Index

“A Chan, a Tancareira” (Senna Albuquerque, Pedro António de Fernandes), 250 Meneses Noronha de, 73 Abriz, José, 38 Ali, Ha¯jı¯ Muha¯mmad, 73 Abu’l Hasan (sultan), 71 Allen, Charles Herbert, 179 Aceh Almeida, António José de Miranda e, Portuguese conflicts with, 51, 53, 36 57 Almeida, Manuel de, 122 sultan and sultanate of, 50 Almeida, Miguel Vale de, 72–73, 242, adaptation, 4–5, 6, 10, 19, 240, 255 259 Afonso, Inácio Caetano, 35, 37 An Earth-Colored Sea, 259 Africa, 12, 26, 29, 140, 173 Almeida, Teresa da Piedade de Baptista , 131, 143, 242, 271 See Devi, Vimala (pseud.) plants from, 33, 34, 39 aloe, 40 Africans, 11, 12, 133, 135, 138, 160, althea, 40 170, 245, 249 Álvares, Gaspar Afonso, 69 See also slaves Amaral, Miguel de, 90 Agualusa, José Eduardo, 261, 265, 270 American Institute of Indian Studies, Um Estranho em , 261–63, 270 xi Fronteiras Perdidas, 265 Ames, Glenn Joseph, xi–xiii “A Nossa Pátria na Malásia”, 270 works by, xiii Aguiar, António de, 86, 89, 97 Amor e Dedinhos de Pé (Senna “Ah Chan, the Tanka Girl” (Senna Fernandes), 247, 250–54 Fernandes) Amorim, Francisco Gomes de, 183 See “A Chan, a Tancareira” An Earth-Colored Sea (Almeida), 259 air forces Anderson, Benedict, 236, 240–41, 255 Royal Air Force, 217 See also imagined communities United States Army Air Forces, Anglo-Asians, 132 Fourteenth Air Force, 215 See also Luso-Asians Ajuda Palace, 36 Anglo-Indians, 134, 139 Albuquerque, Afonso de, 48, 54 and White Australia policy, 143

299

14 Portuguese_1.indd 299 10/31/11 10:17:12 AM 300 Index

Anglo-Portuguese relations Banco Nacional Ultramarino impact on trade, and the Hongkong and Shanghai 116–17 Banking Corporation, 217 Angola, 265 Bandel (of Hugli), 111 Anselmus, Joseph, 91 property conflicts in, 119–20 anti- bangue, 38 as a theme in modern literature, bankers 234 British Apollo 11, 267 aid to POW and internment Aquino, Emílio Honorato de, 188 camps, 217 Armenians and European, in , migration to Calcutta, 112 216 Arnedo, João António, 87 interned at Stanley camp, 217 Assumpção, Francisco da, 114 , xii Atienza, V.N., 216 population statistics, 165–66 Atures (people), 179 Barnes, Joseph, 215 Augustinians Barreto, Adeodato, 232 at Bandel (of Hugli), 111, 114 O Livro da Vida: Cânticos Indianos, at Chandernagore, 111 232 at São Tomé de Meliapor, 69 Barreto, Floriano, 235 Australia Barreto, Manuel Teles, 115 discriminatory practices of, 143, Barretto, Joseph, 114, 122–23 209 civic activities of, 115 Eurasians in, 245 English trading partners of, 115 Malaysian Eurasians in, 147 trade in Bengal by, 115 Singaporean Eurasians in, 147 Barretto, Luis, 114 White Australia policy, 143 civic activities of, 115 Aventura e Rotina (Freyre), 239 Batavia, 136 Ayurvedic medicine, 37, 40, 41 Dutch presence in, 138 Ayutthaya, 9, 53, 88–90, 138 Batavian Portuguese, 132, 136–37 Christians in, 136 See also Luso-Asians Portuguese community (bandel) at, Bauss, Rudy, 163 84, 90, 91 Baxter, Alan, 192 Portuguese trade at, 90 Bayingyis, 132, 135 See also Luso-Asians BAAG Bela Vista (club), 214 See British Army Aid Group Bengal Baghdadi Jews cross-cultural interactions in, 9, leaving post-war Hong Kong, 218 106, 122 Bahasa (language), 265 Indo-Portuguese in, 108–10, 112, Bahasa (language), 265 114, 119, 122 Bahau, 213, 248 Portuguese in, 108–10, 112, 114, Bandung conference, 245 122

14 Portuguese_1.indd 300 10/31/11 10:17:13 AM Index 301

property purchases and sales, 10, British Army Aid Group (BAAG), 119 215–16 Bewitching Braid, The (Senna British Asia Fernandes) Japanese occupation of, 205–07, See Trança Feiticeira 220 Big House and Other Memories of an Portuguese communities in, 205– Old Goan, The (Rocha) 13, 217–20 See Casa Grande e Outras Recordaçõs See also Hong Kong; Hong Kong de um Velho Goês Portuguese; Malaya; blacks British consul as a demographic classification, 158, in Macao, 214 160 British consulate in Diu, 171 in Macao, 215 Bocarro, António, 56, 107 British Madras, 68 Bodhidharma, 269 British Military Administration, 218 “Bodhidharma Preaches the Wake-Up British nationals Sermon, The” (Gaspar), 269 among the Hong Kong Portuguese, Bodki (Fernandes), 233 208 Bohra, Mahomed Zulfee, 116 British reoccupation of Hong Kong, Book of Life: Indian Hymns, The 215, 218 (Barreto) Buddha, 268, 270 See Livro da Vida: Câticos Indianos, , 268–29 O use of swastika symbol, 264 Botelho, Nuno Álvares, 50–53, 55–56, Bukit Timah, 210 59 Burghers Boxer, C. R. (Charles Ralph), xii, 108 of Dutch origin, 140 Braga, John, 211 of Portuguese origin, 140 Braga, José Pedro, 207 Burma, 135 Braganzas, 70 See also Myanmar Brahamanes, Os (Gomes), 234 Burmese (language), 265 Brahma, 231 Bustamante, Alexandro, 91 branhô, 191 Bustamante, Fernando Manuel, 91 British (people) butua, 39 discriminatory practices of, in Hong Kong, 208–09 Cabreira, Francisco de Seixas, 110 in : Calcutta colonialism of, 234 churches in, 115 relations with the Indo- civil society and religion in, 114 Portuguese, 108–10, merchants at, 114–17 112–13, 115, 122 , 139 Portuguese religious activity in, 114 relations with the Portuguese, 120 purchase of property in, 10, 119 See also bankers trade at, 116 See also English (people) California, 230

