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Euskeraren Iker Atalak Euskeraren Iker Atalak 8 LABAYRU IKASTEGIA BILBAO BIZKAIA KUTXA FUNDAZIOA BILBAO 2001 Argitalpen honen moldaketak eta prestakuntzak Eusko Jaurlaritza eta Bizkaiko Foru Aldundiaren laguntza izan dau. LABAYRU IKASTEGIKO HIZKUNTZA ARLOAREN ALDIZKARIA Zuzendaria ADOLFO AREJITA Idazkaritza burua SEGUNDO OAR-ARTETA Idazkaritza ASIER ASTIGARRAGA ENEKO BARRUTIA K. JOSU BIJUESCA IGONE ETXEBARRIA JABIER KALZAKORTA JON KORTAZAR ANDER MANTEROLA Edizio-Taiuketa IKEDER, S. L. LABAYRU IKASTEGIA Egoitza Euskal Biblioteka Aretxabaleta, 1-1.a Larrauri 1-A, 5.a 48010 BILBAO 48160 DERIO Tel.: 94 443 76 84 - Fax: 94 443 77 58 Tel.: 94 406 01 71 - Fax: 94 406 01 73 Posta elektronikoa: [email protected] Posta elektronikoa: [email protected] Web-orria: www.labayru.org © Artikuluena, autoreak eurak. © Argitaraldi honena: Labayru Ikastegia-Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa Fundazioa. ISSN: 1132-0702 Lege Gordailua: BI-847-94 Fotokonposaketa: Ikur, S. A. Silutegia: Gestingraf, S. A. L. Azala: Bilboko ikuspegia, san Antongo eleizea bertan dala. 1880. AURKIBIDEA Aurkezpena . 7 LITERATURA GAIAK Zenbait gogoeta euskarak letra hizkuntza gisa izan duen bilakaeraz (XVII-XVIII. mendeak) . 9 Barakaldo eta Enkartazioen historia linguistikoaz . 47 Louis Hamacei Goure Erregue Hounaren Testamendia . 119 “Arreba sabelkide Denuxi’ri”: Orixeren fantasia bat . 145 Irudizko Lokuzioak Hiriart-Urrutiren kazetalanetan . 161 GRAMATIKA GAIAK Aditz-izenen eta partizipioen formak bizkaieraz . 225 Meñakako euskeraren soinu egituraz . 241 VARIA Rafael de Mikoleta en querella criminal contra una mujer . 259 Bitoriano Gandiaga eta Bilbo . 279 Nere etikatik edertasun etikara igarotzen jakin zuen baserritar olerkaria . 297 Irudien argibidea . 305 5 AURKEZPENA Euskal ikerkuntza-lanei eskainirik dagoen aldizkari honek urrats bat gehia- go eman nahi du ale berri honekin, 2001. urteari dagokion 8gn honekin. Labayru Ikastegiak eta bere lankideek euskal hizkuntza eta literaturarekin zeri- kusia duten gaien ikerketak biltzen dira aldizkari honetara, eta aurkibideko gaien barietatea ikusirik, ikerkuntza-eremua bera ere hedatuz joan dela ohar daiteke. Beñat Oyharçabal ikertzaile ifartarrak, euskarak letra-hizkuntza bezala XVII-XVIII. mendeetan izan duen eboluzioaz egiten digun gogoeta sakonak ematen dio sarrera aleari. Euskal letren agerpen gorena den literaturaren ere- muan, hor dira gure literato handi batzuen gaineko azterketa edota gogoeta finak ere: Hiriart-Urruti kazetariaren irudizko lokuzioez (Xabier Altzibar), Bitoriano Gandiagaren poetikaz eta ideiez (Iñaki Sarriugarte eta Sebastian Garcia Trujillo) eta Orixez (K. Josu Bijueska). Euskal hizkuntzaren historiara- ko ekarri jakingarria ematen zaigu, halaber, Enkarterrietako lurraldeaz, berta- ko dokumentazio zaharra eta berariaz onomastika zaharra abiapuntutzat har- turik (Ander Ros & Esperanza Saiz), eta berdin garai zaharretako euskal testu bitxiez eta idazleez, nola diren Luis XVI.aren testamentua batetik eta Mikoleta bilbotarra bestetik. Gramatikaren alderdiak ere bere tokia du ale honetan, Eneko Barrutiak adi- tzizen eta partizipioez eta Iñaki Gamindek toki-euskararen soinu-egituraz egiten dituzten