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PACIFIC COOPERATIVE STUDIES UNIT UNIVERSITY of Hawal'i at M~~Oa

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PACIFIC COOPERATIVE STUDIES UNIT UNIVERSITY of Hawal'i at M~~Oa PACIFIC COOPERATIVE STUDIES UNIT UNIVERSITY OF HAWAl'I AT M~~oA Department of Botany 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, HawaTi 96822 Technical Report 135 THE LANDS OF HINA: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF KALAUPAPA NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK, MOLOKA'I MARK D. McCOY EDITED BY DAVID DUFFY The PCSU is a cooperative program including the University of Hawai'i and the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior 2005 TRE LANDS OF HIAM: An Archaeological Overview and Assessment of K&laupapa National Historical Park, Moloka'i Island, Hawai'i Mark D. McCoy Archaeolcgical Research Facility, 2547 Charming Way, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i And National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior Technical Report 135 2005 Edited by David Duffy --This overview and assessment report focuses on previous, current, and proposed archaeological research in the Kalaupapa National Historical Park (NHP) on Moloka'i Island, Hawai'i. The park is the home of the historical Kalawao (A.D. 1866-1900) and Kalaupapa (A.D. 1900-present) settlements for people with leprosy, or Hansen's disease as its known today. The report: centers on projects dealing with the substantial archaeological record .preserved in the park dating to the early historic (A.D. 1866-1778) and prehistoric (A.D. 1778-1200) eras. The goal of the report is to provide park managers and others a succinct smry of previous and current archaeological research, an assessment of the results, and recornendations for additional. research and management. Kalaupapa NHP has a history of archaeology dominated by surveys. An estimated 6.4 % of the park has been in~ensivelysurveyed (690 acres/279.5 ha) with an additional '7.6 % surveyed at the reconnaissance level (820 acres/332 ha). A total of 616 sites have been recorded, some including hundreds of small features. Overall site density is high and the st;ate of preservation of sites is excellent. There is extensive evidence of modification of the landscape for agriculture during the prehistoric and historic eras. Kaupikiawa Cave (50-60-03-312) has been of particular interest to archaeologists due to what the deposits inside may tell us about the prehistoric era. Archaeological excavations have been rare; however, current evidence suggests a continuous record of human occupation for the past 800 years. Permanent settlements may have been first established in the Waikolu Valley and somewhat later on the Kalaupapa Peninsula and other parts of the park. The results of past archaeological projects are synthesized in the text and presented in detail in Appendix I. Most projects reviewed have been instigated and funded by the National Park Service (NPS). Other projects such as historic resource studies, archival research, and natural resources studies are also discussed since they have the potential to provide important supporting, independent lines of evidence to interpret. the archaeological record. Recent academic research on the historic era at Kalaupapa is reviewed. A total of 12 actions/projects are recomended for improved cultural resource management. The report summarizes the goals, costs, benefits, and priority of each of these actions/projects. The hiring of an archaeologist at the park is strongly recommended. Other recomnendations include developing a park-specific research design, site stabilization, public infomation, cooperative research, an archaeological base map, database development, reconnaissance arid intensive surveys, archaeology of the early historic era, paleoenvironmental research, and site monitoring. Other potential future research themes include developing the chronology of hurran occupation, origins and development of the Kalaupapa Field System, and the rise of the Ko'olau Polity. TABLE OF ENCENTS MANAGFNENT SUMMRKY ............i LIST OF FIGUFES .................vi LIST OF TABLES .................vii AC~OWLEDGEMENTS............. viii Chapter 1 . INTR3NCPICP.I Kalaupapa National Historical Park Archaeological Overview and Assessment .........I The History of the Kalaupapa National Historical Park . 2 The Arci~aeological Landscape ...........5 Administrative History ...............5 Chapter 2 . FS.NIRc%s.IFs.pT& SETPING AND CULTWE HISTORY Physical Eiwiroiunen t and Climate ..7 Lco!cqical Caiununities .............9 Prehistoric and Early Historic Periods ..........1.0 Cu.Lttrral ifistoryof theiiawaiiai; Islands .......10 Socjal and Political Orqanizatioi? ..II %i.ditional Hawaiian Comnunicies, Settlement Patterns, ii:!;I Site mes ...............13 c'L:~ tiiral Contact ...............14 Early Historic Econ~!ny aid Land Teliure ..15 iiistoric and Modern Periods ............17 Chapter 3 . OVERVlEW Sccpe of Overview .......... rirdhdeolocjy at Kalaupapa. Moloka'i Island ... 