14 Portuguese_1.indd 301 10/31/11 10:17:13 AM 302 Index

Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, xi Capuchins Calvinists, at Chandernagore, 111 Indonesian Portuguese Creole, 137, cardamom, 41 138 “Carmelita Raez” (Gaspar), 267 camps, internment (Japanese), 206, Carvalho, Valentim, 85 210–11, 248 Casa Grande e Outras Recordações de camps, prisoner of war (Japanese) um Velho Goês (Rocha), 234–35 in Hong Kong, 212 casados, 133 Pasir Panjang, 217 “black”, 137 Shamshuipo, 212, 213 of , 49, 53, 55 Stanley, 212, 213, 216 of São Tomé de Meliapor, 68 , 143, 147, 148, “white”, 137 canarins, 169 cashew, 41 See also Christians, “native” caste system (Hindu) cantigas (folksongs), 13 in Goa, 232, 234 in Cochin, 184 in India, 230, 232, 234 cristão (Kristang), 192 Castelo Branco, Camilo, 183 in Daman, 185 castiços, 138, 160, 169 in Diu, 185 Castro, Afonso de, 163 “Galinha Caté”, 192 Castro, António de Melo e, 70 “Gingle Nona”, 192 Castro, Leonardo Horácio d’Almada “Gingli Nona”, 192 e, Jr., 207, 209, 211, 214, 215, in Macao, 188 218, 219 in Malacca, 191–93 Catholicism, 269 in , 184 conversion of Hindus to, in Goa, 232 “Nina, Boboi, Nina”, 192 literary attention paid to, 263 in the Northern Enclaves, 185 Catholics “Papagaio Verde” Burmese, 135 in Indo-Portuguese communities, Goan, 230–31 178, 197–98 socio-religious division from in Luso-Asian communities, 178, Hindus, 230–32, 234–35 197–98 in Indonesia, 134 in Macao, 187 Indonesian Portuguese Creole, 137 in Malacca, 190 in Malacca, 133 in South Asia, 183–84 in the Spice Islands, 136 “Pasarinya Berdi”, 196–97 in , 133 “Passarinho Berde”, 192–95 Caviteno-, 136 in , 181–82 Center for Early Modern Europe, xi “Singelle Nona”, 192 Céu, Maria do, 183 in Sri Lanka, 184, 186–87 Ceylon, 59 Canton priority over Malacca, 55, 56, 60 relations with Macao, 9, 91–92 “Chá com Essência de Cereja” (Senna (language), 244, 265 Fernandes), 248

14 Portuguese_1.indd 302 10/31/11 10:17:14 AM Index 303

Chandernagore, 111 Japanese, 135 French influence at, 111 Native (of Singapore), 134 Indo-Portuguese at, 113 “native”, 169 Portuguese at, 113 as a demographic classification, characters, fictional 160 in works by Henrique Senna “white”, 160 Fernandes, 252–54 as a demographic classification, in works by José Eduardo Agualusa, 137 263–66 churches in works by Rex Shelley, 248, in Calcutta, 115 252–53 Club Lusitano, 211 Charnock, Job, 114 and clandestine bank records, 217 Chaumont, Chevalier de, 88 Club Macao, 214 , 67 Clube , 236 chikotie, 186 Cochin China cantigas (folksongs) of, 184 Communism in, and migration Cochinchina of Hong Kong Portuguese, relations with Siam, 87 218–19 Coelho, António de Albuquerque, 86 female sexual in, 248 Coelho, José da , 235–36 relations with Macao, 87, 251, 252 Communism See also Free China in China, and migration of Hong China Light Company, 209 Kong Portuguese, 218–19 Chinese (language), 244 communities Chinese (people) Christian, 236 collaboration with Allied resistance, imagined, 17, 236, 240–41, 255 215 Indo-Portuguese, 107, 178, 197–98 pilots (air force), 217 Luso-Asian, 178, 197–98, 255 Chinsura, 111 Luso-descendants (Luso-descendentes), Christ, 231 132, 160, 169–70 Christianity miscegenated, 244 in Goa, 16, 230, 234, 236 Portuguese, 84, 90, 91, 110, in Siam, 90–91 205–13, 217–20, 252 Christianization Portuguese Asian, 137, 165 process of, in Goa, 234 Portuguese Eruasian, 248 Christians Portuguese-speaking, 267 Asian, 138 Community of Portuguese-Speaking in Malacca, 49 Countries (CPLP), 259 in Singapore, 134 Conde de Alvor (Francisco da Távora), converts, in India, 68 71 indigenous, in India, 25, 33–36, Congregation of Propaganda Fide, 70, 40, 69 75 in Indonesia, 137 at Chandernagore, 111

14 Portuguese_1.indd 303 10/31/11 10:17:15 AM 304 Index

Conselho da Fazenda, 59 hybrid, 3 Conselho Ultramarino Indian, 262 See Portuguese Overseas Council Indo-Portuguese, 229, 233, 235–37 convents Japanese culture, 245 at Bandel (of Hugli), 110–11 Luso-Asian, 20, 241, 264–65 Cordeiro, Reinaldo (Ray), 210, Lusophone, 244, 259–60, 262 213–14, 219 Macanese, 250 Coromandel Coast, 7, 68 Portuguese, 17, 18, 240 Correa, Francisco, 97 portrayal of, in literature, 244 Correa, Frank, 209, 219 Portuguese-American, 20, 268–69 Correa, Ignácio, 120 transmission through print, 241 Corumbá, 265 transmission through social Cossimbazar organisations, 241 Portuguese at, 112 See also dependency Costa, Elizabeth da, 122 Cultures of the World: Japan and Costa, Francisco João da Culture Shock (Shelley), 245 See Gip (pseud.) Cunha, João Nunes da, 70 Costa, Gaspard da, 90–91 Costa, Juliana Dias da, 75 “D” Company, 210 Costa, Luís da, 10, 116–17, 119, 122 of Malacca, 207 Costa, Orlando da, 16, 229, 234–35 D. Dinis Último Olhar de Manú Miranda, O, pastorela ii, 198 229–31 da Gama, Vasco, xii Costa, Rodrigo da, 74, 75 da Orta, Garcia, 26–27, 38 Cotovia Dalgado, Sebastião Rodolfo, 38, 184, See Livros Cotovia 185 Coutinho, António Luís Gonçalves da Dam, Guilherme, 93, 95 Câmara, 73 Daman Coutinho, Luís Francisco, 73, 75 cantigas (folksongs) of, 184 Coutinho, Rodrigo de Sousa, 29, 35 population, 12 CPLP statistics, 160, 161, 163 See Community of Portuguese- socio-religious composition of, 171 Speaking Countries Đàng Trong, 92 creoles (languages), 241, 244, 249 Daus, Ronald, 213 cross-cultural interactions debt repayment in Bengal, 9, 106, 122 from Macao to Siam, 8, 86 in Indo-Portuguese communities, 107 demography, cultural dependency, 236 of the Estado da Índia, 11–12, 173 cultural sponsorship, 261 and political arithmetic, 12, 155, 156 culture See also population creole, 240–42, 255 See also population surveys Goan, 16, 262, 265–66 dependency Hindu, 235 cultural, 236

