Moloka`I Community Plan Update Planning Department /CPAC / Molokai PC Draft

Moloka`i Community Plan Update Planning Department /CPAC / Molokai PC Draft

Prepared for: Maui County Council

County of Maui - Department of Planning May 2016 MAUI COUNTY MAUI COUNCIL REVIEW DRAFT Moloka`i Community Plan

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

MOLOKA`I PLANNING COMMISSION

Michael Jennings (Chair) Douglas Rogers (Vice-Chair) Billy Buchanan Ron Davis Zhantell Dudoit Lawrence Lasua Marshall Racine Diane Swenson Wiliama Akutagawa

MOLOKA`I COMMUNITY PLAN ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Steve Chaikin (Chair) Lance “Kip” Dunbar (Vice-Chair) Pi`ilani Augustiro Dathan Bicoy Lori Buchanan Gregory Jenkins Debra Kelly Deldrine Kauinohea Manera Edwin Mendija John Sprinzel Robert Stephenson Glenn Teves Carl Adolpho The Late Moses Luczon

MAUI COUNTY COUNCIL

Mike White, Chair Don S. Guzman, Vice-Chair Michael P. Victorino, Presiding Officer Pro Tempore Gladys C. Baisa Robert Carroll Elle Cochran Donald G. Couch, Jr. Stacy Crivello G. Riki Hokama

COUNTY OF MAUI OFFICE OF THE MAYOR DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING

Alan Arakawa, Mayor William Spence, Planning Director Keith Regan, Managing Director Michele McLean, Deputy Planning Director

LONG RANGE DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING

Pam Pogue, Planning Program Administrator Joy Paredes, Division Secretary Richele Lesa, Office Operations Assistant

David Yamashita, Planner Supervisor Daniel McNulty-Huffman, GIS Supervisor Jennifer Maydan, Project Lead, Senior Planner Mark King, GIS Analyst Mary Jorgensen, Senior Planner Michael Napier, GIS Analyst Doug Miller, Senior Planner Kristana Erikson, GIS Analyst Annalise Kehler, Cultural Resource Planner

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CONTINUED

CONSULTANT TEAM AND SPECIAL STUDIES

Chris Hart & Partners, Inc. John Knox & Associates: Molokaì Economic Development and Molokaì Housing Issue Papers Belt Collins Hawaiì Ltd., John Kirkpatrick: Land Use Forecast SMS Research & Marketing Services, Inc. and Belt Collins Hawaiì Ltd: Socio-Economic Forecast Wilson Okamoto & Associates, Inc.: County of Maui Infrastructure Assessment Update 2003 R. M. Towill Corporation: Public Facilities Assessment Update County of Maui 2007 PlanPacific: Existing land use database for Socio-Economic Forecast

Photo Credits Cover: David Yamashita.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapters: 1. Introduction………………………………………………….………………….…………….. 1-1 2. Moloka`i’s Future…………….…………………………….…………………………...….… 2-1 3. Natural, Heritage, and Scenic Resources……………………………………………...…. 3-1 4. Hazards…………....…..…………………………………………………………….…….… 4-1 5. Economic Development ……………………………………………………..……….….… 5-1 6. Land Use and Housing …………………………………………………………………..... 6-1 7. Community Design ……………………………………………………………….…….….. 7-1 8. Infrastructure ……………………………………………………………………….………. 8-1 9. Public Facilities and Services……………………………………………………….…….. 9-1

10. Implementation and Monitoring.……………………………………………..…………… 10-1

11. Subarea Descriptions……………………………………………………………………… This chapter was added by the Moloka`i Planning Commission at their final meeting and its contents have not been vetted by the community.

Figures: 1.1 Moloka`i Community Plan Region……………………………………………………….… 1-2 1.2 County of Maui General Plan Organization…………………………………….……...… 1-4

1.3 Generalized Community Planning Process and Schedule…………………….……..... 1-6 2.1 Historical and Forecasted Molokaì Resident Population 1896 – 2040…….……..….. 2-4 2.2 Historical and Forecasted Molokaì Average Daily Resident and Visitor Population 1990 – 2035………………………………………………………………………….………….…… 2-4 2.3 Historical and Forecasted Molokaì Age Distribution 2010 and 2035…………...……. 2-5 6.1 Acreage by State Land Use District………………………………………………………. 6-2 6.2 Ownership Percentage by Major Landowner………………………………………..…... 6-3 6.3 Molokaì Planning Regions……………………………………………………………..…. 6-4 6.4 Gross Rent as a Percentage of Household Income……………………………..……... 6-12 6.5 Monthly Owner Costs as a Percentage of Household Income………………..………. 6-13 9.1 Molokaì Public Parks………………………………………………………………..…….. 9-2

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Tables:

3.1 Natural Resources Actions……………………………………………………..………... 3-9 3.2 Heritage Resources Actions………………………………………………………….…... 3-16 3.3 Scenic Resources Actions……………………………………………………………...… 3-19 4.1 Hazards Actions………………………………………………………………………….... 4-8 5.1 Economic Development Actions…………………………………………………………. 5-7 6.1 Population of Moloka`i’s Small Towns…………………………………………………... 6-1 6.2 Land Use Actions………………………………………………………………………….. 6-10 6.3 Housing Actions………………………………………………………………………….… 6-15 7.1 Community Design Actions………………………………………………………….……. 7-4 8.1 Infrastructure – Water Actions………………………………………………………….… 8-4 8.2 Infrastructure – Wastewater Actions…………………………………………………….. 8-7

8.3 Infrastructure – Stormwater Management Actions…………………………………….. 8-10 8.4 Infrastructure – Solid Waste Actions…………………………………………………..… 8-13 8.5 Infrastructure – Transportation Actions…………………………………………………. 8-20

8.6 Infrastructure – Energy Actions………………………………………………………..…. 8-23 8.7 Infrastructure – Telecommunications Actions..…………………………………………. 8-24 9.1 Public Facilities and Services – Parks and Recreation Actions..…...………………… 9-4

9.2 Public Facilities and Services – Police Actions…………………………………………. 9-8 9.3 Public Facilities and Services – Fire and Public Safety Actions ……………………... 9-11 9.4 Public Facilities and Services – Education Actions …………………………………… 9-15

9.5 Public Facilities and Services – Health and Social Services Actions ……………….. 9-19 9.6 Public Facilities and Services – Cemeteries Actions …………………………………. 9-21 9.7 Public Facilities and Services – Governance Actions ………………………………… 9-23 10.1 Example Core Indicators…………………………………………………………………. 10-4 10.2 Core Indicators, Objectives, and Data Sources……………………………………….. 10-5

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Maps: 3.1 Natural Resources………………………….…………………………..…………… Map Book 3.2 Resource Management Areas………….…………..…………………………….. Map Book 3.3 Cultural, Historic, and Archeological Resources………………..………………. Map Book 4.1 Hazards – West………………………………..……………………..……..…….. Map Book 4.2 Hazards – Central…………………………………………….……….………….. Map Book 4.3 Hazards – East.………………………………….…………….…….……………. Map Book 6.1 Agricultural Resources………………...... Map Book 6.2 Community Plan Land Use – West……………..………………………………. Map Book 6.3 Community Plan Land Use – Central………………………….……….……….. Map Book 6.4 Community Plan Land Use – East…………………..………………….……….. Map Book 8.1 Infrastructure …….…………………………………….…...... Map Book 8.2 Transportation ….…………………………………….……………...... Map Book

9.1 Public Facilities ………………………………………………...... Map Book

Appendices: 1.1 Moloka`i History Summary………………………………………………………….…. A-1 1.2 Background Studies for Community Plans…………………………………………… A-4 1.3 Community Engagement…………………..………………………………………….... A-5

1.4 Legal Framework – Native Hawaiian Traditional and Customary Practices……… A-6 2.1 Definition of Sustainability in Hawai`i …………………………………………………. A-10 2.2 Sustainability §226-106…………………………………………………………………. A-10

2.3 Climate change adaptation priority guidelines HRS §226……………….……..…… A-11 3.1 Ecosystem Services……………………………………………………………….….…. A-12 3.2 Molokaì Archaeological Surveys Reference List…………………….TO BE DETERMINED 3.3 Cultural Sites………………………………………………………...….. TO BE DETERMINED 6.1 Comparison of State Land Use, County Community Plan, and Zoning Districts…… A-14 6.2 County Community Plan Designations………………………………………….….…… A-16 6.3 East Molokaì Subarea Description……………….…………… TO BE DETERMINED 6.4 Central Molokaì Subarea Description………………………… TO BE DETERMINED 6.5 West Molokaì Subarea Description…………………………… TO BE DETERMINED

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

BCT Business Country Town BMP Best Management Practices BRFA Bottomfish Restricted Fishing Areas CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act CIP Capital Improvement Programming CIZ Change in Zoning CPAC Community Plan Advisory Committee CRS Community Rating System CTAHR College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources CWPP Community Wildfire Protection Plan

CWRM Commission on Water Resource Management DAR Division of Aquatic Resources DBEDT Department of Business Economic Development and Tourism DEM Department of Environmental Management DFIRMs Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps DHHC Department of Housing and Human Concerns DHHL Department of Hawaiian Homelands DLNR Department of Land and Natural Resources DOA Department of Agriculture DOE Department of Education

DOH Department of Health DOFA Division of Forestry and Wildlife DOFAW Division of Fish and Wildlife DPW Department of Public Works DSA Development Services Administration DSMOA Department of Defense/State Memorandum of Agreement DWS Department of Water Supply EAP Emergency Action Plan EMS Emergency Management Service EPA Environmental Protection Agency

FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FIRMs Flood Insurance Rate Maps FIS Flood Insurance Study GIS Geographic Information System HDOA Hawaii Department of Agriculture HDOT Hawaii Department of Transportation HFRA Healthy Forest Restoration Act HMP Hazard Mitigation Plan

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HRS Hawaii Revised Statutes HUD Housing and Urban Development IAL Important Agricultural Lands ISWMP Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan IWS’s Individual Wastewater Systems LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LID Low Impact Development LRDP Long Range Development Plan MCC Maui County Code

MCHC Molokaì Community Health Center MECO Maui Electric Company MEDB Maui Economic Development Board MEO Maui Economic Opportunity MFD Maui Fire Department MGD Million Gallons per Day MIS Molokaì Irrigation System MISWF Molokaì’s Integrated Solid Waste Facility MLSWCD Molokaì Soil and Water Conservation District MLT Molokaì Land Trust

MMMC Maui Memorial Medical Center MoMISC Molokaì Maui Invasive Species Committee MoPC Molokaì Planning Commission MPD Maui Police Department MPL Molokaì Properties Limited MW Megawatt NFIP National Flood Insurance Program NGO Non-Governmental Organization NMFS National Marine Fishery Service NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NPS National Park Service NRCS Natural Resource Conservation Service OED Office of Economic Development OHA Office of Hawaiian Affairs ORMP Ocean Resource Management Plan PCAs Potential Contaminating Activities PD Planning Department PV Photovoltaic SLR Sea Level Rise SLUC State Land Use Commission SMA Special Management Area STRHs Short Term Rental Homes TER Traditional Ecological Knowledge List of Acronyms Moloka`i Community Plan DRAFT May 2016 ii

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TMK Tax Map Key TNC The Nature Conservancy TVR Transient Vacation Rental UH University of Hawaii UHERO University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization UHMC University of Hawaii Maui College

USDA United States Department of Agriculture USFW United States Fish and Wildlife Service USGS United States Geological Survey VOAD Volunteer Organizations Active in Disaster WUDP Water use and Development Plan WWRF Waste Water Reclamation Facility WWTF Wastewater Treatment Facility

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1 1 | INTRODUCTION 2 3 4 Molokaì is an island tremendously rich in natural and cultural resources. Its physical geography 5 makes it one of the most striking places in the world to live and visit and its bountiful agricultural 6 lands are among the most fertile in the State. Molokaì is famous for having the highest sea cliffs 7 in the world, the most intact pre-contact system of man-made fishponds that exist anywhere in 8 Polynesia, and the longest contiguous fringing coral reef system in the United States. 9 10 Molokaì is often referred to as the “last Hawaiian Island”. It is the most rural of the Hawaiian Islands 11 and, excluding Niihau, has the highest percentage of native Hawaiians in the State. Many Molokaì 12 residents still practice a subsistence based lifestyle, relying on fishing, hunting, farming, and 13 gathering for food, spiritual wellbeing, and cultural practices. Subsistence and bartering also play 14 an important a role in the island economy. There is a strong sense of òhana on Molokaì. Large 15 extended families are common and sharing resources is customary. For many Molokaì residents 16 maintaining close ties to the ocean, land, and ancestral places fosters a sense of place and 17 connectedness to past, present, and future generations. 18 19 Many Molokaì families have lived on the island for generations, while some are more recent 20 arrivals. Key events have shaped the structure and vitality of Molokaì’s economy and land use and in 21 turn have influenced the population makeup and employment of the island. Today, the people, 22 brought together from many different cultures, share common values – a love for òhana, the land 23 and sea, and the rural lifestyle. The tightly-knit community has an array of expertise and 24 background, a desire to be part of the global economy and sustainable. 25 26 But in spite of these great strengths, Molokaì has historically had a limited economy partially due 27 to the island’s remote location, small population base, and strong control by a few major 28 landowners. Some Molokaì residents are very protective of their rural and traditional-based 29 lifestyles, and have resisted economic development centered on tourism and real estate. 30 Establishing a more vibrant job producing economy in harmony with Molokaì’s rural lifestyle, and 31 cultural and environmental resources will necessitate more creativity, harder work, and a greater 32 spirit of entrepreneurialism than required for other economies with greater economies of scale. 33 Molokaì’s natural environment, cultural resources, and agricultural lands are key assets that, if 34 properly managed and protected, will help to strengthen and diversify the island’s economy and 35 ensure opportunities for future generations. 36 37 This community plan identifies current and anticipated future conditions and needs on Molokaì. 38 These conditions and needs are addressed throughout the plan by identifying strategic planning 39 goals, policies, and actions that will guide decision-making and implementation through 2035. 40 Chapter 1 provides a general description of the planning area, the planning framework provided by 41 the Maui County General Plan and the State Plan, an overview of the community plan update 42 process, plan organization, fast facts about Molokaì, and a summary of the major problems and 43 opportunities facing the island. 44 1 Introduction Molokaì Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 1‐1

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1 OVERVIEW OF MOLOKA‘I COMMUNITY PLAN AREA 2 3 4 Molokaì is one of four islands that make up the County of Maui (see Figure 1.1). Its elongated 5 shape embraces widely varying topographic and climatic regimes. The island of Molokaì is 6 comprised of approximately 172,000 acres (including the northern peninsula of Kalaupāpā) formed 7 by a series of three volcanoes. The peninsula of Kalaupāpā, and some of the surrounding area on 8 the northern coast make up Kalawao County, which is administered by the State of Hawaii's 9 Department of Health. The Kalaupāpā National Historical Park is managed by the National Park 10 Service. 11 12 Kaunakakai, the island's major population and commercial center, is located about midway along 13 the south coast. The island’s only resort destination area is located at Kaluakoì, on the western 14 end of the island. Hotel Molokaì and Molokaì Shores, just outside of Kaunakakai, also offer limited 15 visitor accommodations. There are small plantation communities in Maunaloa and Kualapuù, 16 along with Hawaiian homestead settlements in Hoòlehua, Kapaàkea, Kamiloloa, One Ali'i and 17 Kalamaùla. The settlement pattern along the southeast coast becomes more rural and scattered 18 as it extends from Kaunakakai to Hālawa Valley. (See Appendix 1.1 for a summary of Molokaì 19 history). 20 21 22 Figure 1. 1 Molokaì Community Plan Region 23

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1 2 FAST FACTS ABOUT MOLOKA`I

PHYSICAL FEATURES

 Moloka`i is 261 square miles or 172,000 acres (includes Kalaupapa).  The island is about 38 miles long and 10 miles wide with 88 miles of coastline.  It is the fifth largest island of the eight main Hawaiian Islands.  Kamakou is the highest peak at 4,970 feet (1,514 meters).

POPULATION / DEMOGRAPHICS (2010 Census)

 The first Hawaiian Homestead Settlement was established on Molokaì at in Kalamaùla, initially named Kalanianaole Colony Settlementand later became Kalamaùla in , was created on Molokaì as an agricultural homesteading demonstration project shortly after 1921 by passage of the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act in 1921. Its success, dubbed “The Molokaì Miracle”, led to permanent authorization of the Act by Congress in 1926,  The 2010 population was 7,255 residents (excluding Kalawao County); a decrease of approximately 150 people from 2000.  Native Hawaiians made up 24% of the 2010 population (excluding Kalawao County).  Population by age: 15% was 0 to 9 years, 14% was 10 to 19 years, 47% was 20 to 59 years, and 24% was 60 years and over.  Average daily visitor count in 2012 was 707 and there were 429 visitor units.

FLORA AND FAUNA

 Molokaì has 79 endangered and 3 threatened terrestrial species and 11 endangered and 2 threatened marine species listed under the Endangered Species Act.  The East Molokaì Forest Conservation Area covers 40,000 acres.  Molokaì’s south shore has the longest continuous fringing coral reef in the U.S.  Pāpōhaku Beach is one of the state’s longest white sand beaches and contains one of the last relatively intact dune systems in Hawaii.  Molokaì’s island coastal areas contains sand dunes, lithified sand formations, rare endemic Hawaiian coastal plant species, nesting seabirds and green sea turtles, the Hawaiian monk seal, and Hawaiian cultural sites.

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1 1.1 MAUI COUNTY GENERAL PLAN STRUCTURE 2 3 4 A. GUIDANCE FROM THE COUNTYWIDE POLICY PLAN AND HAWAIÌ STATE PLANS 5 6 The County of Maui General Plan consists of the Countywide Policy Plan, the Maui Island Plan, 7 and the nine community plans (see Figure 1.2). The General Plan was adopted in 1980 and 8 updated in 1990; it sets forth the long-term social, economic, environmental, and land use needs 9 of the County. The Countywide Policy Plan was adopted in 2010, the Maui Island Plan was adopted 10 in 2012, and initiation of the community plan updates began in 2010. The General Plan conforms 11 to the Hawaiì State Plan and follows guidance set forth in the State Functional Plans. 12 13 In 2011, the Hawaiì State legislature established sustainability as a state priority by adopting 14 priority guidelines and principles to promote Sustainability (HRS §226-108) into the Hawaiì State 15 Planning Act. In 2012, the Hawaiì State legislature adopted Climate change adaptation priority 16 guidelines (HRS §226-109). The adaptation policy specifies that county or state plans must 17 consider potential climate change impacts to agriculture, conservation lands, coastal and 18 nearshore marine areas, natural and cultural resources, energy, the economy, and many other 19 factors. Chapter 2 further discusses how these guidelines influence or shape the Community Plan. 20 21 22 Figure 1. 2 County of Maui General Plan Organization 23

Countywide Policy Plan

Moloka`i Lāna’i Kaho`olawe Maui Island Plan Community Plan Community Plan Community Plan

Makawao Kīhei Pā`ia Wailuku West Pukalani Hāna Mākena Ha`ikū Kahului Maui Kula Community Community Community Community Community Community Plan Plan Plan Plan Plan Plan 24 25 26 27 28 From 2004 to 2012, the Maui County Code (MCC) was modified to create new requirements within 29 Chapter 2.80B General Plan and Community Plans. Section 2.80B.070 provides the specific 30 requirements for the community planning process, including requiring that the community plans 31 implement the General Plan’s vision, principles, goals, and policies related to the following core 32 themes listed in the Countywide Policy Plan: 33

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1  Protect the Natural Environment 2  Preserve Local Cultures and Traditions 3  Improve Education 4  Strengthen Social and Healthcare Services 5  Expand Housing Opportunities for Residents 6  Strengthen the Local Economy 7  Improve Parks and Public Facilities 8  Diversify Transportation Options 9  Improve Physical Infrastructure 10  Promote Sustainable Land Use and Growth Management 11  Strive for Good Governance 12 13 14 B. THE 2016 MOLOKA‘I COMMUNITY PLAN UPDATE 15 16 The Molokaì Community Plan was initially adopted in 1984 and updated in 2001. The 2016 Molokaì 17 Community Plan Update incorporates the new requirements of MCC 2.80B including: 18 19  A list of scenic sites and resources. 20  A description of a projected multi-modal transportation system. 21  A list of streetscape and landscaping principles and desired improvements. 22  Implementation requirements that identify priorities, timelines, estimated costs, and the 23 County department accountable for the completion. 24 25 The Planning Department’s Long Range Division worked with the Molokaì community, 26 stakeholders, agencies, the Molokaì Community Plan Advisory Committee (CPAC), the Molokaì 27 Planning Commission, and the Maui County Council between 2010 and 2016. Technical studies 28 and issue papers referenced during the update process are identified in Appendix 1.2. 29 30 MCC 2.80B specifies that the CPAC be composed of thirteen members appointed by the County 31 Council and the Mayor. Planning Department staff and the CPAC conduct meetings and workshops 32 that include public participation. The CPAC's recommendations are forwarded to the Molokaì 33 Planning Commission for public hearings and review. The draft plan is then sent along with any 34 Planning Department comments or revisions to the County Council for review and adoption by 35 ordinance. This process and the timeframe are summarized graphically in Figure 1.3.

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1 Figure 1. 3 Generalized Community Planning Process & Schedule

2 Prior to embarking on the Community Plan update, the Planning Department's Long Range Division 3 conducted four community engagement events and numerous interviews to hear directly from 4 residents about their ideas and concerns (see Appendix 1.3). The events included: 5 6  June 2010 - Open house on issues, needs, and ideas.

7  October 2010 - Two workshops on vision, issues, goals, and strategies.

8  November 2014 - Open house to present the feedback from previous events. 9 10 C. PLAN ORGANIZATION 11 12 The 2016 Moloka`i Community Plan Update is organized into ten eleven chapters with maps and 13 appendices. Chapters provide the related background, existing conditions, issues, and goals, 14 policies and actions. Goals are intended to describe a desirable condition of the island by the year 15 2035. They are intentionally general, but are attainable. Policies are not intended as regulations, 16 but instead provide general guidelines for County decision makers, departments, and collaborating 17 organizations working toward attainment of the goals. Implementing actions are specific tasks, 18 procedures, programs, or techniques that carry out policies. Actions may be implemented by a 19 lead County agency or by another entity, such as the State or non-profit groups assisted by the 20 County. The Moloka`i Community Plan is not intended to be used in the review of applications for 21 ministerial permits, which are permits that do not involve judgment or discretion and are issued 22 based on established criteria, or a set of adopted standards as established by law. 23

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1 Chapter 1 provides an introduction, followed by Chapter 2 which explores Molokaì’s future vision, 2 and discusses sustainability and climate change adaptation. Chapters 3 and 4 discuss Molokaì’s 3 environment, and natural, cultural, historic, and scenic resources, as well as hazard mitigation and 4 climate change adaptation. 5 6 Chapter 5 addresses economic development strategies to diversify the economy based on the 7 Molokaì Economic Development Issue Paper and feedback from community engagement events 8 and interviews. Chapters 6 and 7 address land use, housing, and community design policies and 9 actions that will shape the future location and form of development. 10 11 Chapters 8 and 9 address the existing and future needs for infrastructure and public facilities and 12 services. The governance section looks at what changes in the system and function of governance 13 are needed to guide the community toward a sustainable future. Chapter 10 addresses 14 implementation and monitoring and also prioritizes the list of actions from previous chapters 15 including cost estimates, timelines, and the implementing agency. The implementation table will 16 facilitate funding decisions during the County budget process. 17 18 19 20 Chapter 11 Subarea Descriptions was added by the Molokaì Planning Commission at their final 21 review meeting. The chapter contains the “East End Policy Statement – 2016 edition” and the 22 “Maunaloa Policy”. Because both of these documents were distributed at the final meeting of the 23 Planning Commission, they were not reviewed by the Planning Department, CPAC nor were they 24 vetted by the community. 25 26 Appendix 1.4 provides a legal framework for agency actions that may impact Native Hawaiian 27 traditional and customary practices. This appendix as also reviewed by the Planning Department, 28 CPAC or vetted by the community. 29

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1 1.2 PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES 2 3 4 INTRODUCTION 5 The following outline of the problems and opportunities that Molokaì faces represents not only 6 issues that the county government must address but also top concerns expressed by the 7 community through public outreach events and deliberations of the Community Plan Advisory 8 Committee and Molokaì Planning Commission. 9 10 It is important to clearly define a problem in order to figure out how to solve it, likewise, it is also 11 important to have a critical understanding of opportunities that exist within the community and how 12 to best take advantage of them in order to create a more sustainable, resilient, and livable future 13 for Molokaì. 14 15 16 PROBLEMS 17 18 A. Economic Activity and Socio-Economic Characteristics: The high cost of living and 19 limited economic activity is one of the most significant problems facing the community. 20 There is a lack of economies of scale and economic diversity, and therefore a lack of job 21 opportunities. Molokaì has lower incomes, higher unemployment rates, and a higher 22 number of people receiving public assistance when compared statewide.1 These socio- 23 economic challenges have contributed to the occurrence of substance abuse, domestic 24 violence, crowding, and generational welfare. 25 26 B. Education: The educational level on Molokaì is uniquely diverse in relation to formal 27 versus place-based education when compared to the rest of the State. While some youth 28 pursue higher education and are able to live and work on Molokaì, many do not obtain 29 post-high school education, or choose not to return to the island after college. This creates 30 community impacts that affect the economic vitality of Molokaì.

31 C. Water: The Moloka`i community has long recognized the need for careful management of 32 groundwater resources and watershed areas that contribute to recharge of the island’s sole 33 source aquifer. Uwe kalani, ola ka honua2. When the heavens weep, the land lives. These 34 water resources are required to support natural ecosystems as well as the many economic, 35 cultural, and subsistence activities of our human population. The numerous studies by 36 USGS and legal case conclusions document that current and future demand exceeds 37 sustainable supply at this time3. Future water use and development will likely call for

1 John M. Knox & Associates, Inc. (December 2010). Molokaì Economic Development Issue Paper. 2 Mele no ka Wai a Kane. Traditional. 3 Stearns, Harold T. and MacDonald, Gordon A. (1947). Geology and Groundwater Resources of the Island of Molokaì, Hawaii. USGS Gulletin 11. Lindgren, Waldemar (1903). The Water Resource of Molokaì Hawaiian Islands. USGS Water Supply Paper No. 77. 1 Introduction Molokaì Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 1‐8

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1 increasing the efficiency of storage and distribution infrastructure, cooperative monitoring 2 strategies, and community wide conservation efforts to ensure aquifer sustainability and 3 water quality. Expanded withdrawal from wells may have significant affects to freshwater 4 discharge into streams, which may have a detrimental effect on natural, cultural, and 5 subsistence resources. 6 7 D. Transportation: As one of the least populated islands in the most isolated island chain in 8 the world, Molokaì suffers from expensive transportation costs for freight, goods, and 9 people. Limited freight transportation to and from the island contributes to higher costs for 10 groceries, fuel, and other goods and complicates the export of Molokaì produce. Limited 11 airline and ferry transportation options impact both the ability of tourists to visit the island 12 as well as opportunities for residents to travel off-island. 13 14 E. Cost of Energy: Molokaì faces some of the highest electricity costs in the nation which 15 presents challenges for businesses and residents. 16 17 F. Erosion and Sedimentation: Erosion is an issue on Molokaì that is negatively impacting 18 soils, streams, fishponds, wetlands, coastal waters, and reefs, as well as the cultural and 19 subsistence practices that rely on these resources. While erosion is being actively 20 addressed by a number of organizations and partnerships, continued work is needed to 21 address this problem. Erosion is caused by runoff and a number of land use activities 22 including ranching, farming, and development, as well as forest damage caused by feral 23 ungulates. Siltation of Molokaì’s reefs and coastal waters is having detrimental effects on 24 fish, limu, and other ocean resources which the Molokaì community depends on for 25 subsistence fishing and gathering and for cultural practices. 26 27 G. Housing: The availability of workforce housing, ownership and rental, and the variety of 28 housing types on the island are limited. There is a lack of fully entitled land to build new 29 housing in locations conducive to workforce housing. There is a limited variety of housing 30 types available to meet the needs of Molokaì residents. However, the recent lifting of a 31 moratorium on subdivision of agricultural homestead lots will allow some families to move 32 from Kaunakakai other areas of Molokaì to homestead lotsHoòlehua, thus freeing up 33 some housing in Kaunakakai.

Oki, D.S., 2006, Numerical simulation of the hydrologic effects of redistributed and additional ground‐water withdrawal, Island of Molokaì, Hawaiì: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006‐5177, p. 4, available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5177/pdf/sir2006‐5177.pdf. Commission on Water Resource Management. (1992). Findings of Fact, Petition to Designate the Island of Molokaì as a Water Management Area. DLNR/CWRM. Waiola CCH‐MO96‐1. (1997). In the Matter of the Contested Case Hearing on Water Use, Well Construction, and Pump Installation Permit Applications filed by Waiola O Molokaì and Molokaì Ranch, Limited. Findings of Fact. DLNR/CWRM. Kukuì CCH‐M097‐1 (2000). In the Matter of the Contested Case Hearing on the Water Use Permit Application filed by Kukuì (Molokaì), Inc. Findings of Fact. DLNR/CWRM.

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1 2 H. Climate Change: Climate change will become increasingly serious before the middle 3 of the 21st century and will impact Molokaì’s economy, the built environment, historic and 4 cultural resources, infrastructure systems, ecosystems, and natural resources. 5 6 I. Communications Infrastructure: Limited access to high speed internet and 7 cellular/mobile telephone service presents challenges for education, health care, 8 residents, and businesses. 9 10 J. Governance: Due to political, demographic, and district designations Molokaì is not able 11 to have a real voice in its own future. 12 13 14 OPPORTUNITIES 15 16 A. Strong Caring Community: Molokaì is a special place with a distinctly rural Hawaiian 17 lifestyle. Unlike many other places, residents still help each other with no strings attached. 18 The island’s interdependence has allowed residents to survive stressful times and events. 19 There are is an abundance of community luaus and a significant number of extended 20 families living together or in close proximity. There is a feeling of sharing, belonging, and 21 community which should be preserved.

22 23 B. Cultural Resources and Traditions: Molokaì nui a hina. Àina momona. Pule oò. 24 Molokaì no ka heke. Molokaì has an abundance of cultural and archaeological resources 25 and a community with a strong connection to cultural traditions and practices that must be 26 protected and that provide a solid foundation for the future. The island is purported in oral 27 tradition to be the birthplace of hula. Molokaì has over 100 numerous sites on the Hawaiì 28 and/or National Register of Historic Places distributed throughout the island. As a result, 29 development of a new model of sustainable tourism may be a possibility for economic 30 growth. This alternative approach, described in the 2006 Molokaì Responsible Tourism 31 Initiative4, is based on the distinctive characteristics and attributes of the island 32 33 C. Distinctive Rural Character: Molokaì’s natural beauty and rural character are key assets 34 of the island. Unlike other islands in the state, Molokaì’s beaches are still generally 35 accessible and uncrowded. In addition, the rural character and genuine sense of aloha is 36 a draw for many visitors, affording an experience that is different from other islands. Based 37 on several community workshops and interviews, it’s clear that a slow and cautious 38 approach to future development on the island is preferred by many to retain Molokaì's 39 distinctive rural character. 40

4 McGregor, Davianna Pomaikai, PhD (2006). Molokai Responsible Tourism Initiative – A Community Based Visitor Plan for Molokai. 1 Introduction Moloka`i Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 1‐10

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1 D. Entrepreneurial Spirit: Many of Moloka`i’s residents live here because they value the 2 sense of community and lifestyle of the island. Since employment opportunities are limited, 3 many residents have turned to starting and running their own businesses. This is evident 4 in Kaunakakai, where almost all of the businesses are owned by local residents, some of 5 whom have successfully maintained their operations over several decades. 6

7 E. Community Environmental Restoration: There are various ongoing programs and 8 partnerships to restore Molokaì’s watersheds and ecosystems. Environmental restoration 9 is an opportunity for the community, youth, large landowners, and government agencies to 10 share common goals of restoring and protecting Molokaì’s environment. Working together 11 will not only accelerate environmental restoration but will also help build trust between 12 different groups, foster a sense of stewardship responsibility, and expose youth to careers 13 in environmental restoration. 14 15 F. Natural Environment: Molokaì’s natural environment offers many opportunities to move 16 toward a more sustainable future. With abundant agricultural lands, a year-round growing 17 season, and an adequate supply of water, Molokaì has the capacity to grow produce for 18 both on-island consumption and export. Subsistence resources are relatively abundant 19 and support an integral component of the Molokaì lifestyle. Additionally, numerous 20 opportunities exist to produce renewable energy on-island. 21 22 G. Subsistence Economy: Subsistence is Molokaì’s second economy. According to the 23 Governor’s Molokaì Subsistence Task Force Final Report (June 1994) approximately a 24 quarter of the food acquired by Molokaì residents comes from subsistence.

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1 2 | MOLOKA`I’S FUTURE

2 3 This chapter provides the community plan’s vision and strategic framework that guide the key 4 policies and actions needed to address the major issues that face the island in the next 20 years. 5 The components of this strategic framework include: 6 7 2.1 Molokaì Vision Statement 8 2.2 Population Growth Forecast 9 2.3 Sustainability and Climate Change Adaptation 10 11 The 2001 Molokaì Community Plan vision statement, retained from the 2001 Community Plan, 12 articulates the community’s belief in who and what it is, what it wants to become, and how to 13 achieve that vision. expressed the desires and hopes of the community at that time. In 2015 the 14 CPAC carefully reviewed and discussed the 2001 vision statement. The CPAC agreed to retain 15 many of the previous thoughts and ideas while also shaping a new vision for the future. The current 16 vision statement and the 2001 vision statement are respectfully provided on the following pages. 17 18 The population discussion in Section 2.2 presents a brief analysis of past and future population 19 trends. The Socio-Economic Forecast Report1, produced by the County of Maui Planning 20 Department, is the primary source of data for this discussion. 21 22 Finally, in response to the State of Hawaiì’s adoption of the 2011 priority guidelines and principles 23 to promote sustainability and the 2012 climate change adaptation priority guidelines, Section 2.3 24 discusses how climate change adaptation strategies and measures to develop a more sustainable 25 island community are woven into the Plan. 26

1 County of Maui, Department of Planning. Socio‐Economic Forecast Report. September 2014 2 Moloka`i’s Future Moloka`i Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 2‐1

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1 2.1 MOLOKA`I VISION STATEMENT

Vision Statement

Moloka`i is an island steeped in tradition and guided by the values of aloha

`āina and mālama `āina (love and care for the land) which guide our

stewardship of Moloka`i’s natural resources. We honor our island's Hawaiian

cultural heritage, no matter what our ethnicity, and that culture is practiced in

our everyday lives. We kokua (help) one another while our true wealth is

measured by the extent of our generosity. We envision strong

`ohana (families) who steadfastly preserve, protect and perpetuate these

core Hawaiian values.

Our community is resourceful and resilient and passionate about controlling

the destiny of our island. We will work diligently to attain energy and food

independence and strive to strengthen Moloka`i’s economy while retaining

our distinctive rural lifestyle.

We will prepare our keiki for the future with a strong education and aim to

offer a range of opportunities so they can become productive members of our

community. We will care for our kupuna and carry their legacy forward to help

shape Moloka`i’s future.

Through our collective efforts, we will perpetuate Moloka`i’s tradition of an

island momona (abundant) with natural and cultural resources, and strive to

build an even better island community for the generations to come.

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1 2

2001 Vision Statement

Moloka`i is the last Hawaiian Island. We who live here choose not to be

strangers in our own land. The values of aloha `aina and malama `aina (love

and care for the land) guide our stewardship of Moloka`i's natural resources,

which nourish our families both physically and spiritually. We live by our

kupuna's (elders) historic legacy of pule o`o (powerful prayer).

We honor our island's Hawaiian cultural heritage, no matter what our ethnicity,

and that culture is practiced in our everyday lives. Our true wealth is

measured by the extent of our generosity. We envision strong `ohana

(families) who steadfastly preserve, protect and perpetuate these core

Hawaiian values. We are a wise and caring community that takes pride in its

resourcefulness, self-sufficiency and resiliency, and is firmly in charge of

Moloka`i's resources and destiny.

We envision a Moloka`i that leaves for its children a visible legacy: an island

momona (abundant) with natural and cultural resources, people who kokua

(help) and look after one another, and a community that strives to build an

even better future on the pa`a (firm) foundation left to us by those whose iwi

(bones) guard our land.

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1 2.2 POPULATION GROWTH FORECAST

2 3 Population growth can have both positive and negative impacts on a community. It can exacerbate 4 infrastructure capacity deficiencies, place additional demands on natural resources, shift the 5 cultural and social makeup of the population, and change the physical landscape. Population 6 growth can also contribute to the quality of life of a community by stimulating the economy, growing 7 the tax base, providing employment opportunities, and providing economies of scale. The Molokaì 8 Community Plan aims to address community needs and provide economic opportunities to retain 9 Molokaì’s families, and manage future resident and visitor population growth so that it does not 10 compromise the island’s natural resources, infrastructure, and services. 11 12 Population change on Molokaì in the coming decades will occur through natural population growth 13 (live births minus deaths), in-migration, and out-migration. While the island experienced a 14 moderate population decline from 2000 to 2010, the population is forecasted to moderately 15 increase during the Community Plan’s 20 year planning horizon (2015 - 2035), according to the 16 State of Hawaiì Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (DBEDT). 17 18 A. HISTORIC TRENDS AND POPULATION FORECAST 19 20 The 2014 County of Maui Socio-Economic Forecast2 is a planning tool based on projections 21 developed by DBEDT. The population projections are based on trends and model assumptions 22 that are absent of policy changes or directives. The population growth forecast provides a starting 23 point for discussions about the island’s future. 24 25 The 2010 census counted 7,255 residents living on Molokaì. The Socio-Economic Forecast Report 26 estimated that a 1% annual increase in resident population would add about 2,500 residents to the 27 island by the year 2040, for a total population of around 9,800. Figure 2.1 depicts Molokaì’s historic 28 population growth and identifies significant economic events between 1896 and 2010. It also shows 29 population projections out to 2040 based on three scenarios: 1) no growth, 2) a mid-range annual 30 growth of ½%, and 3) a higher annual growth of 1%. 31 32 Figure 2.2 depicts the historical and forecasted average daily resident and visitor population from 33 1990 to 2035. In 1990, the ratio of tourists to residents was approximately 1 to 7. By 2010 the ratio 34 dropped to approximately 1 visitor for every 12 residents; this ratio is forecasted to remain relatively 35 unchanged through 2035. 36 37

2 County of Maui, Department of Planning. Socio‐Economic Forecast Report. September 2014 2 Moloka`i’s Future Moloka`i Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 2‐4

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1 Figure 2. 1 Historical and Forecasted Moloka`i Resident Population 1896-20403

2 3 4 Figure 2. 2 Historical and Forecasted Moloka`i Average Daily Resident & Visitor 5 Population 1990-20354 6

3 Hawaiì State Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism (2012). Population and Economic Projections for the State of Hawaiì to 2040. Honolulu, HI. 4 Ibid 2 Molokaì’s Future Molokaì Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 2‐5

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1 Figure 2.3 portrays Moloka`i’s historical and forecasted age distribution from 2010 to 2035. It is 2 clearly evident that the island’s population is aging. The 70 plus age group is forecasted to grow 3 from about 750 to nearly 2,000; an increase of over 160% between 2010 and 2035. This 4 demographic change has significant impacts to public services as they relate to the elderly, 5 including housing, transportation, health care, and eldercare services. In addition to the challenge 6 of providing more senior services, the wage-earning population that typically supports children and 7 seniors will be proportionally smaller. 8 9 Figure 2. 3 Historical and Forecasted Moloka`i Age Distribution 2010 and 20355

10 The potential issues and opportunities presented by population growth will be addressed 11 throughout the various chapters of the Community Plan. 12 13

5 Ibid 2 Moloka`i’s Future Moloka`i Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 2‐6

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1 2.3 SUSTAINABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

2 3 One intent of this community plan update is to help establish a sustainable and resilient future for 4 Molokaì. This section provides an introduction and brief guide to how sustainability and climate 5 change adaptation are woven into the fabric of the plan through a variety of policies and actions. 6 7 A. SUSTAINABILITY 8 9 Sustainability has become a fundamental concept within comprehensive and community planning 10 over the past decade. It refers to the ability to meet present needs without compromising the ability 11 of future generations to meet their needs. It requires a consideration of the long term 12 environmental, social, cultural, subsistence, and economic costs of present day actions. 13 Sustainability is a process rather than an end state. Communities function within a system where 14 environmental, economic, and social systems are linked and balanced. 15 16 Sustainability is particularly important in a region as fragile and remote as the Hawaiian Islands. In 17 2011, the Hawaiì State legislature established sustainability as a state priority by adopting priority 18 guidelines and principles to promote Sustainability (HRS §226-108) into the Hawaiì State Planning 19 Act. Updates to the County of Maui’s General Plan will integrate the concept of sustainability and 20 these guiding principles (see Appendix 2.1 Definition of Sustainability in Hawaiì and Appendix 2.2 21 Sustainability). 22 23 B. CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION 24 25 In 2012, the Hawaiì State legislature adopted HRS §226-109 climate change adaptation priority 26 guidelines (see Appendix 2.3 Climate Change Adaptation Priority Guidelines). The guidelines are 27 intended to prepare the state for climate change impacts on the natural and built environment and 28 on society. Both near-term implementation options and long-term strategies should be considered. 29 Additionally, under the Hawaiì State Planning Act, priority guidelines shall take precedence when 30 addressing areas of concern such as county decision making, allocation of resources, county 31 general plans, development plans as well as capital improvement project appropriations and land 32 use decision making.

