WASHINGTON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

HENRY LAND.ES, State Geologist

BULLETIN No. 11

The Mineral Resources of Washington

WITH ST A TISTICS FOR 1912

By HENRY LANDES •

OLYltPl'.A, WASB. P'UNlt M. LAMBORN ~ PuBLIC PRINTER , 1914 -567, 3 #-:J.7~ 71.o, I I c.3 BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Governor En.NEST LISTER, Chairman. Lieutenant Governor Louis F. HART.

State Treasurer EDWARD MEATR, Secretary. President T. F. KANE. President E. A. BRYAN.

HENRY L ANDES, State Geo'logist.

3 092 05 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Goverrwr Ernest Lister, Chairmarn, and Memhers of the Board of Geological Survey: GENTLEMEN : I have the honor to submit herewith a report entitled "The Mineral Resources of Washington, with Statistics for 19U," with the recommendation that it be printed as Bul­ letin No. 11 of the Survey reports. It is planned that this shall constitute the first of a series of annual reports dealing with the output of minerals and rocks that are of economic im­ portance. In future bulletins it is expected that the various materials in turn will be more fully described, especially as to geological occurrence, methods of mining or of utilization, and value. In this report the statistics for the years 1911 and 19U were obtained by the State Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey, but for all years previous to 1911 the statistics were secured by the latter organi­ zation alone. HENRY LANDES, State Geologist. University Station, Seattle, F ebruary 1, 1914. TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page GRANITE QuABBIES ...... • ...... 7 SANDST01'~ QUA1UUES ...... 10 Lr.ME Kn.Na ...... • ...... • ...... 13 BASALT QuABRI.Es • • • • . • ...... • . • • . . • . . . • . . . . . • . . • . . . . • . . . . • ...... 16 SAND AND GB.A VEL PITS ...... • ...... • ...... 20 COAL MINING . • . . . • . . • • . • ...... • ...... • ...... • . . 24 CLAY PLANTS ...... 29 CEMENT INDUSTRY . • . • • . • • • • . • • • • • • • . • . . • . • . . • • . • . . . . • • • • . • • . • • . • . 35 METAL MINING • ...... 39 MlNERAx. WAT.EBB • ...... 49

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE I. Map of Washington, showing location ot Mines, Quarries, Ltmekilns, Clay and Cement Plants, and other Mineral In- dustries ...... Pocket

GRANITE QUARRIES.

GENERAL OCCURRENCES Oil' GRANITE. Granite occurs -very abundantly in Spokane, Pend Oreille, Stevens, Ferry, Okanogan, Chelan, Whatcom, Skagit, Snoho­ mish and King counties. In these counties granite is usually found in broad areas rather than in detached outcrops. Small isolated occunences of granite are noted in the basalt plateau of southeastern Washington, where erosion has removed the overlying rock. Instances of this are found along Snake River at several points. In the Cascades, granite is a common rock north of Snoqualmie Pass, but occurs very infrequently south of that point. It does not occm at all, except as glacial bould­ ers, in the immediate vicinity of the Puget Sound basin, in the Olympic Mountains, or in the southwestern put of the state. Much of the stone is a true granite, but both granodiorite and syenite are quarried and sold under the name of granite.

QUARRY LOCALITIES. Granite quarries have been opened up at several localities where a good quality of stone could be secured, on easy lines of transportation, and convenient to markets. Three quarries are in operation along the Great Northern Railway, in the vicinity of Index, Halford, and Baring. The rock is a granodior:ite in which the feldspars have a pinkish tinge, giving a pleasing color effect. The material from the Great Northern quarry at Hal­ ford has been used almost entirely in the construction of the sea-wall from Everett to Seattle. The stone from the other quarries at Index and Baring is sold in Seattle and other cities on Puget Sound. Spokane is another center of granite quarrying. Outcrops of this rock occur at many places east, west and north of the city. At the present time three quarries are in operation in the vicinity of Medical Lake, about 16 miles southwest of Spokane. Two quarries, located near together, are operated at a locality U miles north of Spokane and a third about six miles to the southeast of the city. For some years a quarry was operated at Wawawai, OE the 8 Bulletin No. 11, Washington Geological Survey

Snake River, in Whitman County, at a. point about 14 miles from Pullman. The granite outcrops along the stream bank, convenient for transportation either by water or by rail. The chief market for the stone was in Portland. In late yea.rs the quarry has been inactive. Near Electron, in Pierce County, the County Commission­ ers operated a quarry for some years, using the syenite therein obtained as crushed rock for road building. GRANITE• QUARRIES NOW OR RECJiJNTLY IN OPl!>RaTION. Baring Granite Works, Ba.ring, King County. Pierce County Quarry, Electron, Pierce County. Great Northern Railway Co., Halford, Snohomish County. Index Granite Works, Index, Snohomish County. Giles Granite Quarry, "Medical Lake, Spokane County. Medical Lake Granite Quarry, Medical Lake, Spokane County. Washington Monumental & Cut Stone Co., Silver Lake, Spokane County. Culver and Merwin, Ul miles north of Spokane, Spokane County. Ea.st End Granite Quarry, 6 miles southeast of Spokane, Spokane County. Washington Mk>numental and Cut Stone Co., rn miles north of Spokane, Spokane County. USES OF GRANITE. The chief markets for Washington granite are in the grow­ ing cities, where the stone is used for street improvements and for building purposes. Of the stone quarried at Baring in 19U, 44 per cent. by value was sold for cw·bing; SS per cent. was dressed for building purposes; 16 per cent. was made into paving blocks; and 7 per cent. was sold for monumental work. At the Index Granite Works over one-half the stone in value, in 19U, was dressed and sold for building purposes; about one-fourth was made into curbing, and the remainder was sold for paving blocks, monumental work, flagging, building pur-

•Includes granodlorite and syenite, as well as true granite.

) The M·im.eraZ Resources of W asMngto,n 9 poses, etc. The entire output for 19Hl of the Great Northern Railway quarry at Halford was rubble, which was used wholly by the company. The quarries near Spokane sell th.e larger part of their granite for monumental purposes. A smaller portion is used in buildings, as well as for paving blocks and cul'bing. Of the rock quarried in 19m at Electron, in Pierce County, substan­ tially all of it was used for macadamizing on the public roads, although a very small amount was used as ripl'ap.

VALUE OF GRANITE• QUARRlElO FROM 1901 TO 1912. 1901...... $43,808 1907 ...... $662,362 1902 ...... 147,273 1908 ...... 870,944 1903...... 209,095 1909...... 742,878 1904...... 422,608 1910...... 642,992 1906 ...... 681,730 1911 ...... 377,443 1906...... 469,975 1912...... 119,745

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY. The granite industry of W asbington will doubtless increase in importance as the population multiplies, especially as the cities grow in number and expand in size. There is no question but what the increased use of cement has interfered somewhat with the normal growing demand for granite, but the latter stone has certain uses for which concrete is not accepted as a substitute. Th.e fact that the value of the granite quarried in the state has increased four-fold in the last ten years is a rea­ sonably sure indication of the continued development of the industry. There is an abundance of granite of good quality easily ac­ cessible so far as transportation is concerned. At many places quarries may be developed convenient to markets and readily supplied with shipping facilities. This is particularly true along both the Great Northern and Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railways within the Cascade Mountains, and at several localities about Spokane.

*From 1901 to 1910, inclusive, under granite is included, not only true granite, but basalt, andeslte, diabase, syenlte, granodiorite, and quartzite. For the yea.rs 1911 and 1912, the basalt production is not included under granite. 10 Bulletin No. 11, Washington Geological Survey

SANDSTONE QUARRIES.

