Harmonizing Gender Role in the Process of Commercialization

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01 , JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

Harmonizing Gender Role In The Process Of Commercialization

Anna Pudianti, Atiek Suprapti, Joesron Alie Syahbana

Abstract: Gabugan is one of the villages in Yogyakarta that is transformed into a tourist village. Transformation in rural areas is needed to adapt to the changing of internal and external conditions. The phenomenon that occurred in the village Gabugan is unique, because of its gender influence in the process of commercialization to become rural tourism. This study aims to find out the role of gender in rural transformation in order to explore the positive gender issue for the sustainability of tourist villages. The study uses a mixed-method with the interpretative qualitative approach by looking at the historical background of the formation until it was transformed into a tourist village and quantitative approach to analyze the development of the surrounding of the village. The results of the study show the differences in the transformation between the core regions of Gabugan and the outer region. The core area is the territory of the offspring of the founding fathers, and the outer regions are descended from the maternal line of the founder of Gabugan. The outer core area of Gabugan undergoes a transformation faster than the core region. Harmonizing of gender role influence transformation in Gabugan tourist village as a positive strength of the commercialization process.

Index Terms: commercialization process, gender role, rural tourism, transformation process ——————————  —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION Transformation in rural areas is one manifestation of the desire And if the spatial analysis could be done to analyze the rural of rural communities to develop. The form of rural growth, the results are less accurate. Spatial changes in rural transformation in Yogyakarta is a modification from an areas actually occur due to the process of urbanization in the agricultural village into a tourist village and or into an industrial form of land use in suburban areas for the expansion of urban village. Of the 81 villages in Yogyakarta that have been settlements. The decreasing farmland in the peri-urban region transformed, there are 17 villages transformed into industry- of Yogyakarta, during 20 years (between 1990 and 2010), was based tourist villages and 64 nature-based tourism villages 142.7 km2 and converted into built-up land, notably for (Fig.1). Empirically, on a residential level, transformation can residential use [6]. In fact, the transformation could be be observed visually through changes in building shape [1], happening without any spatial change like some cases of rural building additions [2], as well as increased intensity of non- tourism village. The unique phenomenon that occurs in tourist agricultural activities [3], [4]. villages in Yogyakarta is just the opposite of the widely happen in Yogyakarta. In the case of rural transformation into a nature- based tourist village, spatially there is no significant change. Sleman Regency has 29 tourist villages based on nature and culture with low spatial development, but the transformation exists. Gabugan which is the case study in this paper is one of them, and it was taken as the subject of the study because of their unique phenomena of transformation in the framework of their local wisdom. The uniqueness of Gabugan is in gender issues. Various studies on rural tourism have raised gender as one of the driving forces of tourism [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]. The role of gender in improving the economy of the community through the development of tourism villages has been widely discussed [9], [12] especially in managing the provision of food Fig. 1. Distribution of Tourist Village Locations and Types of and in-house facilities. Globally, gender issues are quite Transformation in Yogyakarta. Source: modification from [5] diverse issues [13] from income gaps between men and women, differences in gender roles in culture, education and At the macro level, transformations can be observed spatially politics [14], and problems directly related to women's bodies. through mapping of built-up areas in a period of time [6] as a Gender issues in architectural and urban contexts have not configuration form of urbanization. But since villages been widely discussed. Various literature from the perspective characterized by low population growth, it is not too easy to of gender in architecture is mostly described in the form of observe in spatial growth. gender territoriality at micro-level [14], [15] and gender roles in housing development [16],. In Gabugan, gender issues have ———————————————— different perspectives even though they are in the vernacular territorial transformation space. Kwolek-Folland’s[17] research • Anna Pudianti is currently pursuing a doctoral degree program in found four concepts that can be developed as a direction of Architecture and Urbanism Doctoral Program, Engineering Faculty gender studies in vernacular architecture namely 1) gender as in Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang and a lecturer in Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta E-mail: [email protected] a structural category, 2) gender as a chronological category, 3) • Atiek Suprapti and Joesron Alie Syahbana are currently the gender as a category of fragmentation, and 4) gender as dissertation supervisor of Architecture and Urbanism Doctoral experience category. Phenomena that occur in Gabugan Program, Engineering Faculty in Universitas Diponegoro, tourism villages are classified in the gender study group based Semarang. on structural categories since the gender role in rural transformation is related to the social system that exists in the Javanese culture of Yogyakarta. The Javanese culture often

