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Titel Der PDF Datei Abschlussarbeit zur Erlangung des Magistra Artium im Fachbereich Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaften der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Institut für Orientalische und Ostasiatische Philologien Südostasienwissenschaften Historische, soziolinguistische und kulturelle Aspekte des Papia Kristang, einer Kreolsprache Malaysias Gutachter: Prof. Bernd Nothofer vorgelegt von: Eva Ensling aus: Darmstadt Einreichungsdatum: 23. Januar 2008 Abbildung 1: Malakka aus Teil X von Levinus Hulsius’ voyages, 1608. Der Stich illustriert Cornelis Mateliefs Versuch den Portugiesen 1606 Malakka zu entringen. ii Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 2 1.1 Themenstellung und Zielsetzung ................. 3 1.2 Gliederung der Arbeit ....................... 4 2 Kreolit¨at: theoretische Grundlagen 6 2.1 Ethnische und transethnische Identität .............. 6 2.2 Nationale und ethnische Identität ................ 8 2.3 Der Begriff Kreol .......................... 9 2.4 Indigenisierung und Ethnogenese ................ 11 2.5 Kreolisierung versus Pidginisierung ............... 13 2.6 Der lokale Anteil .......................... 13 2.7 Die Rolle der kreolischen Gruppen ................ 14 3 Portugiesische Gemeinschaften in Asien - von Goa bis Macau 16 3.1 Portugals Kolonialpolitik ..................... 18 3.2 Indonesien .............................. 20 3.3 Osttimor ............................... 25 3.4 Malaysia ............................... 27 3.5 Singapur ............................... 28 3.6 Macau ................................ 30 3.7 Sri Lanka ............................... 32 3.8 Indien ................................. 34 3.9 Abschließendes ........................... 36 4 Die Entstehung einer kreolischen Gemeinschaft 36 4.1 Handelsniederlassungen der Portugiesen in Südostasien ... 36 4.2 Malakka im 15. Jahrhundert .................... 38 4.3 Die Portugiesen in Malakka, 1511-1641 ............. 39 4.3.1 Missionierung ........................ 43 4.3.2 Die linguistische Situation ................. 45 4.3.3 Die Verteidigung Malakkas ................ 48 4.3.4 Der Niedergang der portugiesischen Herrschaft in Süd- ostasien ........................... 49 iii Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.4 Malakka unter den Niederländern, 1641–1795, 1818–1825 ... 50 4.4.1 Die linguistische Lage ................... 51 4.4.2 Der Katholizismus während der niederländischen Ko- lonialzeit ........................... 52 4.5 Die britische Kolonialzeit, 1795-1818, 1825-1957 ........ 54 4.5.1 Die soziale Trennung in „Eurasier“ und „Portugiesen“ 57 4.5.2 Die Portugiesische Siedlung ............... 59 4.5.3 Der Landstreit ........................ 61 4.5.4 Koloniale Positionierung ................. 64 4.6 Die Gemeinschaftsbildung nach der Unabhängigkeit ..... 65 4.7 Politische Veränderungen ..................... 66 4.7.1 Die Malacca Portuguese Eurasian Association ....... 68 4.7.2 Der Bumiputera-Status ................... 71 4.8 Demographie von Malakka .................... 73 4.9 Kreolisierte Gruppen in Malakka ................. 76 4.10 Die kreolische Identität der Kristang ............... 77 5 Kristang: eine portugiesische Kreolsprache 78 5.1 Pidgin- und Kreolsprachen .................... 79 5.2 Verschiedene Theorien zur Entstehung von Kreolsprachen .. 80 5.2.1 Schuchardts Theorie / Polygenetische Theorie ..... 80 5.2.2 Monogenese- und Relexifikations-Theorie ....... 83 5.2.3 Universalien-Theorie .................... 85 5.2.4 Schlussfolgerungen für Kristang ............. 87 5.3 Einfluss des Portugiesischen auf das Malaiische ........ 89 5.3.1 Die Rolle des Malaiischen für die portugiesischen Han- delsbeziehungen ...................... 91 5.3.2 Lehnwörter aus dem Niederländischen ......... 92 5.3.3 Das Verhältnis zwischen Kristang und Basar-Malaiisch 93 5.4 Die Entstehung des Kristang ................... 95 5.4.1 Der Einfluss der kontinentalen portugiesischen Sprache 95 5.4.2 Katholizismus als Faktor des Überlebens von Kristang 96 5.5 Stand der Dokumentation des Kristang ............. 98 5.6 Die Struktur des Kristang ..................... 99 iv Inhaltsverzeichnis 5.6.1 Orthographie ........................ 99 5.6.2 Beispieltext in Kristang .................. 100 5.6.3 Beispiele für die Kristang-Struktur ............ 101 6 Die Gef¨ahrdung des Kristang 103 6.1 Bedrohte Sprachen ......................... 103 6.1.1 Gründe für das Aussterben von Sprachen ....... 103 6.1.2 Vorteile von Bi- und Multilingualismus ......... 105 6.1.3 Die Einstellung der Sprecher zur eigenen Sprache ... 105 6.1.4 Die Aufgabe von Linguisten ............... 107 6.2 Neuere Forschungen zu Kristang ................. 108 6.3 Baxters Untersuchungen von 1980-1983 ............. 111 6.4 Die Rolle des Englischen ...................... 113 6.4.1 Die Rolle des Malaiischen ................. 