GENERAL OCCURRIDNCES OF SA..",DSTONE. The larger areas of sandstone are found between the west­ ern foothills of the Cascade Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. This rock also occurs within and fo the eastward of the Cas­ cades in more or less isolated localities. In the broad areas of southwestern Washington the sandstones are usually associated with shales, but sometimes with igneous rocks, mainly basalt. The bed-rock formations of this part of the state belong to the T ertiary age and represent both marine and brackish water sediments. ' The sandstones of the northweste1·n part of Washington, to the eastward of the Puget Sound depression, as about Bel­ lingham, belong to the Eocene time and represent sediments laid down in an ancient lake. The same thing is true of the extensive sandstone formations about Roslyn and Clealum in Kittitas County, and between Leavenworth and Wenatchee in Chelan County. In the lower Yakima valley the sandstones that outcrop on the flanks of many of the ridges belong to middle T ertiary time and also represent beds of sediments laid down in large fresh water bodies. At several places in Stevens, Ferry and Okanogan counties, small areas of sandstones have been found and in some instances the rock is being utilized. Not infrequently in the more mountainous parts of the state the sandstones have been so thoroughly indurated or hardened that they are now in the condition of quartzite. QUARRY LOCALITIES. Sandstone quanies have been operated in Washington for many years. The quarries have been located as near as possible to the markets and where the cheapest transportation was avail­ able. The principal localities in production have been the quarries on Chuckanut Bay, near Bellingham, and those at Tenino. The Chuckanut quarry was not in operation m 19U, but two of the Tenino quarries were producers throughout that year. The Mvneral Resources of W ashvngt<>n 11

Several quarries have been opened in the sandstone beds of the coal measw·es, in the vicinity of Wilkeson and Spiketon (formerly Pittsburg), in Pierce County. The stone he1·e is very conveniently situated for transportation and this locality has been a steady producer. In 191! the only quany operated was the one near Wilkeson, owned by the Bell-Scott Company. A number of sandstone quarries have been opened on tide­ water, about Puget Sound, where the stone could be easily trans­ £erred from the quarry floor to a scow moored alongside. This has been true at several localities among the San Juan islands, where cliffs of sandstone form the shores. The principal quar­ ries operated in recent years have been on Waldron and Sucia islands. Similarly on the inlets about Bremerton, in Kitsap County, sandstone has been quarried at severnl plnces whrn·e loading on scows was easily accomplisl1ed. In 191~ the Inter­ national Contract Company ope.:ated st.ch a qunrry a.t Water­ man. Mention should be mane here of the l <'id1.1.!1?:'l que.nJ, lo­ cated on Fida.Igo I sland, at Dec('ptioa Pass, and owned by the state, where a crushing plant has been ,vsti'.lb:l and all tbe rock quarried is prepared for road use. The cr

USES OF SAN1DSTONE. For many years sandstone was commonly used in the con­ struction of buildings in Seattle, T acoma, Olympia, Belling­ ham, Everett and other cities of western Washington. In later years this material for structural purposes has been partially replaced by concrete, brick and terra cotta. With the decline of sandstone for building uses there bas come an increased use of the stone for paving blocks, due to the rapid growth of the cities. It is also in much demand for rubble, mainly for riprap, because of the usual low expense of quarrying this rock. Of the sandstone quarried in the state during 191!2, about 70 per cent. by value was used as riprap, 19 per cent. was sold as loei~s.

VALUE OF SANDST ONE QUii"tl.'IUED FROM 1901 TO 1912. 1901...... · .. . . . $&9,174 1907 ...... $295,585 190Z . ... . ~ ...... 30,7.25 1908...... 464,587 1903 ...... 47,4~0 1909...... 335,470 190{ .... : ...... 116,1!15 1910...... 438,581 lf.05 ...... • .. • 124,910 1911...... 301,843 1906 ...... 169,500 1912...... 344,476

FUTURE DEVlilLOPMElNT OF INDUSTRY. Because of the many localities in the state where sandstone of good quality occurs it is probable that new quarries will be opened from time to time as demands for the stone arise in new districts or additional uses a.re found for it. I t is unlikely that sandstone for structural purposes will achieve the relative im­ portance it once had, because of the growing use of less ex­ pensive material. As the cities grow rapidly in number and size it is reasonable to suppose that paving blocks will be used in increasing quantities and other quarries will be opened where sandstone of sufficient hardness may be found. T he use of sandstone for riprap along railway embankments, in jetties a.t the entrances of harbors, and in other lines of engineering, will induce an increasing, but more or less variable, demand. The Mineral Res

LIME KILNS.

GENERAL STATEMENT The chief uses of limestone in Washington are in the manu­ facture of lime and cement. In a minor way limestone is used as a flux in smelters, as a fertilizer, and as crushed rock for macadam construction. In 191~ eleven :plants were in opera­ tion where ordinary lime was manufactured and one plant where hydrated lime was the chief output. The use of limestone in cement making is considered in another pa.rt of this bulletin.

DISTRIBUTION OF LIMESTONE. The limestones of Washington are peculiar in that they do not ordinarily occur in broad areas of thick beds, but rather in isolated lens-like deposits of variable size. The lenses as orig­ inally made on the sea-floor were roughly circular in outline, but the accumulation of organic matter was far greater at the center than elsewhere. The resultant lens-like bodies had lateral diameters which exceeded from 3 to 10 times the vertical thick­ ness at its maximum point. In practically every instance the rocks containing the limestone deposits have been tilted and partially eroded, with the result that the lenses now outcrop in variable positions and sizes. Usually the limestone mass is com­ paratively thick at the center and tapers to nothing when fol­ lowed along the strike in either direction. Similarly the lime­ stone thins out with depth and this lack of continuance has made the tonnage of rock which could be secured somewhat uncertain. As a rule the lenses outcrop in considerable number in any general locality where limestone occurs at all, so that for the same manufacturing plant the stone from several de­ posits may be used. Another peculiarity about Washington limestones is the fact that they are limited to the northern counties of the state. From east to west the counties containing limestone bodies of workable size a.re Pend Oreille, Stevens, Ferry, Okanogan, Che­ lan, Whatcom, Skagit, Snohomish, King, and San Juan. The 14 Bulletm No. 11, W ashmgton Geological Survey above counties contain all the economic deposits so far dis­ covered, except the limestone at one locality near Anatone, Asotin County. Over a very large portion of the state lime­ stones are either unknown or of rare occurrence. Over the great lava areas of southern and southeastern Washington a veneer of limestone occasionally covers the basalt, where ther­ mal waters have brought the calcium carbonate from below and deposits have been made on the surface. Sometimes these spring deposits are bm·ied under a mantle of soil and at other times are exposed along stream banks or are found in well sections. At a few places, as in Klickitat County, the quantity of lime­ stone of spring origin has warranted the erection of kilns where small amounts of lime have been burned. A third peculiarity about the limestones of the state is the fact that in western Washington they are all very high in calcium carbonate, while east of the Cascades the lime is fre­ quently largely replaced by magnesia, forming a dolomite rather than a pure limestone. The western deposits are all suitable for lime burning, as far as quality is concerned, but they are often small in size; while the deposits of the eastern part of the state are generally large and quantitatively are of economic value, except they are frequently unsuited for quick lime because of their magnesia content.