regarded as a developmental inhibiting factor [18] but Gabugan is just the opposite. So the purpose of this paper is to formulate positive gender aspects in rural transformation of Yogyakarta in order to find the sustainability aspect of tourist villages. Therefore, it is important to do research on attempts to give knowledge contribution by examining the mapping of rural tourism settings, the social capital aspects and the variety of transformation potential factors to improve the program of developing rural tourism.

2 METHOD The mix method research study was applied to observe the transformation of settlement by the locals before and after the commercialization process of rural tourism. In-depth interviews with the local leaders who play a role in the transformation process are conducted in three stages. The first stage, interviewing all owners or residents of the homestay to explore the basic data of the transformation process. Second, the in- depth interview with the locals both from the inner lineage from Figure 2. Gabugan Village Tourism the founding father and the maternal line of founding father. The third step is of analyzing gender relations to the potential The rural atmosphere in this village with its culture of of transformation. By synthesizing these relationships, gender community life is still very thick. The ease of accessibility did roles in maintaining transformation could be explored for the not affect the social life of the people. The ancestral belief in a future and for another village with a similar situation. Data local culture still exists such as maintaining respect for the collection is done through secondary and primary data village founding father, maintaining land ownership for the collection, through interviews, documentation, and field inner family (families who still had bloodlines with the observation. Secondary data includes demographical data. forerunner or village ancestor). Gabugan village is the center Primary data includes socio-cultural condition of the people, of the "kademangan" government (a system of government condition of the spatial artifacts and the cultural perspective of under the district in the Dutch era) led by a Demang, the first space, and public participation regarding the transformation Demang named Kyai Kertorejo I. The demang figure is a process. Result and analysis use qualitative logic and verbal descendant of Sultan Hadiwidjaja from Pajang, from the 10th analysis in Gabugan. The meaning of the analysis expands lineage who has nine children and most of them live around the empirical truth for the sensual empirics. Result and Gabugan (interview with local leader and reinforced by the analysis is an imagery of the potentials in public participation, book breed). Sultan Hadiwijaya is the founder and the first king socio-culture, spatial architecture, especially in gender issue. of the Sultanate of Pajang, the regime before the glorious Thus, the answer to why the transformation effort was kingdom of Mataram Yogyakarta. He ruled from 1549 to successful in the Gabugan maternal line but could be aligned 1582. The kinship ties in the Gabugan are still very strong, as with efforts to maintain the tradition of limiting changes in land evidenced by several agreements within the inner Demang ownership in the family lineAlong with the qualitative process, family to keep land assets still belonging to a family of breeds. the spatial analysis was also carried out to illustrate the Fig.3 shows the area of Demang’s house (yellow area) and the context of transformation in the external environment of the land owned by Demang which has now been inherited (blue surrounding villages. The context needs to be analyzed to see area). Demang house area is surrounded by guards' houses whether the changes occurring around the village are affected (orange area in Fig. 4) as part of the security strategy. Guards by changes in the environment. who have served Demang for a long time were given land rights in their place of residence. While the relatives of 3 BACKGROUND OF GABUGAN VILLAGE Demang's wife stayed in a part of the west side (purple area Fig.5). 3.1 Gabugan before Transformation Gabugan tourist village is 17 km from the center of Yogyakarta. Gabugan tourist village is located in Donokerto Village, Turi District, Sleman Regency. Access to the village is quite easy with main access splitting the village into four parts. Gabugan tourist village covers four Rukun Tetangga (Rukun Tetangga (RT) means harmonious neighborhood and it is the smallest administrative neighborhood system in Indonesia) (Fig 2). Each Rukun Tetangga has its own leader.

Fig.3 The Whole of Demang Land

built-up areas map in the 10 years periods (2000 and 2010) (Fig. 6) were used and supplemented by population growth in the Donokerto sub-district, where Gabugan is located (Table 3). Due to the availability of the data, the map of the surrounding case study was delineated from the area of 1,600 Ha with a village study as a center. To make it a clear picture of Gabugan, it is also drawn with Pentingsari in Umbulharjo sub-district as a comparison.