11 Brief His tory ......... Karpikiawa Cave ......... Ci:itural Resource .W!~aq?~ne~?t..... Eiunm Raiwiiis ......... Zrce;: t Resesrch ......... Oixpiiig and Proposed Reseaxi1 ..... Sunwary of Sites and Surveys ....... History. Etimohistory. and the Natural . Sciences . Histor-ica.1 a:?d Ethno!listorical Record . ilistorical Resource Reseal-ch ai~dflfansgenel7t Hj.stori~Kalailpap~3Revisited .... Na t:iiral Sciences Research ai:d Pamqemeil t . Sumdry ............ Chapter 4 . ASSESS.IEPSP Scope of Assessment .............33 General Swmry of Prehist.oric Kalaupapa ...33 General Sununary of Ear1.y Historic Kalaupapa ...34 Settlement and Conatunity Patterns ....-.?2 - < Tne Coastal Plain and Co2.luc.ial Slip Zoxs . :.c- - Ninoa Lai~dsi~e.lf,Points, and Off-ihol-e Is2and.s .. .>..s Economy and Resources ...............22 Agriculture ............38 Domestic and Wild Animals ........... 39 Coastal and Marine Resources ........39 Lithic Resources .......41 Upland Resources .........41 Evidence of Lines of Transportation and Communication . 42 Household Archaeology .............42 Communal Places and Sacred Sites ..........43 Location and Qpes of Tqles (heiau) ...43 Other Sacred Sites: Fishing Shrines (ko'ai . Petroglphs. and Legendary Places ........46 Ancient Feasting and Sport .........48 Burial Sites .............49 Makapulapai and the Story of Kuali'i .......50 Moa ' Aumakua Burial Pat tern .........52 Landscapes in Time: The Kalaupapa Chronology . 54 Archaeological EvidenceofEarlyOccupation . 54 The Late Prehistoric Through EarJy Historic Era . 55 MajorSocio-political Events in HawaiianHistory . 56 A Proposed History of "The Great Wall of Xalaupapa" ..57 Social Organization and Daily Life ........62 Archaeological Data .............62 Spatial Data ...........62 Data on Fonnal Variation of Sites. Features. and Artifacts . 63 Te~ywralData ............... 63 Environment and Paleoenviromental Reco~~structici~. 68 Ethnohistory and Archaeology ......68 Chapter 5 . REmICeJS Challenges for Cultural Resource Management .... Sumnary of Archaeology in Kalaupapa NHP ..... Recomendations ............. Actions and Projects ........... Hire Archeologist .......... Research Design ........... Site Stabilization and Clearing . Phlic Information and Intelpretation .... Cooperative Research ......... Archeo.logica1 Base Nap ... Database Development ......... Reconnaissance Survey ......... Intensive Study .......... The Archeology of History, Patients and Kana'dina Communities in the Early Historic Era (1866-1895) Pal eonenvirorunen ta1 Research ....... Site Monitoring ........... Projects in Progress ........... APPENoIX I . Project SummKies (A) Pearson et a1 . 's (1971) Excavations at Kaupikiawa Cave . (B) Summers' (1971) Gverview of Sites on Moloka'i Island . (C) 1974 State Site Inventory by Bishop Musewn ..... (D) Earrera' s (1.978)Hospital Project ........ (E) Water Pipeline Improvement Projects ....... (F) Weisler's Radiocarbon Assessment of Moloka'i Island . (G) Waikolu Valley Wells DeveLopment Project ...... (Hi Airport ?mprovement Project .......... (I) Curtis' Historic Trails Overviews ........ (J) Wyban's (1993) Fishpond Study ......... (K) Five Surveys by Manning and Neller (in prep.) .... (L) Radewagen and Neller's Cave Reconnaissance Survey ... (M) The Neller Files ............. (N) Dcmj.en Productions Movie Set Archaeological Survey ... (0)Crater Survey by PHRl ............ (P) Airporr 'enceline Monitoring .......... (a) Accidental Discoveries of Human Remains: 1980-2002 ... (R) Various Management Documents by NPS Staff: 1994-2001 . (S) Kirch's (200%) Kalaupapa Archaeological Project .... (7') McC:oyfs (2002a) Kalaupapa Peninsula Archaeological Project (3) ProposedPaleoenv~.romentalResearch ....... (V) Proposed Field School ........... edixI1 . Glossary .............120 nppendix I11 . Federal Archaeology Legislation and NPS Management Documents ..........121 References Cited .............11 35 LIST OF FIC3JRES Figure 1-1 -.. Map of the Hawaiian Islands ......... Figure 1-2 -- Map of Moloka' i Island (adapted from Kirch 1985:Figure 103) ...... Figure 1-3 - Photograph of bur People Posing in Front of a Pjli Grass House, Kalaupapa, Moloka'i Island (c. A.D. 1886). Identities unknown. Caption translated from German reads, "Kapa-knocker in front of pili-grass house in Kalaupapa, Molokai. Two fisherman wi.th mlo-Kapa, one girl with Kapa Pau." ........... Figure 1-4 - Map of Kalaupapa National Historical Park ..... Figure 1-5 - Map of Land Ownership in Kalaupapa National Historical Park (source: KNHP Land Protection Plan (1986)) .......... Figure 2-1 - Diagram Showing Expected Rainfall Patterns of a Shear Windward Coastline (adapted from Wagner et dl. 1990: Figure 9) ..........
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