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The Korean language is classified as a member of the Ural-Altaic family (other members of this family include the Mongolian, Finnish, and Hungarian languages.) Until the early 1400s, most documents were written in classical Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja). As the idiographs are difficult to learn, only the educated people could read and write. King Sejong, the 4th ruler of the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910), set up a special committee of scholars in 1443 to create a new writing system specifically suited to the Korean language. The result was Hangul (meaning 'the one script'). It originally contained 28 symbols, although 4 have dropped out of use. The alphabet has 10 vowels and 14 consonants. The consonants represent the simplified outlines of the parts of the mouth and tongue used to pronounce them. The vowels are associated with elements of the philosophy of the Book of Changes. In 1994, Discovery magazine described Hangul as the most logical language writing system in the world. The simplicity of Hangul led Korea to become one of the most literate countries in the world. U.S. novelist Pearl Buck said that Hangul is the simplest writing system in the world and likenedKing Sejong to Leonardo da Vinci. Even though Hangul is a system of phonetic symbols, it is categorized as new level of feature system, the first and the only in the world. On Oct. 1, 1997, UNESCO designated Hunminjeongeum as world archive property. Koreans commemorate the creation of Hangul each year on October 9. The Hangul Characters Before you begin learning the language, you should take some time to practice writing Hangul. The symbols are combined into blocks, each one representing a single syllable. Each syllable must start with a consonant, although the iung is silent in the initial position. Text is arranged either in the traditional vertical fashion, with columns reading from right to left (as in some newspapers and old books) or in rows reading left to right (as in most modern novels and magazines). The alphabet may appear complicated, but it is actually easy to learn. Once you are familiar with the characters, looking up words in a dictionary becomes easy. When speaking Korean, you use formal or informal words and phrases, depending on the status of the person to whom you are talking. For example, you generally use informal speech to children and formal speech to older people. It is better to err by being too formal rather than showing disrespect. However, Koreans do not expect foreigners to be fluent and will usually excuse minor mistakes. To aid the traveler and expatriate, Life in Korea has created several pages of useful phrases and vocabulary. To truly learn the Korean language, you should enroll in any of the numerous courses offered by Korean universities and private organizations. We also encourage you to try the excellent resources at Learn Korean Now. About Hangul King Sejong King Sejong was born in 1397, the third son of King Taejong, the third king of Korea's Joseon Dynasty, and QueenWongyeong. In 1418 he became the fourth King of the Joseon Dynasty. He was kindhearted, diligent, and placed a high emphasis on academics. His interests and talents were in many fields. He loved the Korean people and showed deep interest in their difficulties, ruling the nation with a righteous King Sejong's portrait adorns government. Korea's 10,000-won bill. He established Jiphyeonjeon to encourage study and nurture many talented individuals. He createdHunminjeongeum (the first name for Hangul and also the name of the Chinese commentary book onHangul), the foundation for taking Korea's culture to a higher level. He also installed Jujaso (a place for making type during the Joseon Dynasty) to progress development of typography by improving printing type (a more advanced printing type than the printing type developed in 1455 by Gutenberg). He improved agricultural and scientific technology by inventing and developingCheugugi (equipment to measure amount of waterfall) and a sundial. In military matters, he strengthened the national defense by placing military outposts in the North to protect from China and elsewhere for trading with Japan. His achievements in the fields of medicine, music, extensive compilation projects, and law helped establish a firm foundation for Korea as a nation. He died in 1450 and was buried in Yeongneung (Tomb) in Neungseo-myeon, Yeoju-gun, Gyeonggi-do (Historical Landmark 195). Hunminjeongeum Hunminjeongeum is the original name for Hangul, as well as the name of the Chinese commentary book on Hangul. Hunminjeongeum was completed in 1443 and distributed throughout Korea in 1446. The meaning of Hunminjeongeum is the "right sound to teach people of the nation." Originally, there were 28 letters, but these days only 24 letters are used. Intent and Process of the Creation of Hangul The sprit of the creation was written well in the introduction