14 Portuguese_1.indd 304 10/31/11 10:17:15 AM Index 305

Dessá, Manuel, 74 East , 260 Devi, Vimala (pseud.) (Teresa da compared with Goa, 266 Piedade de Baptista Almeida), 16, of, 134 230–32 See also Timor Monção, 231 Ekathotsarot (king), 87 Súria, 232 Elliott, George, 218 Dias, Paulino, 235 empires discrimination Mughal, 72–75 by Australia, 143, 209 Portuguese, 2, 7, 8, 23, 25, 33, 60, by the British, 208–09 68, 71, 74, 107, 109, 133, by Eurasians, 209 150, 158, 161, 198, 241, 242, fight against, 207 256, 263, 264 dispersion Vijayana¯gara, 68 of Luso-Asians, 7, 10–11 “enemy aliens” first, 11, 140–41 Japanese classification category, 210, second (post-World War II), 11, 219 14, 16, 141–50 English (people) See also migration conflicts with the Portuguese, 59 Diu cooperation with the Portuguese, 57 cantigas (folksongs) of, 185 See also British (people) population statistics, 160, 161, 163 English , 69, socio-religious composition of, 171 112–13, 120 Dominicans interest in São Tomé de Meliapor, at São Tomé de Meliapor, 69 72 “Don’t You Want to Walk Out Among Esmonde (Doctor), 209 the Lilies?” (Gaspar), 268 Estado da Índia, 155–56, 239 Duc, Thich Quang, 269 and Ceylon, 55, 56, 60 Dupleix, Joseph François, 76 and Malacca Dutch (people) commitment to, 53, 55–58 in Asia, 138 loss of, 6, 48, 61 conflicts with the Portuguese, 48, demography of, 11–12, 173 51–53, 56–57, 59–60 forts and fortifications, 57 and Luso-Asians, 138–39 land empire, shift to, 6, 60 relations with Siam, 89 maritime losses, 59–60 at São Tomé de Meliapor, 69 medicine in, 23, 26, 33–36, 41 trade with Siam, 84 military campaigns, 53 , 138–39 military reinforcements, lack of, 55 and White Australia policy, 143 New Conquests, 156 Old Conquests, 156 (Vereenigde Oost-Indische population, 12, Compagnie; VOC), 138 statistics, 155 Dutch Freeburghers Praças do Norte, 156 in Malacca, 139 as a renascent empire, 70

14 Portuguese_1.indd 305 10/31/11 10:17:16 AM 306 Index

urban centres in, 167 evolution and Linhares, 6–7, 48, 57, ethnic, 255 58, 60 Executive Council (Hong Kong), 219 (Portugal), 264 Estranho em Goa, Um (Agualusa), 19, females 261–63, 270 Eurasian, as portrayed in literature, ethnicity, 147, 267 18, 244, 249, 251–54 Portuguese miscegenated, 240 in a Lusophone context, 242 See also evolution: ethnic as portrayed in literature, 250 See also Fergusson, John, 115 Eurasian writers, 242 Fernandes, Agostinho, 233 Eurasians, 131–32, 134, 139–41, 150 Bodki, 233 in Australia, 245 Fernandes, Henrique Senna, 17–18, Malaysian, 147, 150 241–47, 250–51, 254 Singaporean, 147, 150 “A Chan, a Tancareira” (“Ah Chan, British, 139 the Tanka Girl”), 250 and census categories, 144, 147 Amor e Dedinhos de Pé (Love and classified as “third nationals”, 14, Little Toes), 247, 250–51, 253 210–11 compared with Rex Shelley, 244 collaboration Mong Há, 246 with Allied resistance, 215 Nam Van, 245, 250, 254 with the British at Macao, 214 Noite Caíu em Dezembro, A (The with the Japanese, 212 Night Fell in December), 246 definition of, 144 themes in works by, 18–19 discrimination among, 209 Trança Feiticeira (The Bewitching dispersion of, 141, 143 Braid), 246–47, 251 Hong Kong Portuguese, 208 Ferrier, Michael, 210 Indo-Dutch, 138 fictional characters leaving post-war Hong Kong, 218 See characters, fictional living outside Asia, 147 Field Guide to the Heavens (Gaspar), of the Malay Peninsula, 241–42 20, 267 in occupied Malaya, 213 (Indonesia), 134 migration of, post-World War II, Flores, Jorge Manuel, 109 143–44 folksongs (cantigas) Portuguese, 241, 243 See cantigas (folksongs) in Singapore, 247 folktales statistics about, lack of, 141 parrot motif in, 180–81 and White Australia policy, 143 Fonseca, António Pinto da, 51, 53–56 See also Luso-Asians Fort , 61 “European Expansion and Indigenous Fort St. George, 67, 69 Response Series”, xii forts and fortifications, 67 Europeans Chapora Fortress, xii classified as “third nationals”, 211 in the Estado da Índia, 55

14 Portuguese_1.indd 306 10/31/11 10:17:16 AM Index 307

Famosa, A, 54, 56 “Garden Will Come to You, The”, Fort Jesus, 59 268 Fort St. George, 67, 69 Holyoke, The, 267 at Malacca, 54, 56 “I Am Not a Keeper of Sheep”, 268 at Pulau Malacca, 54, 58 “Last Hymn to Night”, 268 Franciscans “Late Rapturous”, 269 at São Tomé de Meliapor, 69 Leaving Pico, 267 Fraser, George, 180 “Lemons, The”, 268 Free China, 214–16, 248 “Lilies of the Field, The”, 268 French (people) Night of a Thousand Blossoms, 267 relations with the Indo-Portuguese, “One Arm and Another Arm”, 268 112 “One Thousand Blossoms”, 268 French East India Company, 76 “Sanctuaries”, 269 Freyre, Gilberto, 17, 234, 239, 242, “Seven Roses”, 268 250–51, 254 Stealing Fatima, 267 Aventura e Rotina, 239 Teachings of Buddha, The, 267–68 See also Lusotropicalism “Way That Can Be Spoken of Is Fronteiras Perdidas (Agualusa), 265 Not the Way, The”, 268 “Fruit Trees and the Junipers, The” General Military Court (Hong Kong), (Gaspar), 268 218 Fry, Howard Tyrell, 92 Genoa Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and Portugal, 1 See Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation geragoks, 140, 242, 249–50 Fundação Oriente, 19, 260, 261 Ghats Mountains, 231 Furber, Holden, 108 Ghoshal, Gokul, 119 Futebol Clube de Porto, 263 Gião, Manuel de Vidigal, 88, 92–98 gifts Gaio, João Ribeiro, 53 diplomatic exchange of, in Siam, “Galinha Caté” (cantiga / folksong), 89–90 192 ginger, 41 “Garden Will Come to You, The” “Gingle Nona” (cantiga / folksong), (Gaspar), 268, 270 192 gardens “Gingli Nona” (cantiga / folksong), botanical, 24, 29, 32–33, 36–37 192 medicinal, 5–6, 23–24, 27–30, 37 Gip (pseud.) (Francisco João da Gaspar, Frank X., 19, 267, 270 Costa), 16, 230, 236 “Bodhidharma Preaches the Wake- Jacob e Dulce, 236 Up Sermon, The”, 269 globalization, 239 “Don’t You Want to Walk Out cultural, 262 Among the Lilies?”, 268 Goa Field Guide to the Heavens, 267 Catholics of, 230 “Fruit Trees and the Junipers, The”, Christian community of, 236 268 City, 156, 165