LOCATION OF KILNS. San Juan has always been the principal lime producing county of the state. This is due to the fact that several large bodies of excellent limestone are located on the shore-line, near good harbors, very convenient for cheap transportation to neighboring markets. Recently a large plant has been placed in operation in Whatcom County, a few miles east of Sumas, where the lime is prepared and sold in the hydrated condition. In eastern Washington, Stevens has been the largest pro­ ducer of lime of any county. Formerly other kilns were operat­ ing besides those now in use at Evans, but because of the high percentage of magnesia in the limestone, and for other reasons, they are now out of commission. The Mitnera-l Resowrces of W ashvngton 15

At several localities the kilns are not operated all the time, but with a large amount of irregularity-no more lime being burned than that necessary to supply a small local demand. It sometimes happens that a kiln may lie idle for a good many months so that the list of producers varies somewhat from y.ear to year. The list below includes not only those kilns that were producing in 191~, but those that had been in operation within the two or three previous years.

LIST OF LIMEl KILNS. Operator. Locality. Oounty. F. B. Wuelflnger...... Lake Chelan ...... Chelan James O'Laughlln ...... Lake Chelan ...... Chelan Wenatchee Lime Co...... Wenatchee ...... Chelan Republic Lime Co ...... Republic ...... Ferry John Nopp ...... Chesaw ...... Okanogan Okanogan Lime Co ...... Okanogan ...... Okanogan Oroville Lime Quarry ...... Oroville ...... Okanogan Preston Hanley ...... Twisp ...... Okanogan H. L. Martin ...... Metaline Falls ... Pend Oreille Henry Cowell Lime and Cement Co ...... Deer Harbor ...... San Juan Orcas Lime Co...... Deer Harbor ...... San Juan Langdon Lime Co ...... East Sound ...... San Juan Henry Cowell Lime and Cement Co...... Friday Harbor ..... San Juan J. A. Soderberg ...... West Sound ...... San Juan Tacoma & Roche Harbor Lime Co ...... Roche Harbor ..... San Juan Idaho Lime Co...... Evans ...... Stevens International Lime Co...... Sumas ...... Whatcom

QUANTITY AND VALUE OF LIMlil (EXCLUSIVE Oil' HYDRATED) FROM 1904 TO 1912, INCLUSIVE. .amount in Year Short tons Value 1904...... 41,626 $216,454 1906 .•...•...... • 27,936 160,985 1906...... 69,094 347,924 1907...... 36,913 238,568 1908...... 32,343 228,353 1909. . • ...... 39,270 282,628 1910...... • . . • ...... 35,540 267,735 1911...... • . . • ...... 36,094• 228,933* 1912 ...... •...... •. 32,372• 234,832*

•Includes hydrated lime. 16 Bulletvn No. 11, Waahvngton Geological Survey

BASALT QUARRIES.

GENERAL OCCURRENCES OF BASALT. It is safe to say that there is more basalt in Washington than any other single variety of rock. :Mk>re than one-quarter of the state is embraced in the Columbia lava plains of south­ eastern Washington, where the bed-rock is almost exclusively basalt. Along the Snake River the basalt cliffs frequently rise above the water's edge to heights of 2,500 feet or more. The same statement holds for several localities along the Colum­ bia between its mouth and the junction with Spokane River. Beyond the borders of the lava plain above mentioned, in the northern and western parts of the state, basalt is of fre­ quent occurrence. Sometimes it is found in irregular areas where it has outflowed as molten lava, but oftener where it has been forced into the neighboring rocks as dikes or sills. Usu­ ally the basalt is harder than the associated rocks, so that in the process of weathering and erosion it is more resistant and hence today stands somewhat higher above the general level of the country than is true of other formations. In some parts of the state, as in southwestern Washington, it is frequently true that the higher hills and ridges are made up wholly or largely of basalt, and a study of the topography of the country is there­ fore helpful in locating this rock. In Bulletin No. 2, entitled "The Road Materials of Wash­ ington," basalt is described from S5 counties of the state. Of the 171 tests made on samples of rock believed to be suitable for use in road building, 81 of these ,vere from outcrops of basalt. In some counties basalt is virtually the only rock which may be found; and it is a safe assumption that in all the remaining counties of the state it occurs in quantity and quality desirable for macadam construction or for concrete.

LOCALITIES OF QUARRIElS. Since basalt is so widely distributed about the state, it is natural that many quarries should be opened up to secure this The Mineral Resources of Washvngton 17 rock for Vfuious uses. The majority of the quarries are small and are worked intermittently; only a few of the larger ones ue regular producers and are never closed down. The quality of the rock has always been an important factor in selecting a site for a quarry. Much of the basalt of the state is porous and in this respect every condition may be found be­ tween pumice and an extremely compact rock. As a rule, there is an abundance of good rock with a minimum of porosity, so that it is not necessary to seek very far for material of sufficient quality. Another factor in selecting a quarry bas been the de­ sirability of obtaining the rock as convenient as possible to the place where it is to be used. This has led to the frequent de­ velopment of small quarries where enough stone was taken out for a particular utility and then the quarries abandoned. In opening a quarry for road purposes the topography has often been taken into account, whereby a cliff of sufficient height has been selected so that the rock could be handled by gravity from the quai-ry floor through the crusher and screens to the bunkers below. Since basalt is so much used in road and street work it has followed that quarries and crushing plants have been put in operation by the state as well as by many counties and munici­ palities. The state is preparing basalt for macadam uses at its quarries at Meskill, Selah, Dixie, and Marshall. Several quar­ ries, some publicly and others privately owned, have been oper­ ated in late years within and about Spokane. Basalt quarries are of common occurrence in the immediate neighborhood of many of the towns and cities of eastern Washington; there are several of them along the lower Columbia. River; and at many convenient points for shipping in western Washington similar quarries are in operation.

QUARRIES NOW OR RECENTLY IN OPERATION. Operator. Locality. aounty. Sittke's Quarry ...... Asotin ...... Asotin Benton County Quarry ...... Prosser ...... Benton City of Hoquiam ...... Hoquiam ...... Chehalis Northern Pacific Ry. Co ...... Oakvllle ...... Chehalis - 2 18 Bulletin No.11, Washingto·n Geological Survey

QUARRTES NO\V on RECENTLY IN OPElRATlON-Contlnued. Operator. Locality. Cownty. Columbia Contract Co ...... Camas ...... Clarke Secor Brothers ...... Kelso ...... Cowlitz Star Sand Company ...... Ladu ...... Cowlitz Northern Pacific Ry. Co ...... Olequa ...... Cowlitz City of Seattle (Park Dept.) ...... •... Franklin ...... King King County ...... North Bend ...... Klllg Riverside Stone Company ...... Riverton ...... King Northern Pacific Ry. Co ...... Veazie ...... King Independent Asphalt Paving Co...... Charleston ...... Kitsap Secor Brothers ...... Goldendale ...... Klickitat Washington State Quarry ...... Meskill ...... Lewis PacUlc County Quarry ...... •...... South Bend ...... Pacific Washington State Quarry ...... •...F ldalgo ...... Skagit Washington State Quarry ...... Marshall ...... Spokane Empire Stone Quarry ...... Spokane ...... Spokane Northern Pacific Ry. Co ...... •...Gate ...... Thurston Wahkiakum County Quarry ...... Cathlamet ...... Wahkiakum Wahkiakum County Quarry ...... •... Slcamokawa ..... Wahkiakum Washington State Quarry ...... • ... Dixie ...... Walla Walla A. L. Smith ...... Colfax ...... Whitman Wllson & Balley Constr. Co...... Colfax ...... Whitman Frank Han Ian ...... •.. • ... Garfield ...... Whitman Whitman County Quarry ...... •... Oakesdale ...... Whitman A. R. Boyd ...... Pullman ...... Whitman Spokane Asphalt & Paving Co ...... Pullman ...... Whitman W. J. Donahue ...... •. .. Rosalia ...... Whitman J. G. Hardesty ...... Rosalia ...... Whitman Yakima County Quarry ...... Cowiche Canyon .....Yakima P. L. Zirkle ...... North Yakima ...... Yakima Washington State Quarry ...... •... Selah ...... Yakima Yakima County Quarry ...... •...Selah ...... Yakima

