián Seductive Region
1 Bilbao San Sebastián Vitoria-Gasteiz All of the TOP experiences detailed in TOP in this catalogue are subject to change and EXPE may be updated. Therefore, we advise you RIEN to check the website for the most up to date CE prices before you book your trip. www.basquecountrytourism.net 22 14 32 40 City break getaways 6 6 Bilbao 14 San Sebastián 22 Vitoria-Gasteiz 32 Gastronomy 40 Wine Tourism 44 50 44 The Basque Coast 50 Active Nature 56 Culture 60 Unmissable experiences 56 62 Practical information Bilbao San Sebastián Vitoria- Gasteiz 4 THE BASQUE COUNTRY a varied and San Sebastián seductive region You are about to embark on an adventure If you explore the history of the figures with many attractions: a varied landscape, who have marked the personality of these a mild climate, ancient culture, renowned communities, you will discover how their gastronomy... These are the nuances maritime, industrial and agricultural that make the Basque Country a tourist character, always diverse and enterprising, destination you will be delighted to has been bred. discover. And if you find the coastal and inland Two colours will accompany you on your villages interesting, you will be fascinated journey through the Basque Country: the by the three capitals. Bilbao will surprise green of the mountains and valleys, and you with its transformation from the blue of the sea. an industrial city to an avant garde metropolis, that brings together the You will discover that the Basque people world's best architects. San Sebastián, maintain strong links with the natural exquisite and unique, will seduce you with resources of the land and the sea. -
Soziologia Eta Zientzia Politikoaren Euskal Aldizkaria
SOZIOLOGIA ETA ZIENTZIA POLITIKOAREN EUSKAL ALDIZKARIA INGURUAKREVISTA VASCA DE SOCIOLOGÍA Y CIENCIA POLÍTICA [64] PRODUCE • EKOIZLEA Asociación Vasca de Sociología y Ciencia Política • Euskal Soziologia eta Zientzia Poli- tikoaren Elkartea Email: [email protected] Web: http://inguruak.eus INDEXACIÓN • INDEXAZIOA: La Revista Vasca de Sociología y Ciencias Políticas INGURUAK está indexada en las bases de datos siguientes: CIRC, MIAR, LATINDEX, IN-RECS, RESH, DICE y Dialnet INGURUAK Soziologia eta zientzia politikoaren euskal aldizkaria honako datu-baseetan zerrendatuta dago: CIRC, MIAR, LATINDEX, IN-RECS, RESH, DICE eta Dialnet. EDICIÓN • ARGITARATZAILEA: Asociación Vasca de Sociología y Ciencia Política • Euskal Soziologia eta Zientzia Politikoaren Elkartea Junio de 2018 • 2018ko ekaina INGURUAK. Revista Vasca de Sociología y Ciencia Política se publica bajo el sistema de li- cencias Creative Commons según la modalidad: Reconocimiento—No Comercial (CC BY-NC 4.0): se permite la generación de obras derivadas siempre que no se haga su uso comercial. ISSN: 0214-7912 Depósito legal • Lege gordailua: BI 2059-98 DIRECTORA • ZUZENDARIA Patricia Campelo (UPV/EHU) CONSEJO EDITORIAL • ARGITALPEN KONTSEILUA Ekhi Atutxa (UPV/EHU) Iraide Fernández (UPV/EHU) Jonatan García Rabadán (UPV/EHU) Jone Goirigolzarri (UD /DU) Amaia Izaola (UPV/EHU) Rafael Leonisio (UPV/EHU) Julia Shershneva (UPV/EHU) CONSEJO DE REDACCIÓN • ERREDAKZIO KONTSEILUA Beatriz Otero (UPV/EHU) Jaione Mondragón (UPV/EHU) Gorka Urrutia (UD/ DU) Joseba Azkarraga (UPV/EHU) Ana Irene Del -
Industrial Culturescape: Territory As Context
Sustainable Tourism VIII 237 INDUSTRIAL CULTURESCAPE: TERRITORY AS CONTEXT ANA SCHMIDT Provincial Government of Biscay, Spain National University of Distance Education (UNED), Spain ABSTRACT The European Landscape Convention has contributed to understanding landscape as an important component of collective well-being and highlighted the need to manage the entire territory as a landscape. The Nervion estuary, Abra Bay and mining area deserve to be considered an urban cultural landscape, because of their heritage value and singular beauty. The landscape of the Nervion and Abra has developed over time, above all, throughout the period of industrialisation. Restoring the industrial heritage landscape, such as the old mining railways, may bring the existing cultural landscape closer to the environment of the people who live in these areas. This study categorises the heritage elements and traces of the Orconera mining railway, in order to understand the current landscape and determine a proposal for action to preserve them and restore the mining railway line as a green infrastructure. In this case, preservation as a sustainable landscape means proposing a new use for it as cultural landscape and tourism. Although industrialisation has had a serious impact on the development of the whole Bilbao metropolitan area, the mining-industrial heritage includes sites that are somewhat unexplored and overlooked by urban policies. Keywords: cultural landscape, cultural tourism, industrial cultural heritage, industrial tourism, mining railways. 