azterketekin. Ale orekatsua eta betea gertatu zaigu, orohar, oraingoa: euskararen inguru- ko ikerketak lozorroan ez dauden erakusgarri argia. Horretara, orain arteko aleekin eta hurrengo datozkeenekin euskara-ikerkuntzaren erakustoki trinko bat eskaini nahi lioke Labayru Ikastegiak gure gizarteari eta ondoko belaunal- diei. 7 ADOLFO AREJITA Gure eskerrona, ikerkuntza-lan hau aurrera eroaten laguntzen diguten Eusko Jaurlaritza eta Bizkaiko Foru Aldundiko Kultura Sailei, eta aldizkaria argitaratzen lankide dugun BBK Fundazioari. Litterae Vasconicae Idazketa Batzordea 8 ZENBAIT GOGOETA EUSKARAK LETRA HIZKUNTZA GISA IZAN DUEN BILAKAERAZ (XVII-XVIII. MENDEAK) Beñat Oyharçabal* (CNRS, UMR5478, IKER) * Euskaltzaina eta CNRS, Iker, Baiona. LABURPENA Idazlan honetan aztertzen da euskara 17 eta 18. mendeetan letra hizkuntza gisa izan zuen gizarte bilakabidea. Orain arte ikertzaileek faktore ekonomikoak aipatu izan dituzte bereziki, esplikatzeko zergatik euskararen tradizio idatzia 17. mende- an Lapurdin finkatu zen, eta zergatik histu zen lapurterazko tradizio hori ondoko mendean. Aztermolde honen ahuleziak, datuen aldetikakoak oroz gainetik, age- rian ematen ditu artikuluak eta beste aztermolde bat aitzinatzen. Erakustera ema- ten du euskarak liburugintzan izan zezakeen tokia eskola-mailetako eta kultura- eremu desberdinetako partikatze poliglosikoari lotua izan dela ororen gainetik, bai Iparraldean, bai eta halaber Hegoaldeko herrialdeetan ere. RESUMEN En este artículo se analizan las condiciones sociales de desarrollo de la lengua vasca como lengua de comunicación escrita durante los siglos XVII y XVIII. Hasta ahora los investigadores habían aducido en especial factores económicos para explicar por qué se fijó la tradición literaria euskérica precisamente en Labourd en el s. XVII y por qué cayó en decadencia en el siglo posterior. La debilidad de esta argumentación queda patente en este trabajo sobre todo a partir de una nueva valoración de los mis- mos datos y tras la aplicación de un método de análisis novedoso. Según queda demostrado aquí, el lugar ocupado por la producción editorial en lengua vasca esta- ba íntimamente unido, sobre todo, a la división poliglósica establecida en los dife- rentes niveles escolares y a los diversos ámbitos culturales vinculados a la lengua, y ello tanto en localidades del País Vasco continental como peninsular. RÉSUMÉ Cet article analyse les conditions sociales dans lesquelles la langue basque évolua durant les 17 et 18ème siècles en tant que langue de l’écrit, en particulier en Labourd. Le point de vue défendu jusqu’ici par la plupart des spécialistes, et qui voyaient dans les facteurs économiques les bases de cette évolution, est mis en doute, en particulier du fait de l’absence de données factuelles allant en ce sens. Une autre analyse est proposée dans laquelle la place du basque dans la production de livres en Pays Basque est principalement dépendante de la répartition polyglossique observa- ble dans les différents degrés d’enseignement et dans les divers domaines de la vie culturelle concernés, tant dans les provinces du Nord que dans celle du Sud. SUMMARY This paper presents a new analysis of the social conditions under which Basque as a written language evolved