USES OF BASALT. Since basalt is generally regarded as about the best rock to be had for macadam construction, it is natural that most of the quauies have been opened up to furnish material for road use. Crushed basalt is generally used for surfacing the permanent highways. In some portions of the state gravel for road build­ ing may be had so cheaply that this material is generally used as a substitute for basalt. While by far the larger number of basalt quarries have been developed to supply road material, yet this rock is used in large amounts in other lines, as in j etty work at the mouth of the The Afvneral Resources of W ashvngt()'TI, 19

Columbia, entrance to Grays Harbor, and elsewhere. Basalt is also used as riprap along railway and highway embankments, in concrete, as railroad ballast, and to a limited degree as a foun­ dation stone in buildings.

VALOE OF OUTPUT. In the statistics heretofore collected the value of the basalt output has been included with that of certain other rocks under the general head of granite. Io examining the returns sub­ mitted by producers for I9rn we know definitely that the basalt production amounted to $689,456. Simj]arly it has been de­ termined that the output for 1911 was $968,108.

REFERfJXCES ON STONE. General properties of building stones: Merrill; Third edition, Wiley and Sons, New York, 1904. General discussion of building stones: Buckley; Wis. Geol. & Nat. History Survey., Bull. rv., 1898. Building stones and clays: Eckel; Wiley and Sons, New York, 1912. Building stones and clay products: Ries; Wiley and Sons, New York, 1912. Fire tests: Humphreys; U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 370, 1909. Building stones of Washington: Shedd; Wasb. Geol. Surv. Vol. 2, 1902. Non-metalliferous resources of Wasbingtoo: Landes; Wash. Geol. Surv., Vol. l, 1902. Road materials of Washington: Landes; Wasb. Geol. Surv., Bull. 2, 1911. Limestone-See references under cements. ~O B ulletvn No. 11, Washvngt()'TI, Geological Survey

SAND AND GRAVEL PITS.

GENElRAL OCCURRENCE 013' SAND AND ORA VB.ll,. Sand and gravel in quantity and quality for ordinary uses may be found almost everywhere throughout the state. T here are very few localities where it is necessary to transport these materials any considerable distance. It so happens that in the more thickly populated districts both sand and gravel may be had easily and cheaply and this is a prominent factor in con­ struction work. In the northern counties of the state and about Puget Sound, both sand and gravel occur in unlimited quantities. This holds true throughout the glaciated areas. Beyond the limits of the former ice invasion gravels and sands are found in broad plains which represent an outwash from the ice front. In the southern parts of W asbington, beyond the reach or influence of glacia­ tion, sand and gravel may be had in the teuaces and bars along the larger streams. The Columbia, Snake, and Yakima, in eastern Washington, and the Cowlitz, Chehalis and other streams in western Washington, are usually bordered with workable de­ posits of sand ~nd gravel which may be readily obtained for various utilities. · P ractically the only localities in the state where any difficulty is ever encountered in securing the necessary sand and gravel for usual purposes are on the higher plateaus of southeastern Washington, or on the hills and ridges of the southwestern part of the state.

LOCALITIES OF PITS. The factors which usually prevail in opening sand and gravel pits are the quality of the material, nearness to market, and lo,v cost of transportation. T hese conditions are all ful­ filled immediately about P uget Sound and it is in that part of the state, therefore, that the largest number of productive pits is found. T he sands and gravels are glacial in origin, and are almost always composed of unweathered material which is not The Mvneral ResQ'U,TCes of W a-shvngton 21

only hard and resistant but very clean as well. They are usually stratified, often alternating in position, and frequently make up the cliffs which rise from 100 to SOO feet above the shores of the sound. The usual method is to remove the sand and gravel from the pit by hydraulicking, the water for that purpose being either secured from a stream on the upland above, or is pumped and direct pressure. used. Through troughs or chutes the sand and gravel is carried to the screens where it is sized before dropping into the bunkers. The scows, which are loaded directly from the bunkers, are then towed to the neighboring cities where the materials are to be used. Where gravity cannot be employed the sands and gravels are elevated from the pit to an ample height and then screened and stored in bunkers preparatory to loading on scows, cars, wagons or other methods of haulage to the place of use. In both Seattle and Tacoma sands and gravels occur abund­ antly and are often well exposed in street grading. This has led to the development of many small pits where the materials are taken out and used locally. Similarly the Spokane Valley, within and about that city, contains many terraces and other deposits of sand and gravel which have been freely drawn upon at many points for various uses. In the glaciated parts of the state, where banks of gravel are usually of very frequent occurrence, this material is very commonly employed in surfacing the roads. The pits are opened up at frequent intervals so that the length of haul will not be great. The era of road building on a large scale now beginning will see the use of gravel for this purpose increased many fold. The fact that both sand and g1·avel are widespread in oc­ currence has led to the opening of a very large number of local pits of which we do not have any record. The statistics so far compiled for Washington show a production ·much belmv what would be true if all the producers were included. For 1912 the production from six counties only is given. In the future a ~~ Bulletin No. 11, Washington Geological Survey

strong effort will be made to secure the returns from all the pro­ ductive pits of the state.

NAMES OF PITS AND OWNERS. Operator. Locality. Oounty. August Rutz ...... Ritzville ...... Adams Jobn Knappland ...... Prosser ...... Benton Independent Sand & Gravel Co...... Aberdeen ...... Chehalis Grays Harbor Construction Co...... Melbourne ...... Chehalis Eagle Transfe1· Co...... Wenatchee ...... Chelan Samuel Loney ...... Pasco ...... Franklin Wbldbey Isla.nd Sand & Gravel Co ...... Whldbey Island ...... Island Michaels & Blackwell...... Bothell ...... King Cedar Mountain Coal Co ...... Cedar Mountain ...... King Lake Gravel Co...... Buffalo ...... King Lake Gravel Co ...... Redmond ...... King Lake Gravel Co...... Renton ...... King Elliott Cedar River Gravel Co ...... Elliott ...... King Richmond Beach Sand & Gravel Co...... Richmond Beach ...... King Edgewater Sand & Gravel Co ...... Seattle ...... King Green Lake Gravel Co ...... Seattle ...... King Springs Gravel Co...... Seattle ...... King Vashon Sand & Gravel Co...... Vashon Island ...... King Parker Asphalt Paving Sand Co ...... Creosote ...... KJtsap J. R. Jacobson ...... Ellensburg ...... Kittitas Pioneer Sand & Gravel Co ...... Steilacoom ...... Pierce Tacoma Sand & Gravel Co ...... Steilacoom ...... Pierce Atlas Sand & Gravel Co...... Tacoma ...... Pierce Harrison Brothers Co ...... Tacoma...... Pierce J. Cunningham ...... Spokane ...... Spokane Spokane Sand & Gravel Co...... Spokane ...... Spokane Lind Gravel Company ...... Bellingham ...... Whatcom Whidbey Island Sand & Gravel Co ...... Lummi Island ..... Whatcom W. J. Auml!Jer .... • ...... North Yakima ...... Yaklma Yakima County ...... Sunnyside ...... Yakima

USES OF SAND A.ND ORA VEL. Io a study of the data submitted by p1·oducers we find that m 19U substantially all of the grnvel was· used in making con­ crete. Of the sand produced in that year, 62 per cent. was used for building purposes, 88 per cent. in paving, and the remainder for molding, for engine use, and otherwise. Of the sand n.nd gravel used in road surfacing we do not have any record, but we The Mineral Resources of W ashimgtcm ~3 know that much is used in those sections of the state where such materiaJs are of common occurrence. The jncreasing use of concrete in general, the erection of more permanent build­ ings, the street paving and other engineering work in our rapid­ ly growing cities, and the highway improvements now getting under way will all conspire to greatly accele1·ate the production of ~and and g ravel.