33 Climate change will become increasingly serious before the middle of the 21st century, and will 34 have profound impacts on not only Hawai`i’s natural environment but also its communities and 35 economy. Major climate change effects expected for Hawai`i include:

36  warmer temperatures 37  sea level rise with resultant flooding, beach erosion, and damage to coastal property 38  sea surface temperature increase and ocean acidification with negative impacts to coastal 39 and marine ecosystems 40  increased frequency and severity of storms, and increased vulnerability to storm damage

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1  increased drought with variable effects on aquifer recharge, stream flows, and freshwater 2 resources

3 These outcomes will adversely affect areas of the economy including agriculture, tourism, fisheries, 4 and trade; the built environment including infrastructure systems, housing, and recreation; historic 5 and cultural resources; as well as ecosystems and natural resources6. Limitations in downscaling 6 of climate models make long term predictions for local impacts very complex. However, current 7 observations of trends such as declining rainfall, increased temperatures, and sea level rise can 8 serve as indicators that may help inform communities as they begin to plan for climate change.

9 Climate change mitigation measures, such as lessening our dependence on fossil fuels to reduce 10 emissions and changing the way we design and build communities, will need to be implemented to 11 lessen the human impact on climate. Climate change adaptation requires strategies and actions to 12 reduce the vulnerability of biological systems. By taking action now, it is possible to reduce potential 13 damage in the future. Science based coastal and climate hazard information must be compiled, 14 understood and appropriately applied to specific planning areas in Moloka`i. Inventories must be 15 developed and gaps in data identified to better understand how climate change will affect Moloka`i 16 and how to minimize those impacts.

17 C. WORKING TOGETHER TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT MOLOKAÌ 18 19 This is a pivotal moment in time for Molokaì to face the intertwined challenges of sustainability and 20 climate change. In recognizing the links between society, the environment, and the economy, 21 sustainability acknowledges the ecological limits of natural systems and affirms that humanity’s 22 wellbeing is fundamentally dependent on the health of our environment. Molokaì can become 23 resilient and ready for change by strengthening its society, its natural and built environment, and 24 by diversifying its economy. How these elements work together is described below. 25 26 Society - Molokaì’s People and Culture: Caring for the people is a key component of ensuring 27 an abundant and resilient Molokaì. This will involve providing educational opportunities for all ages 28 and a full spectrum of social services. It will also be important to foster community participation in 29 stewardship of the natural environment and historical and cultural resources to build collaboration 30 between different levels of government, large landowners, non-profit groups, private businesses 31 and the community. Molokaì’s culture and sense of place will be honored by protecting historic and 32 archaeological sites, cultural landscapes, and the natural and cultural resources upon which 33 subsistence and traditional lifestyles depend. 34 35 Ensuring a resilient and abundant society will also require providing a variety of affordable housing 36 types for all stages and ages of life. Also critical will be increasing food security through expanding 37 production of locally grown food, supporting subsistence farming, hunting, fishing, and gathering, 38 as well as introducing youth to agriculture through programs such as Future Farmers of America 39 and 4H.

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1 2 The Natural and Built Environment: How the built environment is designed greatly influences 3 the protection and sustainability of the natural environment as well as the sustainability of a society 4 and culture. A well designed and engineered community is economically efficient when 5 characterized by a compact and pedestrian oriented mix of land uses, multi-modal transportation 6 networks and diversity of housing types. It should provide a strong sense of place and culture, and 7 preserve open space, agricultural land, and natural resources. Molokaì will build upon its historic 8 small town development patterns, integrate land use and transportation planning, and make 9 development decisions predictable, fair and cost-effective to create sustainable communities into 10 the future. 11 12 Climate change adaptation strategies such as building on existing hazard mitigation principles and 13 developing new ways of designing communities and infrastructure will also be necessary for the 14 health and safety of the people and the environment. This will be achieved by actions such as 15 relocating critical structures out of hazard prone areas, incremental adaptation of harbors, 16 increasing water conservation and reuse, and managing aquifer recharge areas. 17 18 Natural resources and landscape features such as native forests, valleys, wetlands, springs, dunes, 19 and coral reefs will be protected and restoration should be encouraged; they should be valued for 20 the environmental services they provide and for their cultural importance. Negative and adverse 21 impacts of feral ungulates and invasive species shall be managed, while simultaneously 22 recognizing Native Hawaiian access and gathering rights, and the importance of subsistence 23 activities. and pPrinciples of native Hawaiian land management, including ahupuaà, will be 24 integrated to help guide resource management. Green technology, sustainable building practices, 25 and green infrastructure solutions will also be implemented. 26 27 The Economy: Fostering a robust and diversified economy is the third component to working 28 toward an abundant and resilient Molokaì. This will require growing a culturally-appropriate 29 tourism industry, supporting agriculture, encouraging new industries and entrepreneurs, expanding 30 education and support services for small businesses, and providing necessary infrastructure, land, 31 and affordable sea and air transportation options. An important aspect of improving Molokaì's 32 economy is lowering the costs of water distribution by efficiently managing energy through the 33 establishment of a strategic integrated management approach to supply water and energy more 34 efficiently. This can be achieved by increasing the use of renewable energy sources and promoting 35 the use of electric vehicles. Water resources can be used in a sustainable manner by recycling 36 wastewater for irrigation and reuse of household graywater.

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1 3 | NATURAL, HERITAGE, AND SCENIC RESOURCES 2 3 This chapter will discuss ecosystems and natural resources in section 3.1; heritage resources, 4 including the interface of the natural environment with human built structures and activities in 5 section 3.2. Section 3.3 addresses scenic resources that shape our experience of place every 6 day. The elements discussed in this chapter are fundamental to sustaining the quality of life 7 enjoyed by Molokaì residents and are essential for supporting the living cultural traditions of 8 native Hawaiians. Subsequent chapters discuss impacts from multiple natural and human- 9 created hazards, including climate change, land use, and community design that need to be 10 considered in combination with the elements of this chapter. 11 12 Manaè is the heart and life source of Molokaì. The larger Molokaì community identifies Manaè 13 as a puùhonua (safe refuge). Manaè traditionally sustained the highest population on island 14 and contained the oldest settlement sites dating back to 450 A.D., showing that Manaè is where 15 our ancestors first settled. It has the most critical natural resources, including the water. It is 16 made up of four major valleys with between 3-5 million gallons of pristine rivers/waters flowing 17 through these valleys every day, feeding the rich estuaries and near shore fisheries in addition to 18 the multitude of intact terraces. In addition, Manaè’s abundance of water on the north shore 19 finds its way to the south shore through underground tunnel systems and springs, providing for 20 the ideal ecological conditions that supported numerous fishponds along Manaè’s south shore. 21 This is the value of Manaè, the land of `āina momona (abundance). Thus, it is critical to protect 22 Manaʻe as a special place for all of Molokaì as a puùhonua (safe refuge), cultural kīpuka (rural 23 area that serves as a living repository of Hawaiian traditional knowledge, understandings, and 24 practices), and a place essential to `āina momona (continued food and water security) for its 25 abundant fishponds, loì kalo (taro patches), rich forests, streams, and springs. 26 27 28 3.1 NATURAL RESOURCES

29 Moloka`i’s pre-human diverse ecosystems were extensively altered by human settlement 30 beginning with the arrival of the Polynesians, continuing through the plantation era and into 31 present day. The most significant changes were the result of clearing of forest lands for 32 agriculture and building sites, and the introduction of non-native flora and fauna. Many hoofed 33 animals that were initially introduced as free-range, eventually became wild. These feral 34 ungulates destroyed the forest understory and tree roots, setting off a chain of environmental 35 damage that extended from upslope area to the nearshore ecosystem. Erosion created bare land 36 where invasive plants become established, which resulted in native species loss, reduced water 37 recharge of the aquifer, decreased bio-diversity, and a less resilient forest ecosystem. Excessive 38 erosion also results in sedimentation of surface waters and coral reefs, and leads to progressive 39 propagation of invasive plants, such as mangroves and gorilla ogo, which threatens coral reefs 40 and coastal ecosystems along Moloka`i’s south shore.

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1 2 The forest ecosystem greatly influences many elements of Molokaì’s community: natural and 3 heritage resources, recreation, agriculture, tourism, infrastructure, and economic viability. Recent 4 studies have calculated financial values for services provided by forest ecosystems1 (See 5 Appendix 3.1). 6 7 A University of Hawaiì study examined the various services provided by O’ahu’s 8 Koòlau forests - including water recharge, water quality, climate control, 9 biodiversity, and cultural, aesthetic, recreational, and commercial values. These 10 services were calculated to have a net present value of between $7.4 and $14 11 billion. Approximately half of that amount is attributed to the forest’s contribution 12 to ground and surface water quality and quantity. Other watersheds across the 13 state were estimated to be comparable in value.2 14 15 Protection and restoration of Molokaì’s forest ecosystems will help to ensure an abundant water 16 supply; it will reduce erosion, surface water runoff, flooding, sedimentation that fills ancient 17 coastal fishponds, and siltation of reefs and ocean waters. Development may disrupt the natural 18 processes of ecosystems, and may increase non-point pollutants in surface water runoff. Most 19 development occurs in coastal areas; nonpoint source pollutants from homes, businesses, 20 farming and industry in coastal areas can decrease water quality and reef health. Modern building 21 techniques that integrate development into the landscape can reduce the impact on water quality, 22 animal and plant habitats, and ecosystem connectivity. Green infrastructure uses natural 23 systems, constructed soil, rock, or plant-based systems for surface and storm water 24 management. In 2013, Maui County strengthened stormwater regulations by requiring on-site 25 retention of site runoff for new development. 26 27 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 28 29 Molokaì’s largest native forest ecosystem is located in the East Molokaì mountains that contain 30 deep, mostly inaccessible valleys with high quality habitat for stream fauna, forest birds, native 31 snails, and insects. Molokaì’s other significant habitats are lava tube caves, montane bogs, wet 32 forests and shrublands, cliff and coastal systems, and nine offshore islets. These natural 33 ecosystems provide recovery, or critical habitat identified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 34 (USFWS) for 79 endangered and 3 threatened terrestrial species and 11 endangered and 2 35 threatened marine species, including the Maui parrotbill, and ‘ākohekohe (crested honeycreeper) 36 and Blackburn’s sphinx moth.3 37

1 State of Hawai`i (2011). The Rain Follows the Forest. Department of Land and Natural Resources. 2 State of Hawai`i (2011). The Rain Follows the Forest. Department of Land and Natural Resources, Pg. 4. 3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Endangered Species Database, May 2015; http://www.fws.gov/endangered/

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1 Approximately 30% of Molokaì is in the State Conservation District, which is under the 2 jurisdiction of the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR). Most areas dominated by 3 native species are in mountains or along the coasts (see Map 3.1). Numerous federal, state, and 4 county plans and regulations support actions to protect, conserve, or restore the natural 5 resources of these areas. Partnerships between agencies, nonprofits, community groups and 6 stakeholders have been formed, but there is a need to expand both partnerships and 7 collaboration in order to more effectively address the complexity and scope of environmental 8 issues. 9 10 Hawaii’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy identified key management areas and 11 the parties responsible for managing them4. Although there has been extensive conservation 12 work accomplished to date, the State has identified additional threatened areas that need to be 13 protected such as cave ecosystems, coastal wetlands and shorelines, and stream corridors. Key 14 threats to these areas include feral ungulates, predators, invasive species and human intrusion. 15 Often in addressing one threat another threat can be reduced. For example, forest restoration is 16 being addressed by multiple management actions by many partners, including abatement of feral 17 ungulates. Once feral ungulates cease to disturb the soil the native forest can regenerate in small 18 areas, which reduces the area for invasive plant species to establish and reduces subsequent soil 19 erosion, deposition in nearshore waters, and siltation of coral reefs. 20 21 Hawaii state plans, such as the Coastal Non-point Pollution Control Program5, the 22 Implementation Plan for Polluted Runoff Control6; and the Ocean Resource Management Plan7 23 (ORMP), are addressing comprehensive ecosystem management by connecting upland land- 24 based activities to ocean resource conditions. Excessive sediment, and other non-point 25 pollutants such as nutrients, herbicides and heavy metals, are being addressed by multiple efforts 26 (see Map 3.2). Hawaii’s Local Action Strategy has partner agencies addressing land-based 27 pollution threats to reefs in the Kawela watershed. Best Management Practices (BMPs) for 28 control of feral ungulates and wildfire are being extended into other areas and sediment retention 29 basins will be constructed and maintained along the south shore. The USDA Natural Resources 30 Conservation Service (NRCS) implements many soil conservation projects on Molokaì using the 31 Farm Bill’s Environmental Quality Incentives Program and other landowner assistance programs. 32 More programs need to be implemented to manage erosion and runoff, such as implementation 33 of green infrastructure strategies that use grass swales, grass waterways, vegetated terraces, 34 berms, and retention systems. 35 36 Restoration of wetlands and riparian areas can play a vital role in reducing polluted runoff by 37 intercepting surface runoff, subsurface flow, and certain groundwater flows. Molokaì community

4 Hawaii’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. (2005) Department of Land and Natural Resources. Honolulu, Hawai‘i 5 State of Hawaii (1996). Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program, 2010 Update 6 State of Hawaii (2000). Implementation Plan for Polluted Runoff Control. 7 State of Hawaii (2013). Ocean Resources Management Plan.

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1 groups, nonprofits, and schools are actively restoring loì kalo (taro patches) and àuwai (irrigation 2 ditches) that reduce and filter sediment loads. At Kawaikapu Preserve, the Molokaì Land Trust 3 plans to use the ahupua’a based management system to restore lands including ancient taro 4 fields. In Halawa Valley, restoration of taro fields which once measured in the hundreds of acres 5 is ongoing. 6 7 The ORMP emphasizes links between human activities and the environment and the need for 8 increased stewardship8, which usually begins with awareness of a connection between one’s 9 activities and an environmental issue. A survey of Hawaii residents about coral reef management 10 priorities found a high level of public awareness of the decline of reef health but little knowledge 11 of how their personal land-based behaviors contribute to that decline or how to do damaging 12 activities differently to help the reefs9. Public environmental education and involvement activities 13 are available on the island of Molokaì contribute to building a volunteer base for on-going 14 stewardship. Some non-profits use volunteer monitoring, based on BMPs, to build stewardship. 15 Involvement in volunteer monitoring and citizen science not only raises awareness and creates 16 stakeholders, but also increases science literacy within the community. 17 18 The Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary includes ocean waters 19 adjacent to Molokaì’s southern, western, and eastern shorelines. The Sanctuary also 20 encompasses the ocean channels between Molokaì, and Lānaì, and Maui, as well as an 21 extensive ocean area off Molokaì’s west shore (see Map 3.1). Created by Congress in 1992, the 22 Sanctuary protects humpback whales and their habitat; it constitutes one of the world’s most 23 important humpback whale habitats. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 24 (NOAA) and DLNR jointly manage the Sanctuary. 25 26 Water runoff with excessive sediment and pollutants, recreational over-use, and commercial over- 27 fishing are primary threats to the health of reefs and fisheries. DLNR’s Division of Aquatic 28 Resources (DAR) manages four areas to protect ocean fishery resources near Molokaì. The 29 Kaunakakai Harbor Fishery Management Area restricts the fishing season, harvest methods, and 30 fishing areas. Bottomfish Restricted Fishing Areas (BRFA) are located in two open ocean areas 31 between the southeast end of Molokaì and Maui, and far offshore from the southwest point. A 32 third BRFA is located along the shoreline off the northeast side of Kalaupapa National Historic 33 Park, extending eastward in the nearshore waters along Molokaì’s north shore. The BRFAs are 34 co-managed by DLNR and National Marine Fishery Service (NMFS), a division of NOAA. 35 36 The Mokio Preserve, is a 1,718 acre parcel located in northwest Molokaì that is owned and 37 managed by the Molokai Land Trust (MLT), with five miles of coastline, dune, and wetland 38 ecosystems. East of Mokio is the Mo’omomi Preserve, 921 acres of the most intact coastal

8 Ibid 9 NOAA (2010). Hawaii Coastal Zone Management Program, Final Evaluation of Findings. Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management.

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1 beach strand and sand dune area in the main Hawaiian Islands. It is owned and managed by the 2 Nature Conservancy with MLT and other partners assisting with stewardship activities. 3 4 About 85-90% of Hawaii’s food is imported, which makes the community particularly vulnerable to 5 natural disasters and global events. It is estimated that there is less than one week’s supply of 6 food stored on each island. The State of Hawaii’s Increased Food Security and Food Self- 7 Sufficiency Strategy10 seeks to increase the amount of locally grown food consumed by Hawaii 8 residents. This will increase food self-sufficiency, which is a component of food security. Since 9 the 1970s Hawaii has become less self-sufficient in eggs, milk, livestock, hogs, and pigs. 10 Moloka`i imports most of its food, including important proteins like dairy, chickens, and eggs. 11 Moloka`i does well in production of key foods such as starches, sweet potato, taro, and breadfruit, 12 but has lower production in fruits and vegetables. Many Molokai’s residents rely on hunting and 13 fishing for a significant portion of protein foods. With an increase of fishing and hunting by off- 14 island residents there has been a decline in numbers and sizes of many desirable fish and 15 crustaceans. This is a concern from both a cultural and food security perspective. 16 17

Climate Change and Natural Resources

The observed effects of climate change on natural resources will continue to challenge the health of ecosystems with increased frequency and severity of climate-related disturbances such as storms, flooding, drought, wildfire, invasive species, and ocean acidification, combined with increased effects from human land and natural resource use.

Marine ecosystems, coral reefs and nearshore habitats are experiencing increasing sea surface temperatures leading to thermal stress and coral bleaching. SLR and coastal inundation will change the nearshore environment, including habitat loss and shifts. This will be amplified by accelerated SLR and changes in storm and cyclone patterns, which will increase wave energy and erosion patterns.

Terrestrial ecosystems are experiencing warming air temperatures which may cause ecosystems to shift upslope or decline in size. Higher elevations may experience an even greater degree of change. Variations in precipitation patterns could affect terrestrial ecosystems through increases in flooding, erosion, drought, and fire. As the extent of native habitats diminishes, the range for pests, diseases, and invasive species may expand. 18 19 20 21

10 Hawai`i Office of Planning, Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism; and Hawai`i Department of Agriculture. 2012. Increased Food Security and Food Self‐Sufficiency Strategy. http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/spb/INCREASED_FOOD_SECURITY_AND_FOOD_SELF_SUFFICIENCY_STRATEGY.pdf

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1 B. ISSUES 2 3 4 Issue 1: Ecosystems are declining due to an increase in invasive animal and plant 5 species, soil erosion, coastal deposition and human effects. 6 7 Issue 2: Excessive sediment from erosion and coastal deposition severely impact coastal 8 water quality and the health of all marine life. 9 10 Issue 3: Cumulative impacts to surface and coastal waters from pollutants including 11 sediment, home and business chemicals, herbicides, and fertilizers are not well 12 understood by many in the community. 13 14 Issue 4: Climate change will stress and change ecosystems with some ecosystems 15 declining while some may adapt successfully. 16 17 Issue 5: The coral reefs and loko ià (fishponds) ecosystems along Molokaì's south shore 18 are being threatened by the progressive propagation of invasive plant species 19 such as mangroves and gorilla ogo that retain sediment, causing poor water 20 quality, and over grazing, mono cropping, and excessive pesticide and fertilizer 21 use. 22 23 Issue 6: Food security is an issue on Molokaì. 24 25 Issue 7: The ecological impacts of the Kaunakakai Wharf are not well understood have 26 not been fully mitigated and are an ongoing concern. 27 28 29 30 C. GOAL, POLICIES, ACTIONS 31 32 33 Goal Preserve, protect, and manage Molokaì’s exceptional natural land and water 34 resources to ensure that future generations may continue to enjoy and protect 35 the island environment. 36 37 38 Policies 39 1. Ensure collaboration and partnerships for natural resource management, 40 watershed planning, funding, and action implementation. 41 42 2. Encourage the implementation of State plans and programs for 43 comprehensive ecosystem management. 44

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1 3. Encourage protection and restoration of the biodiversity of native plant and 2 animal terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species and habitats through land 3 conservation, resource management, education, invasive species prevention 4 and control, wild fire prevention, and stewardship. 5 6 4. Require all grading and grubbing permits on Moloka`i to comply with MCC 7 Title 20, Chapter 20.08.080. 8 9 5. Ensure that the design and construction of new development protects 10 surface, groundwater, and coastal water quality from nonpoint and point 11 source pollution. 12 13 6. Encourage low impact development education programs, including green 14 infrastructure, for designers, developers, and builders. 15 16 7. Support a significant increase in public outreach, education, and involvement 17 events to build community-based stewardship and implementation capacity. 18 19 8. Recognize and support sustainable agricultural, forestry, and game best 20 management practices and sustainable subsistence fishery management as 21 key elements to maintain, preserve, and protect Moloka`i's land, water and 22 marine resources. 23 24 9. Encourage and support the establishment and expansion of native plant 25 communities by utilizing appropriate practices and techniques for 26 propagation and planting. 27 28 10. Encourage the implementation and adequate funding for the Hawaii 29 Department of Agriculture’s Plant Quarantine Program on Moloka’i. 30 31 11. Encourage food security through programs and activities to increase the 32 amount of locally grown food in agriculture, permaculture, agroforestry, and 33 aquaponics, and traditional farming systems. 34 35 12. Encourage adequate funding for ecosystem protection and restoration. 36 37 13. Support the development of game, fishery, and coastal management areas 38 and management plans. 39 40 14. Ensure that watershed protection and other conservation measures, 41 including fencing, facilitate Native Hawaiian access rights related to 42 subsistence activities and traditional and customary practices. 43

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1 15. Protect and maintain Moloka’i’s oceans, beaches, and other recreational 2 areas to ensure a safe environment for recreational and cultural activities. 3 4 16. Support traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) as a tool or resource 5 strategy. 6 7 17. Encourage and support research that studies the water quality, invasive 8 species and circulation issues around the Kaunakakai Wharf Road and Small 9 Boat Harbor. 10 11 18. Support watershed or ahupua`a-based resource management partnerships. 12 13 19. Support State and Federal agencies to collect baseline data on south shore 14 water quality and coral reef conditions. 15 16 17 18 Actions

Table 3.1 Natural Resources

Lead County No. Action Partners Agency

Assist with a conference or workshops of key Planning Department federal, state, and local agencies, and Department of Water Supply community and non-profit leaders to discuss, OED 3.1.01 MLSWCD plan, and prioritize actions to address Aha Kiole environmental and natural resource issues. DLNR

Compile GIS data and traditional ecological Major landowners 3.1.02 Planning knowledge to map the highest value ecological NGOs Department areas and natural resources. MLSWCD

Aha Kiole

Compile GIS data to map primary and State (CWRM) Water 3.1.03 secondary groundwater recharge areas to help Planning Department USGS Department prioritize protection and restoration efforts. Aha Kiole

Assist in conducting workshops with DLNR - Na Ala Hele Trail and stakeholder groups to develop an integrated 3.1.04 Access Program natural and heritage resources management OED NGOs system, including traditional ecological Aha Kiole knowledge.

DLNR Assist in conducting, or coordinating public Major landowners 3.1.05 education and involvement events to build OED NGOs community-based stewardship and MLSWCD implementation capacity. Aha Kiole

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Table 3.1 Natural Resources

Lead County No. Action Partners Agency

DLNR Assist in the development of a West Molokaì Major landowners 3.1.06 dry native forest and lowland shrub restoration OED NGOs program. MLSWCD Aha Kiole UHMC-Molokaì DLNR MLSWCD Consult with UHMC-Molokaì to develop and NRCS Plant Materials 3.1.07 manage a native plant nursery for community OED Center/USDA restoration projects. NGOs Private landowners Aha Kiole DOH Clean Water Branch Conduct outreach to agricultural, ranching, and CTAHR development interests to implement BMPs to 3.1.08 OED NRCS reduce excess sediment loss, herbicide and MLSWCD pesticide use. Aha Kiole

Reduce sediment and nutrient loads from DLNR entering surface and coastal waters by NGOs assisting landowners, upon request, to design Natural Resource or construct small-scale water retention, 3.1.09 DPW Conservation Service (NRCS) bioretention, or other conservation projects to USGS increase infiltration to the aquifer and control MLSWCD surface water run-off. Review regulations and Aha Kiole revise, if needed, to support projects.

DLNR DOH, Clean Water Branch Work with federal, state, and county agencies NGOs to initiate a program to provide education and NRCS support for community stewardship of the USGS 3.1.10 OED coastal areas, including conducting baseline NOAA studies on coastal water quality and coral reef MLSWCD conditions. Large Landowners Agricultural Operations Aha Kiole Develop a toolbox of green infrastructure State Office of Planning DPW 3.1.11 BMPs and conduct workshops for consultants, - Greenway Program

designers, developers, and builders. Aha Kiole

Develop a toolbox of BMPs for use by residents and businesses to improve DOH-Clean Water Branch ecosystem health and water quality in urban DPW Planning Department and coastal areas. Provide assistance or DWS 3.1.12 DLNR workshops on BMPs and education to change MLSWCD business and household practices. Maintain a Aha Kiole website for public education on water quality pollution prevention and BMPs.

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Table 3.1 Natural Resources

Lead County No. Action Partners Agency

DLNR NRCS Assist with development of a community- Major landowners 3.1.13 based game management plan, including OED NGOs BMPs. MLSWCD Aha Kiole Continue to support organizations that OED DWS 3.1.14 eradicate invasive species. Aha Kiole

Encourage the State to establish a quarantine MoMISC 3.1.15 OED treatment facility on Moloka`i. Aha Kiole

Assist in developing educational materials to DLNR educate visitors, including visitors engaged in OHA hunting and fishing, about the importance of Cultural Practitioners 3.1.16 natural and cultural resources to the cultural OED NGOs and subsistence practices of Moloka`i’s Aha Kiole residents, and how they may prevent damage

to these resources.

Work with the state, private landowners, and DLNR cultural practitioners to ensure that watershed OHA protection, as well as other conservation Environmental 3.1.17 Cultural Practitioners measures provide appropriate access, through Coordinator NGOs fencing and other means, for cultural and Aha Kiole subsistence activities.

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1 3.2 HERITAGE RESOURCES

2 3 Throughout Molokaì’s landscape there is an abundance of archaeological and historic sites and 4 traditional cultural properties that document habitation by ancient Hawaiians, as well as, the more 5 recent immigrants and their settlements. Archaeological, historic, and cultural resources combine 6 to express the heritage of the people and place. Today, numerous Native Hawaiian traditional 7 and customary practices, including fishing, gathering, cultivating loì, hunting, caring for burials, 8 and accessing sacred and religious sites, continue to be practiced on Molokaì. The health of 9 Molokaì’s natural and cultural resources, and access to these resources by Native Hawaiian 10 practitioners, mauka to makai, is critical to the perpetuation of Native Hawaiian culture. Many 11 residents practice a subsistence lifestyle, relying upon the island’s resources for fishing, hunting, and 12 gathering. The people of Molokaì are proud of their history, cultural identify, and unique Molokaì 13 lifestyle, and are determined to uphold and strengthen these qualities for future generations. 14 15 Molokaì is historically significant as a center of Hawaiian culture and learning. It is purported in oral 16 tradition to be the birthplace of the hula and a training ground for powerful priests. Hawaiians have 17 traditionally believed the ‘aina (land) is their ancestor and that it is their kuleana (responsibility) to 18 search for balance and harmony with nature: the people will take care of the land, and in turn the 19 land will take care of the people. The island’s natural resources are intimately connected to the 20 cultural resources and together they provide the foundation for the traditional Hawaiian lifestyle. Until 21 the 1800s, a communal system of land tenure and subsistence enabled ahupuaà tenants to 22 access the land and its resources for subsistence, medicinal, cultural, religious, and other 23 purposes. Even as western concepts of private property were incorporated into Hawaiì’s land 24 tenure, native tenants retained certain rights and interests in land. By the mid1800s, Europeans 25 and Americans were established on Molokaì. At the same time, land tenure in Hawaiì was 26 undergoing a significant transformation. During the Māhele (and division), private interests in 27 land were established, but these interests were subject to the rights of native tenants. As the 28 European and American As these populations increased, the plantation and ranching industries 29 took hold on the island, producing commercial ventures operating throughout the 1800s and 30 1900s. Several small-scale attempts at sugarcane cultivation were made between 1870 and 31 1900, however sugar plantations on Molokaì did not reach the same level of success as those on 32 neighboring islands. 33 34 Beginning in the 1920s, growth in cattle ranching and pineapple plantations influenced growth 35 and development on Molokaì. Kaunakakai became the shipping and political center of the island 36 as well as the home of Molokai Ranch’s headquarters. In 1923, Libby, McNeill & Libby 37 established a pineapple plantation in Maunaloa. Kualapuù, originally the location of a small out- 38 station for Molokai Ranch, became home to the California Packing Corporation pineapple 39 plantation in 1927. 40 41

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1 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 2 3 Molokaì has hundreds of documented archaeological and historic sites as well as numerous 4 undocumented sites. West and central Molokaì lands have been extensively surveyed, while the 5 east end has not yet been adequately surveyed. Appendix 3.2 provides a reference list of 6 archaeological surveys conducted on Molokaì, including Molokai: A Site Survey, April 1971 by 7 Catherine C. Summers. Approximately 120 Molokaì sites are listed in the State Historic 8 Preservation Division’s (SHPD) statewide Inventory of Historic Properties, and numerous roughly 9 75 of those Molokaì sites have been entered in the Hawaiì and/or National Registers of Historic 10 Places. Sites depicted on Map 3.3 include sites listed in SHPD’s inventory as of 2009, excluding 11 restricted sites. The map does not represent an exhaustive catalogue of Molokaì cultural sites. 12 13 Archaeological sites and traditional cultural properties are distributed across the landscape and 14 include both Hawaiian cultural sites as well as areas of more recent use. A traditional cultural 15 property is defined as an area or place “that is eligible for inclusion in the National Register 16 because of its association with cultural practice or beliefs of a living community”.11 Some of 17 Molokaì’s most noted traditional cultural resources include the ancient Hawaiian complexes of 18 Halawa Valley, the ‘Ili’ili‘ōpai heiau of Mapulehu, the east end fishponds, Kukuì Lanikaula, the 19 Makahiki Grounds of Nā’iwa, the Hula Piko of Kā’ana, Kapuāiwa Coconut Grove, St. Joseph 20 Church, and the R.W. Meyer Sugar Mill of Kalaè. Appendix 3.3 provides a list of cultural sites that 21 the community desires to protect. 22 23 Some Molokaì residents feel that there is a lack of awareness and respect for the importance of 24 Molokaì’s cultural and archeological sites by locals and visitors alike, which often leads to 25 intentional or unintentional damage.12 There is also concern that some sites that have not been 26 formally identified are being damaged or destroyed by unregulated ground altering activities, land 27 development, and all-terrain vehicle use. In addition, neglected archeological sites such as heiau, 28 fishponds, rock walls, and house platforms, are often damaged by negative human activity, 29 animals, or tree roots. 30 31 Many of the historic buildings in Kaunakakai remain along the town’s main commercial corridor, 32 Ala Malama. However, a number of the wood, plantation vernacular style storefronts have been 33 altered and character defining features removed. Maunaloa has suffered from wholesale 34 demolition of laborer housing. Some twenty years after pineapple operations ceased in the 35 1970s, approximately 57 of the 200 plantation homes were demolished, and few wood plantation 36 vernacular commercial buildings remain intact. Conversely, the original camp homes at 37 Kualapuù remain largely intact. A number have been altered, but the majority of the homes 38 retain the character defining features of early twentieth century Hawaiian plantation laborer 39 housing.

11 U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. (1998). National Register Bulletin 38. 12 Chris Hart & Partners, Inc. January 2011. Cultural Resources Issue Paper. Prepared for the County of Maui Long- Range Planning Division, Wailuku, HI.

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1 2 Molokaì’s cultural sites are actively used by many in the community for cultural, spiritual, and 3 subsistence purposes and are important to the perpetuation of Hawaiian traditions and cultural 4 practices. According to the Governor’s Molokaì Subsistence Task Force Final Report13, among 5 the random sample group surveyed 28% of their food is acquired through subsistence activities 6 and 76% of respondents ranked subsistence as important to their own families. Erosion and reef 7 siltation, over-fishing and improper harvesting, and non-native invasive marine species threaten 8 traditional subsistence practices. Molokaì has a wealth of traditional cultural practitioners with 9 extensive experiential knowledge of local customs, resources, and ecosystems. Many of these 10 practitioners believe it is their responsibility to teach younger generations traditional conservation 11 practices and adherence to a code of conduct. This community place-based traditional resource 12 management can function collaboratively with the more contemporary, resource management 13 approach. One example is the ‘Aha Moku initiative, a joint venture established between the 14 native Hawaiian community and the State to integrate the traditional cultural natural resource 15 management system into existing government regulatory policy. 16 17 In the past several decades, the rights of Native Hawaiians, particularly relating to access and 18 gathering, have been extended and clarified. State and county governments and agencies have 19 obligations to protect the reasonable exercise of traditional and customary practices of Native 20 Hawaiians, to the extent feasible. Relying on the rights recognized in key constitutional and 21 statutory provisions, as well as court decisions14, the Hawaiì Supreme Court established an 22 analytical framework for State and county agencies to follow when considering land use and 23 development projects15. 24 25 26 B. ISSUES 27 28 29 Issue 1: Cultural, historic, and archaeological sites are vulnerable to destruction, theft, 30 neglect, and environmental degradation. Due to the Hawaiian language not 31 being a written language, these sites represent our libraries and history. 32 33 Issue 2: Cultural and environmental degradation affects the ability of Hawaiian cultural 34 practitioners to practice their traditional lifestyles, including subsistence practices. 35 36

13 Matsuoka, Jon K., Davianna P. McGregor, and Luciano Minerbi. June 1994. Governor’s Subsistence Task Force Final Report. Prepared for the State of Hawaii, Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism, Honolulu, HI. 14 Hawaii Constitution, Article XII, Sec. 7, HRS§§ 1-1, 7-1; Ka Pa´akai o Ka ´Aina v. Land Use Comm’n, 94 Hawai’i 31 (2000); Pele Defense Fund v. Paty, 73 Haw. 578 (1992). 15 Ibid; see also Public Access Shoreline Hawai’i v. Hawai’i County Planning Comm’n, 79 Hawai’i 425 (1995).

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1 2 C: GOAL, POLICIES, ACTIONS 3 4 5 6 GOAL Molokaì’s cultural, historic, and archaeological sites, and cultural 7 practices will be protected and perpetuated for their cultural and historical 8 value, and for enjoyment of and sustainable use by future generations. 9 10 Policies 11 1. Encourage proper management of and appropriate interpretation of 12 significant cultural resources and sites. 13 14 2. Promote the rehabilitation, reuse, and historic registration of significant 15 cultural resources, historic structures, and cultural landscapes. 16 17 3. Where appropriate, require identification and mitigation of potential impacts 18 to subsistence activities and resources when reviewing development permits 19 and discretionary land use proposals. 20 21 4. Support access for subsistence hunting, fishing, and gathering. Support 22 appropriate public access to the shoreline, public trails and hunting areas, in 23 a manner that protects natural and cultural resources and respects cultural 24 practices. 25 26 5. Adhere to Protect and support Native Hawaiian rights customarily and 27 traditionally exercised for subsistence, cultural, and religious purposes in 28 accordance with the Hawaiì State Constitution (Article XII, Section 7), HRS 29 sections 1-1 and 7-1, and Hawaiì lawcourt decisions. 30 31 6. Support the establishment of the island as a community-based subsistence 32 fishing area pursuant to HRS 188-22.6 in order to conserve marine and 33 nearshore resources for generations to come. 34 35 7. Increase community awareness and stewardship of Molokaì’s historic and 36 cultural resources. 37 38 8. Protect traditional cultural landscapes such as Hālawa Valley, Hoku Kano- 39 ‘Ualapuè Complex, Kaàmola, and Kamalo through the designation of all of 40 Manaʻe within a Traditional Land Use Overlay. 41 42 9. Encourage the restoration, management, and use of Molokaì’s fishponds. 43

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1 10. Support the inclusion of educational programs that emphasize culturally 2 significant arts and practices, the Hawaiian language, and Molokaì history 3 into the curriculum of Molokaì schools. 4 5 11. Support community-based cultural tourism that does not have an adverse 6 effect on natural resources and culture. 7 8 12. Encourage increased funding for the State Historic Preservation Division. 9 10 13. Support Molokaì cultural events that do not have an adverse effect on 11 natural resources and culture. 12 13 14. Ensure that permits for any project that may affect historic property are 14 provided to SHPD for review, and that SHPD’s recommendations are issued 15 as permit conditions. 16 17 15. Promote the education of visitors on the significance of historic and cultural 18 sites, how to be respectful of these sites, and how to support the 19 maintenance and preservation of these sites. 20 21 16. Encourage efforts in Waikolu valley to partner with the Kalaupapa National 22 Historical Park - National Park Service, Department of Land and Natural 23 Resources, the community, and other stakeholders to: a) conduct 24 archaeological studies; b) conduct invasive species removal; and c) 25 implement traditional uses of the valley. 26 27 28 29

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1 Actions

Table 3.2 Heritage Resources Lead No. Action County Agency Partners

Complete and regularly maintain a GIS inventory of cultural, archaeological and historic Planning 3.2.01 resources and trails assembled from existing SHPD Department inventories and databases to be used for project review.

Identify other significant cultural property types, including rural historic landscapes and Planning 3.2.02 traditional cultural properties and take action to SHPD Department include appropriate sites on the National Register.

Establish archaeological and historic districts Planning 3.2.03 SHPD where high concentrations of sites exist. Department

Provide education and incentives to encourage property owners to nominate structures and sites Planning 3.2.04 Real Property Tax to the State and National Register of Historic Department Places.

Coordinate with cultural practitioners and state Cultural Practitioners agencies to develop public education programs Environmental 3.2.05 DLNR on the proper gathering and use of subsistence Coordinator OHA resources.