14 Portuguese_1.indd 307 10/31/11 10:17:17 AM 308 Index

common ancestral origin of Goan School of Medicine and Surgery, Catholics and Hindus, 231 36 compared to , 266 Goan writers, 16, 261–62 conversion of Hindus to Indo-Portuguese, 16, 229–30, Catholicism, 232 232–33, 236 demographic classifications, 158–60 Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, 161 demographic crisis, 165 Golconda, 68, 70 Govapuri, 234 conquered by , 72 Hindu caste system in, 16, 232, 234 conquest of São Tomé de Meliapor, Ilhas de, 156 8, 70 of, 230 Gomes, Arthur, 207, 210, 212 New Conquests, incorporation of, Gomes, Francisco Luís, 16, 230, 161 234 as nucleus of Portuguese South Asia, Brahamanes, Os, 234 108 Gomes, Manuel, 94 Old Conquests, 157–58 green parrots political context of, within India, 266 See parrots population, 12 Gosano, Clothilde, 219 decline, 165 Gosano, Eduardo (Eddie) Liberato, growth, compared to India, 165 209, 212, 215, 219 statistics, 155, 157–58, 160–61, Gottlieb, Anthony, 181 163, 165 Govapuri Portuguese government at, 48, 53 See Goa relations Gracias, Mariano, 235 with Hugli, 110 Guterres, António Paulo, 214–15 with Siam, 86 religious groups in, 169, 230–32 Hamilton, Alexander, 86, 88 represented as a repository of Hancock, Ian, 195 Christian and Portuguese ideas, Harcourt, Cecil, 218 16, 234 Hastings, Warren, 117 ruralization of, 165–66 slaves in, 160, 169–71 ancestral universe of, 16, 230 socio-religious composition of, 171 portrayal of, in literature, 263 socio-religious division between use of swastika symbol, 264 Hindus and Catholics, 16, Hindu culture, 235 230–32, 234–35 Hindu temples, 235 writers about, 261–62 Hindus See also Goan writers conversion to Catholicism, 232 See also Indo-Portuguese (people) of Goa, 16, 232, 234 See also Royal Military Hospital as Marata speakers, 230 Goan culture, 16, 265–66 population contemporary, 19–20, 262 in Portuguese Asia, 168 Indo-Portuguese, 229, 233, 235–37 registries of, 160

14 Portuguese_1.indd 308 10/31/11 10:17:18 AM Index 309

socio-religious division from and positions of prominence Catholics, in Goa, 230–31, among, 219 234–35 and racist disturbances against, Historical Archive of Goa, xi 218–19 HKVDC and reconstruction, 14, 218 See Hong Kong Volunteer Defence as refugees in Macao, 213–15 Corps resistance against and response to Holstein, Frederico Guilherme de Japanese invasion, 210 Sousa, 117 World War II experiences of, 205 Holwell, John Zephaniah, 112 Hong Kong University, 215 Holyoke, The (Gaspar), 267 Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps, Hong Kong 207, 210, 212 evacuation of, 209 Hongkong and Shanghai Banking harbour, 212 Corporation, 14, 208 Japanese occupation of, 14, 211–16, and Banco Nacional Ultramarino, 218 217 Portuguese trading firms at, 207– bankers, 216–17 08 clandestine operations by, 217 prisoner of war camps, 212 and Japanese occupation, 216 reoccupation of, by the British, 215, Portuguese clandestine operations in 218 behalf of, 216–17 Hong Kong Heritage Project, 14 post-war hiring of Portuguese staff, Hong Kong Legislative Council, 207 218 Hong Kong Planning Unit, 215 Hooghly Hong Kong Portuguese (people), 14, See Hugli 208 Hospital Real Militar as British nationals, 208 See Royal Military Hospital Cantonese speakers among, 208 House of Braganza collaboration See Braganzas with Allied resistance, 14, 215 Hugli, 110–11 with the British at Macao, 214 Mughal conquest of, 110 with the Japanese, 212 Portuguese community (bandel) of, Communism as a motive for 110 migration by, 218–19 relations with Goa, 110 English speakers among, 208 See also Bandel (of Hugli) Eurasians, 208 Humboldt, Alexander von, 179 identity, defined, 208 hybridity, 4, 6, 20, 240, 242, 243, 250 interned in prisoner of war camps, critique of, 262–63 212 linguistic, 244 leaving post-war Hong Kong, 218 hybridization migration of ex-prisoners of war, of medicine, 23, 33–35, 42 218 social and cultural, 23–24, 33, 34, post-World War II 42

14 Portuguese_1.indd 309 10/31/11 10:17:18 AM 310 Index

“I Am Not a Keeper of Sheep” Indian culture, 262 (Gaspar), 268 Indian Ocean identity maritime commerce, 1, 10 as being Portuguese, 240, 242 trade, 116 cultural, 243 Indo-Dutch (people), 138, 147 diasporic, 10, 19, 145–46, 270 See also Eurasians ethnic, 267 Indo-Portuguese (people), 264 Eurasian, 10, 241 of Bengal, 106, 108–10, 112 114, Eurasian, Malay Peninsula, 248 119, 122 Goan, 16, 230, 235 of Calcutta, 113 and language, 264–65 of Chandernagore, 113 Luso-Asian, 3, 10, 13, 17, 150, 251 professions of, 109, 120 Luso-Catholic, 243 See also Luso-Indians Luso-Eurasian, 17, 255 Indo-Portuguese commercial activities, Luso-Indian, 10–11, 15, 122 109 Lusophone, 242, 270 Indo-Portuguese culture, 229, 233, Macanese, 248 235–37 miscegenated tropical, 17, 242 Indo-Portuguese literature, 232–35 postcolonial, 270 Indo-Portuguese migration as transmitted through literature, to Calcutta, 112, 114 241–42 Indo-Portuguese relations Ilhas de Goa with the British in India, 108–10, population 112–13, 115, 120, 122 decline, 156, 165 with the French in India, 112 slave, 170 Indo-Portuguese society, 108 imaginaries Indo-Portuguese merchants and colonial, 240, 261 traders, 10, 109, 112, 115, Lusophone Asian, 251 120–22 postcolonial, 240–41, 244 Indo-Portuguese writers, 16, 229–30, imagined communities, 17, 236, 232–33, 236 240–41, 255 Indonesia, 139, 266 Imperial War Museum, 14 Larantuqueiros of, 11, 132, 134 independence intertextuality, 265–66 of the Malay Peninsula (Singapore intolerance, religious, 263 and Malaysia), 243, 252 Iskandar Muda (sultan), 50–51 of East Timor, 260, 266 Island in the Centre (Shelley), 245, 248 India, 266 Islands of Goa Hindu caste system of, 230, 232, 234 See Ilhas de Goa Luso-Indians of, 11, 77, 110, 120, 122, 132–34, 136–37, 139–41 Jacob and Dulce population growth, compared to See Jacob e Dulce Goa, 165 Jacob e Dulce (Gip), 236 See also Indo-Portuguese (people) Japanese (language), 265