QUAl'

OOAL MTNING.

GENERAL STA'l'EMIDNT. The coals of Washington are limited to four rather scat­ tered areas in the western half of the state. The coal-bearing areas have been named as follows: the North Puget Sound field, including the mines of Whatcom and Skagit counties; the South Puget Sound field, comprising the counties of King and Pierce; the Roslyn field, in Kittitas County; and the South­ western field, including the counties of Thurston, L ewis and Cowlitz. Although thus limited in distribution, the coals vary greatly in composition. Anthracite has been reported from Whatcom County and semi-bituminous, bituminous and sub-bituminous coals are mined in King, Pierce, and Kittitas counties. In the Southwestern field there is noted :a complete gradation in com­ position, lignites occurring in the western part 0£ the area, with sub-bituminous, bituminous and anthracite as the moun­ tainous region is approached. Coking coals of good grade, the only coals of this character mined on the P acific coast in the United States, are taken from the Wilkeson-Carbonado field in Pierce County and from the North Puget Sound field . At pres­ ent coke is made only in the former district, where, on account of the high content of ash, the coal is usually washed before coking. The smelter at Tacoma takes most of the coke from this field. The sub-bituminous coals of the Renton and New­ castle districts are of quite uniformly high grade and well suited to domestic use. In King County the coal mines are located in the vicinity of the following places: Bayne, Black Diamond, Cumberland, Franklin, Grand Ridge, Issaquah, Kummer, Newcastle, Ravens­ dale, R enton, Snoqualmie and Taylor. In Kittitas County the operations are conducted near the towns of Clealum, Roslyn, and Taneum. Coal mining in Lewis County is carried on near Centralia, Chehalis, Divide, East Creek, Kopiah, and Mendota. The Mineral Res<>urces of W ashingt<>n

Burnett, Carbonado, Melmont, Spiketon, and Wilkeson, m Pierce County, are centers for coal mining operations, while in Thurston County the towns of Bucoda, Rainier, T enino and Tono are to be mentioned.

COAL MINES. Operator. Locahtv. County. Carbon Coal & Clay Co ...... Bayne ...... King Occidental Coking Coal Co...... Bayne ...... King Pacific Coast Coal Co., No. 11 ...... Black Diamond ...... King Pacific (;oast Coal Co., No. 14 ...... Black Diamond ...... King Pacific Coast Coal Co. "B'' ...... Black Diamond ...... King Deep Lake Coal Co ...... Cumberland ...... King Inde1>endent Coal & Coke Co ...... Cumberland ...... King A. W. Lambert...... Cumberland ...... King Hyde Coal Co...... Cumberland ...... King Pacific Coast Coal Co., Gem ...... Franklin ...... King Central Coal Co ...... Grand Ridge ...... King Issaquah & Superior Coal Mines Co ...... Issaquah ...... : ...... King Denny-Renton Clay & Coal Co ...... Kummer ...... •... King Pacific Coast Coal Co ...... Newcastle ...... King Northwestern Improvement Co ...... Ravensdale ...... King Denny-Renton Clay & Coal Co ...... Renton ...... King May Creek Coal Co...... Renton ...... King Puget Sound Trac., Light & Power Co.... Taylor ...... King United Collieries Co...... Snoqualmie ...... King Denny-Renton Clay & Coal Co...... Renton ...... King American Canadian Fuel Co ...... Clealum ...... Kittitas Inland Improvement Co ...... Cleal um ...... •... Kittitas Northwestern Improvement Co...... Clealum ...... Kittitas Northwest Coal Company ...... •..Roslyn ...... Kittitas Busy Bee Mining Co ...... Roslyn ...... Kittitas Northwestern Improvement Co., No. 3 ....Roslyn ...... Kittitas Northwestern Improvement Co., No. 5 .... Roslyn ...... Kittitas Northwestern Improvement Co., No. 6 .... Roslyn ...... Kittitas Northwestern Improvement Co., No. 7 ....Roslyn ...... Kittitas Roslyn-Cascade Coal Co...... Ro slyn ...... Kittitas Roslyn Fuel Co., Beekman Slope No. 1. .. Roslyn ...... Kittitas Roslyn Fuel Co., Beekman Slope No. 2 ... Roslyn ...... Kittitas Yakima-Roslyn Coal Co ...... Roslyn ...... Kittitas Carothers Brothers ...... Taneum ...... Kittitas Centralia Coal Co ...... Centralia ...... Lewis Fords Prairie Coal Co...... Centralia ...... Lewis Gibson Coal Co...... Centralia...... Lewis Sunshine Coal Co...... Centralia...... Lewis 26 Bulletiin No.11, Waahvngton Geological Survey

COAL MTNES-Contlnued. Operator. Locality. Co-u1tt11. Wilson Coal Co ...... CentraUa ...... Lewis Chehalis Coal Co ...... Chehalis ...... Lewis Coal Creek Coal Co ...... Chehalis ...... Lewis Sheldon Coal Co...... Che.halls ...... Lewis Superior Coal Co ...... •...•... Chehalis ...... Lewis Pennsylvania Coal Co...... • ... Divide ...... Lewis East Creek Coal Co ...... East Creek ...... Lew-ls Kopiah (Wllson Coal Co., Operator) .... . Xoplab ...... Lewis Mendota Coal & Coke Co ...... Mendota ...... Lewis Pacific Coast Coal Co...... •... Burnett ...... Pierce Carbon Hill Coal Co ...... Carbonado ...... Pierce Northwestern Improvement Co ...... Melmont ...... Pierce American Coal Co ...... Splketon ...... Pierce Gale Creek Coal Mines Co...... Wilkeson ...... Pierce South Willis Coal Co ...... Wilkeson ...... Pierce Wilkeson Coal & Coke Co...... Wilkeson ...... Pierce Graham Bros...... Bucoda ...... Thurston Majestic Coal Co ...... Near Rainier ...... Thurston Black Bear Mine ...... Tenino ...... Thurston Washington Union Coal Co...... Tono ...... Thurston Whatcom County Coal Co ...... Lake Whatcom .... Whatcom

PRODUCTION. The highwater ma1·k in the p1·oduction of coal in Washing­ ton was reached in 1910, with a total of 3,911,899 short tons. A total of 3,572,815 short tons was mined in 1911, as com­ pared with 3,860,932 in 1912. The decrease in amount from 1911 to 1912 was about 6 per cent., while the decrease in value was not so great, being onJy 1.6 per cent. But two coun­ ties, Pierce and Thurston, did not show a decreased production, the increase in the former being due to the greater production of coke, and in the latter to an increased domestic consump­ tion, for which use that coal is mainly mined. While other counties have augmented the production in cer­ tain years, the bulk of the tonnage bas come from the counties of King, Kittitas, L ewis, and P ierce. The table for the pro­ duction of the various counties for the decade ending with 1912 is here appended. PRODUCTION OF COA l., BY COUN'l'IFJS-1903-1012.