Develop educational materials addressing Planning heritage and natural resources impacts from Department unpermitted ground altering activities; SHPD disseminate educational materials widely, NGOs, 3.2.06 including to private landowners and visitors; DPW Community Groups provide instructions for reporting unpermitted Cultural activities. Train Moloka`i Development Services Practitioners Administration (DSA) personnel to immediately OHA respond to complaints. Planning Department Pursue State and County cooperation to update Parks SHPD 3.2.07 and implement the Mālama Cultural Park master Department DHHL plan. OHA

Explore options to protect cultural sites listed in Planning SHPD 3.2.08 Appendix 3.3. Department Landowners

Establish a comprehensive historical interpretive Community Groups program including historical markers, maps and Planning Department 3.2.09 brochures identifying ahupua`a and significant OED SHPD historical sites that are appropriate for public

interpretation.

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Table 3.2 Heritage Resources Lead No. Action County Agency Partners

Coordinate with kupuna knowledgeable in north OED shore protocol to hold community meetings to Cultural Practitioners educate people about the history and cultural Environmental DLNR 3.2.10 significance of Wailau and Pelekunu and to Coordinator OHA encourage pono cultural practices while on the NGOs, north shore. Community Groups

Encourage the Governor to appoint members to Planning SHPD 3.2.11 the Molokaì Burial Council so that regular Department OHA hearings by this body may resume. USCG Promote Molokaì cultural events that do not DLNR DoCARE have an adverse effect on natural resources. NGOs, 3.2.12 Develop Molokaì cultural event and tourism OED Community Groups guidelines that protect island culture and natural Cultural Practitioners resources. OHA

Provide educational training to applicable county Planning 3.2.13 agencies on the role that the county permit SHPD process plays in historic preservation. Department

Educate property owners regarding the need to Planning 3.2.14 prevent damage to, or destruction of, historic and SHPD cultural sites. Department

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1 3.3 SCENIC RESOURCES

2 3 Scenic views and corridors are abundant and diverse on Moloka`i. They include land, sky, sea, 4 and historic structures at a variety of scales and locations: urban, rural, agricultural, and open 5 spaces. Views of nature, including ocean, hill slopes, valleys, ridgelines, springs, waterfalls, and 6 coastlines can be seen nearly continuously from roadways that cross the island or follow the 7 coast. 8 9 Existing Conditions 10 11 Scenic resources on Moloka‘i benefit from the limited amount of development which preserves 12 vast areas of open space, agricultural lands, forested mountains, historic landscapes and ocean 13 coastline. Many ridgelines and higher elevation hillsides remain undeveloped, while vegetation 14 along the coastline obstruct views in many locations. 15 16 A photo inventory of Moloka‘i’s scenic resources was conducted and mapped but has not been 17 rated for resource value. The Maui County General Plan 2030 Scenic & Historic Resources, 18 Inventory & Mapping Methodology Reports provide guidance on visual quality ratings based on 19 eleven factors that are used to evaluate and prioritize scenic resources.16 In addition, the 20 inventory and mapping work has not yet occurred to develop the Scenic Roadway Corridors 21 Management Plan and Design Guidelines. 22 23 24 25 B. ISSUES 26 27 28 Issue 1: Scenic resources are vulnerable to loss or degradation when not identified. 29 30 Issue 2: Most scenic resources can be difficult to restore once changed. 31 32 Issue 3: Moloka`i’s scenic views are underutilized due to a lack of signage and turnouts. 33 34 Issue 4: The increasing spread of invasive and poorly maintained vegetation is blocking 35 views to the ocean and mountains. 36 37 38 39 40

16 Chris Hart & Partners, Inc. (June 2006). Maui County General Plan 2030 Scenic & Historic Resources, Inventory & Mapping Methodology Reports (County of Maui Long‐Range Planning Division).

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1 C. GOAL, POLICIES, AND ACTIONS 2 3 4 Goal: Preserve and protect Moloka`i’s diverse scenic resources for future 5 generations. 6 7 8 9 Policies: 10 11 1. Restrict or mitigate the impact of development on scenic resources. 12 13 2. Ensure development is designed to protect scenic roadway views, significant 14 views of ridgelines and hill-slopes to maintain open space scenic character. 15 16 3. Increase community awareness and appreciation of Moloka`i’s scenic 17 resources. 18 19 4. Support land purchase, or provide tax incentives, to design and construct 20 scenic overlooks, roadside pull-outs, and signage. Maintain scenic view 21 corridors to the ocean and mountains. 22 23 5. Retain significant vistas associated with archaeological features and culturally 24 significant areas. 25 26 27 Actions: 28 29

Table 3.3 Scenic Resources Lead County No. Action Agency Partners

Develop BMPs for land and development uses to protect Planning 3.3.01 NGOs identified priority view corridors or viewsheds. Department

Complete the visual inventory, analysis, and mapping of key 3..3.02 Planning NGOs scenic view corridors, ridgelines, and viewsheds. Department

NGOs Develop and implement Scenic Roadway Corridors Planning 3..3.03 DPW Management Plan and Design Guidelines. Department HDOT

Provide educational workshops for design consultants Planning 3.3.04 NGOs and developers on scenic resource BMPs. Department

Integrate scenic resource planning into natural and Planning NGOs 3.3.05 heritage resources strategies and plans. Department 30

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1 4| HAZARDS 2 3 Hazards from natural forces have been measured in Hawaiì since the early 1800s. Since 1955 4 there have been 24 major disaster declarations in the State of Hawaii due to tropical cyclones, 5 earthquakes, landslides, lava flows and tsunamis. Natural disasters have inflicted significant 6 property losses and resulted in death and injury to residents and visitors in the County of Maui. Both 7 direct and indirect costs should be considered in calculating the total loss from natural disasters, 8 since recovery efforts divert available public and private resources, adversely impacting economic 9 productivity. 10 11 The main focus of disaster recovery is how to build resiliency, the bounce-back capabilities, into 12 communities. People must first recognize the inherent risks involved in their choices of where and 13 how to live. Then the communities can adopt “approaches that eliminate, reduce, mitigate or 14 transfer those risks in ways that make them more manageable over the long haul”1. 15 16 Communities with strong disaster resilience capabilities were often those that were 17 already doing well at the things citizens and businesses most value – having 18 leaders that people trust and institutions that work, having a healthy environment, 19 having a regularly maintained infrastructure designed to anticipate stresses, and 20 having a flexible economy that provides opportunities for broad cross-sections of 21 workers and investors.2 22 23 The islands that constitute Maui County are exposed to hazards that are sometimes unique to each 24 island. Molokaì has greater exposure to high surf from the large Northwestern Pacific swells than 25 other islands. Wildfires and drought have significantly impacted Molokaì. Floods and coastal 26 erosion with economic, social, and environmental significance are more common on Molokaì 27 because its population center is near shorelines and steep graded mountains with steep grading. 28 All islands in the County have similar exposure to tropical cyclones because of their geographic 29 location. Similarly, all islands in the County have comparable exposures to earthquakes. 30 31 The hazard mitigation planning process analyzes a community’s risk from natural hazards, 32 coordinates available resources, and implements actions to reduce risks. Natural hazards must be 33 considered when planning for future growth and development of a community. The Maui County 34 Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP) provides a strategy to reduce or eliminate loss of property or life 35 caused by natural hazard events. The HMP addresses the relationship among various types of 36 hazards, identifies actions that benefit multiple hazards, and prioritizes resources to areas 37 susceptible to most severe or most frequent hazards. The HMP was completed in 2015 and received 38 final approval from FEMA the same year.

1 http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/sealevel/ 2 Brown, Ben. (December 2010) What is Resilience? A Roadmap to Resilience: Towards a Healthier Environment, Society and Economy for South Alabama. A Report by the Coastal Commission of Alabama. 4 Hazards Moloka`i Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 4‐ 1

Moloka`i Community Plan

1 The 2010 HMP is being updated and will include information on hazard events that have impacted 2 the County since the 2010 Plan was published, as well as more information on the potential impacts 3 of climate change and sea level rise (SLR). Specific references to the 2015 Maui County Multi- 4 Hazard Mitigation Plan pertaining to descriptions in this chapter can be found in the footnotes. The 5 updated HMP will also focus on mitigating the impacts of flooding in order to improve the County's 6 Community Rating System (CRS) class ranking, which is currently 8. This rating provides a 10% 7 annual discount off flood policy premiums. A ranking of 1 out of the 10 classes is the highest and 8 would provide a 45% discount. The NFIP is a Federal program created by Congress to mitigate 9 future flood losses through sound, community-enforced building and zoning ordinances and to 10 provide access to affordable, federally backed flood insurance protection for property owners. The 11 NFIP is designed to provide an insurance alternative to disaster assistance to meet the escalating 12 costs of repairing damage to buildings and their contents caused by floods. The County is in the 13 process of updating the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) that are used to determine which 14 property owners with mortgages will be mandated by FEMA to purchase flood insurance and the 15 cost of the insurance.

Climate Change and Hazards Scientists agree that climate change is warming the earth based on an extensive body of scientific study, although the range and rate of climate change is still being determined. Some changes in Hawaii and other Pacific Islands are already measurable including SLR, increasing ocean acidity, increasing water and land temperatures, and changing rainfall patterns. Early measurements have also revealed decreasing base flows in streams, changing wind and wave patterns, and changing plant and animal habitats and species distribution. Research currently indicates that global mean sea level may reach approximately 1 foot by mid-century and 2.5 to 6.2 feet by the end of the century; however, there are significant unknowns in predicting SLR (http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/sealevel/ 6/29/2015).

The 2014 Hawaii Climate Adaptation Initiative Act (Act 83) established an interagency climate adaptation committee tasked with developing a SLR vulnerability and adaptation report that addresses potential statewide climate change impacts out to 2050. The interagency committee of county and community representatives will be overseen by the Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) and the Hawaii State Office of Planning. The committee will make recommendations about the best ways to prepare for SLR and the secondary effects. The committee is required to issue a report that will be available to the public before the end of 2017. Act 83 also authorizes the Office of Planning to coordinate development of climate adaptation plans and policy recommendations and to use the committee's report as framework for addressing other climate threats and climate change adaptation priorities.

The predicted impacts from SLR include increased coastal erosion, coastal bluff/cliff failure, groundwater table elevation, storm surge and inundation of low-lying areas. This will increase the likelihood of property damage and community exposures to hazards, such as high drought conditions and associated higher risk for wildfires. The impacts of SLR can increase saltwater intrusion in parts of the aquifer and cause the groundwater table to rise resulting in inundation of low-lying areas and the infrastructure within (Rotzoll & Fletcher 2013). SLR will accelerate in the future altering the frequency and severity of wave inundation, erosion and flooding events. Man-made structures and residents close to the shoreline pose particular challenges for hazard planning and adaptation to SLR.

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1 2 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS

3 Extensive areas of Kaunakakai and the east-end communities are located at low coastal elevations 4 placing them at relatively high-risk from tsunami, coastal flooding, stream flooding, storm surge and 5 inundation. Areas around the tourist resort at Kaluakoì and the entire campground at Papohaku 6 Park are also in tsunami inundation zones (see Hazards maps 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3). 7 8 Molokaì has nine potential shelters for hazard evacuations with a total capacity of 5,391 people. 9 Molokai High and Kualapuù Elementary are rated as hurricane shelters with a combined capacity 10 of 3,197 people. While this capacity could accommodate over 40% of the population, studies indicate 11 that only 35% of residents are likely seek public shelter during a hurricane.3 Three shelters are rated 12 for tsunamis and three for tropical cyclones. Only one shelter has been Red Cross approved. A 13 State of Hawaii Civil Defense facility survey found recurring deficiencies with existing shelters 14 (Martin & Chook, 2010)4. 15 16 There are 11 warning sirens on island: eight on the south shore, one on the Kalaupapa Peninsula, 17 one in Maunaloa and one on the west end. An additional six sirens are planned for Molokaì as part 18 of the Statewide Modernization and Upgrade Plan. Sirens have an effective average range of one- 19 half mile. The Civil Air Patrol provides coastal warnings and the County of Maui Civil Defense 20 Agency transmits warnings to the public through the Emergency Alert System (EAS), which includes 21 simultaneous broadcasts over all radio and television systems. Text and emails are sent to Civil 22 Defense Notifications and Emergency Alert subscribers. Disaster response is coordinated through 23 the County's Emergency Operation Center on Maui and the Molokaì Incident Command Post. 24 Communications are augmented through satellite transmission. 25 26 Flooding and Erosion – Annual storms can bring multiple hazards that impact coastal and inland 27 areas. These impacts include flash floods, high waves, storm surge, high winds and hurricanes. 28 SLR increases the effect of high waves and storm surge that contribute to beach and shoreline 29 erosion and coastal inundation. Major flood problems are associated with the heavy flow of four 30 water courses in east Molokaì. Wailua Stream, Wawaia Gulch, Kamalo Gulch and Kawela Gulch 31 become blocked due to inadequate bridge openings or deposits of eroded sediment. Many streams 32 run freely onto the roads as a result of inadequate drainage and stormwater infrastructure. This 33 typically occurs around the east side of Kawela and at One Ali'i Beach Park. Roadway flooding can 34 hamper travel and access and adversely affect emerging response times and capacity. When 35 streams and rivers flood on the mauka side of the road, heavy debris often settles on the roadways. 36 Additionally, mud runs off onto roadways making roads impassable and creating hazardous driving 37 conditions. There are several unnamed waterways that flood areas by the Kaunakakai Fire Station 38 and Maui College impacting the cemetery and Kapaàkea Homestead. Rising sea levels will also 39 block the drainage of streams causing overflow at the stream mouth.5 40

3 Source: County of Maui, Department of Civil Defense 4 Martin & Chock. (2010) Maui County Multi‐Hazard Mitigation Plan. 5 2015 Maui County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan, Chapter 10 and Chapter 13. 4 Hazards Moloka`i Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 4‐ 3

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1 Tsunami - Up to May of 2010, 27 tsunamis with run-up heights greater than 3.3 feet (1 meter) have 2 made landfall in the Hawaiian Islands during recorded history and eight have had significant 3 damaging effects on Maui, Molokaì or Lanai. Tsunamis reaching Moloka'i have exhibited 4 tremendous variability in terms of run-up heights, inundation distances, and the damage they have 5 inflicted. The April 1946 tsunami on Molokaì, produced run-up heights of 7 and 44 feet on the east 6 and west sides of Kalaupapa Peninsula, respectively. 7 8 New GIS maps for all islands in the County has been developed for tsunami inundation areas. These 9 maps include delineations of historical and modeled run-up data; they are used for determining 10 building standards and tsunami evacuation areas. Historically in Hawaii, the National Flood 11 Insurance Program (NFIP) Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) included the historical tsunami 12 inundation limits. The new Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps (DFIRMs) should be amended to 13 include for these limits.6 14 15 Dams and Reservoirs - Dam and reservoir failures can cause damaging flash floods. The sudden 16 release of impounded water can occur during a flood that overtops or damages a dam or reservoir; 17 this can occur on a clear day if the dam has not been properly constructed or maintained. The 18 Kualapuù Reservoir is an earthen dam located in central Molokaì, that stores 1.2 billion gallons of 19 water for irrigation purposes. The dam is 57 feet high and is 7,100 feet long with a drainage area of 20 134 acres. This state regulated reservoir that was built in 1969 has a high flash flood hazard rating.7 21 The nearest town in the flood path, is Hoòlehua Palaàu Homestead located one mile away. 22 Kualapuù Reservoir has a state approved Emergency Action Plan (EAP) and an engineering 23 assessment was completed in January 2015 (see Hazards map 4.2).8 24 25 High Surf - The most predictable and frequent coastal hazards in the Hawaiian Islands are sudden 26 high waves combined with strong near shore currents. High surf is defined as waves ranging in 27 height from 10 feet to 20 feet or more. High wave events threaten lives, coastal property, and 28 infrastructure. High waves from hurricanes present a more complex hazard since they may coincide 29 with high tide, storm surge, and high winds to produce a combined threat. They generally occur from 30 June through December and most often hit the eastern shores of the Hawaiian Islands as hurricanes 31 approach. High waves produced by north Pacific swells affect the entire northern and western coast 32 of Molokaì.9 There is a greater threat to the more accessible and frequented areas along the north 33 facing shores of the west Laàu Point between Ilio Point and Mo'omomi Beach.10 34 35 Wildfire -Wildfire is the term applied to any unwanted and unplanned fire burning in forest, shrub, 36 or grass areas regardless of whether naturally or human induced. Historically, Molokaì has been 37 very susceptible to wildfire; there are nine years on record where more than one thousand acres 38 burned. Between 1975 and 2009, wildfires on Molokaì burned over 65,000 acres, which is

6 IBID, Chapter 9 7 "High hazard" means a dam's or reservoir's failure will result in probable loss of human life. Source: HAR-190-1-Dam-Safety-Rules1.pdf 8 2015 Maui County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan, Chapter 11. 9 IBID, Chapter 16 10 Atlas of Natural Hazards in the Hawaiian Coastal Zone, 2002 4 Hazards Moloka`i Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 4‐ 4

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1 approximately twice as much acreage as wildfires consumed on Maui during the same time period. 2 Wildfires can cause widespread damage to watersheds, human communities, and associated 3 downslope coral reef ecosystems. The danger of wildfire is related to arid conditions, frequent high 4 winds and the high fuel potential of vegetation. Nine out of ten wildfires are human caused. 5 Molokaì’s central area and west end are dry regions with agricultural lands that are particularly 6 susceptible to drought conditions, and are therefore at high risk of wildfire. 7 8 In the early 2000’s the Molokaì Fire Task Force was created to improve interagency coordination 9 and communication regarding wildfires on Molokaì. The original core group consisted of Maui 10 County Fire and Rescue Operations, The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and the State Department of 11 Fish and Wildlife (DOFAW). The Task Force has since evolved and many other private sector, state, 12 county and local community agencies have become involved. The Task Force maintains a positive 13 working relationship between the myriad of agencies involved in wildfire protection and the Molokaì 14 community. 15 16 The Task Force collects wildfire risk data and oversees development of the Community Wildfire 17 Protection Plan (CWPP). The CWPP addresses elements of wildfire protection, hazard assessment, 18 wildfire mitigation priorities, and community outreach and education. The goals and objectives of the 19 plan follow the requirements of the Healthy Forests Restoration Act (HFRA), which describes a 20 CWPP as a fire mitigation and planning tool for at-risk communities that meet criteria contained in 21 the HFRA.11 22 23 Hazardous Substances & Waste - The Hawaii Environmental Response Law (HERL) requires the 24 DOH to report annually to the State Legislature about sites with potential or known hazardous 25 substances, pollutants, or contaminants.12 The 2014 Site Rehabilitation Prioritization (SRP) List of 26 Priority Sites reported ten sites on Molokaì with potential or known contamination. There was also 27 a list of sites eligible for possible remedial action under Comprehensive Environmental Response 28 Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) that identified one Molokaì site for possible listing. 29 Additionally, in 2014 there were four Molokaì sites located on federal property managed and funded 30 under the Department of Defense/State Memorandum of Agreement (DSMOA) Program.13 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

11 Detailed information and data on tsunamis is contained in the 2015 Maui County Hazard Mitigation Plan, Chapter 14 (drought) and Chapter 15 (wildfire). Additionally, the impact of drought on Moloka`i was addressed in the October 2004 County of Maui Drought Mitigation Strategies and the 2005 State Drought Plan. 12 Martin & Chock. (2010) Maui County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan. 13 Environmental Response and Planning Community Knowledge Report to the Twenty-Seventh Legislature, State of Hawaii 2014.

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1 B. ISSUES 2 3 Issue 1: There is low public awareness about hazard preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery.

Issue 2: In coastal areas, including Kaunakakai, Sea Level Rise will increase risk of inundation, flooding, storm surge, beach erosion, and shoreline retreat and structural damage. Issue 3: Moloka`i has a high risk of wildfire.14

4 Issue 4: Molokaì cannot solely depend upon other islands for resources for their hazard 5 and emergency response. 6 7 Issue 5: The majority of Molokaì's government, businesses and health care facilities, with 8 the exception of the hospital and new fire station, are located entirely within flood 9 and tsunami inundation zones. 10 11 Issue 6: Pukoò Fire Station is the only emergency facility located on the East End of 12 Molokaì and is located within flood and tsunami inundation zones. 13 14 Issue 7: There are no emergency facilities in the West End of Molokaì. 15 16 17 C. GOAL, POLICIES, ACTIONS 18 19 20 Goal Molokaì will be prepared for natural and human-created hazards. 21 22 23 Policies 24 25 1. Promote public education about natural and human-induced hazards in order 26 to improve preparedness and response and to reduce hazard risk and impacts. 27 28 2. Support a more coordinated emergency response system that includes clearly 29 defined and mapped evacuation routes and Red Cross approved shelters 30 located away from areas susceptible to natural hazards. 31 32 3. Support and advocate for better preparedness capacity by improving inter- 33 agency planning, coordination, and implementation. 34

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1 4. Support the integration of science based coastal hazards information into land 2 use planning and permitting, including revision of the Special Management 3 Area (SMA) boundary in accordance with Hawaii State Act 286 (2012) Climate 4 Change Adaption Priority Guidelines. 5 6 5. Maximize protection of coastal natural resources and ecosystems and avoid 7 the perpetuation of shoreline armoring. 8 9 6. Encourage the location or relocation of all critical infrastructure, facilities, and 10 development out of the evacuation and inundation zones vulnerable to coastal 11 hazards in accordance with the 2012 Hawaii State Climate Change Adaption 12 Priority Guidelines and the 2015 Maui County Hazard Mitigation Plan. 13 14 7. Prioritize mitigation efforts that will provide potential funding opportunities to 15 harden, flood proof, or retrofit vulnerable critical facilities and infrastructure. 16 17 8. Support the goals, objectives and actions of the 2015 Moloka`i Community 18 Wildfire Protection Plan. 19 20 9. Support the protection and restoration of natural systems, such as wetlands 21 and dunes, for flood mitigation and climate change adaptation. 22 23 10. Promote the distribution of public education and outreach materials that explain 24 FEMA's National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). 25 26 11. Per the Maui County Hazard Mitigation Plan, encourage the State to utilize 27 the funding provided for in the State Highways Modernization Plan to retrofit, 28 rehabilitate and/or replace highway bridges vulnerable to earthquake hazard. 29 30 12. Encourage a greater urgency to act on hazard policies, actions, 31 implementation priorities, and funding. 32 33 13. Support the addition of Red Cross approved shelters. 34 35 14. Support the integration of traditional ecological knowledge based coastal 36 hazards information into planning for resilience. 37 38 39 40 41 42 4 Hazards Moloka`i Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 4‐ 7

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1 Actions 2

Table 4.1 Hazards

Lead County No. Action Agency Partners

Red Cross Civil Air Patrol Police Department Fire and Public Safety 4.01 Continue the development of Moloka`i Incident Command Civil Defense Post in coordination with County Civil Defense. DPW EMS VOAD Privately held Public Water Systems Identify and submit flood and pre-disaster mitigation projects that qualify for funding under the FEMA Pre- FEMA Region IX Disaster Mitigation Program, Hazard Mitigation Assistance Civil Defense 4.02 Program, NFIP Severe Repetitive Loss Program and other NFIP FEMA funded mitigation and NFIP grants consistent with the Maui County Hazard Mitigation Plan.

Develop programs and distribute materials for public Fire Department outreach and education to better educate the community Mayor’s Office and visitors on disaster preparedness, response, hazard Environmental Coordinator 4.03 mitigation, multi-hazard risks and vulnerabilities and post- Civil Defense disaster recovery. Target materials and programs that will Red Cross provide information on steps to take to protect lives and Molokai Wildfire strengthen property against natural and human related Task Force disasters. State DOH Seek community information on possible hazardous Department of Mayor’s Office 4.04 waste sites buried decades ago; investigate and Environmental (Environmental remediate if needed. Management Coordinator) Identify critical infrastructure, lifelines, roads, and structures that are vulnerable to coastal hazards, DPW 4.05 including SLR, and develop a more coordinated Civil Defense DWS emergency response system of well-defined and mapped DEM evacuation routes.

Identify critical infrastructure, lifelines, roads, and structures that are vulnerable to wildfires and develop a Fire and DLNR- DOFA 4.06 more coordinated emergency response system of well- Public Volunteer Fire Crew defined and mapped evacuation routes. Formalize Safety Moloka`i Fire Task existing practices on the use of heavy equipment during Force

fires.

Develop a wildfire information campaign and signage to build public awareness of wildfire hazard. Improve Moloka`i Fire Task Fire and Force 4.07 community awareness of the human, economic, and environmental costs associated with wildfires caused by Public Safety Private Property negligence or accident. Engage the community in creating Owners and maintaining fire breaks.

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Table 4.1 Hazards

Lead County No. Action Agency Partners

Fire and Public Support wildfire mitigation activities such as green belts Safety Planning 4.08 around subdivisions and vegetation control around power DPW poles that will minimize risk of wildfire susceptibility to Moloka`i Fire Task properties and subdivisions. Force MECO Complete an inventory of vulnerable critical facilities and 4.09 infrastructure. Include this information in Maui County Planning Civil Defense HMP for future mitigation project funding.

Map SLR projections for specific geographic areas on Moloka`i, utilizing data from the National Oceanic and NOAA Pacific 4.10 Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Digital Coast SLR Planning Services Center, UH and Coastal Flooding Impacts Viewer. Map other climate Sea Grant related coastal hazard areas.

Continue work with FEMA to update FIRMs that incorporate best available information on climate change Planning FEMA 4.11 and SLR.

4.12 Implement additional CRS activities to improve class Planning FEMA ratings and discounts on flood insurance premiums.

Conduct erosion analysis of Moloka`i's shoreline to NOAA Pacific determine rate of erosion and use the results to determine 4.13 Planning Services Center, UH setback calculations that also factor in incremental effects Sea Grant of SLR. Coordinate with Federal, State and County agencies to obtain current SLR information and maps. Plan phased NOAA Pacific relocation of critical structures and roadways. Plan long- Services Center, UH 4.14 term strategic retreat of buildings. Identify priority planning Planning Sea Grant areas where resources and planning efforts should be Civil Defense focused. Identify how and where to use adaptation strategies such as retreat, accommodation, and DPW protection.

4.15 Per the Maui County Hazard Mitigation Plan, update the HAZUS MH model to incorporate detailed data on state Civil Defense FEMA

and county bridges located in Molokaì. 4.16 Support development of a cultural archive of the kupuna's Planning DHHL knowledge of traditional hazard mitigation practices. Evaluate, update and prioritize and build Red Cross 4.17 Civil Defense Red Cross approved shelters on Molokaì. . Immediately seek funding and develop an implementation 4.18 plan to move critical infrastructure and emergency Civil Defense FEMA services out of flood and tsunami inundation zones. Support the relocation of the Pukoò Fire Station on the 4.19 Civil Defense FEMA East End of Molokaì. 1

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1 5 | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2 3 Several key economic events have shaped the structure and vitality of Molokaì’s economy. These 4 also have influenced the population makeup and employment opportunities on the island. Molokaì 5 has a long history of agriculture, beginning with the cultivation of taro and development of fishponds 6 by the native Hawaiians. In 1859, Kamehameha IV established a sheep ranch at Kaluako‘i which was 7 the origin of Molokaì Ranch. In the 1920s, the first pineapple plantations were established and the 8 island experienced an influx of immigrant workers. Other agricultural crops have been commercially 9 produced on Molokaì including sugar, honey, sweet potatoes, and watermelon. In the late 1970s, the 10 Kaluako‘i Hotel along with its golf course and condominiums opened, officially introducing resort 11 tourism to Molokaì. By the early 1980s, the pineapple operations closed ending plantation agriculture 12 on Molokaì and triggering a substantial out-migration. 13 14 In 1967, the First Corn test plots was started by Molokaì Ranch, with the support of the University of 15 Hawaii (Dr. Jim Brewbaker and Dr. Elizabeth Johnson (Granger)). In 1968, MolokaÌ Seed Service 16 (Corn Nuts, Molokaì Ranch) and Hawaiian Research (Roland Holden) began business on Molokaì. 17 In 1972, Molokaì Seed Services sells to Hawaiian Research all of its assets including land leases on 18 Molokaì. December 2000 Monsanto purchases Hawaiian Research. In 2000, two biotech seed corn 19 companies, Monsanto and Mycogen Seeds, began operations that are now Molokaì’s first and second 20 largest private employers. In 2001, the Kaluako’i Hotel closed; then in 2008, the island’s largest 21 employer at the time, Molokaì Ranch, closed its operations and laid off 120 employees. This meant 22 the loss of some important community amenities such as the Kaluako’i golf course, a gas station, and 23 a movie theatre complex. 24 25 In an effort to find solutions to the island’s economic challenges, the Maui Economic Development 26 Board (MEDB) and the Molokaì Chamber of Commerce surveyed 90 Molokaì business 27 representatives. The resulting 2009 report concluded that, “… the quality of the labor force and job 28 applicants was a limiting factor for the Molokaì economy.”1 Education levels, job skills, and a shortage 29 of local managerial talent were cited as contributing factors. In spite of these discouraging findings, 30 MEDB also found that “…entrepreneurship is thriving on Molokaì and that resourcefulness is inherent 31 in the community.”2 32 33 Additionally, according to the 1994 Governor’s Molokaʻi Subsistence Task Force Final Report, 34 subsistence is a viable sector of Molokaʻi’s economy. Subsistence practices on Molokaʻi have 35 continued into today primarily due to the availability of renewable natural resources. With Molokaʻi’s 36 history of years of macroeconomic strategies that have had negative implications on Molokaʻi’s natural 37 resources and native ecosystems, in addition to recognizing Molokaʻi’s subsistence economy, it is

1 Maui Economic Development Board, Entrepreneurship and the Future of Moloka`i (2009) 2 Maui Economic Development Board, MEDB Annual Report On Operations, July 1, 2008 – June 30, 2009

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1 equally important to carefully move forward with future endeavors to develop and diversity Molokaʻi’s 2 economy. 3 4 In Wāiahole I, the Hawaiʻi Supreme Court held that the public trust doctrine affords protection to natural 5 resources that are important for Native Hawaiian traditional and customary practices,3 including 6 subsistence. The Court further held that private commercial use is not a protected public trust use.4 7 Additionally, as public and private interests often conflict, the State has a constitutional obligation to 8 weigh competing interests in public trust resources with a presumption in favor of public use, access, 9 and enjoyment.5 In order to ensure Molokaʻi’s subsistence economy remains its viable and ensure 10 the rural character of Manaʻe remains intact, it is critical to ensure that the continuous development of 11 Molokaʻi’s economy is done so in a way that is in accordance with the state’s affirmative obligations. 12 13 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 14 15 Molokaì’s economic development efforts face a unique set of challenges including: 16  Limited local market capacity and competition due to the small, isolated population. 17  Higher cost and limited product transportation options. 18  Over-reliance on fossil fuel based imports for energy production and transportation of people, 19 food, and materials. 20 21 These economic challenges are magnified on Molokaì; finding workable solutions will require 22 thoughtful collaboration between business owners, major landowners, government entities, and the 23 community. 24 25 The USDA awards grants to communities throughout the United States that have high rates of poverty 26 and Molokaì has been was designated one of these as a Rural Enterprise Communities for ten years 27 from 1998 to 2008. Molokaì is economically disadvantaged due in part to the lasting combined impacts 28 of the Great Recession and the shutdown of the pineapple companies and Molokaì Ranch. The 29 following 2009-2013 American Community Survey statistics provide a snapshot of economic 30 conditions on Molokaì6: 31 32  Molokaì has consistently had the state’s highest unemployment rate; in November 2014 it was 33 14.2% versus the statewide average of 4.7%.7

3 In re Waiāhole Combined Contested Case Hearing (Waiāhole I), 94 Hawaiʻi 97, 136 9 P.3d 409, 448, 137. 4 Id. at 138. 5 Id. at 141-42. 6 American Community Survey, 2009‐13 5‐year Estimate (unless otherwise noted). 7 Hawaii State Department of Labor& Industrial Relations (DLIR), December, 2014

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1  The 2009-2013 estimated median family income (MFI) for East Molokaì was of $51,807 which 2 was 65% of the $79,963 statewide MFI; West Molokaì MFI was $44,656 which was 56% of the 3 statewide MFI. 4  An estimated 21% of people living on Molokaì had incomes below the poverty level, which was 5 nearly double the statewide rate of 11%. 6  On Molokaì, 28% of workers were employed in the government sector compared to 15% on Maui, 7 and 21% statewide. Alternatively, Molokaì had the lowest percentage of private-sector employees 8 at 63% compared to 75% on Maui, and 72% statewide. 9  Molokaì had the highest percentage of workers employed in the agricultural, forestry, and fishing 10 industries at 7% compared to Maui at 2.4% and the state average at 1.5%. 11  Molokaì has only one small hotel and 340 total visitor accommodation units that are mostly condos 12 and in 2014 the island had the lowest percentage of workers employed in the tourism sector with 13 15% versus 24% for Maui and 16% statewide. 14 15 Standard economic indicators such as unemployment rate, workforce composition, and personal 16 income levels may signify a community in distress; however, Molokaì has a significant subsistence 17 economy which provides a vital and viable substitution for many imported goods. This key sector in 18 Molokai’s hidden economy is important to food sustainability and self-sufficiency. 19 20 Subsistence is the customary and traditional use by Molokaì residents of wild and cultivated renewable 21 resources for direct personal or family consumption as food, shelter, fuel, clothing, tools, transportation, 22 culture, religion and medicine, for barter or sharing, and for customary trade. Many families on 23 Molokaì continue to rely upon subsistence fishing, hunting, gathering, or cultivation for a significant 24 portion of their food. Subsistence has also been critical to the persistence of traditional Hawaiian 25 cultural values, customs and practices. 26 27 A number of residents are very protective of their rural and traditional-based lifestyles and have 28 resisted economic development centered on commercial tourism, real estate development, and in- 29 migration of new residents; all important elements in most of the state’s economic development 30 strategies. Although many Molokaì residents are willing to accept economic tradeoffs to maintain their 31 traditional lifestyles, others desire a more diversified, resilient, production and service-based economy. 32 There is considerable community support for agriculture, aquaculture, and an active community-based 33 tourism sector. Many would like to see small local businesses and entrepreneurs become the primary 34 drivers of Molokaì’s economic renaissance. There is also a strong community desire to revitalize and 35 reopen the Kaluako‘i Hotel and golf course, the Maunaloa Lodge, and the other amenities. 36 37 There is no longer a direct freight service connection between Molokaì and Maui, which creates 38 logistical problems for producers of perishable goods. The Young Brothers freight schedule makes it 39 difficult to ship perishable goods from Honolulu. Products originating or arriving outside of Hawaii first

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1 arrive in Oahu then move on to Molokaì. The additional leg of travel increases Molokaì shipping costs 2 and shipping times, which can affect spoilage rates for agricultural products. 3 4 B. ISSUES 5 6 7 Issue 1: Molokaì’s limited economic base has been unable to provide a sufficient level of 8 employment to meet the needs of residents. 9 10 Issue 2: Transportation between Molokaì and the neighbor islands is costly and a challenge 11 for economic development. 12 13 Issue 3: The limited pool of qualified, well trained and reliable workers reduces local 14 employment potential and makes business more challenging. 15 16 Issue 4: Molokaì has a high cost of electricity. 17 18 Issue 5: There is increasing concern that if something is not done now to reverse the trend of 19 overharvesting and diminishing natural resources, there will be nothing left for future 20 generations. 21 22 23 C. GOAL, POLICIES, ACTIONS 24 25 26 Goal A stable, balanced, diversified, and sustainable economy, respecting cultural and 27 natural resources, that is compatible with Molokaì’s rural island lifestyle. 28 29 Policies 30 31 1. Support diversification of Molokaì’s economy. 32 33 2. Support improvements in education training programs, and internships at all levels to 34 ensure a well-educated and well trained workforce. 35 36 3. Support the development of agriculture and value-added agricultural products and 37 support traditional farming systems. 38 39 4. Support small business assistance and training programs. 40

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1 5. Support expansion of complementary tourism markets including kamaàina, cultural, 2 religious pilgrimage, eco, agricultural, sports, and hunting in a manner that supports the 3 conservation of Molokaì's natural and cultural resources, the protection of Molokaì's rural 4 lifestyle and cultural traditions, and the sustainability of the island. . 5 6 6. Support redevelopment projects such as Kaluako’i Hotel and golf courses, and the 7 reopening of Molokaì Ranch Lodge with community input to incorporate community 8 culture and lifestyle. 9 10 7. Support the limited growth of permitted alternative lodging units that do not create an 11 adverse impact on the neighborhood. 12 13 8. Support increased enforcement of the County’s Short-Term Rental Home Ordinance to 14 address the adverse impacts unpermitted rentals have on neighborhoods. 15 16 9. Advocate for Molokaì’s transportation interests. 17 18 10. Encourage the State Department of Transportation’s implementation of harbor 19 improvements. 20 21 11. Encourage the State Department of Transportation to improve the airport. 22 23 12. Create regulations and procedures that will enhance and promote (not hinder) economic 24 development appropriate to the Molokaì rural character. 25 26 13. Support the discussion of using the abundance of venison and kiawe for new industries. 27 28 14.13. Support art as a business. 29 30 15.14. Support and encourage cottage and mini-industries such as garment and craft 31 production as residentially based economic activities, provided such activities are 32 compatible with the surrounding neighborhood. 33 34 16.15. Support increased education and employment in conservation and restoration to 35 create a sustainable economy. 36 37 17.16. Continue support of the Kuhau business Center. 38 39 18.17. Support the restoration and utilization of Molokaì fishponds and the development of 40 a fish hatchery on the east end of Molokaì. . 41

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1 19.18. Support community initiatives to develop a management plan for mangroves in 2 fishponds and near shore areas and convert this invasive species into farm inputs and 3 hardwood consumer products. 4 5 19. Encourage the update and implementation of the Molokaì Responsible Tourism 6 Initiative. 7 8 20. Support subsistence as a sector of Molokaì's economy. 9 10 20.21. Encourage State and County efforts to secure federal funds to subsidize interisland 11 transportation. 12 13 21.22. Support community-based management of the natural resources on Molokaì. 14 15 23. Encourage the protection of the north shore coastline, valleys, and fisheries from all 16 commercial activities. 17 18 19

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1 Actions 2

Table 5. 1 Economic Development

Lead County No. Action Agency Partners

MEO Identify, target, and recruit new industries and MEDB businesses such as agricultural operations, 5.01 OED DOH aquaculture, cultural arts and trades, and information DLNR technology. Aha Kiole o Molokai Continue to assess potential shipping options including Ferry Operators 5.02 utilizing the ferry as a small cargo carrier between Maui OED Public Utilities Commission and Molokaì. Aha Kiole o Molokai Continue to work with inter-island airlines to keep Airlines airfares affordable and service frequency adequate to Shippers 5.03 OED accommodate the needs of Molokaì visitors, residents, Public Utilities Commission and businesses. Aha Kiole o Molokai University of Hawaii (UH) College of Tropical Develop a Molokaì Agriculture Strategic Plan for all 5.04 OED Agriculture and Human farms. Resources (CTAHR) Aha Kiole o Molokai Department of Agriculture Continue to provide business courses to farm owners Farm Service Agency 5.05 and agricultural entrepreneurs that include education OED Hawaii about State and Federal loan and grant opportunities. Aha Kiole o Molokai Encourage the development of cooperative agricultural DHHL 5.06 development programs between the County and the OED Aha Kiole o Molokai DHHL to support diversified agricultural pursuits.

Create a survey of the Molokaì population to MEDB 5.07 determine the reasons for the high rate of “discouraged OED MEO workers”. Aha Kiole o Molokai MEDB Continue and enhance educational opportunities for MEO Molokaì’s students in areas such as STEM education, 5.08 OED DOE business management, leadership, agriculture, and UH vocational training. Aha Kiole o Molokai Assess how environmental impact, invasive species, OED DLNR feral ungulates, natural resources, and other factors will EPA 5.09 Mayor’s Office negatively or positively impact Molokaì’s present and (Environmental MEDB future. Coordinator) Aha Kiole o Molokai

Develop a permanent appropriate site for the farmer’s MEDB 5.10 market in Kaunakakai to promote locally grown fresh OED Moloka`i farmers produce and products. Aha Kiole o Molokai

Identify economic opportunities for the use of targeted 5.11 OED Aha Kiole o Molokai plant and animal species for value added products

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Moloka`i Community Plan

Table 5. 1 Economic Development

Lead County No. Action Agency Partners

Assess which development regulations are going to Planning Department 5.12 discourage investors from making improvements on OED Aha Kiole o Molokai Moloka`i.