14 Portuguese_1.indd 310 10/31/11 10:17:19 AM Index 311

Japanese culture, 245 Kristang (language), 244 Japanese Foreign Affairs Department Kristang (people), 11, 132–33 Portuguese employed by, 211 cantiga cristão, 192 Japanese occupation See also Luso-Asians categories of aliens, 206, 210–11 Kuala Lipis, 217 of British Asia, 14, 205–06 Kunming, 215 of Hong Kong, 211–16, 218 Kweilin, 215 of Malaya, 213–14, 218, 244 Kyushu Island, 267 of Singapore, 213–14, 244 Javalis de Codval, Os (Pais), 233 languages Jesuits Asian, 265 at Goa, 26–29 limitations of as a literary medium, at Malacca, 51, 54 265 at São Tomé de Meliapor, 68–69 Larantuka, 134 See also Royal Military Hospital Larantuqueiros Jesus, Carlos Montalto de, 243 of Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, 11, João III (king), 68 132, 134 João IV (king), 70 See also Luso-Asians João V (king), 74, 76, 157 Last Look of Manú Miranda, The João VI (king), 29, 36 (Costa) João, Prince Regent See Último Olhar de Manú See João VI (king) Miranda, O João Lopes pine tree, 33, 37, 39 “Last Hymn to Night” (Gaspar), 268 , 270 “Late Rapturous” (Gaspar), 269 Jorge, António, 120 Laval, François Pyrard de, 32, 34 José I (king), 156 Laynes, Francisco, 69, 111 Justices of the Peace (Hong Kong), Leaving Pico (Gaspar), 267 219 legacies colonial, 17 Kaffirs, 113 concept of, 2–4, 259–60 See also slaves Luso-Asian, 2, 19–20, 268 Kai Tak (aerodrome), 212 Portuguese, 2, 19–20 Kang-hsi, 87 of Portuguese heritage, 18 Karaikal (Ka¯raikka¯l), 76 Legislative Council (Hong Kong), 219 Karnatik, 75, 76 “Lemons, The” (Gaspar), 268 Kempeitai, 217 Lethbridge, Henry J., 208 Kha¯n, Dost Ali, 79 liberalism Konfrontasi, 245 and demographic statistics, 12, Konkani (language), 230, 264–65 156–57 Kota Ambon, 136 in Goa, 233 Kowloon, 208 Liger, Francisco Correia de, 97 Kowloon Hospital, 216 “Lilies of the Field, The” (Gaspar), Krishna, 231 268

14 Portuguese_1.indd 311 10/31/11 10:17:19 AM 312 Index

Linhares, fourth Conde de (Miguel de dispersion of Noronha), 6–7, 48, 50, 58–60, first, 140–41 67 second (post-World War II), 14, literature 16, 141–50 anti-colonialism as a theme, 234 and the Dutch, 138–39, 150 Indo-Portuguese, 232–35 English speakers, 140–41, 143, 147, Lusophone, 245, 259–60 150, 208 Lusophone-Asian, 240 living outside Asia, 11, 147 Macanese, 245 of Malacca, 7 nativism, in Goan, 232–35 Portuguese Creole speakers, 150 portrayal of Portuguese culture, See also Kristang (people) 244 See also Portuguese Eurasians Portuguese-American, 268 Luso-descendants (Luso-descendentes), See also intertextuality 132, 160, 169–70 Livro da Vida: Cânticos Indianos, O communities, 11 (Barreto), 232 See also mestiços Livros Cotovia, 19, 260, 261 Luso-Eurasian identity, 17, 19, 240 Livros das Monções do Reino, 158 Luso-Indians, 11, 77, 110, 122, Llanes, Ferdinand, 91 132–33, 135, 139–41 Lobato, Manuel, 55 in British Asia, 10, 139–41 Lobo, Frederic, 216 linguistic abilities of, 120 Lobo, Margaret, 209, 215 professions of, 120 Lobo, Roger, 214, 219 See also Indo-Portuguese (people) London (ship), 57–58 See also Luso-Asians Los Angeles, 268 Luso-Japanese, 135 Loubère, Simon de la, 88 Luso-, 134 Louis XIV (king), 89 Luso-Siamese, 11, 132, 135–36 Lourenço, Eduardo, 260 See also Luso-Asians Love and Little Toes Lusophone Africa, 265 See Amor e Dedinhos de Pé Lusophone culture, 259–60, 262 Luso diaspora, 19, 145–46, 245, 247 Lusophone literature, 259–60 Luso-Asian cultural politics, 260 Lusophone world, 268 Luso-Asian culture, 20, 261, 264–65 Lusophony, 259 Luso-Asian identity, 3, 10, 13, 17, Lusotropicalism, 17, 234, 242, 250, 255 150, 251 See also Freyre, Gilberto Luso-Asian legacies, 260 See also multiculturalism Luso-Asian literature, 240 Luso-Asians, 11, 131–32, 138, 150, Macanese (people), 11, 132, 135, 255 241–42 and the British, 139–40, 150 in the twentieth century, 206 and the British Empire, 140–41 World War II experiences of, 205 classified as third nationals, 14 206, See also Luso-Asians 210–11 Macanese culture, 250

14 Portuguese_1.indd 312 10/31/11 10:17:20 AM Index 313

Macanese society, 243, 250 , 25, 30, 32, 35, 37–38, portrayal of, in literature, 253–54 40, 41 Macao, 135, 260 Malacca British consul in, 214 Ceylon given priority over, 55, 56, British consulate in, 215 60–61 debt repayment to Siam, 8, 86 commercial decline of, 6–7, 48, Hong Kong Portuguese refugees in, 57–61 213–15 commercial viability of, 2, 58 during Japanese occupation of description of seventeenth-century, British Asia, 14, 206–07, 49, 54 211–13, 215–17 Kristang (people) of, 11, 132–33 neutral status of, World War II, loss of, to the Dutch, 6–7, 48, 61 206, 214, 247 Luso-Asians of, 7 Noble Senate of, 9, 90–92, 94, merchants at, 1 98–103 military defence of, 50–51, 53, 58 origin of Portuguese Creole military viability of, 48, 60 nicknames in, 187 population composition, 49 population, 12, Portuguese Creole (language) of, statistics, 156–57, 160–61, 163 270 portrayal of twentieth-century, in Portuguese descendants of, 243 literature, 246–47 Portuguese Eurasians of, 249–50 relations straits, 1 with Canton, 9, 91–92 during World War II, 213 with China, 87, 251, 252 Malay (language), 244 with Siam, 8, 85–87, 92–98 Malay Peninsula socio-religious composition of, 171 Portuguese Eurasians of the, 247 trade with Siam, 8, 85–87, 90 Malaya as an urban centre, 167 Eurasians in occupied, 213 See also Macanese independence movement, 245 Machado, Ana Maria, 187 and Japanese occupation, 14, Madras 213–14, 218, 244 Portuguese in, 70 Portuguese in occupied, 206, See also British Madras 212–13 Magalhães, Josef de, 74 Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army, Maharasta 248 Marata language of, 230 Malaysia, 131, 132, 133, 139, 141, Mahmud (sultan), 48 147, 149, 243, 254, 270 Mailapur and independence of the Malay See São Tomé de Meliapor Peninsula, 18, 245, 252 Malaysians, 149 Portuguese migration from Malacca males to, 7, 61 Eurasian, as portrayed in literature, private trade at, 61 249, 252–53