COUN'l'Y 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1008 1000 1910 1911 1912

Cowlitz - .. - . -- . - . - ·········· 1.800 • 3,,06 • 3,523 • 7,4.24 ·········· ...... ·········· ...... King. - ...... 1,220,560 l,210.230 1,099,163 l,310,ri30 1,445,633 031,043 1.216,012 1,242,340 1,259,521 ·········1,063.110 Kittitas .... _ ..... 1,:369,710 1,340.400 1,280,84(i 1,422,612 1.52-l.88i l,-!H,621 l,G;:i0.5!1U 1,s61,s:;o 1.256.HG 1,237,-!27 Lewis - .. - .. - ..... 1,410 1,335 1,300 2G,880 103.539 73,075 121,573 170.48-l 172,73-! 128,377 PJe1·ce ...... !'i72,800 531,589 479,912 513,631) 572,169 5(>1,078 009.4(17 786,006 783,196 788,293 Skagit .....•..... 19,115 10,650 ...... ·········· ...... ·········· ...... Whatcom •...... 072 1,8::17 ...... ·········· ...... ·········. ·········· .. ········ ...... Other counties ...... 30.840 ...... 2G,880 53,326 t 104,6i2 42,329 f 100.619 f 1-13,725 Total ...... 3,193,273 3,HT.681 2,86-1,1)20 3,270,18-l 3,680.032 3,024.943 3,602,263 3,911,899 3,572,SUi s.aoo,032

Total value .•..•.. $5.380,670 $5,120,258 $5,141,268 $5,008,434 $7,679,801 $6,600,412 $9,158,009 $0,704,465 $8,17-1,170 $8,042.871

Average price per Lon ...... $1.685 $1.63 $1.19 $1.80 $2.40 $2.21 $2.54 $2.50 $2.29 $2.39

• Tncludes Whatcom coonty. t Jnclud~s small mJnes. t Includes Thurston and \,Yhntcom counties. ~8 Bulletitn N o. 11, W ashitngton Geological Survey

PRODUCTION OF COAL TN WASHINGTON, 1860 TO 1911. Given ln sbort tons (2,000 pounds). 1860 ...... 6,374 1887 ...... 772,601 1861 ...... 6,000 1888 ...... 1,216,750 1862 ...... 7,000 1889 ...... 1,030,578 1863 ...... 8,000 1890 ...... 1,263,689 1864 ...... 10,000 1891 ...... 1,056,249 1865 ...... 12,000 1892 ...... 1,140,575 1866 ...... 13,000 1893 ...... 1,208,850 1867 ...... 14,500 1894 ...... 1,131,660 1868 ...... 15,000 1895 ...... 1,163,737 1869 ...... 16,200 1896 ...... 1,202,534 1870 ...... 17,844 1897 ...... 1,330,192 1871 ...... 20,000 1898 ...... 1,775,257 1872 ...... 23,000 1899 ...... 1,917,607 1873 ...... 26,000 1900 ...... 2,418,034 1874 ...... 30,352 1901 ...... 2,464,190 1876 ...... 99,568 1902 ...... 2,690,789 1876 ...... 110,342 1903 ...... 3,190,477 1877 ...... 120,896 1904 ...... 2,906,689 1878 ...... 131,660 1905 ...... 2,846,901 1879 ...... 142,666 1906 ...... 3,290,523 1880 ...... 145,015 1907 ...... 3,722,433 1881 ...... 296,000 1908 ...... 2,977,490 1882 ...... 177,340 1909 ...... 3,590,639 ' 1883 ...... 244,990 1910 ...... 3,979,569 1884 ...... 166,936 1911 ...... 3,546,322 1885 ...... 380,250 1912 ...... 3,360,932 1886 ...... 423,526

REFERENCES ON COAL. Coal areas of United States (Maps): Parker; U. S. Geo!. Surv., Mineral Resources, P art II, 1910. Origin and classification: Clarke; U . S. Geo!. Surv., Bull. 491, 1911. Coals of Washington, analyses: Smith; U . .S. Geo!. Surv., Bull. 474, 1911. Coal areas of Washington: Landes; Wash. Geo!. Surv., Vol. II, 1902. Coals of King county: Evans; Wash. Geol. Surv., Bull 3, 1912. The Mvneral Resources of W a.shingtcm ~9

CLAY PLANTS.

GENERAL STATEMENT. The clay industry in the State of Washington is not con­ fined to any one locality, but is widespread. A study of the map published with thls bulletin shows that clay plants are in opera­ tion in all sections of the state. Few counties, if any, but are supplied with clay of suitable grade and in sufficient quantity to warrant the establishment of clay plants as the growth of the state provides new and larger markets. Most of the clay products are made from sedimentary clays of Tertiary age. To what extent this situation obtains is not entirely known, but certainly nearly all the refractory and vitri­ fying clays are of this origin. Many plants, especially those confining their activity to the production of common brick, utilize other clays, especially alluvia] or glacial deposits of Quaternary age. As is to be expected, the wide range of origin and location of the clays leads to an even wider range in composition and character. While analyses vary greatly even for the same bed of clay, the following will give an idea of the approximate com­ position of clays that are used commercially in Washington: TABLES OF OllE'MIOAL ANALYSES OF WASHINGTON OLAY$, SHOWING OOMPOSITIONS OF OLAYS USED FOR VARIOUS PRODUO'l'S.