Explore the possibility to provide incentives to landowners to help bring county code legacy issues Planning Department 5.13 DHHC into compliance for the purpose of maintaining Aha Kiole o Molokai affordable housing. Hawaii Workforce Support Workforce development efforts to help 5.14 OED Development Dept. improve Moloka’i’s economy. Aha Kiole o Molokai HDOA Market Develop opportunities to get more local agricultural 5.15 OED Development Branch products into local markets. Aha Kiole o Molokai Support the traditional use of Hawaiian farming HDOA 5.16 OED systems and the growth of traditional Hawaiian crops. Aha Kiole o Molokai Support workforce development efforts targeted at 5.17 OED Aha Kiole o Molokai sectors poised to revive Moloka`i's economy.

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Moloka`i Community Plan

1 6 | LAND USE AND HOUSING 2 3 Land use refers to the way in which we use and manage land, whether for agriculture, 4 subsistence, environmental preservation, recreation, business, or housing. Land use policies and 5 practices help to ensure an adequate and affordable supply of housing by designating where 6 housing can be built in relation to other uses. Progressive land use and housing policies strive to 7 ensure sustainable communities with a variety of housing opportunities proximate to jobs, 8 services, parks, infrastructure, and transportation. The Community Plan sets the framework to 9 create livable communities for Molokaì’s people while protecting agricultural lands, environmental 10 resources, and the rural character of the island. 11 12 6.1 Land Use 13 14 Molokaì is a rural island based on an agricultural economy. The island has three distinct 15 geographic regions with small towns and dispersed rural settlement. The island has very 16 limited commercial and tourism development. Molokaì’s settlement patterns have been 17 greatly influenced by the establishment of plantation agriculture and ranching, the 18 development of irrigation systems, and the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act of 1920 as 19 amended, enacted in 1921. The visitor industry began on Molokaì in the late 1960s with the 20 opening of the Hotel Molokaì and Pau Hana Inn in Kaunakakai, and on the west end with the 21 Kaluakoì Hotel opening in 1977. The Pāpōhaku Ranchlands Subdivision, established in 1981 22 on the West End, signified the beginning of resort real estate development on Molokaì. 23 24 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 25 26 Molokaì’s current land use patterns are characterized by small towns surrounded by vast 27 agricultural lands, rural homestead settlements, resort development at Kaluakoì, and 28 scattered rural development along the island’s southeast coast. Kaunakakai is the island’s 29 population and commercial center and the smaller towns of Kualapuù, Maunaloa, and 30 Ùalapuè are important service centers for those communities. 31 32 Table 6. 1: Population of Moloka‘i's Small Towns 33 2010 Town Population Kaunakakai 3,425 Kualapu‘u 2,207 Maunaloa 376 Ùalapuè 425 34 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census 35

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1 The vast majority of Moloka`i’s lands are within the State’s Agricultural and Conservation 2 Districts, with only a small percentage designated as Rural and Urban (see Figure 6.1). 3 4 Figure 6. 1 Acreage by State Land Use District

5 6 7 8 Almost all of the land on Molokaì designated Urban by the State Land Use Commission 9 (SLUC) is County zoned Interim. The exceptions are those properties for which a zoning 10 change has been granted. Interim zoning has significant consequences for landowners and 11 businesses: 12 13  Interim zoning adds considerable time and expense to the land use permitting process. 14  Interim zoned property cannot be subdivided nor can conditional permits be granted. 15  Commercial use of Interim zoned property is considered non-conforming since 16 commercial is not permitted in the Interim District. 17  Interim zoning allows densities and uses that are potentially undesirable in some areas. 18 19 A majority of Molokaì land is held by a few landowners and ownership patterns vary among the 20 island’s three regions (see Figure 6.2). West Molokaì is almost entirely owned by Molokai Ranch. 21 Central Molokaì has large areas owned by the Department of Hawaiian Homelands (DHHL) and 22 by Molokai Ranch, as well as smaller landowners. East Molokaì is largely held by small 23 landowners some of which are kuleana grants. In the Halawa area Puù o Hoku Ranch has 24 extensive property. 25

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1 DHHL is not required to comply with the Maui County General Plan, zoning and subdivision 2 regulations, and County building and other ministerial permits. However, DHHL does require 3 lessees to obtain building permit approval from the County Department of Public Works because 4 DHHL does not have its own building code. This jurisdictional arrangement has caused confusion 5 for some DHHL lessees and other community members. 6 7 8 Figure 6.2 Ownership Percentage by Major Landowner

9 10 11 12 Molokaì’s elongated shape embraces widely varying topographic and climatic regimes. For 13 planning purposes, the island is divided into three regions along Tax Map Key (TMK) parcel 14 lines – East Molokaì, West Molokaì and Central Molokaì (see Figure 6.3). 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

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1 Figure 6.3 Moloka`i Planning Regions

2 3 4 5 6 East Molokaì 7 8 The boundaries of East Molokaì by ahupuaà are from Makolelau to Halawa on the south 9 shore, and from Pelekunu to Halawa on the north shore. This area boundary was chosen 10 since the lands contained within that area match the East Molokaʻi Planning Region, are 11 similar in actual use/ownership today, and match the community lifestyle. East Molokaì is the 12 island’s most remote and sparsely populated region. This region is also known as the East 13 End, or Mana‘e which is defined as “to the east – a direction.”1 East Molokaì rises to the 14 summit of Kamakou at 4,970 feet. This mountainous region has been sculpted by heavy 15 windward rainfall creating the deep verdant valleys of Pelekunu, Wailau, and Hālawa. The 16 primary land uses are conservation and cattle ranching, with small rural settlements along the 17 southeast coast at Ùalapuè, Pūkoò, Pauwalu, Waialua, and Hālawa. The southeast shore is 18 also known for its historic fishponds, some of which are currently being restored. 19 20 Central Molokaì 21 22 The boundaries of Central Molokaì by ahupuaà are from Kawela to Pālāàu on the south 23 shore, and from Kahanui to Pālāàu on the north shore. Central Molokaì is a varied 24 landscape of high verdant forested plateaus, rugged and gentle coastlines, and a dry central 25 plain that when irrigated provides some of the most fertile agricultural lands in Hawaiì. 26 Kaunakakai is the principal commercial, civic, and population center of the island with 47% of 27 total island population. Other Central Molokaì population centers include the former plantation 28 town of Kualapuù and the Hawaiian homesteads at Hoòlehua and Kalamaùla. The island’s 29 primary industrial site is in the Molokaì Industrial Park at Palaàu and near the shore in 30 Kaunakakai. 31 32 Central Moloka‘i is also the island’s bread basket. Agricultural resources include 33 approximately 11,500 acres of Prime Agricultural Land2, the Molokaì Irrigation System, and

1 Pukui, Hawaiian Dictionary, 1971, University of Hawaii Press 2 State Department of Agriculture, November, 1977. Agricultural Lands of Importance to the State of Hawaii Revised

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1 the island’s only State owned agricultural park, comprising 753 acres (see Map 6.1). 2 Molokaì’s agricultural lands support the island’s existing agricultural economy, provide the 3 opportunity for subsistence agriculture, provide future opportunities for agricultural enterprises, 4 and significantly contribute to the island’s vast open space and rural character. While 5 Molokaì’s agricultural lands are not under the level of pressure from encroaching urbanization 6 like other areas in the state, implementing tools to protect these lands is a proactive step to 7 ensure these resources are available for future generations. 8 9 West Molokaì 10 11 West Molokaì includes primarily the ahupuaà of Kaluakoì, as well as the coastal portions of 12 Hoòlehua and Ìloli ahupuaà on the south shore. West Molokaì is on the hot and dry 13 leeward side of the island. Its highest elevation is at Puù Nana, elevation 1,381 feet. Cattle 14 ranching is the dominant land use in the region. Kaluakoì Hotel closed in 2001, followed by 15 the opening of the Lodge at Molokai Ranch and the Molokai Beach Village Tent Cabins at 16 Kaupoa Beach in 2002. However, despite efforts to make Molokai Ranch profitable, all of its 17 West Molokaì operations were shut down in 2008. As a result, economic activity and the 18 visitor population in West Molokaì have declined. Some condos and single-family homes 19 remain in the Kaluakoì- Pāpōhaku area, and limited services remain in Maunaloa for the 20 town’s small population. As of 2015, Molokai Ranch is pursuing enterprises in animal 21 husbandry, farming, renewable energy, and hospitality. 22 23 B. FUTURE CONDITIONS 24 25 The Land Use Forecast3 concludes that sufficient developable lands currently exist on 26 Molokaì to meet future demand for housing units, for visitor units, and for commercial and 27 industrial space through the year 2035. This supply of land is in areas identified on the 2001 28 Molokaì Community Plan Map for urban type uses. See Appendices 6.1 and 6.2 for 29 descriptions of Community Plan Designations and relationship to State Land Use Districts and 30 County Zoning. The majority of the identified vacant residential land supply is in Kaluakoì and 31 is Community Plan designated single family and multi-family residential. Kaunakakai contains 32 a lesser amount of vacant residential land which is located primarily mauka of the existing 33 town. Infill opportunities exist within Kaunakakai town and also exist in UalapueÙalapuè, 34 Kawela, Kualapuù, Hoòlehua, Kalae, and Maunaloa. 35 36 The potential future impacts from sea level rise to existing coastal development are important 37 factors to consider for Molokaì. Some of the island’s existing development and vacant land 38 supply along the south shore, east end, and in Kaluakoì may be impacted by future sea level 39 rise, increased coastal flooding, and expensive flood hazard insurance rates. The Molokaì 40 community acknowledges that sea level rise will likely necessitate over time transitioning the 41 island’s commercial and population center from Kaunakakai to an area away from the threat of

3 County of Maui Department of Planning. (October 2013). Land Use Forecast Island of Moloka`i Maui County General Plan Technical Resource Study.

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1 sea level rise and other coastal hazards; however, the new location has not been determined. 2 The plan identifies approximately 98 acres mauka of Kaunakakai as a Project District for this 3 purpose. The plan also puts forth land use planning principles and standards and supporting 4 policies and actions to direct growth to areas not vulnerable to sea level rise and coastal 5 hazards and conducive to providing housing for residents proximate to employment and 6 services. The purpose is to ensure that Moloka’i will grow in a balanced and sustainable 7 manner that respects cultural and natural resources and that is compatible with Moloka’i’s rural 8 lifestyle. 9 10 Maunaloa Project District 11 The objective of the project district at Maunaloa is to provide a mixture of single family and 12 multi-family and park uses for low and moderate income residents. Variations in housing unit 13 types, lot sizes and other development standards should be considered to provide planning 14 flexibility and encourage affordable housing. 15 16 Kaunakakai Project District 17 The objective of the project district at Kaunakakai is to provide an area for the town to move 18 mauka overtime as sea level rise begins to impact existing development and land use. Uses 19 will include single family, park, public/quasi-public, and commercial. 20 21 Maunaloa Mixed Use Residential 22 The area previously identified in the 2001 Molokaì Community Plan as the Maunaloa Project 23 District has been changed to Mixed Use Residential and encompasses approximately 64 24 acres. This area will be primarily residential with a majority of workforce and affordable 25 housing. There will be a variety of single family and multi-family residential housing. Business 26 commercial uses will be small scale neighborhood support services such as markets, 27 restaurants, laundromats, doctor’s offices, and hardware stores. The sequence for 28 developing business commercial will occur as needed to serve the community. Molokai 29 Ranch’s headquarters office may relocate into this area as the need arises. Public/quasi- 30 public uses will be developed as needed to serve the community. This area will include 31 sufficient neighborhood parks to accommodate the population. As defined in Appendix 6.2, 32 light and heavy industrial uses are not included in mixed use residential. Site plan review and 33 land use entitlement for the Maunaloa Mixed Use Residential area shall be for the entire 34 acreage. Determination will be made at the time of entitlement as to whether a project district, 35 detailed zoning, or other means, will best achieve the goals stated above. 36 37 Subarea Descriptions 38 While the entire island of Molokaì is covered by one community plan, the island has three 39 distinct planning regions, each containing multiple communities. The three planning regions 40 (East, Central, and West Molokaì) have overlapping island-wide issues as well as specific 41 regional issues and aspirations. See Appendices 6.3, 6.4, and 6.5 for East, Central, and West 42 Molokaì Subarea Descriptions. Subarea descriptions are community created statements that 43 tell the story of an area and the desires of the community for future protection, restoration, and

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1 development. Subarea descriptions may include general or site narratives and preliminary 2 design concepts to help the community visualize potential changes, but would not include 3 policies and actions. They are intended for use in future community plan updates to shape 4 policies and actions.

Land Use Planning Principles and Standards

1. Protect ecological diversity, natural resources, culturally sensitive lands, and agricultural lands and avoid hazard-prone lands when identifying future growth areas. Moloka`i’s ecology, natural, and cultural resources, and agricultural lands are important for both current and future generations.

2. Protect open space and scenic landscapes. Open space should be preserved to retain Moloka`i’s rural character and to separate and define distinct edges of communities. Scenic landscapes, viewsheds, and view corridors are integral to place identity and should be retained.

3. Strengthen existing communities through infill and redevelopment. Support revitalization of existing communities and infill development on underutilized infill lots, where appropriate outside of hazard-prone areas.

4. Promote equitable and livable communities with compatible land use designations. Moloka`i’s small towns should provide a mix of housing types and affordability, compact and pedestrian-oriented development, access to parks and open space, and a mix of compatible and complementary land uses. Future growth areas will be contiguous or proximate to existing employment and/or housing, and located where infrastructure and public facilities can be provided in a cost-effective manner.

5 6

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1 C. ISSUES 2 3 4 Issue 1: There is no comprehensive zoning map for Molokaì and the existing zoning code 5 and Interim zoned lands present significant obstacles due to inconsistencies with 6 the community plan. 7 8 Issue 2: The Special Management Area (SMA) boundary does not protect some areas of 9 the near-shore environment and coastal resources and extends inland in areas 10 that are not likely to have coastal impacts. 11 12 Issue 3: There are potential future impacts from sea level rise to existing coastal 13 development that are not adequately addressed. 14 15 16 D: GOAL, POLICIES, AND ACTIONS 17 18 19 20 Goal Molokaì’s land use pattern will protect agricultural lands, open space, and 21 natural and cultural resources, and support livable small towns and rural 22 communities. 23 24 Policies 25 26 1. Ensure all lands are zoned for specific land uses and zoning standards are 27 consistent with Community Plan policies. 28 29 2. Support the revitalization of Maunaloa Town and Kaluakoì resort area. 30 31 3. Direct growth to vacant and underutilized infill lots outside of hazard prone areas 32 and proposed expansion areas as shown on the Molokaì Community Plan Land 33 Use maps (see Maps 6.2 – 6.4) and as described in Section B Future Conditions. 34 35 4. Limit urban zoning to areas designated for urban use on the Molokaì Community 36 Plan Land Use maps (see Maps 6.2 – 6.4). 37 38 5. Where possible, site community facilities such as schools, parks, libraries, and 39 community centers within walking and biking distance of residential areas. 40 41 6. Facilitate the provision of infrastructure and public facilities and services prior to, 42 or concurrently with, development, including provision for on-going maintenance 43 through district funding or other funding mechanisms. 44

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1 7. Work with DHHL and other large landowners to coordinate land use, 2 infrastructure, and public facility planning when feasible. 3 4 8. Establish a predictable and timely review process to facilitate the approval of 5 projects that meet planning and regulatory requirements. 6 7 9. Discourage developing or subdividing agricultural lands for residential uses where 8 the residence will be the primary use and agricultural activities will be secondary 9 uses unless warranted by slope or SLR and is not prime agricultural land. 10 11 10. Encourage green belts, open space buffers, and riparian zones to minimize 12 conflicts between agriculture, residential, and industrial uses. 13 14 11. Support expansion of the Molokai Agricultural Park as demand warrants. 15 16 12. Regulate land use in a manner which reaffirms and respects customary and 17 traditional rights of Native Hawaiians as mandated by Article 12, Section 7, 18 Constitution of the State of Hawaii. 19 20 13. Support the expansion of the State Conservation District boundary where 21 warranted for environmental preservation and habitat enhancement. 22 23 14. Discourage hotel and multifamily development on the East End. 24 25 15. Support and recognize community created subarea descriptions. 26 27 16. Evaluate the impact public utility facilities development and land use changes will 28 have on natural and cultural resources, cultural practices, and Native Hawaiian 29 burials. 30 31 17. Consult with and solicit input from community members, including community 32 members with generational knowledge, early and often about how to minimize the 33 impact of proposed changes to the use of land on cultural practices, cultural sites, 34 and culturally significant areas, including burials. 35 36 18. Support the development of a climate change policy and adaptation plan to 37 address rising sea levels and beachfront housing and development on Moloka`i. 38 39 19. Identify and protect Manaʻe’s numerous cultural and natural resources through 40 adoption of a “Traditional Land Use” Overlay Designation. The boundaries of the 41 Overlay should be from Makolelau to Halawa on the south shore. Adoption of this 42 TLU Overlay means that any proposed development in Manaʻe should be aligned 43 with the data and community recommendations from the Manaʻe GIS Mapping

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1 Project (COM, 2008) and the Traditional and Cultural Practices Report for Manaʻe 2 (OHA, 2016). In addition, this area should allow for traditional Hawaiian 3 structures to allow people to live in these sensitive areas to take care of them. 4 5 6 7 8 9 Actions

Table 6. 2 Land Use

Lead No. Action County Agency Partners

Adopt a comprehensive zoning map for Moloka`i. Conduct a comprehensive review of interim zoned Planning Aha Kiole o 6.1.01 lands to identify and adopt zoning that is consistent Department Moloka`i with the Community Plan.

Amend the zoning code to facilitate the development Planning Aha Kiole o 6.1.02 of mixed-use, pedestrian oriented communities. Department Moloka`i

Implement County responsibilities under Acts 183 (2005) and 233 (2008) to designate and establish Planning Aha Kiole o 6.1.03 Important Agricultural Lands (IAL) and the incentives Department Moloka`i therein.

Review the SMA boundary and make changes as necessary to comply with the objectives and policies Planning Aha Kiole o 6.1.04 defined in HRS § 205A-2 and incorporate best Department Moloka`i available information on Climate Change and SLR.

Research and review poor or highly sloped Planning Aha Kiole o 6.1.05 agricultural lands for conversion to different Department Moloka`i designations.

Study viable options for transitioning Molokaì’s Planning Aha Kiole o 6.1.06 commercial and population center away from the Department Molokaì threat of SLR and coastal inundation. MEDB DLNR Identify important subsistence use, lands, and Office of Economic 6.1.07 OHA resources. Development Aha Kiole o Molokaì Aha Kiole o Research and develop a climate change policy and Planning Molokaì 6.1.08 adaptation plan to address rising sea levels and Department Molokaì beachfront housing and development. Community 10

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1 6.2 Housing 2 3 Housing affordability is a significant issue throughout the County of Maui, and Molokaì is no 4 exception. Shortages of reasonably priced housing can contribute to high rates of crowding, 5 lower ownership rates, and impact the overall quality of life within a community. Additionally, 6 investment or second home purchases may increase housing prices if the properties are used 7 as tourism rentals rather than owner-occupied or long-term rental homes. 8 9 Housing affordability can improve when residences are built near employment, services, and 10 existing infrastructure and outside of flood hazard areas. Mixed-use communities allow 11 residents to live near their workplace and services reducing transportation costs. The ability of 12 residents to purchase or rent can also improve when there is an accessory òhana unit to 13 provide rental income or to house family members. Housing development plans must address 14 factors affecting affordability, community character, and special needs populations such as 15 disabled residents and the frail elderly. 16 17 It is also important for new development to provide a variety of lot sizes, housing types, 18 tenures and price points that accommodate the a range of household types, life stages (i.e. 19 single, married, with children, multigenerational, etc.) and income levels. Ensuring housing 20 variety on Molokaì will increase residents’ ability to remain on island when family or economic 21 circumstances change. 22 23 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 24 25 The majority of the housing units on Molokaì were built before 2010. Of these, more than half 26 were built in the 1970s or earlier. Only 10% of units were built on Molokaì between 2000 and 27 2010. Central Molokaì home construction peaked in the 1970s, while West Molokaì 28 construction peaked in the 1980s.4 29 30 Molokaì’s housing stock is predominantly single family units, which limits housing options and 31 can present challenges when residents experience family or economic changes. The existing 32 housing stock includes 2,623 single family units and 879 multifamily units, for a total of 3,502 33 units.5 The 2010 vacancy rate was 28%, slightly higher than on Maui Island (23%) and Lānaì 34 (25%). Molokaì’s household size is 2.92 persons per dwelling unit. 6 35 36 Affordable housing is defined by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 37 (HUD) as housing for which the occupants are paying no more than 30% of their income for 38 gross housing costs, including utilities. By this standard, more than half of Molokaì renters 39 and home owners pay affordable rents or monthly ownership costs, indicating that housing is 40 more affordable on Molokaì compared to the rest of Maui County.

4 County of Maui, Department of Planning. (October 2013). Land Use Forecast Island of Moloka`i. 5 Ibid. 6 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010.

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1 2 Figure 6.4 shows that from 2007 to 2011, 49% of Moloka`i renters paid more than 30% of their 3 household income for housing costs versus 53% of Maui County renters and 56% of renters 4 statewide.7 5 6 Figure 6.4 Gross Rent as a Percentage of Household Income

Moloka‘i Maui County State of Hawaii

7 8 Figure 6.5 shows that from 2007 to 2011, 39% of Moloka`i home owners with mortgages paid 9 more than 30% of their household income for housing ownership costs versus 54% of Maui 10 County home owners and 48% of owners statewide.8 11 12 There are several factors inhibiting the development of a long-term supply of affordable 13 housing on the island including the weak economic base, high construction costs, few vacant 14 lots with infrastructure in place, and lack of available financing, and the presence of numerous 15 undocumented or poorly documented wetlands and archaeological sites on residential lots of 16 record. 17 18 19

7 U.S. Census Bureau, 2009-2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. 8 Id.

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1 Figure 6. 5 Monthly Owner Costs as a Percentage of Household Income 2 3 Moloka‘i Maui County State of Hawaii 4 5 6 7 8 52% 9 48% 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Monthly Owner Costs as a Percentage of Household Income 24 25 26 Currently three two agencies are working to make more affordable housing available on 27 Moloka`‘i: a) the Department of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL), b) the Molokaì Affordable 28 Homes and Community Development Corporation, and c) Moloka`‘i Habitat for Humanity. 29 DHHL’s planned total housing unit build out to 2025 for new lots is as follows: 422 new 30 residential homestead lots and 350 new agricultural lots, located in Naìwa, Ùalapuè, 31 Kamiloloa, Kapaàkea, Makakupaìa, Kalamaula, and Hoòlehua.9 Additionally, the County of 32 Maui’s Workforce Housing Ordinance requires developers proposing new development to 33 provide a certain percentage of affordable housing. 34 35 Molokaì has an aging population that requires supportive services and senior housing options, 36 and this need is projected to increase in the future. Molokaì has one senior housing facility 37 with approximately 85 units for low and moderate-income seniors; however there is no long- 38 term residential care facility on the island. Molokaì General Hospital can provide skilled 39 nursing care and intermediate care, but it is neither equipped nor staffed to be a long-term 40 residential care facility. 41 42

9 Group 70 International. (June 2005). Department of Hawaiian Homelands Moloka`i Island Plan.

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1 B. ISSUES 2 3 4 Issue 1: There is a need for more affordable housing and affordable residential 5 building sites. 6 7 Issue 2: There is a lack of housing choices, including ownership and rental, at 8 different price levels and housing sizes. 9 10 Issue 3: There is an increasing need for housing and services for special needs 11 populations. 12 13 C: GOAL, POLICIES, AND ACTIONS 14 15 16 Goal A diverse supply of housing for Moloka`i residents that is affordable, safe, 17 and environmentally and culturally compatible. 18 19 Policies 20 21 1. Support regulations to maintain an adequate supply of affordable housing. 22 23 2. Require that County mandated affordable housing have a buy-back provision 24 so these units will remain in the affordable housing stock. 25 26 3. Maintain a supply of government subsidized affordable rental housing. 27 28 4. Encourage development of a range of lot sizes and housing types (such as, 29 single family, ohana units, duplexes, multifamily, and live-work units) to 30 expand housing choices and price points. 31 32 5. Encourage new housing to be developed in locations conducive to 33 affordability, for example, proximate to jobs, services, infrastructure, and 34 public facilities, and outside of flood hazard areas. 35 36 6. Support the establishment of long-term residential care facilities and a 37 diversity of appropriate housing opportunities for residents with special 38 needs. 39 40 7. Explore the establishment of a community land trust to improve access to 41 affordable land and housing. 42 43 8. Develop strategies to manage transient homeless issue on Moloka`i. 44 45 9. Encourage DHHL to establish a building code that protects public health and 46 safety and benefits DHHL beneficiaries.

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1 2 Actions

Table 6. 3 Housing Actions

Lead No. Action County Agency Partners

Establish partnerships to continue to implement a Housing and NGOs 6.2.01 comprehensive affordable housing plan for Moloka`i Human Concerns Community that addresses both ownership and rental affordability. (DHHC) Groups Establish partnerships and support a housing 6.2.02 rehabilitation program including loans, grants, technical DHHC DHHL assistance and community outreach. Amend the zoning code to allow a greater variety of DHHC

housing types to address affordability, including mixed- DHHL 6.2.03 Planning Dept. use, mixed housing types, co-housing, prefabricated NGOs

homes, and small lots. Work with developers to support their efforts to secure/leverage grants, new home buyer tax credits, 6.2.04 Low Income Housing Tax Credits, and other resources DHHC that support affordable housing, such as housing models that can be built affordably.

Investigate whether a community land trust would Planning Dept. 6.2.05 DHHC consider operating on Moloka`i.

Planning Establish a cap on Transient Vacation Rentals (TVRs) 6.2.06 Department and Short Term Rental Homes (STRHs).

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1 7 | COMMUNITY DESIGN 2 3 Some of the most distinctive aspects of Molokaì are its wide open spaces, small towns, varied 4 landscapes, and architecture, which reflects both Hawaiian tradition and the island’s plantation 5 history. They collectively create an identity unique to Hawaii, perhaps best expressed in a sign 6 commonly seen on the island – “Keep Molokaì, Molokaì”. 7 8 During several community plan workshops, many residents on Molokaì voiced a desire to 9 maintain and enhance this rural character and natural beauty. New growth will require special 10 attention to ensure that the rural, historic character of Molokaì’s small towns is retained. Creating 11 a county historic district in selected locations could help to address the loss of historic structures. 12 13 14 A. Existing Conditions 15 16 Molokaì’s rural character is reflected in its settlement patterns, housing, streetscapes, roadways, 17 public spaces, and the design of public institutions. Remnants of this era are found in Maunaloa, 18 Kualapu’u, Hoòlehua, Kaunakakai, and parts of the east end. While Kaunakakai is compact and 19 still retains its country town character, it could benefit from some careful design to enhance the 20 natural beauty and improve walkability. Unfortunately, the historic character of the streetscapes 21 and buildings has been compromised by some demolitions and unpermitted construction. 22 23 One of the most important tools the County has to address this incremental loss of architectural 24 history is the Country Town Business District Design Guidelines. These guidelines, which are 25 outdated and need to be updated, cover the small towns of Kaunakakai, Maunaloa, and Kualapuu 26 along with the East End. Although the current version is over 20 years old, it is the only planning 27 document that defines appropriate site design, street design, and architectural design standards. 28 29 Despite slow growth over the past 30 years, many of Molokai’s historic buildings have been 30 significantly modified. As an example, the plantation-town character of Maunaloa was 31 substantially altered when many of its plantation era homes were demolished. In addition, there is 32 little commercial activity in the town, resulting in several vacant commercial buildings. 33

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Design Principles

Preserve and maintain the traditional features of the built and natural landscape that reflect Moloka`i’s history and give the island its distinctive character. Some of the character-defining features include the wide open spaces between communities, unobstructed views of the ocean, access to the shoreline, and simple, understated buildings.

Encourage a mix of land uses in Moloka`i’s small towns. Encourage a mix of commercial, residential, and service uses to strengthen the island’s small towns, to reduce the need for travel, and to make efficient use of infrastructure.

Preserve and enhance the historic character of Moloka`i. Renovate historic structures as a way of maintaining Moloka`i’s history. Design new buildings and other improvements to complement and enhance the town’s historic character.

Develop a circulation system and facilities to accommodate a variety of travel modes - bicycles, pedestrians, buses, and vehicles. Create a comprehensive network of travel options, with an emphasis on the pedestrian experience. Even as more areas are developed, they should be part of an island-wide transportation system that encourages and accommodates a variety of travel modes to serve both residents and visitors.

Maintain a pedestrian orientation in Moloka`i’s small towns. Preserve and enhance sidewalks, parks, and other open spaces in small towns and other community areas to provide connectivity between land uses and offer a safe, inviting, and comfortable pedestrian experience.

1 2 3 B. ISSUES 4 5 6 7 Issue 1: The character of Moloka`i’ and its small towns is an essential part of the island’s 8 identity that could be compromised by new development that is out of scale and is 9 visually incompatible. 10 11 12 13 14

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1 C. GOAL, POLICIES, AND ACTIONS 2 3 4 5 Goal The rural character of Molokaì’s small towns and the island’s open spaces 6 will be maintained and enhanced. 7 8 Policies 9 1. Support the use of updated Business Country Town Design (BCT) 10 Guidelines to ensure that the island’s historic and rural character is 11 maintained. 12 13 2. Use the cultural significance of Malama Park for a design concept that 14 connects Kaunakakai with the ocean. 15 16 2.3. Encourage the preservation of buildings, structures, and sites of historic and 17 cultural significance. 18 19 3.4. Maintain Kaunakakai’s business development and historical character. 20 21 4.5. Promote and support projects that create a pedestrian-friendly environment 22 with street trees, benches, and other features in Molokaì’s country towns. 23 24 5.6. Maintain and enhance the rural character of the Kaluakoì area through low- 25 impact site design and development practices. 26 27 6.7. Encourage creative innovative approaches to site design, subdivision layout, 28 and architecture to maintain the island’s rural character and to protect coastal 29 areas, natural resources, and cultural/historic resources. 30 31 7.8. Concentrate future growth in and around existing development that maintains 32 county rural standards, and is located outside of the flood inundation zone. 33 34 8.9. Promote the use of sustainable building and development practices such as 35 those presented in the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design 36 (LEED) standards. 37 38 10. Encourage the use of the County of Maui plant list. Encourage the use of 39 Hawaiian plants (Indigenous and Polynesian-introduced plants) by state, 40 county, and private landowners in order to support a Hawaiian sense of 41 place, to ensure that our cultural heritage is reflected in landscaping, and to 42 help reverse the displacement and decline of Hawaiian plants. 43 44 45

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Table 7.1 Community Design

Lead County No. Action Agency Partners

Molokaì business and Amend the 1993 Molokaì Country Town Business Design Planning design 7.01 Guidelines. Dept. professionals and community Develop sub-area development plans for Kaunakakai, Planning Community 7.02 Maunaloa, Kaluakoì Kualapuù / Hoòlehua, and the east end Dept. Groups of Molokaì.

Develop a pedestrian linkage between Malama Park and Planning Parks Dept. 7.03 Kaunakakai through streetscape improvements. Dept. DLNR

Develop and adopt small town street design standards that 7.04 DPW Planning Dept. are appropriate for Moloka`i.

Create a funding source or mechanism for small business 7.05 OED Planning Dept. owners to renovate businesses in the island’s small towns.

Develop incentives to promote the use of sustainable green OED or Energy 7.06 DPW building and development practices. Coordinator

Develop practicable incentives for Moloka`i businesses and property owners to implement sub-area development plan Planning Parks Dept. 7.07 projects purposed to preserve, maintain, and enhance Dept. DPW buildings, structures, sites, viewpoints, pedestrian ways, and streets.

Parks Dept. Planning 7.08 Conduct a study to improve walkability in Kaunakakai. DPW Dept. NGOs

Review and update the indigenous architecture ordinance as Planning 7.09 appropriate. Dept.

Investigate options to share the cost of BCT guideline requirements for infrastructure upgrades among all Planning 7.10 Kaunakakai businesses, such as an Assessment District, so Dept. that renovations are economically feasible. 1

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1 8 | INFRASTRUCTURE 2 3 Safe, reliable and efficient hard infrastructure and utility systems are critical to the economic vitali- 4 ty and quality of life on Moloka`i. Roads, bridges, harbors, airports, water, wastewater, solid 5 waste, energy, telecommunications and public transit systems provide necessary support for 6 modern life on the island. Responsibility for the installation, operation and maintenance of these 7 systems on Moloka`i is shared between a number of public and private entities. Planning for the 8 installation of new systems and the replacement of deteriorating systems may require coordina- 9 tion among these entities as well as the identification of additional funding sources since County 10 Capital Improvement Program budgets are already strained. Consideration should be given to lo- 11 cating future development near existing infrastructure to leverage prior capital investments and to 12 minimize the high cost of installing new systems. 13 14 Climate Change and Infrastructure Systems

Sea level rise and the associated coastal impacts have the potential to harm an array of infrastructure and environments in Moloka`i including: low lying coastal roads, docking facilities in harbors, water supply and wastewater systems. In many cases these impacts will stress an already ailing infrastructure. Wastewater systems, stormwater infrastructure, water supply and energy facilities are located in low lying areas in close proximity to the coast. Water supply faces threats from both rising groundwater and saltwater intrusion in wells, as well as declining quality and quantity due to drought and downward trends in groundwater base flows.

Improving system resiliency by developing strategies to adapt to environmental challenges such as drought and climate change will be important going forward. This will require identification of critical infrastructure systems that are vulnerable to coastal hazards such as sea level rise to ensure that they are adequately protected or relocated if necessary. For Moloka`i to have a more sustainable future, it will be necessary to incorporate green infrastructure to restore natural systems where possible.

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1 8.1 WATER 2 3 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 4 5 There are three public water systems on Molokaì and three private water systems. Most of 6 Molokaì’s water sources are concentrated in the northeast part of the island, whereas most of the 7 demand is located in the more developed areas to the Central and West Molokaì and the southeast 8 coast. Water sources include both surface water and groundwater. Due to increasing withdrawals, 9 several wells have been experiencing rising salinity, and as a result, the State Commission on Water 10 Resource Management (CWRM) designated the island as a Ground Water Management Area in 11 1992. With this designation, the State was authorized to protect the groundwater resources by man- 12 aging withdrawals from the aquifer through use of a permitting process. In 1994, EPA designated 13 Molokaì as a Sole Source Aquifer, meaning the aquifer supplies more than 50% of Molokaì's 14 drinking water. 15 16 Moloka’i Irrigation System (MIS) water usage has remained constant over the years; however, the 17 system has experienced water shortages due to persistent drought conditions. Predicted popula- 18 tion increases would place greater demands on water supply. Efforts to develop new water re- 19 sources have been considered, such as utilizing brackish water wells and recycled sewage efflu- 20 ent. The County 2015 Capital Improvement Program budget includes design of a new well that is 21 intended as backup source for the Kualapuù well serving the Kaunakakai area. 22 23 24 B. ISSUES 25 26 27 Issue 1: Much of Molokaì’s water delivery system infrastructure is outdated, inefficient, 28 and in need of replacement. 29 30 Issue 2: Potential Contaminating Activities (PCAs) have been identified that may pose a 31 threat to Molokaì’s water quality1. 32 33 Issue 3: Water uses need to be resolved collectively. 34 35 Issue 4: Cyclical and seasonal water shortages have contributed to water supply short- 36 ages in recent years. 37 38 39 40 41

1 Molokai Draft Wellhead Protection Ordinance, 2013

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1 C. GOAL, POLICIES, AND ACTIONS 2 3 4 5 Goal Moloka`i will have a sufficient supply of potable and non-potable water provid- 6 ed in an environmentally sustainable and cost-effective manner. 7 8 9 Policies 10 1. Adhere to priority water rights of Native Hawaiians under the Hawaiian Homes 11 Commission Act, the State Water Code. Protect, restore, and enhance surface 12 and subsurface water sources, stream habitats, and forested watershed areas 13 to support water recharge, aquatic and environmental processes, and riparian, 14 scenic, recreational, and Native Hawaiian cultural resources, as well as consti- 15 tutionally protected traditional, customary, and DHHL water rights. 16 17 2. Supply water in sufficient quantities to meet the community’s needs while protect- 18 ing freshwater ecosystems and species. 19 20 3. Support the provision of adequately priced irrigation water to agricultural lands. 21 22 4. Ensure safe, efficient and reliable island-wide water systems through protec- 23 tion, improvement, regular testing, replacement, and enhancement of the exist- 24 ing water supply and development of new water sources. 25 26 5. Encourage CWRM to update Moloka`i’s sustainable yield figures and establish 27 maximum withdrawal values. 28 29 6. Encourage water resource conservation. 30 31 7. Encourage use of alternative water sources such as dual line water supply and 32 recycled water distribution systems. 33 34 8. Support public and quasi-public partnerships to protect and restore the island’s 35 watersheds and maximize aquifer recharge. 36 37 9. Support better management and oversight of water withdrawal to ensure sus- 38 tainable yields for both human consumption and protection of freshwater eco- 39 systems and native species. 40 41 10. Incorporate credible local knowledge and advice on water resource issues as 42 appropriate per the CWRM and DOH authority. 43 44 11. Support the completion of an agricultural master plan.

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1 12. Encourage CWRM to establish and adhere to interim instream flow standards. 2 3 13. Recognize that water is held in trust by the State, for the benefit of the people. 4 Public trust purposes, which receive priority over private commercial uses, include 5 domestic uses, Native Hawaiian and traditional and customary rights, appurtenant 6 rights, environmental protection, and reservations for the Department of Hawaiian 7 Homelands2. 8 9 14. Support the protection, restoration, and enhancement of surface and subsur- 10 face water resources, stream habitats, and priority watershed areas to support 11 groundwater aquifer recharger, aquatic and environmental processes, and riparian, 12 scenic, recreational, and Native Hawaiian cultural resources, as well as constitu- 13 tionally-protected Native Hawaiian traditional and customary practices3. 14 15 15. Support mauka to makai stream flow, which is essential to the survival of native 16 stream life. 17 18

2 See Waiahole I, 94 Hawaiì 137-39 and Waiòla o Molokaì, 103 Hawaiì 401, 431, (2004). See also, Haw. Const. Art. XI Secs. 1 & 7, Art. XII Sec. 7; HRS §§ 1-1, 7-1, 174C-101; HRS Chapter 174C; In re Water Use Permit Applications, 94 Hawaiì 97, 9 P. 3d 409 (2000) (Waiahole I); Koòlau Agricultural Co., Ltd. V. Comm’n on water Res. Mgmt., 83 Hawaiì 484, 927 P.2d 1367 (1996); Reppun v. Bd. Of Water Supply, 65 Hawaiì 531, 656 P.2d 57 (1982). For additional information, see also D. Kapuaàla Sproat, Ola I Ka Wai: A Legal Primer for Water Use and Management in Hawaiì (2009). 3 These priority uses of water are constitutionally and statutorily established bases for protecting, and in some cases, restoring stream flow to support traditional and customary uses. See, e.g.,Waiahole I; see also HRS § 174C-2(c) (“[A]dequate provision shall be made for the protection of traditional and customary Hawaiian rights…”).

