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Quality of the Surface Waters of Washington

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Quality of the Surface Waters of Washington DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIEECTOB WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 339 QUALITY OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF WASHINGTON BY WALTON VAN WINKLE Prepared in noopwatica with the State Board of Health of Washington WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1914 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DlBBCTOR WATER-Stnppi.Y PAPER 339 QUALITY OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF WASHINGTON BY WALTON VAN WINKLE Prepared in cooperation with the State Board of Health of Washingto WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE 1914 CONTENTS. Page. Outline of investigation.................................................... 7 Acknowledgments.......................................................... 8 Natural features of Washington............................................. 9 Location and extent......:............................................ 9 Topography........................................................... 9 Drainage.............................................................. 10 Rivers............................................................ 10 Lakes........................I................................... 12 Geology.............................................................. 12 Rocks............................................................ 12 Soils.............................................................. 13 Climate................................................................ 13 Economic features......................................................... 15 Population............................................................. 15 Agriculture........................................................... 15 Manufactures and commercial industries................................ 16 Natural waters............................................................ 17 Constituents........................................................... 17 Uses of water.......................................................... 18 Varieties of use..................................................... 18 Domestic use...................................................... 18 Boiler water...................................................... 19 Corrosion...................................................... 19 Formation of scale............................................. 20 Foaming........................^............................. 21 Factory waters..................................................... 22 Chief industries affected....................................... 22 Breweries..................................................... 22 Paper mills................................................... 23 Wool scouring, bleaching, and dyeing works.. 1.................. 24 Laundries..................................................... 24 Other industries............................................... 25 Purification of water. ................................................... 25 Filtration...................................:.......................-.. 25 Types of filters.................................................... 25 Slow sand filtration................................................ 25 Rapid sand filtration.............................................. 26 Sterilization.......................................................... 28 Softening.............................................................. 29 Methods of analysis........................................................ 31 Interpretation, of the results of analysis....................................... 31 Industrial interpretation........................................... 31 Geochemical interpretation........................................ 33 Skagit River.............................................................. 35 General features of drainage basin....................................... 35 Character of the water................................................. 36 3 CONTENTS. Wood Creek................................................................ 39 General features of drainage basin....................................... 39 Character of the water................................................. 39 Cedar River............................................................... 40 General features of drainage basin....................................... 40 Character of the water................................................. 42 Green River............... '. ............................................... 45 General features of drainage basin....................................... 45 Character of the water.................................................. 45 Chehalis River............................................................ 46 General features of drainage basin....................................... 46 Chehalis River at Centralia............................................ 47 Character of the water............................................. 47 Wynoochee River..................................................... 51 General features of drainage basin................................... 51 Character of the water............................................. 52 Columbia River basin..................................................... 52 General features....................................................... 52 Spokane River........................................................ 54 General features of drainage basin................................... 54 Character of the water............................................. 55 Okanogan River...................................................... 57 General features of drainage basin................................... 57 Character of the water.............................................. 58 Wenatchee River.......................................^............. 60 General features of drainage basin................................... 60. Character of the water............................................. 60 Yakima River......................................................... 63 General features of drainage basin................................... 63 Naches River..................................................... 64 General features of drainage basin............................... 64 Character of the water......................................... 64 Yakima River at Clealum.......................................... 66 General features............................................... 66 Character of the water......................................... 66 Yakima River at Prosser.......................................... 69 General features............................................... 69 Character of the water......................................... 69 Snake River.......................................................... 72 General features of drainage basin................................... 72 Character of the water............................................. 73 KlickitatRiver........................................................ 77 General features of drainage basin................................... 77 Character of the water............................................. 78 Columbia River at Northport.......................................... 80 General features.....I............................................. 80 Character of the water............................................. 80 Columbia River at Pasco.............................................. 83 General features.___........................................... 83 Character of the water............................................. 84 Columbia River at Cascade Locks...................................... 86 General features................................................... 86 Character of the water.-........................................... 87 CONTENTS. 5 Page. Average chemical composition of river water ............................... 93 Economic value of the rivera............................................... 96 Denudation.............................................................. 98 Influence of natural features. ...................^.......................... 100 Precipitation......................................................... 100 Wind-home material................................................. 100 Forestation........................................................... 101 Character of the rocks..................................................' 101 Conclusion................................................................ 102 Index.................................................................... 103 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. PLATE I. Map of Washington showing principal natural features............ 7 II. Map of Washington showing drainage and location of sampling sta­ tions. ....................................................... 8 FIGURE 1. Diagram showing relative amounts of dissolved and suspended mate­ rial carried hy rivera of Washington-.-_ ..................... 94 QUALITY OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF WASHINGTON. By WAX/TON VAN WINKLE. OUTLINE OF INVESTIGATION. The value of water for any particular use is determined by the nature and amount of the material it holds in suspension and solution that is, its quality. Water for drinking must be free from poisonous chemicals or disease-producing organisms and from excessive amounts of dissolved materials; preferably it should be clear, odorless, color­ less, and palatable. Water for cleansing should be soft and should be free from large amounts of iron in order not to cause waste of soap or spots and stains on clothing. Water for steam generation should
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