Fig. 4. Distribution of Inherited Land after Demang

3.2 Gabugan during Commercialization Process From 2004 to 2005 through the initiative of a teacher from Gabugan who worked in Jakarta, in collaboration with local leader Gabugan, the village was introduced to his students as a rural area, with a dragon fruit farmer's lifestyle, to be used as a location for student learning. Since then, Gabugan village has come to be known as an agro-tourism area. Activities as a tourist village began in 2005 - 2011. Travelers who visited the Gabugan tourist village were dominated by life in students through collaboration with several schools in Jakarta, and several tourists who experienced the harvest process on the dragon fruit plantation. During the commercialization process, some houses became tourist lodgings, called a homestay and some others become tourist facilities such as meeting places Fig. 5. Built-up Area Changing between 2000 and 2010 and fish ponds. However, the interesting fact is that homestays (Analysis 2018) appear mostly in the area of maternal line family inheritance Source: [19] than in other areas (Table 1).

Gabugan and Pentingsari both are rural villages in northern Table 1. Tourism Facility in Each Area Sleman District, but Gabugan is classified as a village with an Function The total facility in each land initial level of development compared to Pentingsari which is Maternal Guard Paternal line area line area area the highest level from the three levels set by the government Homestay 35 11 7 (Disbudpar, 2012). From the built-up area analysis (Fig. 5), Meeting place 2 there are no significant changes in terms of the added built-up Fish ponds 1 3 area. Both of them are in a slow-growing environment Spatially Source: survey, 2016 and demographically, compared with Pentingsari (table 3), Gabugan is in an area that is a very slow growth area with 0% Table 2. Comparison of Rural Tourism Visitor development of the built-up area and -7% of the population Year Total visitor during the last ten years. However, Gabugan and Pentingsari Gabugan Pentingsari in some areas also experienced a transformation in the form of 2004 75 rural tourism, the transformation could be seen at the 2005 719 household level. The transformation could only be observed 2006 110 2007 40 from changes in the room function of some house classified in 2008 0 998 three typologies of change. 2009 427 5,332 2010 584 9,581 Table 3. Build-up and Population Growth of Gabugan and 2011 1,595 19,932 Pentingsari during 2000-2010 2012 2,272 30,900 Umbulharjo Sub- 2013 745 26,685 Location Donokerto Sub-District 2014 2,255 29,060 District 2015 1,084 22,429 Year 2000 2010 2000 2010 Source: survey, 2016 Sample of built-up 323.72 323.72 348.16 348.18 To illustrate the condition of the transformation development in area (Ha) Dev’t of built-up Gabugan village, table 1 shows the total visitor of Gabugan 0% 0% compared with the Pentingsari village, representing the best area (a) rural tourism villages in 2016 in Sleman. It can be concluded Population 8924 8331 3969 4721 that Gabugan transformed slowly. Total area (Ha) 741 741 826 826 3.3. The Driving Force of the Commercialization Process Density 12.04 11.24 4.81 5.72 To describe the development of Gabugan surrounding area,