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Moloka`i Community Plan 1 Actions 2 Table 8.1 Infrastructure - Water Lead

County No. Action Agency Partners

DHHL, DOA Private Water companies Support the development of a Moloka`i Water Use and Devel- Community 8.1.01 opment Plan (WUDP) that is consistent with the goals, policies DWS groups, and implementation strategy of the Moloka`i Community Plan. NGOs, Cultural Practi- tioners

DLNR, DOH CWRM Implement recommendations from the 2013 Update of the Ha- Community 8.1.02 waii Water Reuse Survey and Report. DEM groups Cultural Practi- tioners Moloka`i Com- 8.1.03 Promote water conservation programs. DWS munity Develop, adopt and implement a wellhead protection strategy and 8.1.04 DOH ordinance for County water distribution systems. DWS

Reconvene the Moloka`i Water working group and encourage all DHHL, CWRM 8.1.05 water purveyors to work together to address future water demand, DWS Other water sustainability, quality and supply issues. purveyors

Explore the possibility of requiring new developments with private- 8.1.06 ly owned public water systems to meet DWS engineering stand- DWS ards. Explore the possibility of DWS taking over Molokai Ranch water 8.1.07 Molokai Ranch systems. DWS

USGS, Molo- Encourage the acquisition of USGS stream gauges be placed in 8.1.08 ka`i Watershed Moloka`i's important streams. DWS Partnerships

DHHL, Kawela Plantation, Develop improved water transmission and/or storage systems to 8.1.09 Dept. of Agri- provide better fire protection. DWS culture, Molo- ka`i Ranch

8.1.10 Continue to fund the watershed partnerships on Moloka`i DWS DLNR, OED

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1 8.2 WASTEWATER 2 3 4 The Maui County Code defines wastewater as “water-carried wastes from dwellings, commercial 5 establishments, institutions and industrial plants, and may include groundwater, surface water 6 and storm water not intentionally admitted.” Management of wastewater is important because it 7 helps guard the water supply from becoming contaminated, protects the public health and envi- 8 ronment, and aids in water conservation by allowing reclaimed water to be used for non-potable 9 water purposes. Wastewater on Molokaì is now managed using public and private wastewater 10 systems, individual septic systems, and cesspools. The main issues with the island’s wastewater 11 systems are vulnerability of the current facility to hazards and the use of the individual septic 12 tanks and cesspools. 13 14 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 15 16 The County of Maui Department of Environmental Management, Wastewater Division, provides 17 wastewater service in the town of Kaunakakai and the Kualapuù subdivision. Wastewater col- 18 lected by the Kaunakakai system is treated at the County’s Kaunakakai Wastewater Reclamation 19 Facility (WWRF). Wastewater collected by the Kualapuù system goes to the private facility that is 20 owned and operated by Molokai Properties Limited (MPL), which also treats Maunaloa Town and 21 Kaluakoì as well as the Paniolo Hale and Ke Nani Kai condominium developments. There are al- 22 so private wastewater treatment facilities at Wavecrest Resort, Molokai Shores, and Hotel Molo- 23 kai. The remainder of the island is served by individual septic tanks and cesspools, including all 24 schools, all major visitor accommodations, the Hoòlehua Airport, and all development on De- 25 partment of Hawaiian Home Lands (DHHL) homesteads. 26 27 Cesspools are considered substandard systems because they don’t treat wastewater, they mere- 28 ly dispose of it. Cesspools concentrate wastewater in one location, often in direct contact with 29 groundwater, causing groundwater contamination. This groundwater flows into drinking water 30 wells, streams and the ocean, harming public health and the environment. In 2014, the Depart- 31 ment of Health (DOH) proposed revisions to its Wastewater Systems Rules that will update the 32 regulation of cesspools in Hawaii. Proposed changes include prohibiting the installation of new 33 cesspools and requiring connections or upgrades of existing cesspools that most affect human 34 health and water quality within one year after the sale of property. Only cesspools that are near a 35 public drinking water well, and those within 50 feet of the shoreline, a stream, or a wetland will be 36 affected. There is a total of 1,442 cesspools on Molokaì; 505 (35%) are affected by the proposed 37 regulations. 38 39 The Kaunakakai WWRF is located on a 23-acre shoreline property makai of Maunaloa Highway. 40 The facility treats wastewater to R-2 standards (disinfected secondary treated recycled water with 41 restrictions on uses and applications). The Wastewater Division has indicated that the 0.3 mgd 42 capacity of the WWRF is currently adequate. This conclusion is supported by the State Depart- 43 ment of Health’s decision to waive the requirement for development of a facilities plan, which is

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1 normally mandated when a facility reaches 75% of capacity. There are two County force mains 2 on the island. The Kaunakakai force main was replaced in 2007 and the effluent force main is 3 tentatively scheduled for replacement in fiscal year 2019 at an approximate cost of $2 million4. 4 The Kaunakakai Wastewater Pump Station was upgraded in 2012; extending its useful life by 20 5 years. In 2009, a closed circuit TV inspection of all major sewer lines was conducted which con- 6 cluded that the existing system is in very good to excellent condition. 7 8 Reclaimed water from the WWRF is utilized to a limited extent. Approximately 10,000 gallons per 9 day (4% of total flow) are used to irrigate landscaping in the facility and roadway grassed areas. 10 The remaining flow of roughly 240,000 gallons per day is disposed of by injection well. Expansion 11 of water reuse to serve R-1 water to the community center, the park, and the elementary school 12 in Kaunakakai would require a $5 million mile-long distribution system and a new ultraviolet water 13 purification system and retrofits costing around $6 million. 14 15 16 B. ISSUES 17 18 19 20 Issue 1: Kaunakakai WWRF is located in the coastal floodplain leaving it exposed to 21 damage from tsunamis or other dangerous high water events. 22 23 Issue 2: There are a number of Individual Wastewater Systems (IWS’s) such as cess- 24 pools and septic systems in use on the island in close proximity to ground water 25 drinking sources and shorelines. 26 27 Issue 3: Potable water resources are used for purposes such as flushing toilets and 28 home garden irrigation. 29 30 Issue 4: Cesspools and septic systems located within the coastal zone are at risk of fail- 31 ure due to groundwater table rise due to sea level rise and flooding. 32 33 Issue 5: The Kaunakakai WWRF is currently operating at a flow rate above the DOH’s 34 acceptable rate of 75% of capacity. 35 36 37 C. GOAL, POLICIES, AND ACTIONS 38 39 Goal Moloka`i will have reliable, efficient and environmentally sensitive wastewater 40 services that meet future needs and maximize wastewater reuse where feasible. 41 42

4 County of Maui, 2016 Capital Improvement Program

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1 2 Policies 3 1. Meet or exceed State and Federal standards for wastewater disposal or reuse 4 where feasible. 5 6 2. Promote development of neighborhood-scale wastewater disposal systems in 7 new subdivisions outside of existing service areas. 8 9 3. Promote the beneficial use of recycled wastewater where economically viable. 10 11 4. Promote economical, environmentally sensitive and innovative methods for dis- 12 posal of excess treated wastewater effluent. 13 14 5. Promote location of new critical infrastructure or relocation of existing systems 15 outside of inundation zones vulnerable to coastal hazards. 16 17 6. Promote development of new septic system upgrade standards and cesspool 18 elimination standards for those systems at risk within the coastal zone. 19 20 7. Encourage updating the Kaunakakai WWTF facilities plan. 21 22 23 .Actions 24 Table 8.2 Infrastructure - Wastewater Lead County No. Action Agency Partners

Assess the feasibility of either providing measures to protect the Kau- DWS, 8.2.01 nakakai WWTF against inundation threats or to relocate it out of the DEM DHHL, DOA, coastal floodplain. DOH, EPA Conduct a wastewater reuse feasibility study that includes the identifi- DWS, cation of potential recycled water users, necessary plant upgrades, re- 8.2.02 DEM DHHL, DOA, quired infrastructure improvements, estimated costs, and funding DOH sources.

Explore options and necessary code and regulation changes to allow DPW 8.2.03 DEM graywater reuse systems for irrigation and toilet flushing. DOH

Replace the Kaunakakai effluent force main prior to the end of its use- 8.2.04 DEM ful life.

8.2.05 Update the Kaunakakai WWTF facilities plan. DEM DOH

25 26

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1 8.3 Stormwater Management 2 3 Molokaì is formed by three volcanoes: West Molokaì, East Molokaì, and the Kalaupapa Pen- 4 insula. West Molokaì rises to 1,400 feet in elevation and East Molokaì to about 5,000 feet. In 5 the Kaunakakai watershed, the average elevation is about five feet near the coast rising to 6 4,200 feet in the mountains. Median annual rainfall ranges from about 10 inches on the coast to 7 about 75 inches at the upper elevations.5 8 9 Stormwater can be viewed as a resource to manage, rather than a problem of excess water to 10 be drained into the ocean. Low Impact Development (LID) features design techniques that at- 11 tempt to maintain the natural pre-development hydrology of a site and the surrounding water- 12 shed, resulting in a more sustainable land development pattern. LID integrates road design 13 with storm and wastewater management systems to minimize environmental impacts and to re- 14 charge groundwater when possible. 15 16 17 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 18 19 Drainage problems on Molokaì from runoff during periodic rain and storm events have caused 20 damage to homes and businesses for years. The resulting flooding threatens public health and 21 safety for residents and visitors. A combination of natural and manmade factors contribute to the 22 problem including poorly drained soils in low-lying areas and flat terrain as well as inadequate, in- 23 complete or poorly maintained drainage systems in Kaunakakai town. 24 25 Existing drainage systems were designed to convey, divert, or retain runoff generated within the 26 vicinity. However, many of these systems are or regionally inadequate, and many of the down- 27 stream systems (ditches and roadway culverts) are incapable of accommodating the runoff gen- 28 erated from developed conditions upstream. During heavy flows, water will overtop the Kaunaka- 29 kai Stream crossing over Maunaloa Highway and other low lying roadways across the island re- 30 sulting in severely hampered access and flooding mauka of roadways.6 31 32 The Kaunakakai Stream levee has adequately prevented flooding from occurring within the Kau- 33 nakakai area. However, analysis completed in March of 2014 by the U.S. Department of Home- 34 land Security's Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) showed that the Kaunakakai 35 levee system does not provide a high level of protection against a 100-year flood event. FEMA 36 has proposed revising the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) and Flood Insurance Study (FIS) 37 reports. These changes could affect a number of properties in Kaunakakai. Property owners with- 38 in the newly mapped high-risk areas with certain mortgages would be required to obtain flood in- 39 surance. 40

5 County of Maui Infrastructure Assessment Update, 2003 6 Maui Infrastructure Assessment Update, 2003

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Moloka`i Community Plan 1 B. ISSUES 2 3 4 Issue 1: Storm water flows with heavy sediment loads and other pollutants downhill into 5 gulches and the ocean. 6 7 Issue 2: Localized minor flooding causes repeated areas of water ponding or mud accu- 8 mulation. 9 10 Issue 3: There are many areas of poor drainage throughout the entire island. 11 12 Issue 4: Sheet flow travels down slope along the south shore of Moloka`i which has little 13 to no stormwater drainage mitigation. 14 15 Issue 5: Stormwater flows that are not managed adequately may impact wastewater sys- 16 tems and the fringing coral reef. 17 18 C. GOAL, POLICIES, ACTIONS 19 20 21 Goal Surface water runoff is managed to prevent flooding and to improve water 22 quality for both fresh and coastal waters. 23 24 Policies 25 1. Support improvement of the island’s drainage system 26 27 2. Provide surface water management for roadways and other impacted areas. 28 29 3. Manage surface water using green infrastructure7 and natural system drain- 30 age, retention, and filtration to reduce flooding and siltation of ocean waters. 31 32 4. Encourage DHHL compliance with County regulations on drainage. 33 34 5. Encourage development of an integrated, effective and environmentally sen- 35 sitive stormwater management system from Kalamaula to Kamalo through a 36 partnership of large landowners mauka of Kamehameha V Highway. 37 38 6. Support completion of the Kaunakakai drainage system. 39 40 7. Encourage Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT) to reconstruct cul- 41 verts to 100 year flood design standards on all State roads.

7 Green infrastructure uses natural systems, constructed soil, rock, or plant‐based systems for surface and stormwater management. Refers to definition in glossary, to be developed.

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1 8. Support policies that encourage private landowners to decrease impervious 2 surfaces on private property to reduce surface water runoff. 3 4 5 Actions

Table 8.3 Infrastructure – Stormwater Management Lead

County No. Action Agency Partners

Planning Dept. Develop a comprehensive stormwater management plan that em- 8.3.01 DPW DHHL phasizes use of natural systems drainage where possible. HDOT DHHL 8.3.02 Build dispersion and retention facilities to address dirt road runoff. DPW HDOT 8.3.03 Implement the Kaunakakai Master Drainage Plan. DPW HDOT

Inspect, maintain and if necessary, repair or install new stormwater DHHL 8.3.04 drainage swales and culverts and remove blockages from drains DPW HDOT and channels.

Prepare a GIS database which inventories existing stormwater in- DHHL 8.3.05 DPW frastructure. HDOT

Evaluate older swales and drains for current functioning and re- DHHL 8.3.06 store, if needed. Add natural drainage storage and filtration to DPW HDOT supplement existing system.

Improve or restore historic wetlands that help to mitigate the im- DHHL 8.3.07 DPW pacts from stormwater drainage systems. HDOT

8.3.08 Complete the Kaunakakai drainage system. DPW HDOT

Reconstruct culverts to 100 year flood specifications on all County 8.3.09 DPW HDOT roads. 6 7

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1 8.4 Solid Waste 2 3 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 4 5 Molokaì’s Integrated Solid Waste Facility (MISWF) is located on 25 acres off Maunaloa Highway 6 at Naiwa. The facility offers recycling for scrap metals and related materials, including vehicles, 7 drop box commodities, electronics, used motor oil, redemption containers, and green waste as 8 well as a landfill which accepts solid waste for the entire island. The Landfill receives approxi- 9 mately 13 tons of waste each day. Metals and green waste receive 3 tons per day each with drop 10 box commodities at one half ton per day and redemption containers at 0.5 tons per day. Approx- 11 imately $3 million was expended in 2014 to construct Cell No. 4, providing additional waste dis- 12 posal capacity until 2021. The Landfill's Master Plan projects construction of Cell 5 in 2019 and 13 Cell 6 in 2016. 14 15 In 2009, the Department of Environmental Management’s Solid Waste Division updated the coun- 16 ty-wide Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (ISWMP). The ISWMP provides a comprehen- 17 sive blueprint for the planning and expansion of the County’s solid waste management system. 18 The ISWMP has a goal of achieving a 60% recycling of the waste stream, Molokaì currently re- 19 cycles 35% of its waste stream (the same as Maui). Although there is no curbside recycling on 20 Molokaì, the Recycling Center offers drop-off site containers for recyclables from both residential 21 and commercial customers for: cardboard, newspaper, glass, plastic, bi-metal containers, used 22 motor oil, and electronics. The Molokaì metals facility accepts scrap metals, appliances, vehicles, 23 tires, propane tanks, and batteries during Landfill hours. Also located at the Landfill is the green 24 waste facility which accepts, during Landfill hours, green waste for grinding and composting into 25 piles. The processed green waste is available to the public at no charge. 26 27 28 B. ISSUES 29 30 31 Issue 1: More solid waste needs to be diverted to the recycling center. 32 33 Issue 2: There is a problem with illegal dumping throughout the Island. 34 35 Issue 3: There is no legally operating junkyard on Molokaì. 36 37 38 C. GOAL, POLICIES, AND ACTIONS 39 40 41 42 Goal Molokaì will minimize the volume of solid waste that enters the is- 43 land’s landfill through a comprehensive and environmentally sound 44 approach to solid waste management.

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1 2 Policies 3 1. Make County government operations a model for zero waste. 4 5 2. Continue to and expand upon existing public education programs and 6 measures related to waste reduction. 7 8 3. Continue to support increased recycling by commercial and residential 9 customers, including bulky, hazardous, and metal waste materials. 10 11 4. Continue to support the development of efficient and cost effective 12 ways to deal with obsolete and abandoned vehicles, machinery, and 13 appliances. 14 15 5. Ensure that all solid waste and recycling facilities are landscaped and 16 well maintained. 17 18 6. Ensure that leachate from landfill sites, either expanded or new, does 19 not degrade soil or pollute ground, surface, or coastal waters and dis- 20 pose of in an environmentally sound manner. 21 22 7. Support efforts to instill better education about hazardous waste dis- 23 posal. 24 25 8. Explore the possibility of developing a "cradle to cradle" recycling pro- 26 gram. 27 28 9. Encourage the Department of Education to expand recycling efforts at 29 Moloka`i's schools. 30 31 10. Encourage the sale and use of highly compostable flatware and food 32 containers. 33 34 11. Establish "user friendly" hours for the County dump. 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

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Moloka`i Community Plan 1 Actions 2 Table 8.4 Infrastructure – Solid Waste

Lead County No. Action Agency Partners

Expand waste diversion and recycling programs that include appli- Private Waste 8.4.01 ances, metals, plastic, glass, cardboards, green-waste for compost DEM Collectors and other recyclable materials.

Increase public outreach, education, and incentive programs that 8.4.02 DEM DOH improve waste reduction, reuse, and recycling.

Develop educational signage along the entry corridor heading to 8.4.03 DEM the County recycling site.

Implement the ISWMP through programs, improvements, and up- DOH, 8.4.04 grades to the solid waste management system; execute the CIP DEM Private Waste budget as funds allow. Collectors

Conduct a survey to determine community preference for the Moloka`i 8.4.05 DEM County dump operating hours. community Expand the solid waste recycling center’s operating hours as fund- 8.4.06 DEM ing and budgets allow. Explore the feasibility of locating more trash cans throughout the is- 8.4.07 DEM land. 8.4.08 Conduct a feasibility study to explore waste-to-energy solutions. DEM

Explore the feasibility of having more transfer stations located 8.4.09 DEM throughout Moloka`i Island.

Form a partnership with Molokai NGOs, State Agencies, and DHHL NGOs 8.4.10 DEM to remove and recycle junk cars from Molokai. DHHL

Conduct annual reviews of Solid Waste contracts to provide over- 8.4.11 DEM sight and enforcement. Establish a "take it or leave it" station at the recycling center like 8.4.12 DEM those that exist on the other islands. 3 4

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1 8.5 Transportation 2 3 An integrated, affordable multi-modal transportation system is critical to the quality of life for Mo- 4 lokaì residents, and to support a diversified economy. Molokaì relies heavily on its air and sea 5 transportation systems to transfer people, goods and services to and from the island. Most con- 6 sumable goods are transported to the island via barge, making the cost of most items more ex- 7 pensive than on Maui or on Oàhu. Reliance on an effective, efficient and affordable inter-island 8 passenger transportation system is also evidenced by survey results that show 60% of residents 9 travel off-island for health care services8. 10 11 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 12 13 Air 14 Molokaì has two airports - Molokaì Airport and Kalaupapa Airport - although only Molokaì Air- 15 port is located in Maui County. Molokaì Airport originally opened in 1929 as Hoòlehua Field and 16 has two runways located on 288 acres on the island’s central plateau. It is owned and operated 17 by the State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation Airports Division. The facility is designated 18 as a small commercial airport with a transport runway classification. Molokaì is served by various 19 passenger air carriers and air cargo carriers. In 2013, Molokaì Airport had a total of 34,518 air- 20 craft arrivals and departures, which is 4% of the statewide total number of airport operations.9 21 22 The Molokaì Airport Master Plan was prepared in 1999 by the Hawaii Department of Transporta- 23 tion (HDOT) Airports Division. To accommodate the projected demands through the year 2020, 24 recommended upgrades include extending and improving the airfield runway and taxiway, build- 25 ing a new terminal building, and improving parking and terminal roadways. 26 27 Sea 28 Molokaì has a mix of harbor facilities. Kaunakakai Harbor on the south side of the island is the 29 primary harbor for the island. It includes 2 berths, 29 moorings, 1 ramp, and 1 pier. Hale o lono, 30 located 7 miles west of Kaunakakai, is a wharf in disrepair with 1.5 acres of protected anchorage 31 for day and overnight recreation. Kamalo Wharf on the south shore is considered a temporary- 32 use facility rather than a permanent mooring area. 33 34 The Molokaì Ferry is a privately owned operation that provides passenger service traveling back 35 and forth between Lahaina on Maui and Kaunakakai. 36 There is no longer a direct freight ferry service connection between Molokaì and Maui, which 37 creates logistical problems for producers of perishable goods. Also, the current Young Brother 38 freight barge schedule makes it difficult to ship perishable goods from Honolulu, since goods de- 39 parting there on the Sunday night ferry are only accepted on Friday until 11:00 am. Products orig- 40 inating or arriving outside of Hawaii first arrive in Oahu then move on to Molokaì. The additional

8 Hawaii Statewide Transportation Plan – Report on Public Opinion Poll, November 2010 9 Source: Hawaii State Department of Transportation, Airports Division

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1 leg of travel increases Molokaì shipping costs and shipping times, which can affect spoilage 2 rates for agricultural products. 3 4 Land 5 Most roads on Molokaì are publicly owned and managed; the County is responsible for local 6 roads and the State for Kamehameha V Highway (Hwy 450), Maunaloa Highway (Hwy 460) and 7 Kalae Highway (Hwy 470). Traffic volumes on Molokaì are generally low and growth projections 8 do not anticipate much of a change in the future. The Molokaì Long-Range Land Transportation 9 Plan was prepared by HDOT in 1997. The goal of the plan is to provide a safe and efficient land 10 transportation system through the year 2020. 11 12 The 1997 HDOT plan recommended upgrades to address several issues such as improving 13 drainages, constructing bridges, and widening roadways at a number of locations around the is- 14 land. There is significant shoreline erosion along Kamehameha V Highway on the southeast side 15 of the island. Reinforcing, protecting, or relocating these segments may be necessary in order to 16 maintain safety and reliable operations. 17 18 Molokaì is largely rural and has few pedestrian facilities. The Statewide Pedestrian Master Plan 19 (HDOT, 2013) considers persons living below the poverty level, the elderly, and students to be 20 Pedestrian-Oriented Populations. Molokaì has a higher than average concentration of persons 21 living below the poverty level. The Pedestrian Plan recommended improvements to Farrington 22 Avenue near Molokai High School due to concerns over student safety. 23 24 The island does not currently have a bikeway system; however, bicycle improvements have been 25 planned along nearly 60 miles of roadway on Molokaì.10 While there is no formal public transit 26 system on the island, the non-profit social services agency Maui Economic Opportunity (MEO) 27 operates a rural shuttle service for youth, elderly, disabled and the general public. The MEO shut- 28 tle service is funded by an annual grant from the Maui County DOT. The MEO shuttle serves 29 three service areas: Molokaì East, Molokaì West, and Molokaì Central. Private commercial taxi 30 and shuttle services are also available. 31 32 In 2009, the Hawaii legislature amended state statutes to require the Hawaii Department of 33 Transportation (HDOT) and Hawaii’s four county transportation (or public works) departments to 34 adopt ‘Complete Streets’ policies that accommodate all users of roadways, including pedestrians, 35 bicyclists, transit users, motorists and persons of all ages and abilities. Complete Streets is a rela- 36 tively new approach to street and transportation design which aims to accommodate all users of 37 roadways and rights of way. Maui County has a Complete Streets policy and consideration of this 38 policy should be made for the design of Molokaì’s roadways. 39 40 41

10 Bike Plan Hawaii, Hawaii Department of Transportation 2003

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1 Future Multi-Modal Transportation System 2 3 The island’s multi-modal transportation system allows people to use a variety of transportation 4 modes, including walking, biking, and other mobility devices (e.g., wheelchairs), as well as transit 5 where possible. The system will: 6 7 . Include where applicable, a variety of facilities such as Complete Streets,11 public 8 parking, roads and highways that accommodate multiple users including freight, 9 trucks, cars, transit vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians. 10 . Be designed and built to address the needs of people of all abilities. 11 . Provide safe and functional linkages to connect the island’s population centers and 12 destinations. 13 . Enhance and be compatible with the rural character of Molokai. 14 . Provide cost-effective connections to air and sea transportation facilities at the interis- 15 land transportation hubs at Kaunakakai Harbor and Moloka`i Airport. 16 17 Roads, Highways, and Major Thoroughfares 18 19  The existing road and highway network will continue to be the foundation for trans- 20 portation on the island. The current transportation plan for the island’s major roads 21 does not propose new highways so the focus in the future will be on improving exist- 22 ing highways. 23  Where possible, streets and highways should be designed as “Complete Streets”. In 24 this approach, streets are designed to consider the needs of all users such as motor- 25 ists, pedestrians, bicyclists, and transit riders. Priorities for these modes and func- 26 tions will vary depending on the specific segment and/or conditions. 27 . Streets and roads within Molokai’s small towns will be improved to meet the recom- 28 mendations in the Business Country Town Design Guidelines12 . An update of this 29 document is recommended as Action 7.01. 30 . Specific improvements to State of Hawaii highways are listed in the 2014 Statewide 31 Federal-Aid Highways 2035 Transportation Plan.13 32 33 Transit Corridors 34 35 . Until demand warrants a public transportation system, MEO will continue to provide 36 bus service for residents and visitors between the island’s population centers and 37 transportation hubs.

11 Complete Streets are designed and operated to enable safe access for all users. People of all ages and abilities are able to safely move along and across streets in a community, regardless of how they are traveling. 12 County of Maui Department of Planning. (July 1993). Design Guidelines for Country Town Business Districts: Molokai. 13 State of Hawaii Department of Transportation/Highways Division. (July 2014) Federal Aid Highways 2035 Transporta- tion Plan.

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1 . Supporting facilities such as bus stops and park-and-rides for the existing MEO ser- 2 vice and future transit will be in locations that are conveniently accessed, are safe, 3 and offer protection from the weather. 4 5 Bicycle Facilities 6 7 . Bicycle paths will be provided along all major highways, per the recommendations of 8 the State’s Bike Plan Hawaii (2003)14 9 . Bicycle facilities within Molokai’s small towns are provided to accommodate local bi- 10 cycle use and to support the island-wide bicycle system. Bike paths and bike lanes in 11 these areas connect residential areas with shopping, schools, and other local attrac- 12 tions. 13 . Bicycle improvements within the small towns will be coordinated with pedestrian facil- 14 ities as part of the multi-modal system for alternative transportation. 15 16 Pedestrian Facilities 17 18 . Pedestrian facilities to improve safety and to promote and accommodate walking 19 within Molokai’s small towns will be provided. 20 . Sidewalks, public parking, and other pedestrian facilities will connect residential are- 21 as with shopping, schools, and other local attractions. 22 . Pedestrian improvements within the small towns will be coordinated with bicycle facil- 23 ities as part of a comprehensive plan for alternative transportation. 24 25 26 B. ISSUES 27 28 29 Issue 1: High shipping costs and limited options place Moloka`i businesses at a competi- 30 tive disadvantage and results in a lack of options to bring in goods and services. 31 32 Issue 2: The current barge schedule makes it difficult to ship perishable goods between is- 33 lands or to the mainland. There is a lack of options to bring in goods and ser- 34 vices. 35 36 Issue 3: There is significant shoreline erosion along Kamehameha V Highway on the 37 southeast side of the island. 38 39 Issue 4: The lack of bike paths and sidewalks is a concern. 40 41 Issue 5: Moloka`i has only one recreational boat ramp facility located in Kaunakakai.

14 State of Hawaii Department of Transportation/Highways Division. (2003) Bike Plan Hawaii: A State of Hawaii Master Plan

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1 2 Issue 6: There is no inter-island public ferry system. 3 4 Issue 7: Some of Molokaì’s existing private roadways are not compliant with Maui County 5 standards. 6 7 8 C. GOAL, POLICIES, ACTIONS 9 10 11 TRANSPORTATION 12 13 Goal Molokaì will have an integrated multi-modal transportation system that 14 supports a diversified economy and meets the needs of residents and 15 visitors while respecting the island’s rural character. 16 17 18 Policies 19 1. Support the expansion of air services to Molokaì as needed. 20 21 2. Encourage rapid and cost effective transport of Moloka‛i’s agricultural 22 products to Maui and Oahu markets. 23 24 3. Explore options for a direct barge service or a passenger ferry that can car- 25 ry goods from Molokaì to Maui. 26 27 4. Support improvements to Kaunakakai Harbor. 28 29 5. Support the improvement and, if warranted, expansion of public or gov- 30 ernment run ferry service from Molokaì to Maui. 31 32 6. Maintain the rural character of Molokaì’s road system while accommodat- 33 ing multiple modes of transportation – including transit, freight vehicles, au- 34 tomobiles, pedestrians, bicycles, and other modes. 35 36 7. Support improving access to East Molokaì during wet weather events by 37 providing bridges at sites of flooding on Kamehameha V Highway. 38 39 8. Support safe pedestrian routes and bike paths along highways and arteri- 40 als in accordance with the County’s Complete Streets Policy. 41 42 9. Support continued coordination between the County DOT and MEO to pro- 43 vide rural shuttle services that meet the needs of youth, elderly, disabled, 44 and the general public. 45

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1 10. Support Molokai's existing and future private roadways achieving compli- 2 ance to Maui County standards. 3 4 11. Support completion of a feasibility study to build a new boat ramp in East 5 Molokaì designed to meet the needs of the community. 6 7 12.11. Bikeways and sidewalks should be installed, connected and or 8 improved in the urban core and immediate outlying areas. 9 10 13.12. Encourage the State to provide pertinent signage along high- 11 ways for all Molokaì ports-of-entry. 12 13 14.13. Encourage the State to maintain Hale O Lono Harbor and en- 14 sure public access. 15 16 15.14. Encourage the review and provide relevant applicability of 17 state transportation plans such as: 1999 Airport Master Plan, 2003 Bike 18 Plan for Hawaii, and Molokaì's Long Range Land Transportation Plan. 19 20 15. Encourage the State to identify an upland route for a new highway from 21 Kualapuù to Kamalo to provide a safe alternative to the existing shoreline 22 highway. The alignment of the highway should be above areas known to 23 contain cultural features, and below the forestry zone. 24 25 16. Evaluate the impact transportation system development and maintenance 26 will have on natural and cultural resources, cultural practices, and Native 27 Hawaiian burials. 28 29 17. Support State DOT Highways Division efforts to address the hazard of deer 30 on highways. 31

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Moloka`i Community Plan 1 Actions 2 Table 8.5 Infrastructure - Transportation Lead County No. Action Agency Partners

Planning Work with State DOT to encourage that the airport and air services 8.5.01 OED Dept. meet the needs of Moloka`i’s residents, visitors and businesses. HDOT

Planning Support the continued air services between topside Molokaì and 8.5.02 OED Dept. Kalaupapa. HDOT Planning Identify challenges and propose solutions to transporting Molokaì 8.5.03 OED Dept. agricultural products to Maui and Oahu markets. HDOT Advocate for increased barge and ferry service to and from Molo- 8.5.04 OED HDOT kaì. Planning Identify harbor and airport improvements designed to further sup- 8.5.05 OED Dept. port the agricultural industry. HDOT Plan for an integrated multi-modal transportation system with com- HDOT 8.5.06 plete streets that serve automotive, public transit, bicycle, pedestri- DPW Planning an, and other land transportation modes. Dept. Develop and implement a trail, greenway and open space access Planning Parks & 8.5.07 plan that utilizes old agriculture roads and trails where appropriate. Dept. Recreation Integrate a parking study with parking mitigation measures appropriate for Molokaì into a Kaunakakai Revitalization and Beautifica- Planning DPW 8.5.08 tion Plan. Explore the concept of centralized parking in Kaunakakai Dept. Town and utilize areas such as the Old Electric Park.

Evaluate existing MEO transportation services to identify possible 8.5.09 improvements to routes and pick-up and drop-off locations and oth- OED MEO

er supporting facilities.

Support additional access routes located around Kaunakakai to fa- 8.5.10 DPW DOT cilitate access to and from town. 8.5.11 Explore the possibility of the County acquiring privately owned DPW roads on Moloka`i. Support the completion of a feasibility study to develop a boat ramp Parks & 8.5.12 in East Moloka`i to meet the community's needs. Recreation

8.5.123 Encourage a bike share program for Moloka`i. DPW

Encourage the continued practice of no-fee parking at the Moloka`i 8.5.134 OED HDOT airport. Fund and construct a public parking area in Kaunakakai to relieve 8.5.145 existing parking requirements on businesses wishing to expand or DPW improve. 3 4

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1 8.6 Energy

2 The cost to produce power in Hawaiì is higher than on the U.S. mainland for a number of rea- 3 sons including no economies of scale in Hawaiì’s market due to the relatively small population 4 base, and the use of imported crude oil to fuel the power generators that makes Hawaiì vulnera- 5 ble to global crude oil price fluctuations.

6 7 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 8 9 In 2013, MECO had 12 megawatts of diesel-generating capacity that provided electricity to 2,649 10 residential customers and 562 commercial customers on Molokaì.15 The average residential 11 electricity rate on Molokaì was 46 cents per kilowatt hour (kWh); the rate was 37 cents per kWh 12 on Maui; and it was 12 cents per kWh nationally. In 2012, MECO lost about $200,000 subsidizing 13 Molokaì’s electricity rates16. There is potential for the island to generate much of its own electrici- 14 ty if its energy infrastructure is improved. Per PUC rules, the electrical grid threshold is set to no 15 more than 15% input from small scale individual wind/solar power systems in order to avoid com- 16 promising service to other customers on the same circuit. In order to accommodate more new 17 small scale wind and solar power sources, existing electrical distribution controls will need to be 18 upgraded with smart grid technology to better manage these intermittent sources of electricity. 19

20 The State of Hawaiì and the US Department of Energy launched the Hawaiì Clean Energy Initia- 21 tive in 2008. In 2015, approximately 21% of Hawaiì’s electricity was generated from renewable 22 resources; primarily from bioenergy, wind, geothermal, and rapidly expanding solar. The electric 23 utility renewable energy portfolio goals were updated in 2015 to 30 percent by December 31, 24 2020, 70 percent by December 31, 2040, and 100 percent by December 31, 2045.

25 26 Molokaì has more than enough renewable energy resource potential to meet electrical de- 27 mand.17 It’s estimated that four 1.5-megawatt wind turbines could meet half the island's electrical 28 use and Molokaì also has sites that are suitable for utility-scale solar and biomass projects. In 29 2013, Princeton Energy Group announced plans to build a 20-megawatt solar photovoltaic project 30 on an 80-acre parcel owned by Molokai Ranch. The project will be built out in three phases: the 31 goal of phase 1 is to meet 30% of the demand. The project would be built out in phases and could 32 eventually meet 80% to 90% of Molokaì’s electrical energy needs. 33

15 Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, May 2015; Hawaii State Energy Office · energy.hawaii.gov 16 Princeton Energy Group, 2013 Ikehu Moloka῾i Presentation 17 Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures, May 2015; Hawaii State Energy Office · energy.hawaii.gov

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Molokaì Community Plan 1 B. ISSUES 2 3 4 5 Issue 1: Dependency on fossil fuels for electricity generation results in a lack of control 6 over costs and supply chain security. Accordingly, Molokaì has some of the 7 highest electricity rates in the state and in the country. 8 9 Issues 2: Inability of the island’s existing power grid to effectively handle intermittent energy 10 sources such as solar and wind power. 11 12 13 C. GOAL, POLICIES, AND ACTIONS 14 15 16 Goal Molokaì will meet its energy needs through development of local clean re- 17 newable energy sources and implementation of energy efficiency and conser- 18 vation measures. 19 20 Policies 21 1. Support accelerating development of alternative energy sources to help re- 22 duce dependency on oil and other fossil fuels. 23 24 2. Support increased use of environmentally friendly alternative fuels on Molo- 25 kaì without degrading the environment. 26 27 3. Support programs that provide incentives to use more efficient vehicles, ap- 28 pliances, lighting, and other energy consuming devices. 29 30 4. Encourage County services and facilities to be energy efficient and to utilize re- 31 newable energy where possible. 32 33 5. Ensure that main utility transmission lines are robust and resilient enough to 34 withstand severe storm effects. 35 36 6. Promote the under-grounding of utilities in new areas of development and in 37 existing areas where feasible. 38 39 7. Support development of micro-grids for critical infrastructure and key re- 40 sources. 41 42 8. Support alternative ownership options for Maui County’s electric utilities to 43 provide more affordable and clean energy. 44

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1 9. Encourage amending the Maui County Building code that would recommend 2 the use of energy conservation devices in both new construction and renova- 3 tions. 4 5 Actions Table 8.6 Infrastructure - Energy

Lead County No. Action Agency Partners

State Energy Develop a Diversified Energy Strategy for Moloka`i that examines Energy 8.6.01 Office, locations for large and small scale renewable energy systems. Office MECO

Create a smart grid that would allow for integration of additional Energy 8.6.02 MECO renewable energy sources. Office

Provide loan programs and tax incentives to encourage individu- State Energy Energy 8.6.03 als and businesses to install renewable energy systems and to Office, Office use energy saving devices. MECO

Develop an ordinance that would require all new County buildings Energy 8.6.04 and facilities to achieve specific energy efficiency standards such State Energy Office as LEED certification. Office

Encourage the use of electric vehicles. Support the installation of Energy 8.6.05 State Energy Photovoltaic (PV) charging stations throughout the Island. Office Office

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1 8.7 Telecommunications 2 3 4 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS

5 The Maui County General Plan 2030 Telecommunications Assessment (January 2007) found that 6 wireless telephone and internet service deficiencies exist on Moloka`i due to the dispersed nature 7 of development. The study found that urbanized areas had moderate service coverage while the 8 non-urbanized areas had limited coverage. Another assessment conducted in 2012 by the State 9 of Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs indicated that Moloka`i residents were 10 dissatisfied with cable and internet service and pricing.18 At that time, system performance was 11 limited since it was provided by microwave feed from Lahaina rather than by undersea fiber optic 12 cable, even though much of the on-island distribution was by fiber cable. However, in 2013 Oce- 13 anic successfully negotiated a lease of existing undersea fiber optic cable and since then, down- 14 load speeds reportedly have improved19.

15 16 B. ISSUES 17 18 19 Issue 1: Limited access to high speed internet and telecommunications services presents 20 challenges for education, health care, residents, and businesses. 21 22 Issue 2: Moloka`i has extremely poor cellular/mobile telephone service and numerous 23 dead zones. 24 25 26 C. GOAL, POLICIES, AND ACTIONS 27 28 29 30 Goal Moloka`i will have a robust, resilient, and reliable telecommunications net- 31 work that will meet the growing demands of education, healthcare, resi- 32 dents, and businesses. 33 34 Policies: 35 1. Encourage and support the expansion of the mobile cellular network. 36 37 2. Encourage and support the expansion of high speed internet services. 38

18 Community Ascertainment and Related Activities, Results as of 5/30/13, State of Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs 19 “Oceanic Internet Upgrade”, The Moloka`i Dispatch, July 22nd 2013, http://themolokaidispatch.com/oceanic-internet- upgrade/

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1 3. Support the provision of high speed internet services to all schools. 2 3 4. Encourage increased telecommuting (working from home) activities for res- 4 idents. 5 6 5. Encourage cell tower installation and backup generators to be located out 7 of special flood hazard areas and tsunami inundation zones. 8 9 6. Require Encourage telecommunications providers to expand the coverage 10 and provide more reliable service throughout the island. 11 12 Actions 13 Table 8.7 Infrastructure - Telecommunications

Lead County No. Action Agency Partners

All service Work with telecommunications providers to expand the coverage 8.7.01 OED providers and provide more reliable service throughout the island.