14 Portuguese_1.indd 313 10/31/11 10:17:21 AM 314 Index

Mamay, Suba Camotim, 26 Merdeka, 245 Manchorjee, Nusretjee, 116 mestiços, 138, 169 Mandelslo, Albert de, 32 See also Luso-Asians Mangalore Mestizos cantigas (folksongs) of, 184 of East Timor, 11, 132, 134 Manú (fictional character), 229–31, mestizos 234 of the Spice Islands, 11, 132, 136 mapas See also Luso-Asians See population surveys Methuen Treaty, 109 See also demography Mezzabarba, Carlos Melchior, 86 Marata Midnight’s Children (Rushdie), 230 Hindu speakers of, 230 migration Marbeck, Joan Margaret, 195 Eurasian, 139–50 Mardijkers to Hong Kong, 206 of Indonesia, 11, 132, 136 Luso-Asian, 7, 14, 16, 140–41, See also Luso-Asians 143, 147, 150 Maria I (queen), 38 Luso-Asian English speakers, 11, Marquês de Alorna (Pedro Miguel 140–41, 143, 150 Almeida Portugal), 76 Luso-Asian, post-World War II, 11, Mascarenhas, Vasco, 70 141–50 Masulipatnam (Massulipatão), 74 to Macao, 206 Maya, Thomas de, 73 to Makassar, 7, 63 McCormack, Charles, 217 within Portuguese Asian McGilvray, Dennis, 198 communities, 137, 165 McPherson, Kenneth, 108 post-World War II, from Hong medicine, practice of, 6 Kong, 14, 16, 218, 220 Ayurvedic, 37, 40, 41 as a result of racism in Hong Kong, hybridization of, 23, 33–35, 42 218–19 indigenous, 23, 26–30, 32–38, military 40–42 campaigns Western, 27, 30, 35 official, 53 Melo, António de Castro, 110 unofficial, 53 Melo, Francisco de, 120 leadership, 55 Melo, Sebastião José de Carvalho e service by Portuguese in British Melo (Marquês de Pombal), 156 Asia, 207 Mendonça, Eucaristino, 235 Ministry of Education (Portugal), xi Menezes, Vasco Fernandes César de, Miranda, Eufemiano de Jesus, 230 75 Miranda, Manuel João da Piedade Mercado, João, 119 (fictional character) merchants See Manú (fictional character) at Calcutta, 10, 114–17 Miranda, Sebastião de, 75 at Malacca, 1 miscegenation, 132–33, 242, 250, 255 Hindu, 26 and Portuguese identity, 240

14 Portuguese_1.indd 314 10/31/11 10:17:21 AM Index 315

Mombasa, 7, 59 Negeri Sembilan, 248 Monção (Devi), 231 Nekhna¯m, Kha¯n, 70 Mondlane, Eduardo, 265 neorealism, 243 Moura, Manuel Pires de, 97 , 139, 142, 147 Mozambique, 265 See also Dutch (people) Mughal Empire Neto, Agostinho, 265 conquest of Golconda, 72 Neto, João Cabral de Melo, 268 relations with the Portuguese, New Bedford, 267 72–75, 119 New Conquests, 11 mui-tsai, 251 incorporation into Goa, 161 See also slavery population, 12 multiculturalism, 250 Christian, 168–69 See also Lusotropicalism non-Christian, 168 Murshidabad, 112 statistics, 161, 163 Muslims See also Goa of the Old Conquests, 169 New England population Portuguese-speaking community of, in Portuguese Asia, 168 267 registries of, 160 nhonhas, 243, 249 Myanmar, 181 nicknames Baningyis of, 11, 131–32, 135 Portuguese Creole, in Macao, 187 See also Burma Nicote, Felipe de Brito e, 106 Night Fell in December, The (Senna diocese of, 111 Fernandes) See also São Tomé de Meliapor See A Noite Caíu em Dezembro mysticism Night of a Thousand Blossoms (Gaspar), sexual, 250 20, 267 See also Lusotropicalism “Nina, Boboi, Nina” (cantiga / myths folksong), 192 about Portuguese colonialism, 242, Noble Senate of Macao, 9, 90–92, 94, 249, 255, 262 98–103 exit strategies from, 262 and the 1721 Portuguese embassy to Siam, 8, 88–89, 92–98 Nabuco, Joaquim, 179 Noite Caíu em Dezembro, A (Senna Nagasaki, 267 Fernandes), 246 Nam Van (Senna Fernandes), 245, nonas, 242, 249 250, 254 Noronha, António José de namban screens, 267 See Purificação, António da Naraï (king), 83, 86 Noronha, Carmo de, 236 National Revolution (Thailand), 83 Noronha, Miguel de (fourth Conde de Native Christians (of Singapore), 134 Linhares), 6–7, 48, 50, 58–60 nativism Northern Enclaves in , 232, 234–35 cantigas (folksongs) of, 185

14 Portuguese_1.indd 315 10/31/11 10:17:22 AM 316 Index

“Nossa Pátria na Malásia, A” in Malacca, 190 (Agualusa), 270 in South Asia, 183–84 Notturno Indiano (Tabucchi), 262 Papia Kristang (language), 244 Nusa Tenggara See also Kristang (language) Larantuqueiros of, 11, 132, 134 Paraguay River, 265 Oi-ya Sennerat, 88 pardos Olangapo, 267 as a demographic classification, 160 Old Conquests, 12, 161 in Diu, 171 migration within, 165 in Goa, 169–70 Muslims of, 169 parrots native Christians of, 169 attributes of, in folklore, 13, population, 12 178–86, 193–94, 197–98 Portuguese, 170 as a folk motif, 179–81 statistics, 163 in literature socio-religious composition of, Brazilian, 183 170–71 Portuguese, 182–83 “One Arm and Another Arm” Psittaciformes, 179 (Gaspar), 268 as a shared cultural icon, 178, 197 “One Thousand Blossoms” (Gaspar), Parsurama, 231 268 “Pasarinya Berdi” (cantiga / folksong), organisations 196–97 as a medium for cultural “Passarinho Berde” (cantiga / transmission, 241 folksong), 192–95 , 260 Passos, Joana, 235 social, 241 Patuá (language), 244 Orta, Garcia da pau cobra, 37 See da Orta, Garcia Pearson, M.N., 109 Osório, Horácio (Ozo), 215 Pedro II (king), 72 , 137 Pacific Ocean People of the Pear Tree, The (Shelley), maritime commerce, 1 243, 245, 248, 251–52 Padroado Real, 70, 75, 111–12 Pereira, Francisco, 75–76 Pais, Epitácio, 233 Pereira, João Feliciano Marques, 187–88 Pantanal, 265 Pessoa, Fernando, 268 Pantulu, Ma¯dana¯nta, 72 Phaulkon, Constantine, 137 “Papagaio Verde” (cantiga / folksong), Phetracha (king), 83 13 relations with the Portuguese, 84 cultural legacy of, 13 Philippines, 9 in Indo-Portuguese communities, relations with Siam, 89, 91–92 178, 197–98 trade with Siam, 84, 91 in Luso-Asian communities, 178, Piedade, Luís da, 71, 72, 73 197–98 pilots (air force) in Macao, 187 Chinese, 216

14 Portuguese_1.indd 316 10/31/11 10:17:22 AM Index 317

Pinha, Maria Guyomar de, 137 slave, 160, 163, 169–71, 173 Pinheiro, José, 69 statistics Pinto, Fernão Mendes, 83 See specific locations Pinto, Manuel Teixeira, 73 of Timor, 12, 156–57, 161, 163 Pires, Tomé, 1, 133 population surveys (mapas), 12, 155, Placidus (Placido Albrecht de Valcio), 157–58, 161, 163, 166–67, 87 171–72 plants, medicinal manuscript sources, 174 See simples Portugal poetry cultural exchanges with Luso-Asia, Goan, 229, 233, 235 260–61 Hindu, 232 Estado Novo, 264 Portuguese, 182–83 and Genoa, 1 Portuguese-American, 266–70 neutral status of, World War II, style of, in cantigas (folksongs), 193 206, 247 Sufi, 268 population Poivre, Pierre, 84 overseas, 157 political arithmetic, 12, 155, 156 surveys (mapas), 157 politics quincentennary observations, 2 cultural, 20, 260 See also Estado da Índia ecclesiastical, of , 111 See also Pombal, Marquês de (Sebastião José de Portugal, Luís da Costa, 35 Carvalho e Melo), 156 Portugal, Pedro Miguel Almeida population (Marquês de Alorna), 76 classifications, 12, 144, 147, Portuguese (language) 158–60 as a literary medium, 260–63, 268 of Daman, 12, 160–61, 163 Portuguese (people) of Diu, 12, 160–61, 163 in Bengal, 106, 108–10, 112, 114, of the Estado da Índia, 12, 155 122 of Goa, 12, 155, 157–58, 160–61, in British Asia, 205 163, 165 colonial military service, 207 Hindu, 160, 168 term qualified, 206 of Ilhas de Goa, 156, 165, 170 in Chandernagore, 113 of India, 165 classified as “third nationals”, 14, of Macao, 12, 156–57, 160–61, 210–11 163 collaboration of Malacca, 51 with Allied resistance, 215–17 Muslim, 160, 168 with the British in Hong Kong, of the New Conquests, 12, 161, 216 163, 168–69 with the British in Macao, 214 of the Old Conquests, 12, 163, 170 employed by the Japanese during of Portuguese Asia, 167–68, 172, occupation of Hong Kong, 240 211