Ooxn· Silica Alu· Ferric Limo Mng- Pot- Soda Tita- Mols- blned Mlscol· OITY COUNTY OPERATOR SIO, mlno oxide OaO nesfn nsb NaeO nlum ture water. lane- Tot Al•O• Fo:0• MgO K:0 ~·10. HoO tgol- ous tlon ------BBIOK Ai.'ID TILE- 1 Ohelan ...... Chelan .... B. E. Dunham ...... 59.8-1 16.40 t.10 5.84_ 0.36 1.62 2.tu 1.20 0.74 5. 61 1.S2 99. 2 Taylor ...... King ..•.•. Denny-Renton Olay & Conl Oo...... 72.27 16.16 1.00 ...... 0.29 2.90 1.68 0.68 l.20 3.58 ...... 100. s Seattle ...... King ...... Seattle Brick & 'l'lle Oo...... 58.96 16.57 6.10 2.37 2.97 0.83 3.24 1.15 ~.53 3.36 0.6a 99. 8 4 Obcballs.... Lewis .. ... Obehalis Brick & Tile Co...... 5$.75 18.27 3.86 0.86 1.68 2.18 1.58 0.85 2.12 8.06 1.20 99. 06 6 Baker ...... Skagit ... . Washington Portland Cement Oo ...... 68.75 25.94 • 4.00 t 4.47 1.48 ...... 4.60 ...... 99. 90 SEWER PTPF- 6 Kummer .... Klng...... Denny-Renton Olay & OonJ Oo...... 61.58 17.46 6.69 0.40 1.37 2.SO I 0.78 0.65 1.16 7.00 99. 89 7 MJca ...... Spokane .. Washington Fire Brick Oo...... 75.0J 19.]8 0.76 0.45 0.15 0.36 4.54 ...... ······· 100. 48 8 Mica ...... Spokane.. American Ffro Brick Oo...... 7'2 .68 13.15 2.01 ·····0.59··· ········1.21 8.49 ...... 99. 9S 9 Chester... .. S11okaoc . . Oo ...... Borgman Olay Mfg. 76.96 16.39 0.31 0.40 o.os 0.20 traceLO o.« o.29 I 5.48 100. 55 10 Freeman .... Spokane. . Washington Brick, Lime & Mfg. Oo...... 69.92 16.65 8.25 2.22 8.71 '"2. H I2.02 5.19 ...... 100. STONEWARE- 11 Aobnrn ..... King...... Auborn Pottery Oo...... 62.80 28 .04 1.14 0.40 0.51. 8.84 l .65 6.58 ...... 99. 6 12 Olayton ..... Stevens. .. Sookane Pottery Co...... 65.66 21.~ 1.92 ...... 0.00 o.so l.GS 6.66 ...... 99. 60 13 Olayton ..... Stevens... Spolrnno Pottery Co...... 61.6-l 24.20 2.10 0.30 0.78 2.35 I 0.10 0.00 0.52 7.56 ...... 100. l4 14 Palouse..... Wbltmao. Palouse Pottery Mfg. Oo... , ...... , .. , l>S,77 3Q,2S 1.00 o.:u trnce 0.06 o.ss S.H ...... 100. 39 15 PalO\lSe •.... WbJtman. Palouse Pottery Mlg. Oo...... 63.16 SO.OS 1.83 0.43 0.24 1.50 0.09 1.00 1.70 9.70 ······· 100. 29 PAVING BRIOK- 16 Renton...... King...... Denny-Renton Olay & OonJ Oo...... 62.U 17.69 4.77 1.58 2.26 2.SO 1.65 0.51. 1.03 5.60 99. 17 'l'aylor...... Klog ...... ······· Denny-Renton Olay & OoaJ Co...... 56.60 20.-tG 0.42 1.30 1.03 1.48 O.GO 0.47 l.50 9.00 ······· 99. TERRA COTTA- 18 LaOran

LIST OF OLAY PLANTS IN THE STATE.

County Locality Oompaoy Products ID 1912

Benton ...... Hanford .... . s. Garst .•.....•.•.....••...... •...... Id!&. Benton ...... Kennewick .. . Twin Olty B. & T. Oo...... •. Oommon brick. Chelan...... Obelan ...... R. E. Dunham..•...... ••...... Oommon brick. Obelan...... Leaveowortb Leavenworth Brick ao ...... Oommon brlelc. Chelan...... Wenatchee.. . Hobson Brothers ...... Common brick. Olarke...•..• Image...... Columbia Olay Oo ...... Drain tile, sewer pipe and 11reprOQfu)g. Clarke ...... Vancouver.. . Oa.rson Brothers ...... Oommon brick. Clarke...... Vancouver.. . Hidden Brothers . • ...... • . • ...... Oommon brick. Douglas ...... Waterville.. . Frank Malta ...... Oommon brick. .Klng ••..••••• Aubum ...... Northern Olay Oo...... Terracotta. King ...... Bayne...... Standard Olay Oo...... VltTUled brick. Xlng...... Kummer .... . Denny-Renton O. & C. Oo...... Klug...... Pontiac...... Pontiac Brick & '!'lie Co...... Common brick. Xlng...... •.. Renton ...... Denny-Renton C. & 0. Co...... Oommon, vltrlfled and tront brick. XJng...... Seattle...... Abrabamson Brick Oo...... Common brick. KJog ...... Seattle...... Builders Brick Co...... Common brick ond fireproofing. King ...... Seattle...... Harper-Rill Brick Oo ...... Oommon brick. King...... Seattle...... Loko OoJon Brick Oo ...... Common brick. King ...... Seattle....•.. Lohse Brlek Co...... Oommon brick. King ...... Seattle...... Seattle Brick & Tllo Oo ...... Oommon brick. Klog....••... Seattle...... Washington Brick & Tile Co...... •. Common brick. Xlng ...... Taylor.•..•.. Denny-Renton O. & C. Oo ...... Paving, front and firebrick; drain tile, sewer pipe, con dulta, tlle, terra cotta. King...... Van Asselt... Denny-Bent-00 O. & 0. Co...... Drain tlle, sewer pipe, terra cotta, fire brlck. Klog...... w oodlnvillc.. Superior B., T. & P. Oo ...... Oommon brick. Kitsap..•.... Harper•..•... Rarper-BJll Brick Oo ...... Common brick. Kittitas ...... Olealum•••... O. R. Brick & Tllo Oo ...... Common brick. Klickitat.... . Goldendale.. . N. B. Brooks...... Oommon brick. Lewis ...... Oentralla ... . Centralia B. & T. Co...... •...... Common brlck. Lewis ••..•... Obcbolls ... .. Ohehalls B. & T. O'o •.....•••..•...•. Common brick and drain tile. Lewis...... Little Falls.. Standard Olay Oo ...... Drain tlle, sewer pipe, building tile, stove llnlng, etc. Pierce ...... Olay Olty.... Far West Olay Co...... Common brlck drain tlJe, llreproonng1 and flrectay. Pierce•...•... Jovita...... Jovita Brick Oo ...... Common brick. Pierce ...... Tacoma...... F. H. Goss Brick Oo ...... Oommon brick. Skagit...... Bay View.... Farmers B. & 'l'. Oo •..•...•..•...... Oommon brick and tlJe. Skagit...... '!'!lob...... Knapp Brick & T. Oo.. .• ...... Common brick and drain tile. SnobomJsb... Everett...... Everett Brick Oo ...... • Common brick. Spokane.. . . . Obeney...... Cheney Brick Co ...... •.• Common brick. Spaknne.. . . . Chester...... Bergman Olay Oo ...... Fire brick. Spokane..... Freeman..... Wash. Brick, Lime & Sewer Pipe Oo. Drain tile, sewer pipe, common brick. Spokane..... Mead...... J. T. Da-vle Brick Oo.. •...... Common brick. Spokane..... Mlca...... American Fire Brick Oo...... Common, front, fire brick; tlreprOQ!lng, drain tile, sewer pipe. Spokane..... Spear ...... Wasb. Brick, Lime & Sewer Pipe Oo. Draln tile and sewer pipe. Spokane.... . Spokane.... . A. T. Dishman ...... Oommon brick. Spokane.... . Spokane.... . Pioneer Brick Oo...... •....•..... Common brick. Stevena ...... Bossburg.. .. P. R. Fltzgerald ...... •..... Common brick. Stevens ...... Ohewelah ... . Chewelah Brick & L. Oo...... Oommon brick. Stevens...... Clayton...... Wash. Brick, Limo & Sewer Pipe Co. Front and lire brick, terra cotta. Stevens...... Colville...... Roman Stone & Mfg. Co...... Common brick. Sfl Bulletin No. 11, Washington Geological Survey

LlST OF OL

Oonnty Locality Company Products ill 1912

Stevens...... Kettle Falls.. Kettle FaUs Brick Co...... Common brick. Tburstoo.... Olympia.... • Burtchett & Baker...... • OollUDOD brick. waua Walla. Walla Walla. Walla Walla Ooll$tr. Co...... Common brick. Whatcom .... Beillngham .. J. R. Headrick & Oo...... Common brick. Whatcom.... Belllllgbam.. J. F. Miller & Bros...... Common brick. Wbatcom.... $.Bellingham Coast Olay Co...... Front brick and lire clay. Whitman.... Colfax...... Easum Brothers ...... Idle. Whitman.... Garlleld...... Garfield Brick Co...... Idle. Whitman.... Uniontown... Georgo Herbotb ...... Oommen brick. Yaklma...... Granger...... Granger Brick & T. Co...... Common brick and drain tllc. Yakima ...... Toppeolsb ... Toppenlsb Brick & T. Co...... Common brick.