All service Work with internet providers to expand high speed internet service providers 8.7.02 OED throughout the island. Oceanic, Verizon

All service Parks providers 8.7.03 Provide high speed internet at all county meeting facilities. Dept. Oceanic, Verizon

Encourage more provision of wireless "hotspots" in Moloka`i's All service 8.7.04 OED Country Towns. providers

14 15

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1 9| PUBLIC FACILITIES AND SERVICES

2 3 9.1 PARKS AND RECREATION 4 5 The County of Maui Department of Parks and Recreation is responsible for the development, 6 operation, and maintenance of county park facilities. The State Department of Land and Natural 7 Resources (DLNR) has jurisdiction over state beach parks, natural area reserves and other 8 managed lands. The National Park Service manages Kalaupapa. 9 10 Molokaì's developed parks and open spaces include tot lots, sports courts, a gymnasium, pool and 11 athletic fields. The facilities range in scale from just under an acre to over two hundred acres. 12 13 One of the most significant issues facing the county’s park system on Molokaì is the lack of an 14 overall plan for parks and recreation facilities. It will be difficult to meet the needs of current and 15 future residents without a master plan that documents the island’s needs and provides a direction 16 for planning, maintenance, and development. Another notable issue that was raised by the 17 community is public access to shoreline areas. 18 19 20 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 21 22 Molokaì currently has 14 County parks and facilities, including the Cooke Memorial Pool, three 23 community centers, six community parks, and five neighborhood parks. Despite an abundance of 24 park space, most parks do not provide park amenities that are typically found in developed parks. 25 This may be because many existing parks are designed to serve beach park requirements rather 26 than community needs for recreation. Maui County also manages the use of Community Centers 27 which are available to the public for meetings, social gatherings, or other events. The Community 28 Centers are public and ADA accessible. 29 30 Park and recreation facilities on the East End's south shore include two public access rights-of way 31 to the beach, three day parks, an athletic field with a community center, and two access trails to 32 pubic hunting areas. There are a number of privately owned beach accesses that are in general 33 public use that do not qualify as publicly managed facilities. 34 35 Despite miles of shoreline on the East End, public access with adequate facilities is very limited. 36 Even though there is relatively low population in the East End, island residents, as well as a growing 37 numbers of tourists use this area for coastal recreation. The only public boat ramp is over ten miles 38 away at the Kaunakakai Wharf.

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Figure 9.1 Moloka`i Public Parks

SIZE NAME OF PARK LOCATION OWNERSHIP PARK TYPE (acres)

Pala`au Central State State Park 233.70

Cooke Memorial Pool Kaunakakai County Community Park .50 Duke Maliu Regional Park Central County Community Park 10.00 Halawa Park East end County Neighborhood Park 1.00 Kakahaia Park Central County Neighborhood Park 0.80

Kaunakakai Ball Park Kaunakakai County Community Park 6.47

Kaunakakai Kaunakakai County Special Area 3.35 Lighthouse/Malama Park Community Kilohana Community East End County Park/Community 7.60 Center Kaunakakai Center Community Kualapu`u Park& Central County Park/Community 6.77 Community Center Center Maunaloa Subdivision West end County Neighborhood Park 2.00 Park Neighborhood Maunaloa Community West end County Park/Community 3.00 Center Center Mitchel Pauole Community Kaunakakai County Community Center 8.78 Center

One Ali`iPark Kaunakakai County County Park 11.00

Papohaku Beach Park West end County Beach Park 10.40

Pu`u Hauoli Park Kaunakakai County Neighborhood Park 1.30

TOTAL ACRES 306.67 1 2 Source: "Public Facilities Assessment Update County of Maui." March 9, 2007. R.M. Towill Corporation, 3 Honolulu, Hawaii 4 5 6 One of the most critical issues is that the Department of Parks and Recreation does not have a 7 comprehensive park and recreational facilities plan. Without such a plan, it is difficult to prioritize 8 projects or to initiate improvements in a systematic way. The Parks Department typically initiates 9 development projects on the basis of its annual six-year capital program budget. Development of 10 a parks and recreation master plan would identify community needs and priorities, provide a vision 11 for the future, and produce a capital improvement program that is based on a rational assessment 12 of long-term community needs. 13

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1 The State Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) manages approximately one million 2 acres of land, which can be divided into roughly three categories: (a) land that the public is actively 3 invited to recreate in such as State parks; (b) land that the public is not actively invited to recreate 4 in, but openly utilizes such as forestry area reserves and unencumbered State land; and (c) land 5 that the public does not enter such as inaccessible watershed areas. Through the Na Ala Hele trail 6 and access system, the State makes many of its conservation lands available to residents and 7 visitors. These trails invite the pubic to enjoy some of the most intimate and pristine places of the 8 County. There is one trail on Molokaì, four on Lāna‘i and 16 trails on Maui. 9 10 11 B. ISSUES 12 13 14 Issue 1: It is difficult to plan for future park and recreation improvements because there is 15 no current assessment of community needs. 16 17 Issue 2: There is a need for more community involvement such as coaches and volunteers 18 to support recreational youth programs. 19 20 Issue 3: Some of Molokaì’s parks and recreational facilities are in disrepair and in need of 21 regular maintenance and improvements to meet the community’s needs. Currently 22 there are only two staff positions responsible for maintenance and repair of all of 23 Molokaì’s facilities and parks. 24 25 Issue 4: Molokaì has a wealth of open spaces, trails, parks, and cultural sites but access 26 to some sites is difficult or blocked. 27 28 Issue 5: Malama Park has the potential to be a key cultural and community place but is now 29 in disrepair. 30 31 Issue 6: There is no boat ramp access in East Molokaì. 32 33 Issue 7: The Kaunakakai Gym is old and in need of repair. 34 35 36 37 C. GOAL, POLICIES, ACTIONS 38 39 40 Goal Molokaì will have a full range of public facilities, recreational opportunities, and 41 programs that meet the current and future needs of the island’s residents and 42 visitors.

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1 Policies 2 3 1. Support a systematic approach to planning and improving the island’s parks, 4 facilities, and recreation programs. 5 6 2. Support expanding access to recreational opportunities and community facilities 7 to meet the present and future needs of residents of all ages and physical abilities. 8 9 3. Support improving the quality and adequacy of community facilities to ensure that 10 they are clean and well maintained, and that there is an adequate supply of public 11 restrooms in convenient locations. 12 13 4. Require the dedication of land and development of usable park sites as part of the 14 approval of development of new residential and mixed-use areas. 15 16 5. Ensure access to the island’s parks, trail systems, open spaces, shoreline, and 17 cultural sites where appropriate and with government agencies working with 18 private landowners to address issues of liability. 19 20 6. Support the improvement for recreational vessel boat ramp launch infrastructure 21 as needed by the community. 22 23 7. Support improvements to Malama Park. 24 25 8. Support public-private partnerships to provide park access and facilities. 26 27 9. Support and expand the State Na Ala Hele trail system by considering such 28 designation for all traditional trails, including a coastal trail system. 29 30 10. Evaluate the impact that public and recreational facility improvement and 31 expansion will have on natural and cultural resources, cultural practices, and 32 Native Hawaiian burials. 33 34 11. Encourage the State to install cabins up mauka on State lands on Molokaì along 35 each ahupuaà or ahupuaʻa cluster (e.g., Puaàhala – Kaàmola; Òhia - 36 Ùalapuè; Kaluaàha; Mapulehu – Pukoò; etc.). These cabins would be multi- 37 purpose: Hunters can use them to access areas with a high concentration of 38 ungulates they cannot reach within a day’s hike, who need to stay overnight to 39 continue the hunt and bring the animals down the mountain. The second purpose 40 is to conduct conservation work, such as monitoring, removal of invasive species,

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1 establishing new strands of native plants, and maintenance of trails and cultural 2 sites. 3 4 Actions

Table 9.1 Public Facilities and Services - Parks and Recreation Lead County No. Action Agency Partners

Develop, adopt and regularly update a parks and recreation Parks & 9.1.01 master plan that incorporates public facilities, parks, other Recreation recreational opportunities and a financial component. Amend development regulations to ensure the construction 9.1.02 of adequate parking with pathways near public shoreline Planning access points. Adopt a beach/mountain access dedication ordinance pursuant to using Transfer Development Rights addressed in 9.1.03 Planning HRS Chapter 46 to improve access along the shoreline and mountains. Develop a master plan that identifies improvements to Duke Parks & 9.1.04 Maliu Regional Park. Recreation Parks & 9.1.05 Provide shade for One Ali`i Park’s playground area. Recreation Consider repurposing the Kilohana Park for a potential site to Parks & 9.1.06 relocate and build a new Puko'o Fire Station. Recreation MFD Coordinate planning, design, and construction of a new Kaunakakai Gymnasium and Athletic building that meets Parks & 9.1.07 Moloka`i's unique sports needs and serves as a hardened Civil Defense Recreation civil defense community shelter for disasters and is located outside of the flood zone.. 9.1.08 Explore land acquisition and development of park facilities at Parks & landowners Kumimi Beach. Recreation 9.1.09 Explore state or county land acquisition and development of Parks & landowners park facilities at Kamalo. Recreation 9.1.91 Explore state or county land acquisition and development of Parks & landowners 0 park facilities at Dixie's. Recreation Parks & Feds, State, Work with County, State, and Federal agencies and the, 9.1.10 Recreation Community, community to resolve Malama Park issues. 1 DHHL 5

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1 9.2 POLICE

2 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 3 4 The Maui County Department of Police has only one main police station located in Kaunakakaì. 5 The entire island of Molokaì comprises Maui Police Department District V. This police district is 6 served by the Molokaì Station, with 29 budgeted uniformed patrol officers and an estimated share 7 of nine investigative officers. The district is divided into two motorized beats and each beat is 8 patrolled by a single officer. 9 10 Based on population alone, the Molokaì Community Plan region's current need is estimated at 11 approximately nine officers. However, given the remoteness of this island and large area requiring 12 police coverage, it is necessary to field more officers to ensure adequate police service. The current 13 number of officers slightly exceeds the estimate of need in the Public Facilities Assessment 14 published in 2007. The district has a projected need for 13 additional patrol officers by the year 15 2035. Currently, the greatest challenge for the Police Department is recruiting new officers. 16 17 The Molokaì Station received 6,751 calls in 2013 as compared to 6,854 in 2012. There were 720 18 criminal arrests during the year. The district issued a total of 1,123 citations in 2013 as compared 19 to 1,223 in 2012.1. Animal control is aided by the Molokaì Humane a non-profit community services 20 organization that provides spay/neuter services, transport of animals, and humane education. 21 22 23 24 B. ISSUES 25 26 Issue 1: There is a lack of police response capabilities and facilities in the outer reaches of 27 Molokaì’s east and west ends. 28 29 Issue 2: More police presence in the form of bicycle or foot patrol is needed in Kaunakakaì. 30 31 Issue 3: Substance abuse and domestic violence is a continuing problem on the island. 32 33 Issue 4: The existing police station is presently located in a special flood hazard area and 34 tsunami evacuation zone. The current police station location also necessitates 35 emergency response through and in close proximity to congested areas such as 36 elementary schools, areas of heavily used parks and recreation facilities, and 37 Kaunakakai Town. 38 39 Issue 5: There is no animal holding facility on Molokaì.

1 Maui Police Department Annual Report 2013, p 25

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1 C. GOAL, POLICIES, ACTIONS 2 3 4 Goal An effective and efficient police force to help maintain a safe, peaceful 5 and friendly community. 6 7 Policies 8 9 1. Support an expanded police presence in the east and west ends of 10 Molokaì. 11 12 2. Encourage the development, adoption and implementation of programs 13 that address substance abuse. 14 15 3. Encourage maximizing the island's police resources to properly enforce 16 substance abuse laws. 17 18 4. Support the placement of bicycle and/or foot patrol officers in Kaunakakaì 19 as needed. 20 21 5. Encourage involvement on the Police Commission by a Molokaì 22 representative. 23 24 6. Support the maintenance and development of Police facilities on Molokaì 25 that meet the Maui Police Department's and community's needs. 26 27 7. Encourage police involvement in the community. 28 29 8. Encourage and support the recruitment of police officers through the junior 30 police officer program. 31 32 9. Support the provision of Molokaì community and cultural sensitivity 33 training for new police recruits and transferred personnel. . 34 35 10. Encourage State hunter safety courses and the development of a shooting 36 range. 37 38 11. Encourage the establishment of an animal holding facility for Molokaì. 39 40

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1 Actions

Table 9.2 Public Facilities and Services - Police Lead County No. Action Agency Partners

Coordinate with community organizations in their Maui Police 9.2.01 prevention and treatment efforts to reduce substance Community Department use and abuse. Organizations

Continue working cooperatively with the Prosecuting Prosecuting Maui Police Attorney and the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) to 9.2.02 Department Attorney enforce substance abuse laws. DEA Coordinate land acquisition, planning, design and construction of a new Molokaì Police Station at a location that meets the unique needs of the Maui Police Maui Police Department for Molokaì, out of the special flood hazard 9.2.03 Department area and tsunami evacuation zone and promotes practical and safe emergency response for the entire Molokaì community.

Collaborate with community organizations and other appropriate groups to provide Moloka`i community and Maui Police Community 9.2.04 cultural sensitivity training for new recruits and Department Organizations transferred personnel

Expand police presence in the east and west ends of Maui Police 9.2.05 Moloka`i. Department Explore the possibility of collaborating with an animal Maui Police Animal rescue rescue organization to establish an animal holding 9.2.06 Department facility on Moloka`i. organizations 2

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1 9.3 FIRE AND PUBLIC SAFETY 2 3 An adequate fire protection service within close proximity to all populated areas is necessary to 4 protect life and property. The mission of the Maui County Department of Fire and Public Safety also 5 known as the Maui Fire Department (MFD) is "to protect and preserve life, environment, and 6 property." Its officers and equipment are used to fight and control fires, perform emergency rescue 7 services, and provide community education on fire safety. MFD is Maui County's first responder to 8 public safety incidents and is often involved with land and water rescue. 9 10 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 11 12 Three fire stations serve the Island. The newly constructed Kaunakakaì Station replaced the 13 existing facility in 2010 and is located on Alanui Ka Imi Ike Street in Kaunakakai and is responsible 14 for the Kaunakakai area. The Hoòlehua Station covers Ho'olehua, Kualapuù, Kalae, Kaluakoì, 15 and Maunaloa. The Puko'o Station is located on Kamehameha V Highway, at the east end of the 16 island and covers from Kamalo to Halawa Valley. The Pukoò Fire Station is currently a sub-station 17 of Kaunakakai with only two personnel assigned per shift, which is below national and Maui County 18 standards for minimum fire company staffing standards. 19 20 Figure 9.3 Fire Protection Facilities

Name Type 2005 Population Served*

Kaunakakai Fire Station #4 Tanker, Engine 3,564 Ho'olehua Fire Station #9 Engine 1,782 Puko'o Fire Station #12 Engine 1,782 21 Source: Public Facilities Assessment Update County of Maui 2007 22 *Note: population split is 50% to Kaunakakai, 25% to Ho'olehua, 25% to Puko'o 23 24 MFD is presently completing a "Standards of Cover" report that will assess the adequacy of the 25 current level of fire service coverage. This is the first time that such a report has been compiled. 26 This research will attempt to address the expectations of the citizens, MFD and County Government 27 in terms of level of fire service needed. Other factors critical to providing the adequate level of fire 28 service is the level of funding available. 29 30 With regard to fire service for the East End, MFD has a memorandum of understanding with the 31 State of Hawaii to lease the current parcel where the Puko'o Fire Station is located. The facility is 32 over 80 years old, in disrepair and sits in a tsunami and hurricane inundation zone. 33 34 35

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1 B. ISSUES 2 3 4 Issue 1: A large number of residential areas of Molokaì are not covered by existing fire 5 stations. 6 7 Issue 2: The southern and southwestern facing slopes of the entire island of Molokaì are 8 at high risk for fire, especially in developed areas. 9 10 Issue 3: There would be a lack of fire coverage on the West End if future growth occurs. 11 12 Issue 4: Staffing at the Pukoò Fire Station is below national and Maui County minimum 13 standards. 14 15 Issue 5: The existing Pukoò Fire Station is presently located in a flood and tsunami 16 inundation zone. 17 18 Issue 6: Premises identification addressing is not complete for all applicable areas and 19 properties on Molokaì, which impacts emergency response and other public and 20 private services. 21 22 23 24 C. GOAL, POLICIES, ACTIONS 25 26 27 Goal Protect life, property and the environment by providing effective and 28 efficient fire protection and rescue services for the island of Molokaì. 29 30 Policies 31 32 1. Evaluate the results of the 2015 "Standards of Cover" report due to be 33 completed summer 2015. Address fire service needs as indicated in the 34 report. 35 36 2. Evaluate options to relocate the Pukoò Fire Station out of the tsunami 37 and hurricane inundation zone and in a manner that meets fire services 38 as needed on the east end. 39 40 1. 3. Encourage programs and projects that will address fire risk in affected 41 communities.

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1 2 2. 4. Support locating fire, safety, emergency and ocean rescue services on the 3 West End as population increases warrant. 4 5 3. 5. Support the maintenance and development of Fire facilities on Moloka`i 6 that meet the Maui Fire Department's and community's needs. 7 8 4. 6. Ensure that Maui Fire Department minimum staffing levels for Molokai 9 meet the same national and Maui County minimum staffing levels as 10 provided at other fire stations in Maui County. 11 12 5. Support premises identification addressing efforts to improve enhanced 13 911 services, emergency response, and provision of other public and 14 private services. 15 16 17 18 Actions 19 Table 9.3 Public Facilities and Services - Fire and Public Safety Lead County No. Action Agency Partners

All major Develop an island wide fire risk and vulnerability MFD landowners 9.3.01 assessment.

Explore options for relocating Puko`o Fire Station to a 9.3.02 location that is not vulnerable to flooding, tsunamis and MFD best meets the needs of east end residents.

Support the staffing upgrade for the Puko`o Fire Station to meet the same national and Maui County minimum staffing levels as provided at the other fire

9.3.03 stations in Maui County. Evaluate the results of the MFD "Standards of Coverage" report and address recommended fire service needs.

Implement and maintain the "Centers for Public Safety 9.3.04 Excellence" accreditation program. MFD

Support the implementation of the accreditation program 9.3.05 by creating one full time position. Level of effort for MFD Moloka`i would be 15%. MPD, DHHL, Complete premises identification addressing for all Large occupied properties and properties with structures on 9.3.06 MFD landowners, Moloka`i. Homeowner

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Associations, NHOs

MPD, MFD, DHHL, Encourage enforcement and incentives for the effective Moloka`i 9.3.07 posting of addresses on applicable Moloka`i premises DPW Ranch, per County Code and public safety recommendations. Homeowners' Associations, NGOs 1

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1 9.4 EDUCATION 2 3 4 The Hawaii Department of Education is a statewide school district that manages all public schools 5 in the state. The County of Maui does not have any jurisdiction over the public school system; 6 however, coordination between the State and County is necessary for planning future school 7 locations and acquiring adequate land. 8 9 10 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 11 12 There are three four public elementary schools on Molokaì: a) Kaunakakai, b) Kualapuù, bc) 13 Maunaloa, and cd) Kilohana located in Ùalapuè. Hoòlehua. There is also a public-private charter 14 school in Kualapuù. In Kualapuù, Molokaì High/Middle School is for students in grades 7-12. All 15 of the public schools, except Molokaì Middle have adequate capacity to accommodate projected 16 2015 and 2035 enrollment. Molokaì Middle School’s 2035 enrollment is projected to exceed 17 capacity; however, the overage could be accommodated by an increase in classrooms, staff, and 18 facilities. 19

20 Molokaì High School has career pathway programs of study: Arts and Communication, Business, 21 Industrial and Engineering Technology, Health Services, and Agriculture; however there are no 22 automotive programs, industrial arts, or fine art and musical arts programs. The agriculture 23 program and the Future Farmers of America, allows students to enjoy hands-on experiences in 24 commercial, terrace, permaculture, hydroponic and aquaponic farming. The agricultural program’s 25 infrastructure is underutilized. Molokaì schools are proud of their Hawaiian language and culture. 26 Hawaiian Language Immersion programs are available to support students from preschool through 27 high school. Molokaì High also offers Hawaiian language immersion, English as a second 28 language, advanced placement, gifted and talented, honors, alternative learning center and special 29 education programs2. 21st Century Community Center Learning Center Grants currently support a 30 variety of enrichment programs at schools across the island.

31 Akaùla is a private school with students in grades 5-12 located in Kualapuù. Akaùla School offers 32 an alternative to public school that provides a, multi-age, transitional environment for Molokaì 33 students in grades five to twelve. They focus on a learning, leading, and decision making as 34 fundamental collaborative processes3.

35 The University of Hawaiì Maui College – Molokaì Education Center (UHMC-Molokaì) is located 36 in Kaunakakai. UHMC-Molokaì offers access to a wide array of classes (face-to-face and distance

2 Hawaii State Department of Education, http://www.hawaiipublicschools.org 3 The Aka`ula School, http://akaulaschool.org/

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1 education), certificate and degree programs. There is a library and facilities for distance learning 2 through Hawaii Interactive Television System and Skybridge. The Skybridge allows two-way 3 interactive learning for students located on Molokaì, Kahului, Hana, Lānaì, and Lahaina. There is 4 also access to education through cable TV and the internet. 5 6 The UH College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources Cooperative Extension Services 7 (CES) is located in Hoòlehua. It also has a demonstration research farm in the Molokai Agricultural 8 Park that shares facilities with UH Maui College Molokaì Farm. CES programs focus on outreach 9 and continuing education in agriculture, cooperative and leadership development, and DHHL farm 10 development. The Kuhaò Business Development Center provides technical assistance and 11 entrepreneurship. 12 13 14 B. ISSUES 15 16 17 Issue 1: Some people on Molokaì have limited relevant technical knowledge or skills to 18 enter the 21st century workforce, acquire skilled jobs, or start their own business. 19 20 Issue 2: Many applicants need remedial courses as they are unable to place in college level 21 English and math based on college entrance test scores. 22 23 Issue 3: Many students are unaware of the Career Pathway programs and funding 24 opportunities that are available to them. 25 26 Issue 4: Hawaiian is the official state language, yet it is not taught in public schools and not 27 recognized by most colleges for entrance requirements. 28 29 30 31 C. GOAL, POLICIES, AND ACTIONS 32 33 34 Goal Molokaì will have high-quality educational facilities and programs that 35 accommodate the community’s diverse learning needs. 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

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1 Policies 2 1. Support the expansion of facilities and programs at the UHMC-Molokaì campus 3 based on the current Long Range Development Plan (LRDP) to include 4 approximately 15 total acres in Kaunakakai for expansion. 5 6 2. Support an expanded array of adult education, post-secondary, vocational, English 7 as a second language, business, technical, professional, early college high school, 8 and career counseling programs that prepare Molokaì residents for future 9 occupations and business opportunities. 10 11 3. Support adequate and affordable preschool facilities and programs. 12 13 14 4. Support expansion of high school vocational programs and development of a fine 15 arts and cultural program. 16 17 5. Support teaching the Hawaiian language in public schools as part of the core 18 curriculum and its recognition by colleges as a foreign language to satisfy college 19 entrance requirements4. 20 21 6. Support college and vocational career training beginning at the elementary school 22 level. 23 24 7. Support STEAM (Science Technology, Engineering, Arts and Math) programs for 25 K-12. 26 27 8. Support standards based education and grading for grades K-12 to enable 28 academic success and ethical treatment of all students. 29 30 9. Support the development of a preforming arts center on Molokaì. 31 32 10. Encourage all educational institutions to participate in energy and resource audits 33 to help the schools be more green and environmentally responsible and lead the 34 community in using resources wisely. 35 36 11. Support adult and post-secondary education programs. 37 38 12. Support English as a second language classes. 39

4 Note: Hawaiian is not a foreign language; this is for college entrance requirements only.

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1 13. Support a program to explore career path options, including vocational programs. 2 3 14. Support opportunities to increase enrollment in post-secondary education. 4 5 6 Actions 7

Table 9.4 Public Facilities and Services – Education

Lead No. Action County Agency Partners

Assist with accreditation of pre-school and child care 9.4.01 DHHC DOE center providers via professional services. Continue workforce development programs and 9.4.02 OED Employers internships.

Provide training for job preparedness, such as DOE 9.4.03 OED proper work ethic, responsibility, resume writing UH Maui College and interviewing Continue to assess and provide recommendations DOE 9.4.04 and funding to eliminate achievement gaps in OED UHMC education for Native Hawaiian students. MEDB 8

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1 9.5 HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES

2 Moloka`i’s health and social service needs are increased due to conditions on the island that 3 include: 1) geographic isolation and high cost of off-island travel; 2) low measurements of economic 4 health, socio-economic stability and food security; 3) high unemployment rates; and 4) language 5 barriers5. Moloka`i has been designated a Medically Underserved Area and a Health Professional 6 Shortage Area for Primary Care, Dental Care and Mental Health, by the U.S. Public Health Service. 7 This designation brings some financial support to help provide a broader array of services.

8 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS

9 Health Services 10 Moloka`i’s community is served by one hospital, two health centers, a Native Hawaiian health clinic, 11 and a full service pharmacy. The hospital and clinics work in partnership to provide inpatient and 12 outpatient medical and dental care, health education and screenings, mental and behavioral health 13 services, remote rural service, translation, and social services. 14 15 Moloka`i General Hospital (MGH) is a critical medical hospital located in Kaunakakai with 15 beds, 16 with an emergency room, and out-patient clinic. The hospital provides diagnostic and therapeutic 17 imaging services through a CT scanner and ultrasound. In addition, the MGH provides community 18 outreach through health fairs, health screenings and a Meals on Wheels program. A 2004 demand 19 analysis indicated no need for additional hospital beds through 2030 beyond the 2004 licensed 20 levels. MGH no longer accepts long-term care patients. The MGH coordinates with Hawaii Life 21 Flight critical transport to take the critically ill to Honolulu.

22 Many of the hospital’s preventive services to the Hawaiian community are offered in partnership 23 with Na Pu`uwai, Inc. a community-based non-profit Native Hawaiian organization. Na Pu`uwai, 24 Inc. was founded in 1985 and is dedicated to betterment of the health conditions of Native 25 Hawaiians6.

26 In 2002, Moloka`i Community Health Center (MCHC) applied for and received funding to develop 27 a freestanding, centrally-located community health center providing core primary health care 28 services7. MCHC provides services that focus on the health care needs of a target population that 29 is 200% below the federal poverty guidelines.

5 Molokaì Ohana Health Care Inc., referencing 2002 & 2003 Hawaii Health Surveys; .http://www.Molokaìchc.org/ content/population-served 6 Na Puùwai, Inc., http://www.napuuwai.com/ 7 Ibid, Molokaì Ohana Health Care Inc.

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1 The Moloka`i Family Health Center provides family and general practice, and internal medicine 2 services. There are also private medical offices offering service in medicine, dental care, 3 optometry, and chiropractic care. The hospital, clinics, pharmacy, and offices are all located within 4 Kaunakakai, with some services to remote rural areas.

5 Social Services 6 The Maui County Department of Housing and Human Concerns (DHHC) provides four main areas 7 of social services. These are Early Childhood, Immigrant Services, Aging, and Senior Services. 8 Early childhood resource and referral information, as well as technical assistance, is provided to 9 any person or organization. The County also provides grants that support childhood services, 10 including MEO’s Head Start program, Maui Family Support Services, and Imua Family Services on 11 Moloka`i. These programs provide early childhood learning and development that support the child, 12 and those involved in the child’s life, to ensure a better transition into kindergarten. 13 DHHC’s immigrant social services are located in Kaunakakai and help immigrants achieve and 14 preserve lawful permanent residence, apply for citizenship, and secure and maintain employment. 15 Immigrant families are reunited and strengthened through assistance with petitions, acculturation, 16 and integration. 17 18 The Maui County Office of Aging employs a full-time Aging and Disability Services Specialist on 19 Moloka`i to help with needed services to remain as healthy and independent as possible. Services 20 are provided in home or through referral and access programs to frail seniors, family caregivers, 21 and individuals with disabilities of all ages. The Kaunoa Senior Services provides programs and 22 services for well, active seniors and frail homebound residents. These include assisted 23 transportation services, Meals on Wheels Program, and the Congregate Nutrition Program for 24 nutritionally balanced meals in a social atmosphere. For more active seniors there are 25 informational, volunteer opportunities, and a wellness program. 26 27 28 B. ISSUES 29 30 31 32 Issue 1: An increasing older and elderly population will increase health and social service 33 needs, including long-term care. 34 35 Issue 2: The Island has immigrant communities with limited English language skills that 36 need health and social services in multiple languages. 37 38 Issue 3: Behavioral and mental health, alcohol and substance abuse, obesity, domestic 39 violence, child abuse and neglect, and sexual abuse, is a concern. 40 41

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1 C. GOALS, POLICIES, ACTIONS 2 3 4 5 Goal Moloka`i will have a comprehensive, integrated health care and social 6 services system that provides for the community’s health and well-being. 7 8 9 Policies 10 1. Encourage the provision of enhanced medical, dental, behavioral, and mental 11 health care, and social services for the community through qualified 12 professionals located on Moloka`i. 13 14 2. Encourage partnerships in healthcare provision to expand healthcare 15 professional access, and diversity in service, resources and locations. 16 17 3. Support studies to determine community needs and underserved locations 18 and ensure equitable distribution of services. 19 20 4. Support public health education and assessment programs throughout the 21 island. 22 23 5. Encourage expansion of full-time mental and behavioral health case 24 management positions, psychologists and psychiatrists on island. 25 26 6. Support a disabled persons infrastructure system, that includes health and 27 social programs, services for the frail elderly, assistance for home- 28 modifications to support ageing in place, and long-term care facilities. 29 30 7. Support enhanced monitoring of care homes and transient facilities which 31 provide services to mentally and physically disabled residents. 32 33 8. Encourage multi-modal transportation and recreation planning that increases 34 opportunities for exercise through bike paths and pedestrian improvements. 35 36 9. Support wellness and nutrition training for residents. 37 38 10. Support traditional cultural practices for community health. 39 40 11. Support immigration services to assist new residents to integrate and become 41 productive community members.

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1 2 12. Support early childhood services for children and their families to provide 3 quality learning and development. 4 5 Actions 6 Table 9.5 Public Facilities and Services – Health and Social Services

No. Lead Action County Agency Partners

Conduct community needs surveys and allocate funding 9.5.01 DHHC to expand the number and variety of social services.

Coordinate with transportation and recreation planners to Public Works 9.5.02 increase bikeways and pedestrian opportunities for Parks &

exercise. Recreation DOH, Continue to provide social services for immigrants, early 9.5.03 DHHC Local Cultural childhood, aging and seniors. Services

Continue to encourage support and funding for the 9.5.04 DHHC network of services for alcohol and substance abuse.

Continue to encourage support and funding for the DHS 9.5.05 network of services for domestic violence, sex assault, DHHC DOH and families in crisis. Form partnerships and provide assistance to develop a DHHC DOH 9.5.06 plan for establishing long-term and short-term supportive Non-profits housing, palliative care and hospice facilities. 7

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1 9.6 CEMETERIES

2 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 3 4 Molokaì has # numerous cemeteries maintained by various entities. The County of Maui 5 Department of Public Works maintains three cemeteries including the Veteran’s Cemetery in 6 Hoòlehua, Ùalapuè Cemetery, and Kapaàkea Cemetery. The Ùalapuè Cemetery is closed 7 and no longer accepting burials. The Kapaàkea Cemetery is nearing capacity, with less than 50 8 burial sites remaining. Other cemeteries on Molokaì include Kanakaloloa Cemetery at Hoòlehua 9 and Homelani Cemetery at Manawainui two maintained by DHHL, Maunaloa Cemetery owned by 10 MolokaÌ Ranch and maintained by the community, and several private cemeteries maintained by 11 families or churches. and …. 12 13 B. ISSUES 14 15 16 Issue 1: The County DPW is not budgeted sufficient funds to maintain cemeteries on 17 Molokaì. 18 19 Issue 2: The Kapaàkea Cemetery is nearing capacity. 20 21 C. GOAL, POLICIES, ACTIONS 22 23 24 Goal Molokaì’s cemeteries will be well maintained and meet the needs of the 25 community. 26 27 Policies 28 1. Provide sufficient cemetery space in location(s) accessible to the community and 29 away from the threat of SLR and flooding. 30 31 Actions 32 Table 9.6 Public Facilities and Service - Cemeteries

Lead Partners No. Action County Agency

Complete a site selection study to identify a location for a 9.6.01 DPW Community new cemetery.

Work with the community to develop a map of grave sites 9.6.02 OED Community at the `Ualapu`e Cemetery.

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1 9.7 GOVERNANCE 2 3 The County of Maui is the sole local government for the residents of the three inhabited islands of 4 Maui Nui: Maui, Molokaì, and Lānaì; there are no townships, or villages with separate municipal 5 governments. The county seat and civic center is in Wailuku, Maui. Maui County has an elected 6 mayor with a four-year term and a nine-member council with two-year terms. Molokaì is served by 7 a single representative on the Maui County Council. 8 9 10 A. EXISTING CONDITIONS 11 12 Direct participation in Council meetings is difficult for Molokaì residents. County Council meetings 13 are held on Maui and are scheduled during normal working hours; transportation to and from these 14 meetings for Molokaì residents is limited by ferry schedules and expensive flights. Recent 15 improvements in telecommunications have enabled Molokaì residents to participate remotely by 16 phone conference. 17 18 Maui County Code 2.41.080 states a minimum requirement of one member of the public from 19 Molokaì on a number of County Boards and Commissions. However, it appears that this is not 20 widely known throughout Molokai. Physical access to County Council and committee meetings 21 and meetings with members of the County Council is also limited since Molokaì residents have 22 more limited travel options. The peninsula of Makanalua, aka Kalaupapa, is its own county and 23 lands are owned by the federal government, the State DLNR DOH and DHHL. 24 25 26 27 B. ISSUES 28 29 30 Issue 1: Molokaì residents are not aware of the opportunities available to them to serve on 31 County boards and commissions. 32 33 Issue 2: Access to County government meetings is limited to teleconferencing if it is 34 available. 35 36 Issue 3: The governmental structure of Makanalua is unknown once the State DOH 37 relinquishes administrative oversight. 38 39 40

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1 C. GOAL, POLICIES, ACTIONS 2 3 4 Goal Government services will be transparent, accessible, cost-effective and 5 responsive to meet the needs of Molokaì’s residents. 6 7 Policies 8 1. Support the implementation of Maui County Code 2.41.080 and expanded 9 opportunities for Molokaì residents to be involved in and affect County government 10 decision making. 11 12 2. Encourage public participation in government among all Molokaì citizens in order 13 to promote civic engagement. 14 15 3. Support a variety of information sources and technological connections such as 16 video conferencing for citizens to participate, communicate, and stay informed 17 about their community and government. 18 19 4. Develop improved government communication tools to help overcome existing 20 language barriers. 21 22 5. Encourage elected officials at all levels of government to conduct regularly 23 scheduled public information meetings on Molokaì to discuss issues of 24 importance. 25 26 6. Support, encourage, and prioritize the convening of a task force to discuss 27 governmental issues of Makanalua. 28 29 30 Actions 31 Table 9.7 Public Facilities and Service - Governance

Lead Partners No. Action County Agency

Continue to improve, promote, and publicize the availability of telecommunications and video conferencing 9.7.01 Mayor’s Office for county services and for participation in County Council, and all board and commission meetings held on Maui.

Provide the Moloka`i Planning Commission with the Planning 9.7.02 Planning Director’s annual status reports as described in Maui County Code Chapter 2.80B. Department

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Moloka`i Conduct regularly-scheduled public information meetings 9.7.03 Mayor’s Office Council on-island. Member Ensure that a minimum of one Moloka`i resident is a 9.7.04 member of each board and commission per MCC Mayor’s Office 2041.080 is fulfilled.

Continue to support Maui County Community television 9.7.05 Mayor's Office on Moloka`i.