of Hunminjeongeum. The purpose was to create proper characters for writing the Korean language. Prior to this, Chinese characters were used to write Korean. As addressed in the introduction of Hunminjeongeum, Chinese characters were not proper for writing Korean. So Hunminjeongeum was created to have the right characters for writing Korean. Also, Hunminjeongeum was easier to learn than Chinese characters, so it was created for the people who could not afford difficult Chinese lessons. It shows the independent spirit of Korean and sprit of valuing the nation's people. Jiphyeonjeon Jiphyeonjeon was academic research institute installed in the royal court in early Josenn Dynasty by King Sejong. Established in 1420 to establish ceremonies and systems rooted in the Confucian ways that the Joseon Dynasty was adopting for Korea, its purpose was also to cultivate talented individuals and stimulate an academic atmosphere. The process of creation was deeply rooted atJiphyeonjeon. The scholars of Jiphyeonjeon carried on the research of King Seojong's projects continuously. Jiphyeonjeon as the academic research institute had roles of storing and using books, developing academic activities, and preparing the consultation of the King. Scholars atJiphyeonjeon worked on compiling various books that became the model for politics for the following generations. Learning to Speak Korean This section has several pages to help travelers learn the Korean language. Each phrase has 3 components: o English phrase o translation in Hangul o pronunciation in Romanized characters (To view these pages, your browser must be able to read Korean fonts. If your browser or operating system does not automatically support Korean fosts, see this page for information about downloading a 3rd party program.) Phrases are grouped into the following sections: I. Basic Expressions II. Getting Around III. Eating Out IV. Shopping V. At the Hotel VI. At the Theater VII. At the Hospital VIII. At the Post Office IX. At the Beauty Shop or Barber Shop X. At the Cleaners XI. At the Bank XII. At the Real Estate Office XIII. At the Bath House XIV. At the Customer Service Center XV. At the Dong Office XVI. At the Airport XVII. Phone Dialogue XVIII. Feelings XIX. Relationship Vocabulary lists are grouped into the following sections: [Verbs] [Adjectives] [Adverbs] [Conjunc tions] [Nouns] 1. Geography 20. Ranks 2. Numbers and Counting 21. Shopping Related 3. Places in Korea 22. Colors 4. Shopping- places 23. Seasons 5. Food and Drink 24. Arts 6. Family 25. Sports 7. Transportation 26. Education 8. Body Parts 27. Ceremonies 9. Clothes 28. Feelings 10. Animals 29. Relationship 11. Plants 30. Shapes 12. Flowers 31. Accessories 13. Home Related 32. Media 14. Studying/Stationary Related 33. Unit 15. Health Related 34. Business 16. Korean Holidays/seasons/… 35. Airport 17. Name of Places 36. IT Vocabulary 18. Work Related/Stationary 19. Careers Basic Expressions NOTES: Phrases use the informal level of politeness except those denoted with (F). If you see a lot of garbage on your screen, you need to set your Web browser to read Korean characters. Greetings English Hangul Pronunciation Good morning. 안녕하세요? Annyong haseyo? Good afternoon. Annyong hashimnikka? (F) Good evening. 안녕하십니까? (F) Good-bye. 안녕히 가세요. Annyonghi kasayo. (to person leaving) 안녕히 가십시오. (F) Annyonghi kashipshiyo. (F) Good-bye. 안녕히 계세요. Annyonghi kyesayo. (to person staying) 안녕히 계십시오. (F) Annyonghi kyeshipshiyo. (F) Good night. 안녕히 주무십시요. (F) Annyonghi jumushipsiyo. (F) How do you do? 처음 뵙겠습니다. (F) Ch'oum poepgetsumnida. (F) (meeting for the first time) My name is _____. 저는 ___ 입니다. (F) Chonun ______ imnida. (F) How are you? 어떠십니까? (F) Ottoshimnikka? (F) Hello? 여보세요? Yoboseyo? (on the phone) Do you speak English? 영어를 할수 있어요? Yeongeorul malsum halsu isseoyo? Basic Expressions English Hangul Pronunciation Yes. 네. Ne. No. 아니요. Aniyo. Thank you. 감사합니다. (F) Kamsahamnida. (F) I am sorry. 미안합니다. (F) Mianhamnida. (F) Getting Around NOTES: If you see a lot of garbage on your screen, you need to set your Web browser to read Korean characters On the Street English Hangul Pronunciation Where is ...? ...는 어디 입니까? ...nun odi imnikka? How do I get to ...? ...에는 어떻게 갑니까? ...aenun ottok'ae kamnikka? 공항 airport gonghang bus station 버스 터미날 bosu t'eomeenal train station 기차역 kich'a yeok subway station chihach'eol yeok 지하철역 At the Terminal English Hangul Pronunciation Id like a ticket to ... ...행 표 한장 주세요. ... haeng p'yo hanjang chusaeyo. Driving Directions English Hangul Pronunciation Please go to ... ... 에 가주세요. ... ai ga-jusaeyo. I'm in a hurry. 급해요. ku-p'haiyo. There's no hurry. 급하게 가지 않아도 되요. kup'hagae gaji ahnado dwaeyo. Please drive more ... 좀 더 ... 운전해 주세요. Jom deo ... unjeonhae jusaeyo. slowly / quickly 천천히 / 빨리 ch'eonch'eonhee / bbali Go straight ahead. 똑바로 가주세요. Ddokparo ga-jusaeyo. Turn ... ... 으로 돌아가 주세요. ... uro dolla ka-jusaeyo. left / right 왼쪽 / 오른쪽 wen-jjok / orun-jjok Stop here, please.
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