14 Portuguese_1.indd 317 10/31/11 10:17:23 AM 318 Index

in Hong Kong, 205–06, 208 Portuguese empire, 2, 23, 25, 33, 68, in Hugli, 110 107, 109, 133, 150, 161, 242, identification as being, 6, 8, 137, 262 220 of the Estado Novo, 264 in Macao, 206 land empire, shift to, 6, 60 migration of “renascent”, 71 to Hong Kong, 206 “shadow”, 8, 68, 240 to Macao, 206 See also Estado da Índia and the Mughal Empire, 119 Portuguese Eurasians in occupied Malaya, 206, 212–13 collaboration with the British in occupied Singapore, 206, 212–13 in Hong Kong, 247–48 population, in Goa, 170 in Singapore, 247–48 relations with Phetracha, 84 in Japanese internment camps, 248 resilience of, 68, 75 of Malacca, 139, 249–50 as a “rootless tribe”, 84 of the Malay Peninsula, 247 See also Indo-Portuguese volunteer companies, World War II, See also Hong Kong Portuguese 247–48 See also Macanese Portuguese-American culture, 20, fluctuating populations of, 171–72 268–69 Portuguese India Company, 7, 58, 59 Portuguese Asia “Portuguese and Luso-Asian Legacies decline of, 107–08 in , 1511–2011” population, 161, 172, 240 (conference), 2–4 Hindu, 168 Portuguese Overseas Council, 25, 38, Muslim, 168 156, 158 non-Christian, 168 Portuguese Volunteers, 210, 212, 217 religious composition of, 167 postmodernism, 243 socio-religious composition of, 172 Praças do Norte, 156 , 11, 132–33, Praclâ, 98 140, 143, 147, 186, 198 print and White Australia policy, 143 as a medium for cultural See also Luso-Asians transmission, 241 Portuguese communities, 84, 90, 91, professions 110, 252 of the Portuguese, in British Asia, of British Asia, 205–13, 217–20 10, 109, 120, 207 Portuguese culture, 20, 262 Propaganda Fide Portuguese descendants (descendentes), See Congregation of Propaganda 11, 13, 18, 112, 123, 241, 243, Fide 264 property Portuguese embassy conflicts, in Bandel (of Hugli), from Macao to Siam in 1721, 8, 119–20 88–89 purchase of, in Calcutta, 10, 119 documents, 92–98 sale of, at Hugli, 10, 119

14 Portuguese_1.indd 318 10/31/11 10:17:24 AM Index 319

Provincetown, 267 River of Roses, A (Shelley), 245, 253 Pulau Malacca, 54 Rocha, Leopoldo da, 16, 230, 234 Purificação, António da (António José Casa Grande e Outras Recordações de de Noronha), 76 um Velho Goês, 234–35 Purificação, Francisco da, 111 Rocha, Maria Elsa da, 236 Rodrigues (guerrilla), 217 Quadros, Jeronymo, 185 Rodrigues, Alberto de Meneses, 236 Queirós, Manuel de, 90, 94 Rodrigues, Alberto Maria, 212, 213, quincentennary observations 219 by Portugal, 2 Roiz, Pedro, 94 Qutb Sha¯hı¯ dynasty, 72 Roman Catholicism See Catholicism racial disturbances Roman Catholics against Hong Kong Portuguese, See Catholics 218–19 romanticism, 243 raíz de cobra, 39 in Goan literature, 233 Ra¯ma Ra¯ja (Rama Raza), 68, 72 Rosário, Francisco (“Francis”), 122 ranchos Rosário, Manuel de, 115 of São Tomé de Meliapor, 73 Rothwell, Phillip, 242 Rangel, Constantino Sardinha, 71 Royal Air Force, 215 reconstruction Royal Botanic Gardens, 36 post-World War II, 218 Royal Military Hospital, 5, 23–33, 36, Reeves, John, 214 38, 40, 42 Rêgo, António da Silva, 87, 190–92 gardens, 23–33, 36, 40, 42 Reid, Anthony, 83 Jesuits at the, 26–29 reinóis, 138, 160, 169 pharmacy, 24–26, 31, 37, 40 religion staff, 24–25, 27–28, 31, 34–38, 40 as a demographic classification, 160 Rumi, 268 as a division between Hindus and rupture Catholics, 230 as a theme in Goan literature, 16, marriage based on, 208 230, 232 as a medium for cultural ruralization transmission, 241 of Goa, 165 religions Rushdie, Salman, 230 Eastern, 20, 263–64 Midnight’s Children, 230 See also Buddhism; Catholicism; Hinduism Sá, Constantino de, 59 Repulse Bay, 210 Saint Rezende, Pedro Barreto de, 69 See São Francisco Xavier Ribeiro, G.A.V., 215 Saint Luiz Gonzaga School (Hong Ribeiro, Manuel, 96 Kong), 214 Rifle Club (Hong Kong), 207 Saint Paul’s Hospital (Hong Kong), Rivara, J.H. da Cunha, 111 219