DOH, DHHL, Initiate the convening of a task force to discuss 9.7.06 Mayor's Office DLNR, NPS, governmental issues of Makanalua. Community Provide training to the Moloka`i Planning Commission on all applicable laws providing the legal framework Planning 9.7.07 agencies must follow when engaging in decision making Department actions that may impact Native Hawaiian traditional and customary practices. 1 2

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Moloka`i Community Plan

1 10 | IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING 2 3 4 The preceding chapters identify programs, projects, and actions that need implementation to 5 actualize the Moloka`i Community Plan’s vision, goals, and policies. Maui County Code Chapter 6 2.80B specifies an implementation program for the plan’s actions and milestones and requires 7 status reports to monitor the progress of implementation. The implementation program includes a 8 capital improvement element, an implementation schedule, and a financial element. 9 10 A. IMPLEMENTATION 11 12 The capital improvement (CIP) element includes the infrastructure systems and public facilities 13 and services that will be needed over the twenty-year planning period, in two-year increments, to 14 implement the Community Plan’s vision, goals, and policies. CIP projects are included in the 15 implementation schedule to facilitate capital improvement programming and serve as a guide for 16 forthcoming large infrastructure budget items. The list does not include repair and maintenance 17 projects. 18 19 The implementation schedule is included in this chapter and includes a description of the project 20 or program, priority, timing, lead implementation agency (County), estimated cost, and potential 21 funding source(s). Actions are identified as either Priority 1 or Priority 2, with Priority 1 being the 22 highest priority. Identifying high priority actions helps agencies focus on implementing key 23 actions considering time and budget constraints. Priority 2 actions are still considered important 24 for implementing the Community Plan. The following questions were used to identify Priority 1 25 actions: 26 27 1. Will the action address an urgent issue? 28 2. Is the action required for public health and safety? 29 3. Is the action required by legal mandate? 30 4. Is the action required to prevent the loss of an irretrievable resource? 31 5. Will the action benefit the majority of the community? 32 6. Will the action significantly improve the quality of life of Moloka`i residents? 33 7. Is the action required for other actions to be initiated? 34 8. Is the action already funded? 35 36 Actions may be implemented by the lead County agency or by another entity, such as the State 37 or non-profit groups, and assisted by the County agency. For actions that are not the primary 38 responsibility of the County, and there is not a cost to the County budget, the estimated cost 39 column in the implementation table is “not applicable” (N/A). The implementation program should 40 provide enough flexibility over the life of the Plan to allow for reprioritization and adjustments to 41 level of funding. Implementation of the actions listed in the schedule is subject to available 42 funding. 43

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1 Infrastructure Planning and Finance Policy Framework 2 3 The infrastructure funding strategy provides an efficient and equitable means of planning and 4 financing infrastructure improvements. The County CIP funding strategy is comprised of three 5 policy statements with underlying strategies to effectuate the policies. 6 7 1. Infrastructure Services Policy: 8 The County is responsible for determining areas where infrastructure and public facilities will be 9 supported. 10 11 2. Infrastructure Expansion Policy: 12 Developers are generally responsible for public facility and infrastructure expansion costs 13 associated with their projects. As a condition of subdivision or development approval, the County 14 often requires new developments to construct on-site water, roads, wastewater, park facilities, 15 and other infrastructure and public facilities pursuant to County standards. Upon completion of 16 construction, the County may require the developer to dedicate the infrastructure/facilities to the 17 County. Developments may also be required to donate easements or other types of partial rights 18 to the County. In addition, developments are often required to provide financial assurance, such 19 as bonding, to ensure enforcement of needed corrective action(s) or uninterrupted operation (in 20 case of bankruptcy, abandonment, or any other default on financial obligation). 21 22 The County has also considered the imposition of impact fees, which are designed to mitigate the 23 impact of new development on infrastructure and public facility systems. These one-time 24 payments are made by the development; fees are typically passed on to either the seller of land 25 or homebuyer to pay for the cost of infrastructure caused by new development. While the 26 enabling ordinance for traffic impact fees have been enacted, the required studies that determine 27 the actual fee amounts have yet to be adopted; other impact fee ordinances have been discussed 28 but not enacted. 29 30 To ensure that no ambiguities exist regarding infrastructure funding responsibilities, the County 31 may establish an infrastructure funding strategy to ensure that infrastructure improvements are 32 implemented prior to or concurrent with development by the responsible party depending on the 33 nature of the infrastructure project. 34 35 3. Existing Deficiencies Policy: 36 Through its CIP program, the County is responsible for funding operations and capital 37 improvements to address existing deficiencies of County-owned and operated systems. 38 39 The Existing Deficiencies Policy shall be implemented by, but not limited to, the following 40 strategy: 41 42 A. Identify existing service deficiencies and project future operations and maintenance 43 needs: Using the CIP program, needs assessment studies, or adopted level-of-service 44 standards, the County will identify existing service deficiencies and projected operations and

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1 maintenance needs. The County may provide revenues sufficient to maintain the minimum 2 acceptable level-of-service standards over the 20-year planning horizon. The County will 3 encourage the State to upgrade its facilities to meet the County’s LOS standards. 4 5 B. Develop and Utilize Alternative Funding Sources: The County could consider alternative 6 funding sources to be used to finance major CIP projects. Some of these sources are currently 7 available while others would require enabling legislation or voter approval before they could be 8 utilized. Such alternatives include: public-private partnerships, which can save time and costs; 9 strategic budget allocations or trust funds to create special funds for specific purposes; special 10 district financing, such as tax districts or redevelopment districts, where revenues are reinvested 11 in the same geographic area; and peak demand pricing, where the charge for the use of public 12 facilities or infrastructure is increased during periods of heaviest use. 13 14 B. MONITORING 15 16 The Monitoring and Evaluation Program establishes a strategy to track plan implementation, 17 evaluate the effectiveness of policies and programs, monitor the quality of life on Molokaì, and 18 allow for periodic program adjustments. This strategy includes establishing and monitoring 19 performance indicators to help implementing agencies attain planned outcomes. Specific 20 benchmarks will be used to measure progress in the implementation of community plan policies 21 and actions. The Department of Planning will coordinate with the appropriate agencies and 22 program specialists to establish benchmarks for major programs and initiatives. Physical, 23 environmental, cultural, and socio-economic indicators will also be used to assess the overall 24 quality of life on Molokaì. 25 26 The Department of Planning will oversee the Monitoring and Evaluation Program, which will 27 include the preparation of a Monitoring Report. The Department may modify or add indicators, as 28 needed, to track the impacts of plan implementation. The Department will prepare a monitoring 29 report to validate the progress of plan implementation and provide a portrait of the quality of life 30 on Molokaì. 31 32 Table 10.1 includes a core set of 39 indicators that could be used to monitor progress toward 33 achieving the goals and objectives of the community plan. Many indicators identified in this plan 34 have been borrowed from existing plans, programs and reports, and are based on available and 35 reliable data to ensure their usefulness throughout the planning horizon. However, they can be 36 modified and updated as new data becomes available. 37 38 Furthermore, the quality of life indicators are intended to represent a range of measurements 39 across the various chapters of the community plan. The indicators are regional in nature to focus 40 on the island as a whole. Where possible, commonly used indicators have been chosen in order 41 to facilitate comparisons between Molokaì and other jurisdictions. These core indicators not only 42 provide a snapshot of the quality of life on Molokaì, but also track the progress of key issues that 43 the community plan intends to address. Table 10.2 articulates how the indicators relate to the 44 community plan goals and details appropriate sources of data. 45 10 Implementation and Monitoring Molokaì Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 10‐3 Molokaì Community Plan

1 Table 10. 1 Example Core Indicators LAND USE 1 Building permits by type 2 Building permits issued in tsunami inundation zone and future sea level rise (%) 3 Average density of new developments 4 New urban developments consistent with Urban and Rural Design Principles (%) 5 Housing affordability index TRANSPORTATION 6 Vehicle miles traveled 7 Commute mode shares 8 Annual transit ridership 9 Dedicated bike lanes (total miles) INFRASTRUCTURE 10 Recycled waste (%) 11 Parks and Open Space per 1000 population (acres)

BUILT ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS BUILT ENVIRONMENT 12 Energy consumption by source (%) 13 Energy consumption per capita ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 14 Cost of Living Index 15 Employment by sector

16 Value of agricultural production 17 Permitted B&Bs and STRHs (#) 18 Frequency of passenger flights 19 Food produced and consumed locally POPULATION / COMMUNITY 20 Unemployment rate 21 Poverty rate 22 College bound rate 23 Drug and alcohol arrests 24 Child abuse and neglect 25 Sex assault, domestic violence and mental health 26 Licensed health care practitioners 27 Adult residential care homes (# beds) CULTURAL HERITAGE

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 28 Hawaiian Language students (#) 29 Subsistence food sources 30 Properties listed on the State or National Registers (#) 31 Scenic roadways (total miles) WATERSHED SYSTEMS 32 Reclaimed water use % 33 Watershed health

34 Drinking water quality OCEAN / MARINE ENVIRONMENT 35 Coastal water quality 36 Healthy coral reefs (%)

INDICATORS 37 Reef fish biomass WILDLIFE AND NATURAL AREAS 38 Threatened and endangered species (#) NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT NATURAL 39 Protected and conservation lands (total acres) 2 3

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Table 10. 2 Core Indicators, Objectives, and Data Sources

Built Environment Indicators Objective to Achieve Chapter Goals Data Sources LAND USE AND HOUSING Provide housing choices / create mixed-use 1 Building permits by type communities Planning Department Building permits issued in tsunami inundation zone and future sea level rise 2 (%) Reduce risk from coastal hazards Planning Department Create walkable communities / increase housing 3 Average density of new developments affordability Planning Department New urban developments consistent with Create compact, efficient, human scale communities / 4 Urban and Rural Design Principles (%) enhance historic character Planning Department NAR methodology / UHERO / 5 Housing affordability index Increase housing affordability Maui County Data Book TRANSPORTATION 6 Vehicle Miles Traveled Reduce fossil fuel consumption Maui County Data Book / HI DOT Provide a multi-modal transportation system / reduce 7 Commute mode shares fossil fuel consumption HI DOT Provide a multi-modal transportation system / reduce 8 Annual transit ridership fossil fuel consumption County DOT Provide a multi-modal transportation system / reduce 9 Dedicated bike lanes (total miles) fossil fuel consumption HI DOT INFRASTRUCTURE Department of Environmental 10 Recycled waste (%) Minimize solid waste / divert solid waste to recycling Management Parks and Open Space per 1000 Department of Parks and 11 population (acres) Expand opportunities for recreation Recreation Reduce fossil fuel consumption / increase use of 12 Energy consumption by source (%) renewable energy DBEDT 13 Energy consumption per capita Reduce fossil fuel consumption DBEDT

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Moloka`i Community Plan

Table 10.2 Core Indicators, Objectives, and Data Sources (continued)

Social Environment Indicators Objective to Achieve Chapter Goals Data Sources

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 14 Cost of Living Index Quality of life indicator County of Maui Data Book 15 Employment by sector Economic diversification County of Maui Data Book 16 Value of Agricultural Production Support agricultural economy UHERO 17 Permitted B&Bs and STRHs (#) Diversify the tourism industry Planning Department 18 Frequency of passenger flights Reliable air transportation County of Maui Data Book 19 Food produced and consumed locally Increase locally grown food DOA, UH CTAHR POPULATION / COMMUNITY UHERO / U.S. Dept. of Labor, 20 Unemployment rate Economic resilience Bureau of Labor Statistics US Census Community Survey via 21 Poverty rate Economic resilience DBEDT Kids Count Data Centre, Annie E. 22 Collage bound rate Increase post-secondary education Casey Foundation Crime in Hawaii, Uniform Crime 23 Drug and alcohol arrests Effective support services for individuals and families Reports HI DHS, Child Welfare and Adult 24 Child abuse and neglect Effective support services for individuals and families Protective Services Sex assault, domestic violence and HI DHS, Child Welfare and Adult 25 mental health Effective support services for individuals and families Protective Services 26 Licensed health care practitioners Comprehensive health care system County of Maui Data Book 27 Adult residential care homes (# beds) Strength the eldercare infrastructure system County of Maui Data Book CULTURAL HERITAGE 28 Hawaiian language students (#) Protect the diverse island culture and local traditions HI DOE 29 Subsistence food sources Protect the diverse island culture and local traditions County of Maui Data Book Properties listed on the State or National 30 Registers (#) Protect cultural resources HI DLNR, Preservation Division 31 Scenic roadways (total miles) Protect scenic vistas Planning Department

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Table 10.2: Core Indicators, Objectives, and Data Sources (continued)

Natural Environment Indicators Objective to Achieve Chapter Goals Data Sources

WATERSHED SYSTEMS 32 Reclaimed water use Decrease pollution , sustainability indicator DOH, Safe Drinking Water Branch DLNR, DOH, University of 33 Watershed health Protect + enhance native eco-systems Hawai`i, Pacific Neon DOH, Safe Drinking Water 34 Drinking water quality Increase water quality, basic quality of life Branch

OCEAN / MARINE ENVIRONMENT 35 Coastal water quality Decrease pollution HI, DOH, Clean Water Branch Division of Aquatic Resources, Dept. of Land and Natural 36 Healthy coral reefs (%) Improve reef health Resources, HI Division of Aquatic Resources, Dept. of Land and Natural 37 Reef fish biomass Increase reef health, preserve biodiversity Resources, HI

WILDLIFE AND NATURAL AREAS 38 Threatened and endangered species (#) Preserve biodiversity US Fish + Wildlife Service Protected and conservation lands (total 39 acres) Protect sensitive lands County of Maui

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Moloka`i Community Plan Implementation Actions Community Plan Action County Agency Est. Cost Funding Description Type Priority Timing Chapter No. Lead ($1,000) Source(s) Capital Improvement Projects (CIP) Develop improved water transmission and/or storage systems to Water 8.1.09 CIP 1 On-going DWS 100 County provide better fire protection.

Department of Replace the Kaunakakai effluent force main prior to the end of its 2022- Environmental Wastewater 8.2.04 CIP 2 2,100 County useful life. 2023 Management (DEM) Department of County Stormwater 2022- 8.3.02 Build dispersion and retention facilities to address dirt road runoff. CIP 1 Public Works TBD State Management 2023 (DPW) Private

Stormwater 2016- 1,000 per 8.3.03 Implement the Kaunakakai Master Drainage Plan. CIP 1 DPW County Management 2035 year

Stormwater 2016- 8.3.08 Complete the Kaunakakai drainage system. CIP 1 DPW TBD County Management 2018

Stormwater Reconstruct culverts to 100 year flood specifications on all County 2022- 8.3.09 CIP 2 DPW TBD County Management roads. 2023

Fund and construct a public parking area in Kaunakakai to relieve 2022- County Transportation 8.5.14 existing parking requirements on businesses wishing to expand or CIP 1 DPW TBD 2023 Private improrve.

Coordinate planning, deisgn and construct a new Kaunakakai Parks & gymnasium and athletic guilding that meets Moloka'i's unique sports 2020- Parks & County 9.1.7 CIP 1 35,000 Recreation needs and serves as a hardened civil defense community shelter for 2021 Recreation State disasters, and is located outisde of the flood zone.

Coordinate land acquisition, planning, design and construction of a new Molokaì Police Station at a location that meets the unique needs of the Maui Police Department for Molokaì, out of the special 2018- Police 9.2.03 CIP 1 Police TBD TBD flood hazard area and tsunami evacuation zone and promotes 2020 practical and safe emergency response for the entire Molokaì community.

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CHAPTER 3 NATURAL, HERITAGE & SCENIC RESOURCES Assist with a conference or workshops of key federal, state, and Office of local agencies, and community and non profit leaders to discuss, 2016- Economic Natural Resources 3.1.01 Project 1 5 County plan, and prioritize actions to address environmental and natural 2021 Development resource issues. (OED) County Compile GIS data and traditional ecological knowledge to map the 2016- Planning Natural Resources 3.1.02 Program 2 50 Federal highest value ecological areas and natural resources. 2021 Department Private Department of Compile GIS data to map primary and secondary groundwater 2016- County Natural Resources 3.1.03 Project 1 Water Supply 2 recharge areas to help prioritize protection and restoration efforts. 2021 Federal (DWS)

Assist in conducting workshops with stakeholder groups to develop 2016 - Natural Resources 3.1.04 an integrated natural and heritage resources management system Project 1 OED N/A N/A 2021 including traditional ecological knowledge.

Assist in conducting, or coordinating public education and Natural Resources 3.1.05 involvement events to build community based stewardship and Program 2 On-going OED N/A N/A implementation capacity.

Assist in the development of a West Moloka`i dry native forest and 2016 - Natural Resources 3.1.06 Program 2 OED N/A N/A lowland shrub restoration program. 2021

Consult with UHMC-Moloka`i to develop and manage a native plant 2016 - Natural Resources 3.1.07 Program 2 OED 5 County nursery for community restoration projects. 2021

Conduct outreach to agricultural, ranching, and development 2016- Natural Resources 3.1.08 interests to implement BMPs to reduce excess sediment loss, Program 1 OED 20 County 2021 herbicide and pesticide use.

Reduce sediment and nutrient loads from entering surface and Department of coastal waters by assisting landowners, upon request, to design or Public Works construct small-scale water retention, bioretention, or other (DPW) Natural Resources 3.1.09 Program 1 conservation projects to increase infiltration to the aquifer and See Transmittal control surface water run-off. Review regulations and revise, if Letter "Agency needed, to support projects. Comments"

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Work with federal, state, and county agencies to initiate a program to provide education and support for community stewardship of the 2016- County Natural Resources 3.1.10 Program 1 OED 100 coastal areas, including conducting baseline studies on coastal 2021 State water quality and coral reef conditions.

Develop a toolbox of green infrastructure BMPs and conduct 2016- County Natural Resources 3.1.11 Project 2 DPW 50 workshops for consultants, designers, developers, and builders. 2021 State

Develop a toolbox of BMPs for use by residents and businesses to improve ecosystem health and water quality in urban and coastal 10 Natural Resources 3.1.12 areas. Provide assistance or workshops on BMPs and education to Program 2 On-going DWS County annually change business and household practices. Maintain a website for public education on water quality pollution prevention and BMPs.

Assist with development of a Community based Game Management 2016- County Natural Resources 3.1.13 Project 1 OED 150 Plan, including BMPs. 2021 State

On- Natural Resources 3.1.14 Continue to support organizations that eradicate invasive species. Program On-going DWS N/A N/A going

Encourage the State to establish a quarantine treatment facility on 2016- Natural Resources 3.1.15 Project 1 OED N/A N/A Moloka`i. 2021

Assist in developing educational materials to educate visitors, including visitors engaged in hunting and fishing, about the 2016- Natural Resources 3.1.16 importance of natural and cultural resources to the cultural and Project 1 OED 15 County 2021 subsistence practices of Moloka'i's residents, and how they may prevent damage to these resources.

Work with the state, county, private landowners, and cultural practitioners to ensure that watershed protection, as well as other Natural Resources 3.1.17 Program 1 On-going DWS N/A N/A conservation measures provide appropriate access, through fencing and other means, for cultural and subsistence activities.

Complete and regularly maintain a GIS inventory of cultural, Heritage Planning 3.2.01 archaeological and historic resources and trails assembled from Program 1 On-going N/A N/A Resources Department existing inventories and databases to be used for project review.

Identify other significant cultural property types, including rural Heritage 2022- Planning County 3.2.02 historic landscapes and traditional cultural properties and take action Project 1 10 Resources 2035 Department State to include appropriate sites on the National Register.

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Heritage Establish archaeological and historic districts where high 2016- Planning County 3.2.03 Project 1 10 Resources concentrations of sites exist. 2021 Department State Provide education and incentives to encourage property owners to Heritage 2016- Planning 3.2.04 nominate structures and sites to the State and National Register of Program 2 N/A N/A Resources 2021 Department Historic Places. Coordinate with cultural practitioners and state agencies to develop Mayor’s Office Heritage 2016- 3.2.05 public education programs on the proper gathering and use of Program 2 (Environmental N/A N/A Resources 2021 subsistence resources. Coordinator) Develop educational materials addressing heritage and natural resources impacts from unpermitted ground altering activities; disseminate educatinal materials widely, including to private Heritage 2016- County 3.2.06 landowners and visitors; provide instructions for reporting Program 1 DPW 5 Resources 2021 State unpermitted activities. Train Moloka`i Development Services Administration (DSA) personnel to immediately respond to complaints. Heritage Pursue State and County cooperation to update and implement the 2022- Parks & 3.2.07 Project 2 TBD County Resources Mālama Cultural Park master plan. 2035 Recreation Heritage 2016- Planning 3.2.08 Explore options to protect cultural sites listed in Appendix 3.3. Project 1 N/A N/A Resources 2021 Department Establish a comprehensive historical interpretive program including Heritage historical markers, maps and brochures identifying ahupua`a and 2016- 3.2.09 Program 2 OED 25 County Resources significant historical sites that are appropriate for public 2021 interpretation. Coordinate with kupuna knowledgeable in north shore protocol to Mayor’s Office Heritage hold community meetings to educate people about the history and 2016- 3.2.10 Project 2 (Environmental N/A N/A Resources cultural significance of Wailau and Pelekunu and to encourage pono 2021 Coordinator) cultural practices while on the north shore.

Heritage Encourage the Governor to appoint members to the Moloka`i Burial 2016- Planning 3.2.11 Project 1 N/A N/A Resources Council so that regular hearings by this body may resume. 2021 Department

Promote Moloka`i cultural events that do not have an adverse effect Heritage 2016- 3.2.12 on natural resources. Develop Moloka`i cultural event and tourism Program 2 OED N/A N/A Resources 2021 guidelines that protect island culture and natural resources.

Heritage Provide educational training to applicable county agencies on the Planning 3.2.13 Program 2 On-going N/A N/A Resources role that the county permit process plays in historic preservation. Department

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Heritage Educate property owners regarding the need to prevent damage to, Planning 3.2.14 Program 1 On-going N/A N/A Resources or descrution of, historic and cultural sites. Department

Develop BMPs for land and development uses to protect identified 2016- Planning Scenic Resources 3.3.01 Project 2 TBD County priority view corridors or viewsheds. 2021 Department

Complete the visual inventory, analysis, and mapping of key scenic 2016- Planning Scenic Resources 3.3.02 Project 1 TBD County view corridors, ridgelines, and viewsheds. 2021 Department

Develop and implement Scenic Roadway Corridors Management 2016- Planning Scenic Resources 3.3.03 Project 2 20 County Plan and Design Guidelines. 2021 Department Provide educational workshops for design consultants and 2016- Planning Scenic Resources 3.3.04 Program 2 N/A N/A developers on scenic resource BMPs 2021 Department Integrate scenic resource planning into natural and heritage 2016- Planning Scenic Resources 3.3.05 Program 1 N/A N/A resources strategies and plans. 2021 Department CHAPTER 4 HAZARDS 2016- County Hazards 4.01 Continue the development of Moloka`i Incident Command Post in Program 2 Civil Defense 150 coordination with County Civil Defense. 2021 State

Identify and submit flood and pre-disaster mitigation projects that qualify for funding under the FEMA Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program, Hazard Mitigation Assistance Program, NFIP Hazards 4.02 Program 1 On-going Civil Defense TBD Federal Severe Repetitive Loss Program and other FEMA funded mitigation and NFIP grants consistent with the Maui County Hazard Mitigation Plan.

Develop programs and distribute materials for public outreach and education to better educate the community and visitors on disaster preparedness, hazard mitigation, multi-hazard risks and County Hazards 4.03 vulnerabilities and post disaster recovery. Target materials and Program 2 On-going Civil Defense TBD State programs that will provide information on steps to take to protect Federal lives and strengthen property against natural and human related disasters. Seek community information on possible hazardous waste sites 2016 - Hazards 4.04 Program 1 DEM TBD County buried decades ago; investigate and remediate if needed. 2021 Identify critical infrastructure, lifelines, roads, and structures that are 2016- Hazards 4.05 vulnerable to coastal hazards, including SLR, and develop a more Project 1 Civil Defense N/A N/A coordinated emergency response system of well-defined and 2021 mapped evacuation routes.

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Identify critical infrastructure, lifelines, roads, and structures that are vulnerable to wildfires and develop a more coordinated emergency 2016- Fire & Public Hazards 4.06 Project 1 10 County response system of well-defined and mapped evacuation routes. 2021 Safety Formalize existing practices on the use of heavy equipment during fires. Develop a wildfire information campaign and signage to build public awareness of wildfire hazards. Improve community awareness of the 2016- Fire & Public Hazards 4.07 human, economic, and environmental costs associated with wildfires Program 2 15 annually County 2021 Safety caused by negligence or accident. Engage the community in creating and maintaining fire breaks. Support wildfire mitigation activities such as green belts around Hazards 4.08 subdivisions and vegetation control around power poles that will Program 2 On-going DPW TBD County minimize risk of wildfire susceptibility to properties and subdivisions.

Complete an inventory of vulnerable critical facilities and 2016- Federal Hazards 4.09 Project 1 Civil Defense TBD infrastructure. Include this information in Maui County HMP for future 2021 State mitigation project funding. Map SLR projections for specific geographic areas on Molokaì, 2016- Planning Hazards 4.10 utilizing data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Project 2 20 County Administration (NOAA) Digital Coast SLR and Coastal Flooding 2021 Department Impacts Viewer. Map other climate related coastal hazard areas. Continue work with FEMA to update FIRMs that incorporate best Planning Hazards 4.11 Project 1 On-going N/A N/A available information on climate change and SLR. Department Planning Hazards 4.12 Implement additional CRS activities to improve class ratings and Project 2 On-going TBD County discounts on flood insurance premiums. Department Conduct erosion analysis of Molokaì's shoreline to determine rate of 2016- Planning Hazards 4.13 erosion and use the results to determine setback calculations that Project 1 100 County 2021 Department also factor in incremental effects of SLR. Coordinate with Federal, State and County agencies to obtain current SLR information and maps. Plan phased relocation of critical County structures and roadways. Plan long term strategic retreat of 2022- Planning State Hazards 4.14 buildings. Identify priority planning areas where resources and Program 2 1,000 2035 Department Federal planning efforts should be focused. Identify how and where to use Private adaptation strategies such as retreat, accommodation, and protection. Per the Maui County Hazard Mitigation Plan, update the HAZUS MH County 2016- Hazards 4.15 model to incorporate detailed data on state and county bridges Project 1 Civil Defense 50 State 2021 located in Molokaì. Federal

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Support development of a cultural archive of the kupuna’s 2016- Planning Hazards 4.16 Project 2 TBD County knowledge of traditional hazard mitigation practices. 2021 Department 2016- Hazards 4.17 Evaluate, update, and prioritize shelters on Moloka'i. Program 1 Civil Defense 50 HMGP 2021 Immediately seek funding and develop an implementation plan to 2016- Hazards 4.18 move critical infrastructure and emergency services out of flood and Program 1 Civil Defense 75 County 2021 tsunami inundation zones. Support the relocation of the Puko'o Fire Station on the East End of 2022- Hazards 4.19 Project 1 Civil Defense TBD County Moloka'i. 2035 CHAPTER 5 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Identify, target, and recruit new industries and businesses such as Economic 2022- 5.01 agricultural operations, aquaculture, cultural trades and arts, and Program 1 OED 100 County 2035 Development information technology.

Economic Continue to assess potential shipping options including utilizing the 2016- 5.02 Project 2 OED N/A N/A Development ferry as a small cargo carrier between Maui and Moloka`i. 2021

Continue to work with inter island airlines to keep airfares affordable Economic 5.03 and service frequency adequate to accommodate the needs of Program 2 On-going OED N/A N/A Development Molokaì visitors, residents, and businesses. Economic 2016- 5.04 Develop a Molokaì Agriculture Strategic Plan for all farms. Project 1 OED 50 State Development 2021 Continue to provide business courses to farm owners and Economic 5.05 agricultural entrepreneurs that include education about State and Program 2 On-going OED 2,500 County Development Federal loan and grant opportunities. Encourage the development of cooperative agricultural development Economic 2016- 5.06 programs between the County and the DHHL to support diversified Program 2 OED N/A N/A 2021 Development agricultural pursuits. Economic Create a survey of the Molokaì population to determine the reasons 2016- 5.07 Project 2 OED 20,000 County Development for the high rate of “discouraged workers”. 2021 Continue and enhance educational opportunities for Molokaì’s Economic County 5.08 students in areas such as STEM education, business management, Program 1 On-going OED 10,000 Private Development leadership, agriculture, and vocational training. Assess how environmental impact, invasive species, feral ungulates, County Economic 5.09 natural resources, and other factors will negatively or positively Project 2 On-going OED 25 State Development impact Molokaì’s present and future. Private

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Economic Develop a permanent appropriate site for the farmer’s market in 2016- 5.10 Project 2 OED TBD County Development Kaunakakai to promote locally grown fresh produce and products. 2021

Economic Identify economic opportunities for the use of targeted plant and 2016- County 5.11 Project 1 OED 20 Development animal species for value added products 2021 Private

Economic Assess which development regulations are going to discourage 2016- County 5.12 Project 1 OED 10 Development investors from making improvements on Moloka`i. 2021 Private

Explore the possibility to provide incentives to landowners to help Economic 2016- Planning 5.13 bring county code legacy issues into compliance for the purpose of Project 1 N/A N/A 2021 Department Development maintaining affordable rental rates.

Economic Support workforce development efforts to help improve Moloka`i's 5.14 Program 1 On-going OED N/A N/A Development economy.

Economic Develop opportunities to get more local agricultural products into 5.15 Program 1 On-going OED N/A N/A Development local markets.

Economic Support the traditional use of Hawaiian farming systems and the 5.16 Program 1 On-going OED N/A N/A Development growth of traditional Hawaiian crops.

Economic Support workforce development efforts targeted at sectors poised to 5.17 Program On-going OED N/A N/A Development revive Moloka`i's economy.

CHAPTER 6 LAND USE & HOUSING Adopt a comprehensive zoning map for Moloka'i. Conduct a 2016- Planning Land Use 6.1.01 comprehensive review of interim zoned lands to identify and adopt Project 1 TBD County 2021 Department zoning that is consistent with the Community Plan. Amend the zoning code to facilitate the development of mixed use, 2016- Planning Land Use 6.1.02 Project 1 300 County pedestrian oriented communities. 2021 Department Implement County responsibilities under Acts 183 (2005) and 233 2016- Planning Land Use 6.1.03 (2008) to designate and establish Important Agricultural Lands (IAL) Program 2 500 State 2021 Department and the incentives therein.

Review the SMA boundary and make changes as necessary to 2016- Planning Land Use 6.1.04 comply with the objectives and policies defined in HRS § 205A-2 and Project 1 TBD County 2021 Department incorporate best available information on Climate Change and SLR.

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Research and review poor or highly sloped agricultural lands for 2022- Planning Land Use 6.1.05 Project 2 N/A N/A conversion to different designations. 2035 Department Study viable options for transitioning Moloka`i’s commercial and County 2016- Planning Land Use 6.1.06 population center away from the threat of SLR and coastal Project 1 TBD State 2021 Department inundation. Federal

2022- County Land Use 6.1.07 Identify important subsistence use, lands, and resources. Project 1 OED TBD 2035 State

Research and develop a climate change policy and adaptation plan County 2016- Planning Land Use 6.1.08 to address rising sea levels and beachfront housing and Project 1 TBD State 2021 Department development. Federal Housing & Establish partnerships to develop and continue to implement a Human Housing 6.2.01 comprehensive affordable housing plan for Moloka`i that addresses Project 1 On-going N/A N/A Concerns both ownership and rental affordability. (DHHC) Establish partnerships and support Implement a housing Housing 6.2.02 rehabilitation program including loans, grants, technical assistance Program 1 On-going DHHC N/A N/A and community outreach.

Amend the zoning code to allow a greater variety of housing types to Planning Possibly with Housing 6.2.03 address affordability, including mixed use, mixed housing types, co- Project 1 On-going County Department 6.1.02 (TBD) housing, prefabricated homes, and small lots. Work with developers to support their efforts to provide assistance with secureing/leveragieng grants, new home buyer tax credits, Low Housing 6.2.04 Income Housing Tax Credits, and other resources that support Program 1 On-going DHHC N/A N/A affordable housing, such as housing models that can be built affordably.

Investigate whether a community land trust would consider operating 2016- Housing 6.2.05 Project 2 DHHC N/A N/A on Moloka`i. 2021

Establish a cap on Transient Vacation Rentals (TVRs) and Short 2016- Planning Housing 6.2.06 Project N/A N/A Term Rental Homes (STRHs). 2021 Department CHAPTER 7 COMMUNITY DESIGN Amend the 1993 Moloka'i Country Town Business Design 2016- Planning Community Design 7.01 Project 1 50 County Guidelines. 2021 Department

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Develop sub area development plans for Kaunakakai, Maunaloa, 2016- Planning Community Design 7.02 Project 1 TBD County Kaluakoì, Kualapuù / Hoòlehua, and the east end of Molokaì. 2021 Department

Develop a pedestrian linkage between Malama Park and 2022- Planning Community Design 7.03 Project 2 TBD County Kaunakakai through streetscape improvements. 2035 Department DPW Develop and adopt rural and small town street design standards that See Transmittal Community Design 7.04 Project 2 are appropriate for Moloka`i. Letter "Agency Comments" Create a funding source or mechanism for small business owners to 2016- Community Design 7.05 Program 2 OED 50 County renovate businesses in the island’s small towns. 2021 Mayor’s Office Develop incentives to promote the use of sustainable green building 2022- Community Design 7.06 Program 2 (Environmental TBD County and development practices. 2035 Coordinator)

Develop practicable incentives for Moloka`i businesses and property owners to implement sub-area development plan projects purposed 2022- Planning Community Design 7.07 Program 2 TBD County to preserve, maintain, and enhance buildings, structures, sites, 2035 Department viewpoints, pedestrian ways, and streets.

2016- Planning Community Design 7.08 Conduct a study to improve walkability in Kaunakakai. Project 2 20 County 2021 Department

Review and update the indigenous architecture ordinance as 2016- Planning Community Design 7.09 Project 2 N/A N/A appropriate. 2021 Department

Investigate options to share the cost of BCT guideline requirements for infrastructure upgrades among all Kaunakakai businesses, such 2016- Planning Community Design 7.10 Project 1 N/A N/A as an Assessment District, so that renovations are economically 2021 Department feasible.

CHAPTER 8 INFRASTRUCTURE

Support the development of a Moloka`i Water Use and Development 2016- Water 8.1.01 Plan (WUDP) that is consistent with the goals, policies and Project 1 DWS 200 County 2021 implementation strategy of the Moloka`i Community Plan.

Implement recommendations from the 2013 Update of the Hawaii On- Water 8.1.02 Project 2 DEM N/A County Water Reuse Survey and Report . going

Water 8.1.03 Promote water conservation programs. Program 1 On-going DWS 40 annually County

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2016- 50 adoption Develop, adopt and implement a wellhead protection strategy and Water 8.1.04 Program 1 2021 DWS TBD County ordinance for County water distribution systems. On-going implementation

Reconvene the Moloka`i Water working group and encourage all 10 Water 8.1.05 water purveyors to work together to address future water Program 1 On-going DWS County annually demand, sustainability, quality, and supply issues. DWS Explore the possibility of requiring new developments with privately See Transmittal Water 8.1.06 Project 2 owned public water systems to meet DWS engineering standards. Letter "Agency Comments" Explore the possibility of DWS taking over Molokai Ranch water Private Water 8.1.07 Project 2 On-going DWS TBD systems. County County Encourage the acquisition of USGS stream gauges be placed in Water 8.1.08 Project 1 On-going DWS TBD Federal Moloka`i's important streams. Private

Water 8.1.10 Continue to fund watershed partnership on Moloka`i. Program 1 On-going DWS 300 annually County

Assess the feasibility of either providing measures to protect the 2022- Wastewater 8.2.01 Kaunakakai WWTF against inundation threats or to relocate it out of Project 1 DEM 200 County 2035 the coastal floodplain. Conduct a wastewater reuse feasibility study that includes the identification of potential ecycled water users, necessary plant 2016- Wastewater 8.2.02 Project 2 DEM 50 County upgrades, required infrastructure improvements, estimated costs, 2021 and funding sources.

Explore options and necessary code and regulation changes to allow 2016- Wastewater 8.2.03 Project 2 DEM N/A N/A graywater reuse systems for irrigation and toilet flushing. 2021 2022- Wastewater 8.2.05 Update the Kaunakakai WWTF facilities plan. Project 1 DEM 100 County 2035 Stormwater Develop a comprehensive stormwater management plan that 2022- 8.3.01 Project 1 DPW 500 County Management emphasizes use of natural systems drainage where possible. 2035

Inspect, maintain, and if necessary, repair or install new stormwater Stormwater 8.3.04 drainage swales and culverts and remove blockages from drains and Program 1 Ongoing DPW 500 per year County Management channels.

Stormwater Prepare a GIS database which inventories existing stormwater 2022- 8.3.05 Project 2 DPW 500 County Management infrastructure. 2035

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Evaluate older swales and drains for current functioning and restore, Stormwater 2022- 8.3.06 if needed. Add natural drainage storage and filtration to supplement Project 2 DPW TBD County Management 2035 existing system.

Stormwater Improve or restore historic wetlands that help to mitigate the impacts 2022- 8.3.07 Program 2 DPW TBD County Management from stormwater drainage systems. 2035 Expand waste diversion and recycling programs that include On- County Solid Waste 8.4.01 appliances, metals, plastic, glass, cardboards, green-waste, and Program 2 DEM TBD Going State other recyclable materials. Increase public outreach, education, and incentive programs that On- Solid Waste 8.4.02 Program 2 DEM TBD County improve waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. Going

Develop educational signage along the entry corridor heading to the 2016 - Solid Waste 8.4.03 Project 2 DEM TBD County County recycling site. 2021

Implement the ISWMP through programs, improvements, and On- Solid Waste 8.4.04 upgrades to the solid waste management system; execute the CIP Program 2 DEM TBD County Going budget as funds allow. Conduct a survey to determine community preference for 2016 - Solid Waste 8.4.05 Project 2 DEM N/A N/A the County landfill operating hours. 2021 Expand the solid waste recycling center’s operating hours as funding 2016- Solid Waste 8.4.06 Project 1 DEM TBD County and budgets allow. 2021

Explore the feasibility of locating more trash cans throughout the 2016- Solid Waste 8.4.07 Project 2 DEM TBD County island. 2021

Solid Waste 8.4.08 Conduct a feasibility study to explore waste-to-energy solutions. Project 2 On-going DEM TBD County

Explore the feasibility of having more transfer stations located 2016- Solid Waste 8.4.09 Project 1 DEM TBD County throughout Moloka`i Island. 2021 Form a partnership with Molokai NGOs, State Agencies, and DHHL Solid Waste 8.4.10 Program 1 On-going DEM TBD County to remove and recycle junk cars from Molokai. Conduct annual reviews of Solid Waste contracts to provide over- Solid Waste 8.4.11 Program 1 On-going DEM N/A N/A sight and enforcement. Establish a "take it or leave it" station at the recycling center like Solid Waste 8.4.12 Program 2 On-going DEM TBD County those that exist on the other islands.

Work with State DOT to encourge that the airport and air services Transportation 8.5.01 Project 2 On-going OED N/A N/A meet the needs of Moloka`i’s residents, visitors and businesses.

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Support the continued air services between topside Moloka`i and 2016- Transportation 8.5.02 Project 2 OED 10 County Kalaupapa. 2021

Identify challenges and propose solutions to transporting Moloka`i Transportation 8.5.03 Project 1 On-going OED N/A N/A agricultural products to Maui and Oahu markets.

Transportation 8.5.04 Advocate for increased barge and ferry service to and from Moloka`i. Project 1 On-going OED N/A N/A

Identify harbor and airport improvements designed to further support 2016- Transportation 8.5.05 Project 2 OED 10 State the agricultural industry. 2021 Plan for an integrated multi modal transportation system with 2016- County Transportation 8.5.06 complete streets that serve automotive, public transit, bicycle, Project 2 DPW 250 2021 State pedestrian, and other land transportation modes.

Develop and implement a trail, greenway and open space access 2016- Planning Transportation 8.5.07 Project 2 30 County plan that utilizes old agriculture roads and trails where appropriate. 2021 Department Integrate a parking study with parking mitigation measures appropriate for Moloka`i into a Kaunakakai Revitalization and 2016- Planning Transportation 8.5.08 Project 1 50 County Beautification Plan. Explore the concept of centralized parking in 2021 Department Kaunakakai Town and utilize areas such as the Old Electric Park Evaluate existing MEO transportation services to identify possible 2016- Transportation 8.5.09 improvements to routes and pick up and drop off locations and other Project 1 DOT N/A N/A 2021 supporting facilities.

Support additional access routes located around Kaunakakai to 2022- Transportation 8.5.10 Project 1 DPW TBD County facilitate access to and from town. 2035

Explore the possibility of the County acquiring privately owned roads 2016- Transportation 8.5.11 Project 2 DPW TBD County on Moloka`i. 2022

Transportation 8.5.12 Encourage a bike share program for Moloka`i. Program 2 on-going DPW N/A County

Encourage the continued practice of no fee parking at the Moloka`i Transportation 8.5.13 Project 1 On-going OED N/A N/A airport. Energy Office Develop a Diversified Energy Strategy for Moloka'i that examines See Transmittal Energy 8.6.01 Project 1 locations for large and small scale renewable energy systems. Letter "Agency Comments" Energy Office Create a smart grid that would allow for integration of additional See Transmittal Energy 8.6.02 Project 2 renewable energy sources. Letter "Agency Comments"

10 Implementation and Monitoring Molokaì Community Plan ‐ PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 13 Molokaì Community Plan Implementation Actions Community Plan Action County Agency Est. Cost Funding Description Type Priority Timing Chapter No. Lead ($1,000) Source(s) Energy Office Provide loan programs and tax incentives to encourage individuals See Transmittal Energy 8.6.03 and businesses to install renewable energy systems and to use Program 2 Letter "Agency energy saving devices. Comments" Develop an ordinance that would require all new County buildings 2022- Energy 8.6.04 and facilities to achieve specific energy efficiency standards such as Project 2 DPW N/A County 2035 LEED certification. Energy Office Encourage the use of electric vehicles. Support the installation of See Transmittal Energy 8.6.05 Project 2 Photovoltaic (PV) charging stations throughout the Island. Letter "Agency Comments" Work with telecommunications providers to expand coverage and Telecommunications 8.7.01 Program 1 On-going OED N/A N/A provide more reliable service throughout the island. Work with internet providers to expand high speed internet service Telecommunications 8.7.02 Program 1 On-going OED N/A N/A throughout the island. 2016- Telecommunications 8.7.03 Provide high speed internet at all county meeting facilities. Project 1 OED 150 County 2021 Encourage more provision of wireless "hotspots" in Molokaì's 2016- County Telecommunications 8.7.04 Program 1 OED 50 Country Towns. 2021 Private CHAPTER 9 PUBLIC FACILITIES & SERVICES

Develop, adopt and regularly update a parks and recreation master Parks & 2016- Parks & 9.1.01 plan that incorporates public facilities, parks, other recreational Project 1 30 County Recreation 2021 Recreation opportunities and a financial component.

Parks & Amend development regulations to ensure the construction of 2022- Planning 9.1.02 Project 1 TBD County Recreation adequate parking with pathways near public shoreline access points. 2035 Department

Adopt a beach/mountain access dedication ordinance using Transfer Parks & 2022- Planning 9.1.03 Development Rights addressed in HRS Chapter 46 to improve Project 2 TBD County Recreation 2035 Department access along the shoreline and mountains.

Parks & Develop a master plan that would identify improvements to Duke 2016- Parks & 9.1.04 Project 2 80 County Recreation Maliu Regional Park. 2021 Recreation

Parks & 2016- Parks & 9.1.05 Provide shade for One Ali`i Park’s playground area. Project 1 30 County Recreation 2021 Recreation Parks & Consider repurposing the Kilohana Park for a potential site to 2022- Parks & 9.1.06 Project 2 30 County Recreation relocate and build a new Puko'o Fire Station. 2035 Recreation

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Parks & Explore land acquisition and development of park facilities at Kumimi 2022- Parks & County 9.1.08 Project 2 TBD Recreation Beach. 2035 Recreation State Parks & Explore state or county land acquisition and development of park 2022- Parks & County 9.1.09 Project 2 TBD Recreation facilities at Dixie's. 2035 Recreation State Parks & Work with County, State, and Federal agencies and the community 2016- Parks & 9.1.10 Project 1 N/A N/A Recreation to resolve Malama Park issues. 2021 Recreation Coordinate with community organizations in their prevention and Police 9.2.01 Program 2 Ongoing Police N/A N/A treatment efforts to reduce substance use and abuse. Continue working cooperatively with the Prosecuting Attorney and Police 9.2.02 the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) to enforce substance abuse Program 1 Ongoing Police N/A N/A laws. Collaborate with community organizations and other appropriate Police 9.2.04 groups to provide Moloka`i community and cultural sensitivity training Program 2 On-going Police N/A N/A for new recruits and transferred personnel.