during the 17th and 18th centuries. Till now, most researchers invoked economic factors to explain why the written tradition in Bas- que developed in Labourd during the XVIIth century, and why this Labourdian tradition waned quite soon during the following century. The article shows this analysis, which has doubtful empirirical grounds, should be abandoned. Instead, it is proposed that the major role in the evolution of Basque written traditions should be assigned to sociolinguisitic factors linked to the organisation of poly- glossia in the different levels of education and in cultural life, both in the Sout- hern provinces and in the Northern part of the country. 17. mendearen lehen partean, Lapurdiko itsas hegian eta honen inguruetan, Sarako eta Donibane Ziburuko aldean oroz gainetik, euskarazko liburugintzak pi- tzaldi bat berezia izan zuen, lapurterak ematen ziela euskal letrei ordu arte izan ez zuten gizarte hedadura. Geroxeago, ordea, gizaldi horren bigarren partean ahul- tzen hasi ondoan, urritu bezala ziren bultzada haren ondorioak, arras obra berri guti baizik ez baitzen sortu lapurteraz 18. mendean, beregainki lehen erdian. Arrazoi ekonomikoak aipatu baitira bereziki aldaketa horren esplikatzeko, azalpen hori auzitan eman nahi nuke hemengo solasetan, karia horretara zenbait gogoeta ere egin gogo nituzkeelarik garai hartan Lapurdik kultura gaietan izan zuen hizkuntza egoeraz, eta honen bilakaeraz. Ezen, hurbilagotik behatu-eta, ez du iduri 17 eta 18. mendeetan Lapurdiko ekonomian gertatu aldaketek oihartzun zuzenik izan zutela lapurterazko letra sorkuntzan. Beste nonbait xerkatu behar ditugu, beraz, lapurterazko idazkigintzaren denbora haietako gorabeheren eragi- leak. Non? Nire ustez, kultura bizitzaren antolamenduan, eta guztiz ere hizkun- tzen arteko kultura eremuen partikamenean. Mota horretako baldintzei lotuak bide dira, oroz gainetik, euskarak mende haietan Lapurdin (eta beste herrialdee- tan ere) letra hizkuntza gisa izan zituen goiti-beheitiak. Ez ekonomiari. 17. mendearen lehen partean, latina zen oraino erreferentziazko jakintza hiz- kuntza nagusia Iparraldeko gizartean, nahiz frantses mintzaira ere erro egiten eta indar hartzen hasia zen ordukotz goi mailako jendaldeetan, oroz gainetik beren ikasketak eta gogo janzketa kanpoan eta bereziki Erregearen inguruko jendartee- tan egin ahal izan zituztenen artean. Mendeak urteak isuri arau frantsesak aitzi- namendu nabarmenak egin zituen, bai jakintza hizkuntza gisa latinaren aitzinean, bai eta orohar kultura hizkuntza arrunt gisa ere. Materrek eta Axularrek aipatu zituzten irakurtzaile, euskara baizik ez jakinik arras ezjakinak ez ziren haiek, gizarteko erdi mailetakoak zirenak, gero eta gehiago frantsesaren bidez ase zuten orduan beren jakin-mina eta letrazko kulturari zihoazkion beharrak. Denbora berean, haatik, 18. mendearen lehen erdian bereziki, Elizaren eskue- tan zegoen oinarrizko eskolatzea —euskaraz egina baina franko maila apalekoa— 11 BEÑAT OYHARÇABAL gero eta jende gehiagorengana hedatu zen. Aldaketa horren ondotik, euskarazko irakurgaien hartzaileak gero eta gehiago gizarte maila apaletako jendeak izan ziren, eta gero eta helburu xumeagoak izan zituzten euskarazko
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