1 INTRODUCTION In the study we carried out on the Nervion Estuary, its banks, the Abra Bay and the mining area within the Greater Metropolitan Area of Bilbao, we found a landscape that rightfully comes under the description of cultural landscape, as per this definition in the 1992 UNESCO Convention on Cultural and Natural Heritage. -
Dismantling Terrorist´S Economics - the Case of Eta
DISMANTLING TERRORIST´S ECONOMICS - THE CASE OF ETA MIKEL BUESA THOMAS BAUMERT Documento de trabajo Nº 81 2012 Edita: Instituto de Análisis Industrial y Financiero. Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales. Campus de Somosaguas. 28223 Madrid. Fax: 91 3942457 Tel: 91 3942456 Director: Joost Heijs e-mail: [email protected] https://www.ucm.es/iaif/instituto-universitario Este documento puede ser recuperado a través de INTERNET en las siguientes direcciones This file is available via the INTERNET at the following addresses www.ucm.es/iaif/actividad DISMANTLING TERRORIST´S ECONOMICS - THE CASE OF ETA MIKEL BUESA* THOMAS BAUMERT** * Instituto de Ánalisis Industrial y Financiero - Universidad Complutense Madrid **Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the sources of terrorist financing for the case of the Basque terrorist organization ETA. It takes into account the network of entities that, under the leadership and oversight of ETA, have developed the political, economic, cultural, support and propaganda agenda of their terrorist project. The study focuses in particular on the periods 1993-2002 and 2003-2010, in order to observe the changes in the financing of terrorism after the outlawing of Batasuna, ETA's political wing. The results show the significant role of public subsidies in finance the terrorist network. It also proves that the outlawing of Batasuna caused a major change in that funding, especially due to the difficulty that since 2002, the ETA related organizations had to confront to obtain subsidies from the Basque Government and other public authorities. KEYWORDS Financing of terrorism. -
Basque Political Systems
11m_..... ·· _~ ~ - -= ,_.... ff) • ' I I -' - i ~ t I V Center for Basque Studies - University of Nevada, Reno BASQUE POLITICS SERIES Center for Basque Studies Basque Politics Series, No. 2 Basque Political Systems Edited by Pedro Ibarra Güell and Xabier Irujo Ametzaga Translated by Cameron J. Watson Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support from the Basque government. Center for Basque Studies Basque Politics Series, No. 2 Series Editor: Xabier Irujo Ametzaga Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2011 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cover and Series design © 2011 Jose Luis Agote. Cover Illustration: Juan Azpeitia Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Basque political systems / edited by Pedro Ibarra G?ell, and Xabier Irujo Ametzaga ; translated by Cameron J. Watson. p. cm. -- (Basque politics series ; No. 2) Includes index. Summary: “Collection of articles on the Basque political system within its own context and larger national and global contexts”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-935709-03-9 (pbk.) 1. País Vasco (Spain)--Politics and government. I. Ibarra Güell, Pedro. II. Irujo Ame- tzaga, Xabier. JN8399.P342B37 2011 320.446’6--dc22 2011001811 CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................... 7 PEDRO IBARRA GÜELL and XABIER IRUJO AMETZAGA 1. Hegoalde and the Post-Franco Spanish State ................................... 13 XABIER IRUJO AMETZAGA 2. Political Institutions in Hegoalde................................................ 33 MIKEL IRUJO AMETZAGA 3. Political Institutions and Mobilization in Iparralde ............................. 53 IGOR AHEDO GURRUTXAGA 4. Fiscal Pacts in Hegoalde ........................................................