114 6.4.2 Der Einfluss des Tourismus ................ 114 6.5 Der Verlust des Kristang-Lexikons ................ 115 6.6 Stärkung und Erhalt der Sprache ................. 116 7 Abschließende Bemerkungen und Ausblick 119 Anhang 123 A Liedtexte in Kristang 123 B 12 Merkmale einer Kreolsprache nach Bickerton 125 C Abbildungen 127 D Texte 138 Glossar 141 Abbildungsverzeichnis 141 Tabellenverzeichnis 143 Literaturverzeichnis 144 1 1 Einleitung Malakka, an der nach ihr benannten Seestraße gelegen, bietet einen natür- lichen Hafen, der von einem Ring kleiner Inseln vor Stürmen geschützt ist. Ein Fluss teilt die Stadt in zwei Hälften. Während die Umgebung von Malakka einst von tropischem Regenwald bedeckt war, ist dieser heute je- doch der Plantagenwirtschaft gewichen. Obwohl der Seehandel schon lange verschwunden ist, bleibt die Lage Malakkas weiterhin ideal: Auf halbem Weg zwischen Kuala Lumpur und Singapur gelegen, ist die Stadt nicht nur Ausflugsziel für Bewohner Singapurs am Wochenende, sie liegt auch nur eine Stunde vom Flughafen Sepang bei Kuala Lumpur entfernt. Malakka wurde Heimat für Migranten aus Asien und Europa. Anzufinden an der Straße von Malakka und begünstigt von gutem Klima und damit guten Lebensbedingungen, galt die Stadt als gesündeste Hafenstadt im Os- ten. Malakka ist einzigartig in der Geschichte Malaysias, da es der erste Ort für die Entstehung von kreolisierten Gruppen auf der Halbinsel wur- de - Ergebnis des Zusammentreffens von Händlern aus Europa und Asien und lokalen Frauen. So formte sich auch die Gruppe, der später „Kristang“ genannten portugiesischen Eurasier, die eine portugiesische Kreolsprache entwickelten - ebenfalls „Kristang“ genannt. Es entstand ein romantisiertes Bild eines betriebsamen Handelszentrums in dem 84 Sprachen gesprochen wurden:1 Es ist die Rede von verwegenen portugiesischen Seefahrern unter Leitung von Afonso de Albuquerque, von lokalen Schönheiten, die fidalgos (Nobelmänner) heirateten und mit ihnen Kinder bekamen, von der portu- giesischen Festung A Famosa, die die Straße von Malakka schützte und von Francis Xavier, dem Missionar, der den Katholizismus in den Osten brachte. Die Stadt hat auch heute noch kosmopolitischen Charakter: Es leben dort Malaien, Chinesen, Inder und kreolisierte Gruppen wie die Baba-Chinesen, die Chitty-Inder und die Eurasier.2 Die Entwicklung und das Überleben der Kreolsprache Kristang bis heute ist eng mit der Geschichte von Malakka verbunden. Die Stadt erlebte nach 1 Vgl. Sarkissian (2005: 149) 2 Nach Baxter (1988: 2) sind ca. 80% davon portugiesische Eurasier. 2 1 Einleitung dem Sultanat von Malakka mehrere Phasen der Kolonisierung: die portugie- sische (1511-1641), die niederländische (1641-1795 bzw. 1818-1823) und die britische Konolialzeit (1795-1818 sowie 1823-1957) mit einer kurzen Unterbre- chung durch die japanische Okkupation (1942-1945). 1957 wurde Malakka Teil des unabhängigen Malaysias. Die Kristang-Gemeinschaft überlebte die Jahrhunderte mit starken kulturellen Traditionen und der bemerkenswerten Fähigkeit, Außenstehende zu assimilieren: dies besonders dank der „Portu- giesischen Siedlung“3, die das einzige derartige kampung (Dorf) in Malaysia war und auch heute noch ist. Das Interesse der Autorin wurde durch zwei ihrer Professoren - Prof. Bernd Nothofer aus Frankfurt und Prof. Awang Sariyan aus Malaysia - ge- weckt, die die Kristang-Gemeinschaft und ihre Kreolsprache erwähnten. Die Kombination aus Malaiisch und Portugiesisch und die Entstehungsgeschich- te der Gemeinschaft faszinierten die Autorin (u.a. durch ihre Fächerkombi- nation: Süostasienwissenschaften und Romanistik mit Schwerpunkt Portu- giesische Sprache) und wurden somit Ziel der Literaturrecherche für diese Magisterarbeit. 1.1 Themenstellung und Zielsetzung Das Ziel dieser Arbeit mit dem Thema „Historische, soziolinguistische und kulturelle Aspekte des Papia Kristang, einer Kreolsprache Malaysias“ ist die Darstellung der Entwicklung einer kreolischen Gruppe und deren Kreol- sprache in Malakka in Verbindung zur weiteren portugiesisch-asiatischen Gemeinschaft in Asien. Bei Kreolgruppen spielt die Konstruktion von Herkunft eine wichtige Rolle: Zuordnungen und Differenzierungen in Zusammenhang mit Herkunft können aber häufig nicht durch historische Tatsachen belegt werden, dies um so mehr für Gruppen, deren Herkunft ausdrücklich heterogen ist. Es wird deshalb die Frage aufgeworfen, wie die Zugehörigkeit zu Malakka begründet und konzeptualisiert wird. Welche Rolle spielt Kreolität als ethnische Kultur 3 Die „Portugiesische Siedlung“ ist als ein fester Ausdruck zu betrachten (im Englischen Portuguese Settlement) und wird ab sofort nicht mehr in Anführungszeichen gesetzt. 3 1 Einleitung und Identität im Hinblick auf deren Instrumentalisierung von Seiten der Gruppe selbst und von Seiten der Regierungen (während
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