14 Portuguese_1.indd 319 10/31/11 10:17:24 AM 320 Index

Saint-Hilaire, Jean de, 75 Shamshuipo Salazar, António de Oliveira, prisoner of war camp, 212, 213 regime of, 134, 234, 264 Shaw, Mrs. Sebastian, 114 Saldanha, Manuel, 85 Shelley, Rex Anthony, 17, 242–44 Sales, Arnaldo de Oliveira, 214 compared with Henrique Senna San Antonio, Gabriel Quiroga, 106 Fernandes, 244 “Sanctuaries” (Gaspar), 269 Cultures of the World: Japan and sandalwood, 37 Culture Shock, 245 Sanskrit, 265 Dr. Paglar: Everyman’s Hero, 246 Santa Anna, Diogo de, 59–60 Island in the Centre, 245, 254 Santa Maria, André de, 69 People of the Pear Tree, The, 243, Santa Theresa, Inácio de, 76 245, 248, 251–52 Santhome River of Roses, A, 245, 253 See São Tomé de Meliapor Shrimp People, The, 245, 249–50, Santo António, Tomás de, 74 253 Santos, Luís Roiz dos, 93–94, 96 Sounds and Sins of , and São Francisco Xavier, 264 Other Nonsense, 245 São Tomé de Meliapor, 7, 67–77 themes in works by, 18 conquest of by shipping the French, 8, 70 Dutch, 51–52 Golconda, 8, 70 Portuguese, 51 customs collection at, 71, 73–74 ships and the Dutch, 70 at Calcutta, 115–16 independent status of, 68–69 Shrimp People, The (Shelley), 245, internal conflicts at, 8, 75 249–50, 253 ranchos of, 73 Siam reinstitution of the Portuguese at, “hermit kingdom”, 8, 83 71–72, 75 loan to Macao, 85 as a religious centre, 69, 74, 77 and the Noble Senate of Macao, 8, Sarkissian, Margaret, 186, 198 88–89, 92–98 sarsaparilla, 41 and the 1721 Portuguese embassy Sasebo, 267 from Macao, 8, 88–89, 92–98 scholarship relations contemporary themes in Portuguese with Cochinchina, 87 and Luso-Asian studies, 3 external, 83–84, 92 Sedaris, David, 181 with Macao, 8, 85–87, 92–98 Sena, Jorge de, 179 with , 92 Senna Fernandes, Henrique with the Philippines, 89, 91 See Fernandes, Henrique Senna trade Seranis, 242, 249 with the Dutch, 84 “Seven Roses” (Gaspar), 268 with Macao, 9, 85–87, 90 “shadow empire”, 8, 240 with the Philippines, 84, 91 Shambaji, 72 See also Thailand

14 Portuguese_1.indd 320 10/31/11 10:17:25 AM Index 321

Sign of Ira, The (Costa) Moluccan, 137 See Signo da Ira, O Portuguese-speaking, 138 Signo da Ira, O (Costa), 233 as soldiers, 55 Silva Rêgo, António da in Sri Lanka, 133 See Rêgo, António da Silva Sri Lankan, 131 Silva (João?) Matheus Carneiro da, 75 in Timor, 163 simples (medicinal plants), 5, 25–28, Timorese, 135 31–32, 36–39 Soares, António, 87, 90–91 Singapore, 18, 134 1721 letters of, 87, 92–96 Chinatown riots, 245 Soares, Gaspar, 53 Eurasians in, 247 soldiers, and independence of the Malay lack of, 55, 57 Peninsula, 243, 252 living conditions, 54 occupied, 14 slave, 55 Portuguese in, 206, 212–13 Soto, João Gomes de, 110–11, straits, 58, 61–62 114–15 Singapore Eurasian Volunteer Sounds and Sins of Singlish, and Other Company Nonsense (Shelley), 245 in Malacca, 207 South China Sea Singaporeans, 149 maritime commerce, 1 “Singelle Nona” (cantiga / folksong), Souza, Luis Carlos Rozario, 217 192 Spice Islands, “Singlish” (language), 244 mestizos of the, 11, 136 Siqueira, Lopes Vaz de, 90 Sri Lanka, Siraj-ud-daulah, 112 cantigas (folksongs) of, 184, 186–87 Sitamarât, 98 Dutch presence in, 138 Sitsayamkan, Luang, 137 Portuguese Burghers of, 11, 132– slaves 33, 140, 143, 147, 186, 198 African, 133, 135, 169 Sri Lankans Balinese, 133, 137 in Anglophone countries, 147, 148 in Batavia, 137 See also Portuguese Burghers Bugis, 133 Stanley (prisoner of war camp), 212, Chinese, 169, 248, 250 213, 216 in Daman, 171 British bankers interned at, 217 in Diu, 171 Stealing Fatima (Gaspar), 267 female sexual, in China, 248, 250 Stoler, Ann Laura, 253 in Goa, 160, 170 straits Indian, 131, 137 of Malacca, 1 Javanese, 133 Singapore, 56, 59, 60 Luso-Asians as descendants of, 131 Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 57, 60, 106, in Macao, 135, 171 110 in Malacca, 133 Sufi poetry, 268 Makassarese, 133 Suharto, 266

14 Portuguese_1.indd 321 10/31/11 10:17:25 AM 322 Index

Súria (Devi), 232 topazes swastika See as a symbol in Eastern religions, Tournon, Carlo Tomaso Maillard de, 263–64 75, 86, 111 Tournon, Charles Maillard de Tabucchi, Antonio, 262 See Tournon, Carlo Tomaso Notturno Indiano, 262 Maillard de Taisra (king), 84 trade Taksin (king), 136 Anglo-Portuguese, 109 tamarind, 42 at Ayutthaya, 9, 90 Távora, Francisco da (Conde de at Calcutta, 114–16 Alvor), 71 in the Indian Ocean, 116–17 “Tea with Essence of Cherry” (Senna and Indo-Portuguese professions, Fernandes) 10, 109 See “Chá com Essência de Cereja” at Malacca, 48–49, 59–61 Teachings of Buddha, The (Gaspar), at Makassar, 63 267–68 Portuguese India Company, 58 Teixeira, David, 192 risk associated with, 59 Teles, Francisco, 89, 90, 96 traders temples Dutch, 51, 138 Hindu, 235, 263 Indo-Portuguese, 112, 121–22 at São Tomé de Meliapor, 68 Portuguese, in Hong Kong, (Indonesia), 136 207–08 Ternate (Philippines), 136 private, 58, 60–61 Ternateno-Chavacano, 136 Trança Feiticeira (Senna Fernandes), Thailand 18, 246–47, 251 Luso-Siamese of, 11, 135 Treaty of Madrid, 157 National Revolution, 83 tropics See also Siam literary portrayal of sexuality in the, Thich Quang Duc 250–51 See Duc, Thich Quang “third nationals” United States Army Air Forces Japanese classification category, 14, Fourteenth Air Force, 215 206, 210–11 United States Office of Strategic Thomas, Saint (the apostle), 68, 77 Services Timor at Macao, 215 population, 12 Último Olhar de Manú Miranda, O statistics, 156–57, 161, 163 (Costa), 229–31 See also East Timor University of Bristol, xi Tooke, William, 112 University of Massachusetts topasses, 133–34 Dartmouth, 269 of Chandernagore, 112 University of Minnesota, xi See also Indo-Portuguese (people) University of Toledo, xi

14 Portuguese_1.indd 322 10/31/11 10:17:26 AM Index 323

Urban Council (Hong Kong), 219 World War II Uttar Pradesh, 234 impact of, on Portuguese communities, Valcio, Placido Albrecht de (Placidus), 205–06, 219–20, 252 87 on Portuguese Eurasian Vasconcellos, José Leite de, 179, 181 communities, 248 Venice, 1 writers Venkata II (emperor), 75 Eurasian Venkatadri, Chinna, 72, 73 in English, 242 Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie in Portuguese, 242 (VOC) about Goa, 261–62 See Dutch East India Company Goan, 16, 261–62 War, 267, 269 Indo-Portuguese, 16, 229, 232–33, Vivanco, Pedro de, 122 236 VOC See Dutch East India Company Xavier, Bernard, 215 Xricanta (fictional character), 229–31 Walcheren (ship), 52 “Way That Can Be Spoken of Is Not the Way, The” (Gaspar), 268 Yaqub Kha¯n, 74 White Australia Policy, 143 Yusuf (sultan), 59 Wild Boars of Codval, The (Pais) See Javalis de Codval, Os zedoaria, 42 Wordie, Jason, 208, 209, 218 Županov, Ines, 68

14 Portuguese_1.indd 323 10/31/11 10:17:26 AM