open to change. Whereas inner lineage residents have more Dev’t of population -7% 19% pride in their lineage and their lives are far more established. density (b) The peoples of inner lineage do not feel the need to open his Conclusion home as a homestay. Financially they do not need it, and Very low growing area Low growing area (a + b) socially there is a feeling of being unworthy to serve guests in Source: Analysis, 2018 from [20], [21], [22], [23], [23]. their home. The third group, although they also feel free to change, they need someone to take the initiative as the leader There are similarities in the changes in the three types, which of change. It seems that the changes that occurred in the are changes in the layout plan in the front area of the house. maternal area are a result of a free decision-making process. The first type is changes in the front sleeping area into a Why did they make the decision to change? Is it true that tourist bedroom. Second, the change in the living room decision making is related to gender issues? This can be becomes the tourist attraction area (processing dragon fruit answered by discussing the decision-making process. crackers). And the third type is the change of the 'pendapa' Qualitatively, the results of in-depth interviews show that there (opened layout room of Joglo’s house) functions from the outer is a connection between the differences in position within living room into a tourist meeting place or the tourism village Demang family members with how they make a decision. The secretariat. inner Demang family has strong ties with other fellow members in making decisions relating to the inheritance land of Demang. This is because there are internal rules to keep 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION the inheritance land as the right of the heirs and prohibited to During the transformation process, gender issues began to be traded to people outside the heirs. The tradition of making emerge, but in a positive way. In their position as descendants decisions between the inner lineage causes obstacles in of the mother line, they felt free to change their village into a responding to plans for change. Conversely, for those of tourist village, while the inner circle of Demang maintains the maternal line descent, the desire to improve well-being authenticity of the village. Most of the inner circle of Demang, accelerates decision making to change. There are no cultural because of their higher financial ability, were highly educated barriers to change. With the support of an initiator, the formal and worked in big cities. Meanwhile, many people from the leader began the change by accepting in-house tourists in maternal line were living in villages and trying to improve their several homes around his residence. The agent of change is welfare through rural tourism. To achieve the goal of improving formal local leaders who are driven by families who work as prosperity and advancing the village, a teacher from Gabugan teachers in Jakarta. In Indonesia, teachers have a respected village who worked in a large city took the initiative to invite position in society. In addition, the position as an outside line students from urban areas to stay in the village and get to makes him free to do something new. But to make Gabugan know village life. This event started the transformation of the more developed requires more than an initiator and formal village into a tourist village. Since 2005, with the help of local local leader. Leaders can come from anywhere, but the leaders, the village has slowly become known as a tourist important thing is that he must be someone who is respected village. And the initial initiator of the tourist village and by the Gabugan community as the real leader. In this case, the residents involved in the activity were residents who lived in leader from the maternal line has less power for the whole the purple area. This means that they are from the mother's community. The real leader is the Demang who still has power line. After being designated as a tourist village, residents from even though he has died a long time ago. There is a need for descendants of guardians also participated (Fig. 5). That's why people to protect their needs for change by someone they most homestays are in purple and orange areas. Nowadays, respect. So it is important for leaders to be free from gender participation in tourism activities has actually been more issues that limit the pace of movement. Cultural barriers evenly distributed, Demang's direct descendants have taken related to gender need to be given away out so that progress part in the form of services such as guides, managers and can be achieved, but gender uniqueness also needs to be presenters of tourist attractions. The participation of residents maintained as part of the local identity of a region. Compare of the direct residents of Demang has not been much involved. within another country even women have no right to inherit the The family's reasons for their unwillingness to become land, like in India and also in Africa [24], but in Gabugan homestays are those related to the social hierarchy. The noble Demang’s wife has her own land inherited equally to the family in Java has high prestige. Serving guests in their homes inheritance rights of sons. The culture barrier of gender in is an unusual activity. Cultural change needs to be done Gabugan's case didn’t come from the difference of gender slowly. Young people who are currently active in tourism itself but from a patrilineal strong tradition of conserving the village activities are generations that have never felt the land for the inward family. And its strong tradition became a triumph of Demang, so this young generation makes it barrier to change. Precisely what happens is the possible to guard the change in the future. harmonization of gender roles where the female lineage

begins the commercialization process while the male lineage 4.1. Gender Role in the Commercialization Process maintains the tradition of preservation of land ownership. From in-depth interviews, it was revealed that there were three groups of people who described three hierarchies. The highest 4.2. Gender Zone as Potential Resource of Rural Tourism hierarchy is the direct bloodline of the patrilineal system, called The existence of a gender zone does not mean downplaying the inner lineage. The next layer is the lineage of the one gender group, but rather becomes a cultural wealth that Demang’s wife, called the outer lineage. And the third is holds the values of local wisdom. In contrast to Aryati’s ordinary people who in the past were the guards of Demang findings [8], that in the Sultanate Palace the gender space and his family. In the illustration of Fig. 5, it is seen that more reflecting invisible space from outsider to make it privately homestays are found in the area which is in the maternal line space, in Gabugan gender zone showing the vision of area. This is because they, who are outside lineages, are more 3796 IJSTR©2020 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01 , JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

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