2022- Police 9.2.05 Expand police presence in the East End and West Ends of Moloka'i. Program 1 Police TBD TBD 2035

Explore the possibility of collaborating with an animal rescue 2016- Police 9.2.06 Program 1 Police TBD TBD organization to establish an animal holding facility on Moloka'i. 2021

Fire & Public 2016- Fire & Public CWPP 9.3.01 Develop an island wide fire risk and vulnerability assessment. Project 1 30 Safety 2021 Safety Federal Explore options for relocating Puko`o fire station to a location that is Fire & Public 2016- Fire & Public 9.3.02 not vulnerable to flooding, tsunami, and best meets the needs of Project 1 N/A N/A Safety 2021 Safety east end residents. Support the staffing upgrade for the Puko'o Fire Station to meet the same national and Maui County minium staffing levels as provided at Fire & Public 2016- Fire & Public 9.3.03 the other fire stations in Maui County. Evaluate the results of the Project 1 380 annually County Safety 2021 Safety "Standards of Coverage" report and address recommended fire service needs.

Fire and Public Implement and amintain the "Centers for Public Safety Excellence" Fire & Public 9.3.04 Program 1 On-going 8 County Safety accreditation prorgam. Safety

Fire and Public Support the implementation of the accreditation program by creating Fire & Public 9.3.05 Program 1 On-going 20 County Safety one full time position. Level of effort for Moloka`i would be 15%. Safety

Fire and Public Complete premises identification addressing for all occupied 2016- 9.3.06 Program 1 DPW TBD County Safety properties and properties with structures on Moloka'i. 2021

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Encourage enforcement and incentives for the effective posting of Fire and Public 9.3.07 addresses on applicable Moloka'i premises per County Code and Program 1 On-going DPW TBD County Safety public safety recommendtions.

Assist with accredidation of pre-school and child care center Education 9.4.01 Program 2 On-going DHHC TBD County providers via professional services.

Education 9.4.02 Continue workforce development programs and internships. Program 1 On-going OED N/A N/A

Provide training for job preparedness, such as proper work ethic, Education 9.4.03 Program 1 On-going OED N/A N/A responsibility, resume writing, and interviewing. Continue to assess and provide recommendaitons and fundnig to Education 9.4.04 eliminate achievement gaps in education for Native Hawaiian Program 2 On-going OED N/A N/A strudents. Health & Social Conduct community needs surveys and allocate funding to expand 9.5.01 Project 2 On-going DHHC N/A N/A Services the number and variety of social services. Health & Social Coordinate with transportation and recreation planners to increase Parks & 9.5.02 Project 2 On-going N/A N/A Services bikeways and pedestrian opportunities for exercise. Recreation Health & Social Continue to provide social services for immigrants, early childhhod, 9.5.03 Program 2 On-going DHHC 200 Federal Services aging, and seniors. Health & Social Continue to encourage support and funding for the network of 9.5.04 Project 1 On-going DHHC 60 County Services services for alcohol and substance abuse. Health & Social Continue to encourage support and funding for the network of 9.5.05 Project 1 On-going DHHC TBD County Services services for domestic violence, sex assault, and families in crisis. Form partnerships and provide assistance to develop a plan for Health & Social 2016- 9.5.06 establishing long term and short term supportive housing, palliative Project 1 DHHC N/A N/A Services 2021 care and hospice facilities.

Complete a site selection study to identify a location for a new 2016- Cemeteries 9.6.01 Project 1 DPW 100 County cemetery. 2021

Work with the community to develop a map of grave sites at the 2016- Private Cemeteries 9.6.02 Project 1 OED TBD Ualapua Cemetery. 2021 County Continue to improve, promote, and publicize the availability of telecommunications and video conferencing for county services and Governance 9.7.01 Program 1 On-going Mayor's Office N/A N/A for participation in county council, and all Board and Commission meetings held on Maui.

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Provide the Moloka`i Planning Commission with the Planning Planning Governance 9.7.02 Director's annual status reports as described in Maui County Code Project 1 On-going N/A N/A Department Section 2.80(B).

2016- Governance 9.7.03 Conduct regularly scheduled public information meetings on island. Program 1 Mayor's Office N/A N/A 2021

Ensure that a minimum of one Moloka`i resident is a member of 2016- Governance 9.7.04 Program 1 Mayor's Office N/A N/A each board and commission per MCC 2041.080 is fulfilled. 2021

2016- Governance 9.7.05 Continue to support Maui County Community television on Moloka`i. Program 1 Mayor's Office N/A N/A 2021

Initiate the convening of a task force to discuss governmental issues 2016- Governance 9.7.06 Project 2 Mayor's Office N/A N/A of Makanalua. 2021

Provide training to the Moloka`i Planning Commission on all applicable laws providing the legal framework agencies must follow Planning Governance 9.7.07 Program On-going N/A N/A when engaging in decision making actions that may impact Native Department Hawaiian traditional and customary practices.

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Appendix 1.1 Moloka`i History Summary

1 2 There were two initial land divisions on the island of Molokaì, the Koòlau and the Kona Districts. 3 In 1859, the Hawaiian Government combined the districts as it determined that one district would 4 be more efficiently administered than two. This was done because the population of the island 5 had dropped to 2,864 and increasing numbers of people were beginning to migrate from the 6 windward valleys on the north side of the island to the more accessible leeward coastal regions. 7 Then in 1909, a political division of the island was made to incorporate Molokaì as one of the 8 districts in the newly formed Maui County, where it remains today. The Kalaupapa Settlement 9 was administratively separated and became known as Kalawao County, managed by the State 10 Department of Health. 11 12 Throughout its history, the island has been characterized by its rural, agricultural base, first 13 established by the early kanaka maoli. Molokaì's strong sense of traditional, culturally significant 14 history is represented by its many ancient Hawaiian sites, as well as by the impressive ruins of 15 Kaluaàha Church, built in 1844 representing the establishment of the first Missionary station in 16 1832 and Father Damien's St. Joseph's church at Wawaia. 17 18 One of the earliest settlement dates for Hawaiì, 500-600 A.D., established by carbon-14 testing, 19 was found on the Halawa Valley shoreline along the windward coast of the island of Molokaì. 20 These deep valleys with their perennial streams, separated one from another by sheer pali 21 plunging vertically into the sea, were developed into terraces for intensive taro cultivation. Today, 22 the stone evidence of these extensive irrigation systems, terracing, heiau, koà (fishing shrines) 23 and habitation sites are found in the now largely deserted valleys. 24 25 The more forgiving lush, green southeastern portion of this land is thought to have been the home 26 of the majority of early Hawaiians. Loì Kalo (ponded terraces) were found in every wet valley 27 and ringed the shoreline sides of the numerous stone-walled fishponds stretching almost 28 uninterrupted from Honolewai to Waikāne and beyond. Mauka of the ponds, ùala (sweet potato) 29 and wauke (paper mulberry) plants were cultivated between long shallow terraces which swept 30 across the lower kula slopes. There are 136 recorded heiau on the island and of these 36 are 31 found from Kamaloò manaè to Honoulimaloò, including Ìliìliòpae heiau at Mapulehu, the 32 largest on the island and thought to be the oldest. 33 34 At the time of western contact in 1778, the estimated population figure for Molokaì was 10,500. 35 In 1850, a Hawaiian government census estimated that the island population was 3,540. By 36 1910, this figure had fallen to 1,006, not including the patients at the Kalaupapa Settlement. 37 38 Although not officially in the planning area being considered; Kalawao had a significant and 39 important part in the history of Molokaì. During the early 1800's the Kalawao peninsula on the 40 windward coast held a small thriving community of Hawaiians. Partially due to its strategic

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1 location between the deepest valleys and the summer fishing grounds to the west, it served as a 2 center of the Koòlau District's activities. Its isolated location was chosen in 1865 by 3 Kamehameha V to serve as the area set aside for those unfortunate victims of leprosy, or 4 Hansen's disease. The Hawaiian residents were relocated and given land either at Kainalu on 5 the east end of Molokaì or on one of the other Hawaiian Islands. The pali trails became the life- 6 lines for food and supplies to the settlement, greatly increasing the need for reliable trails and a 7 cart road from the pali to the harbor at Kaunakakai. Access was strictly controlled and the area 8 was virtually cut off from the rest of the population of the island. There were around 700 patients 9 when Father Damien arrived in 1873 to spend the rest of his life caring for the sick of the 10 peninsula. Molokaì residents were often employed by the Department of Health, which 11 administered the Settlement, to keep the trails and road passable. It was during this period that 12 Molokaì became known as the Lonely Isle, and in 1909, the area was officially separated from 13 Molokaì as Kalawao County. 14 15 In 1859, Kamehameha IV had established a sheep ranch on the west end at Kaluakoì, which his 16 brother Kamehameha V expanded by acquiring additional lands augmented by other types of 17 livestock. This was the founding of Molokaì Ranch, later purchased in 1897 by a group of 18 Honolulu businessmen when it became known as the American Sugar Company. The sugar 19 enterprise did not last long as their wells, with the sustained pumping required, produced saline 20 water which soon killed the cane in the fields. The ranch again reverted to a livestock venture. 21 22 Various diversified agricultural enterprises had been established during the 1870's, among them 23 three small-scale sugar plantations and mills at Kalaè, Moanui and Kamaloò. These operations 24 had all shut down by 1900. One of the few remaining significant historical sites on the island is 25 the restored 1878 R. W. Meyer Sugar Mill at Kalaè. 26 27 Pukoò was the first town in the western sense and the first County seat with a court house, lock- 28 up, wharf and several small stores. As Molokaì developed into a limited market-oriented 29 economy surrounding the plantation and ranching activities to the west, a gradual population shift 30 began to occur, and in 1925 the County business center was moved to Ùalapuè, where a new 31 hospital had opened. Changes were taking place so rapidly, that only ten years later Kaunakakai 32 had assumed the role of major commercial and political center of the island, and the physical 33 facilities were again transferred westward. 34 35 Usually islands were dependent on their surrounding waters for the transportation of goods and 36 people; however, considering the long, narrow configuration of Molokaì, it would seem probable 37 that trails became a more practical and convenient means of travel from north to south, windward 38 to kona. These trails were gradually turned to horse paths, later widened to accommodate animal 39 drawn cars, wagons or buggies, and eventually when trucks and the automobile were introduced 40 to Molokaì, they became western-style roads. This new mode of transportation required not only 41 better roads, but supplies of oil and gasoline for fuel. 42

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1 As larger ships with deep drafts came to the islands, they required wider openings in the reefs 2 and deeper, well-protected waters for anchorage. On Molokaì, the harbors were shallow and 3 vulnerable to shifts in the gusty winds. Ships not able to negotiate the reef were forced to anchor 4 in deeper water or tie up to the government installed buoys. Canoes or whaleboats transported 5 passengers and goods to shore, to be met by ox-carts driven over the shoals or to be later 6 deposited on one of the small wharves. The cattle were forced into the water to swim to the 7 waiting ships and lifted by sling onto the decks. 8 9 Contributing to the modernization of transportation on Molokaì, several wharves were 10 constructed during the early 1880's at Kaunakakai, Pukoò, Kamaloò, Kalaupapa and Pelekunu. 11 Of the five original wharves, only Kamaloò wharf barely survives today and is gradually breaking 12 up. The stones of old Kaunakakai wharf are under water approximately one hundred yards west 13 of the present wharf, built in 1899. 14 15 In the early 1900's, inter-island steamers began carrying freight, produce and passengers to and 16 from Molokaì, an increasingly vital link for the economic well-being of the island. The 17 Kaunakakai wharf has been improved and lengthened several times over the years; the harbor 18 has been dredged and cleared of obstructions and the opening in the reef widened to 19 accommodate the larger barges of Young Brothers and slips for fishing and pleasure boats. 20 21 Passenger travel by ship became less popular with the opening of Hoòlehua airport in 1928; and 22 in 1929, the Inter-Island Airways inaugurated their first regular air service to Molokaì's new 23 airport, providing a fast, reliable link with other islands. 24 25 The island's population began to increase dramatically in the early 1920's, and by 1930 there 26 were 4,427 people on the island; an increase of 3,421 in ten years. The first change occurred 27 when the Government passed the Hawaiian Homes Act in 1921, resulting in the settlement of 28 Kalamaùlna, Hoolehua, Palaàu and Kapa`kea. The establishment of two pineapple plantations, 29 Libby, McNeill and Libby (later Dole Pineapple) at Maunaloa in 1923, and California Packing 30 Corporation (Del Monte) in 1927 at Kualapuù, further encouraged the gradual population shift 31 west from the more populated eastern areas of the island. These plantations both closed down 32 during the 1970's and 1980's, leaving the island again dependent on diversified agriculture, 33 primarily vegetable farming and cattle ranching. In the late 1970s, resort development at the west 34 end of the island at Kaluakoi became an influence on the islands economy. The population 35 increased during this period to 6,049. The population peaked in 2000 at 7,404 and then declined 36 to 7,255 over the next decade due to closure of the Kaluakoì Hotel and shuttering of Molokai 37 Ranch operations. During the same period, biotech seed companies began operations on 38 Molokaì. 39 40 The character of the island of Molokaì remains a truly mokupuni kuaàina (country island) both 41 culturally and geographically, and it is this that distinguishes it from other islands and makes 42 Molokaì Molokaì. 43

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Appendix 1.2 Background Studies for Community Plans

1 2 3 The following list of technical studies was used in the development of the Molokaì Community 4 Plan. The public facilities and infrastructure assessments, and the socio-economic forecast were 5 conducted for the County of Maui General Plan. The economic development and housing issue 6 papers, and the land use forecast were conducted specifically for this community plan update. 7 8  The Final Public Facilities Assessment Update County of Maui (March 2007) identifies public 9 facilities and services (e.g., schools, parks, police and fire protection, hospital, and solid 10 waste disposal services) issues and opportunities in high-growth community plan regions. 11 12  The County of Maui Infrastructure Assessment Update (May 2003) identifies infrastructure 13 (e.g., roadways, drainage, water, wastewater, telephone and electrical systems) issues and 14 opportunities in the community plan regions. 15 16  The Molokaì Economic Development Issue Paper: A Discussion Paper for the Department 17 of Planning Community Plan Update (December 2010 and 2015 Update) discusses current 18 economic conditions and broad alternative economic futures. 19 20  The Molokaì Housing Issue Paper, Draft: A Discussion Paper for the Moloka1i Community 21 Plan Update (December 2010) discusses current issues and projected future needs. 22 23  The Land Use Forecast, Island of Molokaì, Maui County General Plan Technical Resource 24 Study (October 2013) estimates the amount of available land for urban uses and the likely 25 demand for that land between 2010 and 2035. 26 27  The Socio-Economic Forecast, The Economic Projections for the Maui County General Plan 28 2030 (September 2014) projects residential, visitor, and employment growth, as well as 29 housing demand. This planning tool is used to predict future growth scenarios for each 30 community plan region. 31 32 33 34

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Appendix 1.3 Community Engagement

1 2 3 Before the CPAC process began, the county held several public workshops and conducted many 4 interviews with Molokaì residents during 2010-2011. The purpose of these activities was to hear 5 directly from the people who lived on the island, to listen to their concerns, and to understand 6 what their hopes are. 7 8 Open House Events: June – October 2010 9 10 June 2010 11 The kick-off open house for the Molokaì Community Plan was held on Saturday, June 26 from 12 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM at the Kaunakakai Elementary School cafeteria. More than 40 residents 13 attended the open house, which was organized to solicit and record as many comments as 14 people were willing to offer. Participants could visit five “stations” in the room. Some displayed 15 information about Molokaì while others asked visitors to write comments in response to specific 16 questions. 17 18 October 2010 19 Two additional workshops were held in October 2010 to gather comments from Molokaì 20 residents on a variety of questions and issues. The workshop was organized by the Long Range 21 Division (LRD) staff from the Maui County Planning Department and its consultant team from 22 Chris Hart and Partners (CHP). It was held from 9:00 AM to 1:00 PM at the Mitchell Pauole 23 Center and about 60+ people participated in the workshop, based on the sign-in sheets and a 24 visual count. 25 26 The workshop was designed with three sessions: 1) Vision and Core Values; 2) Issues and 27 Opportunities; and 3) Goals and Strategies. Participants in small groups were asked to respond 28 to specific questions on these three topics. 29 30 The methodology used for the third workshop differed from the second. Each group was given a 31 specific topic area to discuss rather than each group covering all topic areas. This methodology 32 was chosen due to the amount of material to be covered. The four topic areas consisted of 1) 33 economic development, 2) heritage resources, 3) land use, development and housing, and 4) 34 infrastructure and public services. 35 36 November 2014 37 An outdoor open house was held on Saturday, November 15 from 10:00 AM – 1:00 PM at 38 Kaunakakai Elementary School. Because the last event was held several years previously, this 39 open house was meant as a ‘refresher” of what had been expressed in the three previous 40 community workshops. Appendices Molokaì Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 A‐5

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1 2 Interviews 3 During 2010 and 2011, about 40 interviews with Moloka`i residents were conducted by the 4 county’s planning staff. The interviews typically took about an hour and asked people what their 5 thoughts were on the island’s issues, opportunities, ideas for the future, and any other topics that 6 were particularly relevant. Interviews were almost always held at a residence or office and 7 included from one to three of the county’s planners. 8

Appendix 1.4 Legal Framework – Native Hawaiian Traditional and Customary Practices

9 The following section provides an important legal framework in which agencies are must follow 10 when engaging in decision making actions that may impact Native Hawaiian traditional and 11 customary practices. Hawaiʻi Revised Statute § 1-1 guides agencies to look to Hawaiian judicial 12 precedence and custom and usage in making their decisions. Agencies are required to protect 13 their kuleana rights of hoaʻāina or kuleana. 14 15 A. The ʻAha Kiole: The People’s Councils and The Eight Realms of Decision Making 16 17 ʻAccording to Kumu John Kaʻimikaua the purpose of the ʻaha councils was to utilize the expertise 18 of those with ʻike (knowledge) to mālama ʻāina, to care for the natural resources, and to produce 19 food in abundance not just for the people, but for successive generations. ʻAha council leadership 20 was determined by the people who collectively understood who the experts were in their 21 community.’1 22 23 With this in mind, when you look at Hawaiian custom and usage, the ancient traditions of which 24 Molokaʻi’s ʻāina momona was based upon are the eight realms of decision making from the 25 ancient ʻaha councils. Historically, the ʻaha councils of Molokaʻi considered the following eight 26 realms before making their decisions: 27 28 1) Moana-Nui-Ākea – the farthest out to sea or along the ocean’s horizon one 29 could perceive from atop the highest vantage point in one’s area. 30 2) Kahakai Pepeiao – where the high tide is to where the lepo (soil) starts. This is 31 typically the splash zone where crab, limu (seaweed), and ʻopihi (limpet) may be located; 32 sea cliffs; or a gentle shoreline dotted with a coastal strand of vegetation; sands where 33 turtles and seabirds nest; or extensive sand dune environs. 34 3) Ma Uka – from the point where the lepo (soil) starts to the top of the mountain. 35 4) Nā Muliwai – all the sources of fresh water, ground/artesian water, rivers, 36 streams, springs, including springs along the coastline that mix with seawater.

1 Malia Akutagawa, Shaelene Kamakaʻala, Harmonee Williams, et al., OFFICE OF HAWAIIAN AFFAIRS, TRADITIONAL & CUSTOMARY PRACTICES REPORT FOR MANAʻE, MOLOKAʻI, 47 (2016). Appendices Moloka`i Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 A‐6

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1 5) Ka Lewalani – everything above the land, the air, the sky, the clouds, the birds, 2 the rainbows. 3 6) Kanaka Hōnua – the natural resources important to sustain people. However, 4 management is based on providing for the benefit of the resources themselves rather 5 than from the standpoint of how they serve people. 6 7) Papahelōlona – knowledge and intellect that is a valuable resource to be 7 respected, maintained, and managed properly. This is the knowledge of the kahuna, the 8 astronomers, the healers, and other carriers of ʻike. 9 8) Ke ʻIhiʻihi – elements that maintain the sanctity or sacredness of certain places.2 10 11 This ancient decision making matrix honors our ancestral past and wisdom, by looking to the 12 needs of the present and ensuring that our decisions provide for abundance for future 13 generations yet unborn. For every decision made and every land use proposal, any proposed 14 amendments to the Molokaʻi Community Plan or any permit request, should be analyzed 15 according to the impacts of these eight realms and the decision making matrix should be applied 16 because these are customary laws from ancient times, which were codified by the Kingdom, and 17 adopted by the State of Hawaiʻi. These laws are inherent rights of Native Hawaiians to self- 18 determination and sovereignty. 19 20 Additionally, international law recognizes the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of 21 Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), which President Obama signed this into law in 2010. Since then, 22 various federal advisory councils that serve as advisory bodies to federal agencies, have 23 provided guidelines for which to implement UNDRIP and to implement provisions for free, prior, 24 and informed consent of native peoples. As such, we here by adopt the UNDRIP and its 25 underlying principles as a mandate that the State and County government must adhere to in 26 making land use decisions in collaboration with native individuals and communities on Molokaʻi. 27 28 ʻThere are certain vested rights of native Hawaiian ahupuaʻa tenants (hoaʻāina) that have their 29 origins in the ancient land tenure system. This customary law was codified by the Hawaiian 30 Kingdom and later adopted by the State of Hawaiʻi. The State has reaffirmed these rights in its 31 Constitution and statutes. A unique body of jurisprudence has developed around these laws 32 which reflect a heightened obligation by the State and its political subdivisions to reasonably 33 protect traditional and customary Native Hawaiian rights on both public and private lands.’3 34 35 The native people of Manaʻe and Molokaʻi continue to strongly with their cultural practices and 36 their relationship to ʻāina. For these reasons, this community plan is a reflection of self- 37 determination and the community’s right to determine its own autonomy. As a people, the greater 38 Hawaiian community is exploring different avenues to attain sovereignty. However, as the

2 Interview with Dr. Kawika Winter, Director, Limahuli Garden and Pres., Hāʻena Makai Watch Coordinator, and former member of the late Kumu John Kaʻimikaua’s Halau Hula o Kukunaokalā in Honolulu, Haw. (Dec. 10, 2014). 3 Akutagawa, Kamakaʻala, Williams, et al., TRADITIONAL & CUSTOMARY PRACTICES REPORT FOR MANAʻE, supra note 4 at 58. Appendices Moloka`i Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 A‐7

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1 Manaʻe and Molokaʻi community engages with local government, international, federal, state, and 2 county laws need to be recognized and upheld. 3 4 B. Sources of Native Hawaiian Rights Law 5 6 The Hawaiʻi State Constitution reaffirms these rights--particularly Hawaiian access rights--which 7 are protected in ones ahupuaʻa of residence4 or if shown to be customary, in other ahupuaʻa 8 without the benefit of tenancy if shown that this was the accepted custom and long-standing 9 practice.5 All State and County agencies and decision making bodies are obligated under the 10 Hawaiʻi State Constitution and various statutes to ensure that these Hawaiian rights are not 11 regulate out of existence. There are affirmative obligations to protect Hawaiian custom and 12 usage and the resources that Native Hawaiians depend upon.6 State and County agencies must 13 make an independent assessment regarding the impact that a proposed action may have on 14 Native Hawaiian traditional and customary practices, and must consider the following three 15 factors: 16 17 (A) the identity and scope of ‘valued cultural, historical, or natural resources’ in the petition area, 18 including the extent to which traditional and customary native Hawaiian rights are exercised in the 19 petition area; 20 (B) the extent to which those resources—including traditional and customary native Hawaiian 21 rights—will be affected or impaired by the proposed action; and 22 (C) the feasible action, if any, to be taken . . . by the [State and/or its political subdivisions] to 23 reasonably protect native Hawaiian rights if they are found to exist.7 24 25 C. ʻOhana Values: The Foundations of Hawaiian Traditional and Customary Practices 26 27 ʻDr. Davianna Pōmaikaʻi McGregor interviewed a large number of kamaʻāina informants residing 28 in “cultural kīpuka” (rural areas that have maintained cultural understandings and practices)8 who 29 identified common ʻohana cultural values and customs for subsistence and mālama. It is the 30 essence of these understandings that should be the standard by which to measure whether 31 something is a customary practice or not.’9 According to Dr. McGregor, what distinguishes 32 Hawaiian custom and practice is the honor and respect for traditional ʻohana cultural values and 33 customs to guide subsistence harvesting of natural resources. Such ʻohana values and customs 34 include but are not limited to the following: 35

4 FORMAN & SUSAN K. SERRANO, HOʻOHANA AKU, A HOʻOLA AKU HO‘OLA AKU: A LEGAL PRIMER FOR TRADITIONAL AND CUSTOMARY RIGHTS IN HAWAI‘I 9 (2012) [hereinafter FORMAN & SERRANO, HOʻOHANA AKU, A HOʻOLA AKU] (citing Kalipi, 66 Haw. at 9, 656 P.2d at 750). 5 Pele Def. Fund v. Paty (Pele I), 73 Haw. 578, 620, 837 P.2d 1247, 1272 (1992). See FORMAN & SUSAN K. SERRANO, HOʻOHANA AKU, A HOʻOLA AKU, supra note 7, at 13 (citing Pele I, 73 Haw. at 620, 837 P.2d at 1272). 6 Ka Pa‘akai O Ka ‘Aina v. Land Use Comm’n, 94 Hawai‘i 31, 7 P.3d 1068, 1083 (2000). 7 FORMAN & SUSAN K. SERRANO, HOʻOHANA AKU, A HOʻOLA AKU, supra note 7, at 17 (citing Ka Paʻakai). 8 DAVIANNA PŌMAIKAʻI MCGREGOR, NĀ KUAʻĀINA: LIVING HAWAIIAN CULTURE, 21 (2007). 9 Akutagawa, Kamakaʻala, Williams, et al., TRADITIONAL & CUSTOMARY PRACTICES REPORT FOR MANAʻE, supra note 4 at 7-58. Appendices Moloka`i Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 A‐8

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1 1) Only take what is needed. 2 2) Don’t waste natural resources. 3 3) Gather according to the life cycle of the resources. Allow the native resources to 4 reproduce. Don’t fish during their spawning seasons. 5 4) Alternate areas to gather, fish and hunt. Don’t keep going back to the same 6 place. Allow the resource to replenish itself. 7 5) If an area has a declining resource, observe a kapu on harvesting until it comes 8 back. Weed, replant and water if appropriate. 9 6) Resources are always abundant and accessible to those who possess the 10 knowledge about their location and have the skill to obtain them. There is no need to 11 overuse a more accessible area. 12 7) Respect and protect the knowledge which has been passed down inter- 13 generationally, from one generation to the next. Do not carelessly give it away to 14 outsiders. 15 8) Respect each other’s areas. Families usually fish, hunt, and gather in the areas 16 traditionally used by their ancestors. If they go into an area outside their own for some 17 specific purpose, they usually go with people from that area. 18 9) Throughout the expedition keep focused on the purpose and goal for which you 19 set out to fish, hunt, or gather. 20 10) Be aware of the natural elements and stay alert to natural signs, e.g. falling 21 boulders as a sign of flash flooding. 22 11) Share what is gathered with family and neighbors. 23 12) Take care of the kūpuna who passed on the knowledge and experience of what 24 to do and are now too old to go out on their own. 25 13) Don’t talk openly about plans for going out to subsistence hunt, gather, or fish. 26 14) Respect the resources. Respect the spirits of the land, forest, ocean. Don’t get 27 loud and boisterous. 28 1)15) Respect family ʻaumakua. Don’t gather the resources sacred to them.10” 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

10 DAVIANNA MCGREGOR, THE NATURE CONSERVANCY, CULTURAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE KAMAKOU PRESERVE, MAKAKUPAʻIA AND KAWELA, ISLAND OF MOLOKAʻI 16-17 (2006). Appendices Moloka`i Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 A‐9

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Appendix 2.1 Definition of Sustainability in Hawai‘i

1 Definition of Sustainability from Hawaiì 2050 Sustainability Plan (2008): 2 3 A Hawai‘i that achieves the following: 4  Respects the culture, character, beauty and history of our state’s island 5 communities 6  Strikes a balance between economic, social and community, and environmental 7 priorities 8  Meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future 9 generations to meet their own needs. 10 11 The updates to the County of Maui’s General Plan – which includes the Countywide Policy Plan, 12 the Maui Island Plan, the Lanaì Community Plan, the Molokaì Community Plan, the Kahoòlawe 13 Community Plan, and the Community Plans on Maui Island – embrace this concept of 14 sustainability, along with the guiding principles in the Hawaiì 2050 Sustainability Plan. 15 16 In 2011, the Hawaiì State legislature established sustainability as a state priority by incorporating 17 the Hawaiì 2050 Sustainability Plan Guiding Principles of Sustainability into Chapter 226, the 18 Hawaiì State Planning Act, of the Hawaiì Revised Statutes. 19

Appendix 2.2 Sustainability (HRS§ 226-108)

20 HRS §226-108 Priority guidelines and principles to promote sustainability shall include: 21 1) Encouraging balanced economic, social, community and environmental priorities; 22 2) Encouraging planning that respects and promotes living within the natural resources and 23 limits of the State; 24 3) Promoting a diversified and dynamic economy; 25 4) Encouraging respect for the host culture; 26 5) Promoting decisions based on meeting the needs of the present without compromising 27 the needs of future generations; 28 6) Considering the principles of the ahupua‘a; and 29 7) Emphasizing that everyone, including individuals, families, communities, businesses and 30 government, has the responsibility for achieving a sustainable Hawai‘i. 31

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Appendix 2.3 Climate Change Adaptation Priority Guidelines (HRS §226 – 109)

1 HRS §226-109 Climate change adaptation priority guidelines: 2 Priority guidelines to prepare the State to address the impacts of climate change, including 3 impacts to the areas of agriculture; conservation lands; coastal and nearshore marine areas; 4 natural and cultural resources; education; energy; higher education; health, historic preservation; 5 water resources; built environment, such as housing, recreation, transportation; and the economy 6 shall: 7 (1) Ensure that Hawai`i's people are educated, informed, and aware of the impacts climate 8 change may have on their communities; 9 (2) Encourage community stewardship groups and local stakeholders to participate in 10 planning and implementation of climate change policies; 11 (3) Invest in continued monitoring and research of Hawai`i's climate and the impacts of 12 climate change on the State; 13 (4) Consider Native Hawaiian traditional knowledge and practices in planning for the impacts 14 of climate change; 15 (5) Encourage the preservation and restoration of natural landscape features, such as coral 16 reefs, beaches and dunes, forests, streams, floodplains, and wetlands, that have the 17 inherent capacity to avoid, minimize, or mitigate the impacts of climate change; 18 (6) Explore adaptation strategies that moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities in 19 response to actual or expected climate change impacts to the natural and built 20 environments; 21 (7) Promote sector resilience in areas such as water, roads, airports, and public health, by 22 encouraging the identification of climate change threats, assessment of potential 23 consequences, and evaluation of adaptation options; 24 (8) Foster cross-jurisdictional collaboration between county, state, and federal agencies and 25 partnerships between government and private entities and other nongovernmental 26 entities, including nonprofit entities; 27 (9) Use management and implementation approaches that encourage the continual 28 collection, evaluation, and integration of new information and strategies into new and 29 existing practices, policies, and plans; and 30 (10) Encourage planning and management of the natural and built environments that 31 effectively integrate climate change policy.

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Appendix 3.1 Ecosystem Services

1 2 Ecosystem Services is a term for the benefits that humans receive from natural resources 3 and processes. These services are grouped into four categories as shown below. Many of 4 these ecosystem services are essential to human life and are provided free of cost. 5 Examples of ecosystem services are often used to illustrate the value of natural processes 6 and resources, such as forest regulation of air quality. Calculation of financial values to 7 replace ecosystem services ties economic benefit to environmental health. The categories 8 below are from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment11: 9 10

Supporting Services Provisioning Services . Nutrient cycling . Food . Soil formation . Fiber . Primary production . Genetic resources . Biochemicals, natural medicine, pharmaceuticals . Fresh water

Regulating Services Cultural Services . Air quality regulation . Cultural diversity . Climate regulation (global, regional, . Spiritual and religious values local) . Knowledge systems . Water regulation . Education values . Erosion regulation . Inspiration . Water purification and waste . Aesthetic values treatment . Social Relation . Disease regulation . Sense of place . Pest regulation . Cultural heritage values . Pollination . Recreation and ecotourism . Natural hazard regulation

11 The Board of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, (2003). Ecosystems and Human Well‐Being; A Framework for Assessment, Island Press, Washington DC.

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Appendix 3.2 Moloka`i Archaeological Surveys

1 2 Being developed by CPAC and community members - to be reviewed and considered for 3 inclusion. 4 5 6 7

Appendix 3.3 Cultural Sites to be Protected

8 9 Being developed by CPAC and community members - to be reviewed and considered for 10 inclusion. 11

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Appendix 6.1 Comparison of State Land Use and County Community Plan Designations and Zoning Districts

STATE COUNTY COUNTY ZONING DISTRICTS12 LAND USE COMMUNITY PLAN DISTRICTS DESIGNATIONS

Urban Single Family (SF) Residential Districts R-1, 6,000 sq ft R-2, 7,500 sq ft R-3, 10,000 sq ft

R-O Zero Lot Line Residential

Multi-Family (MF) Multiple-Family districts Two-family (Duplex) District A-1 Apartment District A-2 Apartment District

Mixed Use Residential Proposed mix of Residential and Multiple-Family Districts, including Note: Proposed new land use neighborhood parks, designation. Business/Commercial, and Public/Quasi-Public

Hotel (H) Hotel Districts

H-1 Hotel District H-M Hotel District H-2 Hotel District

Business/Commercial (B) Business Districts Business/Industrial (BI) B-1 Neighborhood Business District Business/Multi-Family (BMF) B-2 Community Business District Service Business/Single Family B-3 Central Business District Residential (SBR) B-CT Business Country Town District B-R Resort Commercial District

Light Industrial (LI) Industrial Districts Heavy Industrial (HI) M-1 Light Industrial District M-2 Heavy Industrial District M-3 Restricted Industrial District

12 Examples of listed zoning districts are not exclusive, as additional zoning categories beyond those listed may be appropriate, or amendments may be made to the comprehensive zoning ordinance. Appendices Moloka`i Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 A‐14

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STATE COUNTY COUNTY ZONING DISTRICTS LAND USE COMMUNITY PLAN DISTRICTS DESIGNATIONS Urban (continued) Airport (AP) Airport District

Public/Quasi-Public (P) Public / Quasi-Public Districts P-1 P-2

Project District (PD) Project Districts (PD)

Park (PK) Park Districts PK-1 Neighborhood Park District PK-2 Community Park District PK-3 Regional Park District PK-4 Golf Course Park District

Rural Rural Rural Districts RU-0.5 Rural District RU-1 Rural District RU-2 Rural District RU-5 Rural District RU-10 Rural District

Agriculture Agriculture Agricultural District

Open Space (OS) Open Space Districts OS-1 Passive Open Space District OS-2 Active Open Space District

Conservation Conservation (C)

1 2

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Appendix 6.2 County Community Plan Designations

1 2 The County’s nine geographic community plan regions are: Wailuku-Kahului, West Maui, South 3 Maui, Paìa-Haìku, Makawao-Pukalani-Kula, Hana, Molokaì, Lānaì and Kahoòlawe. The 4 following list includes the designations used in the most recently adopted community plan 5 updates, though not every community plan uses all of these designations. The State 6 Conservation District is used to protect and preserve wilderness areas, beach reserves, scenic 7 areas and historic sites, open ranges, wetlands and watersheds; to conserve fish and wildlife; and 8 to promote forestry and grazing. The Molokaì Community Plan land use map incorporates the 9 State Land Use Conservation District boundary since the County has no jurisdiction within those 10 areas. 11 12 County community plan land use designations are not regulatory. The following list of 13 designations provides general descriptions of types of uses. 14 15 Single-Family (SF): This includes single-family, duplex, and ohana dwellings. 16 17 Multi-Family (MF): This includes apartments and condominiums having more than two dwellings. 18 19 Mixed Use Residential (MUR): A proposed new designation that would include a mix of single and 20 multi-family residential, neighborhood parks, business/commercial, and public/quasi-public uses. 21 22 Hotel (H): This applies to transient accommodations. Such hotel facilities may include permissible 23 accessory uses primarily intended to serve hotel guests. 24 25 Business/Multi-Family (BMF): This includes a mixture of retail, office, and commercial services 26 which are oriented to neighborhood service and single family and multi-family residential uses. 27 28 Service Business/Single-Family Residential (SBR): Includes single-family dwellings with 29 small-scale and neighborhood-oriented businesses and services that are primarily established in 30 existing residential dwellings or other structures. The business use should be compatible with the 31 physical character of the residential neighborhood. 32 33 Business/Commercial (B): This includes retail stores, offices, entertainment enterprises and 34 related accessory uses. 35 36 Business/Industrial (BI): Includes a mixture of warehousing, distribution, service operations, 37 retail and offices uses. 38 39 Light Industrial (LI): Denotes warehousing, light assembly, service and similar industrial 40 operations. Appendices Molokaì Community Plan PD/CPAC/MoPC DRAFT May 2016 A‐16

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1 2 Heavy Industrial (HI): Denotes major industrial operations with potentially noxious impacts due 3 to noise, airborne emissions or liquid discharges. 4 5 Airport (AP): Includes all commercial and general aviation airports and accessory uses. 6 7 Public/Quasi-Public (P): Includes schools, libraries, fire and police stations, government 8 buildings, public utilities, hospitals, churches, cemeteries and community centers. 9 10 Project District (PD): Provides for a flexible and creative planning approach, rather than specific 11 land use designations, and allows for a variety of uses in accord with each individual project 12 district objective. 13 14 Future Growth Reserve (FGR): Recognizes possible areas of urban growth that would occur 15 beyond the projected ten year time frame of the community plan update, and encourages 16 planning for infrastructure development and use allocations. 17 18 Park (PK): Applies to lands developed or to be developed for recreational use, including public 19 and private active and passive parks. Golf courses are identified as "PK (GC)" in order to 20 differentiate golf courses from other kinds of park uses. 21 22 Rural (R): Protects and preserves areas consisting of small farms intermixed with low-density 23 single-family residential lots. The requirements of the State Rural District should govern this 24 area. 25 26 Agriculture (AG): Indicates areas for agricultural activity, in keeping with the economic base of 27 the County and the requirements of the State Agricultural District. 28 29 Open Space (OS): Intended to limit development on lands that may be inappropriate for intensive 30 development due to environmental, physical or scenic constraints, including shore-line buffer 31 areas, landscape buffers, drainageways, viewplanes, flood plains and tsunami-prone areas. 32 33 Conservation (C): This category primarily recognizes the designation of lands in the State 34 Conservation District and is used to protect and preserve wilderness areas, beach reserves, 35 scenic areas and historic sites, open ranges, and watersheds; to conserve fish and wildlife; and to 36 promote forestry and grazing. 37

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Appendix 6.3 East Moloka`i Subarea Description

Appendix 6.4 Central Moloka`i Subarea Description

Appendix 6.5 West Moloka`i Subarea Description

2 3 4 Members of the East End community are updating the East End Policy Statement. This updated 5 subarea description may be submitted to the Planning Department and Molokaì Planning 6 Commission for review for consistency with County policies and regulations and consideration for 7 inclusion in the draft plan. If the Central Molokaì and West Molokaì communities wishes to 8 develop subarea descriptions they also may be submitted to the Planning Department and 9 Molokaì Planning Commission for review for consistency with County policies and regulations 10 and consideration for inclusion in the draft plan.

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