PRODUCTION. A wide variety of clay products is manufactured at the many clay plants within the state. Besides common brick and vitrified brick and block, the list includes front brick, drain tile, sewer pipe, conduits, architectural terra cotta, fire proofing, fire brick, pottery and miscellaneous clay products. The apportionment of these totals among the various clay products has been carried out as far as possible and the table below shows the value of each product for each year, since 1905. The table shows plainly that common brick, vitrified brick and sewer pipe make up a large percentage of the total. While common brick has decreased since 1909, vitrified brick and block seem to have gained. It is to be noted, however, that the total value has declined since 1909. The number of operating firms shows similar variation, although the rank of the state in the nation was maintained quite uniformly until 19l fl, when it fell from eleventh to fifteenth. The decreased value is not to be regarded as indicating a proportionate decrease in production since a general lowering of prices has accompanied, if not caused, the lessened manu­ facture of clay products. T hus the average price of common brick in 19lfl was less than 85% of the price in 190'7 and was $.55 lower than in 1909. It should be noted that although one of the p1·incipal clay products of the state is vitrified brick, the lack of more than two producers makes it impossible to include these figures for some yeal's in the statistical tables. VALUE OF OLAY PRODUCTS M:ANUFAOTURE IN WASHINGTON, 1006-1912.

PRODUO'.r 1905 1006 1907 1908 1909 1910 19ll 1912 Total

13rlcl<- Common .....•...... Quantity ...... 81,022,000 99,788,000 101,906,000 107,638,000 HS,198,000 lS0~,000 00.:,000 78,000,000 Value ...... $566,385 f1M,~ $9-J0,971 $817,062 $1,081,679 ,610 ,100 $647,061 $6,220,636 Averogo price. $6.99 $7.10 $8.31 $7.60 fi.55 $7.82 $6.98 fl.01 VltrUled ...... Quantity ...... 9,763,000 9,609,000 (n~ (n) (a) 40,291,000 (a~ Value...... $148,702 $156,476 (8 (n) (8) $748,852 (a $1,043,68,J Average J)rloo. $14.72, $16.28 ~=~$18.22 $19.82 $18.72 $18.87 $18.45 $16.88

Front ..•.....•.....•. Quantity ...... 3,80.J ,000 (,439,000 4,539,000 4,0ll,000 7$1.fm,OOO 6~70,000 5,224,000 6,881,000 Value•...... $SIJ,S88 $122,770 $127,245 $112,749 53,600 24,952 $118,615 '146,266 $90,l ,581 Average prJoo. $26.15 $27.66 $28.03 $28.11 $19.94 $22.43 $22.71 $21.26 Fancy ...... Valuo...... $6,425 ...... (a) ...... Fire .•...... •.. Value.•...•... $24,699 $16,625 $43,910 $f2,045 $103,531 $26,017 '63,661, $34,2!18 $388,704 Drain Tfle .••...••..•.... Value...... $11,153 $13,057 $17,026 $28,551 $18,495 $34,128 $211,814 $24,676 $176,899 Sewer Plpo ...•....•...... Value...... $2'12,245 $313,8al $f82,B70 $4m,165 $7lr7 ,847 $817,oe6 $788,478 $4.00,500 $4,822,066 Arch. Terra Cotta ...... Valuo...... (a) (8) $91,7~ $171,&Jb $200,324 $Ul8,358 $288,608 $365,100 $1,320,039 Flreproollng ...... Value...... (a) $15,406 (B) '46,206 fTJ,067 $114,601 $153,18) $163,077 '"6'2,9'15 Tllo, not drnln ...... Value•...... ·············· (n) ...... ·············· (a) ...... Pottery ...... Value...... : .. '41,100 $11,560 $80,69<> (a) (a) (b) Cb) (b) '113,855 Mlsocllnneous .....•...... Vnlue .....•... $6,1,935 ~.us $278,S!lS $S90,Sl7 $680,048 $753,80'l '158,428 $6ll,680 $3,613,060 Total ...... ••...•.. Value •...•.•.• $1,176,00Z '1,4Jl9,884 $1,921,934 $2,lOl,2B9 $3,060,~SO $3,028,486 '2,8.J0,9'12 $2,888,870 $18,014,868 No. of operators ...... •...... • '12 61 63 67 66 66 &; 60 ...... Ronk of stat~...... 26 u 17 13 12 11 11 15 ......

(a) Included In "lllscellaoeous." (b) Value of pottc.ry products In Washington for 1910, 1911 aod 1912 could not be Included In the state totals without dlscloalng the operations of 111· dlvldoal establfsbments. 34 Bulletin No. 11, Washington Geol,ogical Survey

REFERENCES ON CLAYS. Occurrence, properties, and uses: Ries; Wiley and Sons, 1908. Clay deposits of Washington: Landes; U. S. Geo!. Surv., Bull 260, pp. 660-568, 1906. Clays of Washington: Shedd; Wash. State College, Pullman, 1910. Short papers-Transactions Americau Ceramic Society, Vols. 1-12. See references on Cement. The Mineral Res&urces of Washington 85

THE CEMENT L.~USTRY. GENERAL STATE:11ENT.

The cement industry has been established for a long period of time in the Urrited States and has had a remarkably rapid growth. At the present time, however, the P acific Coast field is the only one that is extending very rapidly. In the ~9 years since the industry was begun on this Coast it has grown from a single plant with a capitalization of $50,000 and a capacity of 100 barrels a. day, to a total of 13 plants, capitalized ttt nearly $~5,000,000, with a total output of approximately 40,000 barrels per day. The first step in Washington toward the making of cement was taken in 1904, in P end Oreille (then a part of Stevens county). A small plant for the manufacture of natural hydrau­ lic cement was established and run for a short time. It was the intention of the operators to construct a Portland cement plant later but this plan was never carried out. "Tl1e first Portland cement made in Washington was by the Washington Portland Cement Company, at Concrete, on the Skagit river, in Skagit county. Work was started on this plant June 1, 1905, and the first cement was made in May, 1907. The plant to sta1t with had two kilns, each 71/z feet in diameter and 100 feet long, and a capacity of 900 barrels per day. In the spring of 1911 two additional kilns, each 8 feet in diameter and 1~5 feet long, "'ere installed. This increased the capacity 1,700 barrels a day, making the total capacity of the plant ~,500 banels per day. The next cement plant to be built in Washington was the Superior Portland Cement plant, located at Concrete, just across the Baker river to the west of the Washington plant. This was built soon after the Washington plant, and for a number of years these were the only Portland cement plants in operation in Washington. In June, 1910, work was started on the plant of the Inland Portland Cement Company, at Metaline Falls, and April 1, 1911, 36 Bulletvn No. 11, W ashvngton Geological Survey it was completed. The construction of a plant at this point involved also the development of a large water power and this was not completed until August, so that the plant was not in operation until this time. The plant of the International Portland Cement Company, which is located in Irvin, nine miles east of Spokane, was began in January, 1912, and the first cement manufactured one year later. The Olympic Portland Cement Company, Limited, at Bell­ ingham, was the first plant in Washington to use the wet process in the manufacture of Portland cement. The work of building this plant was begun in the fall of 1911, and it has been in operation for some time now. In the fall of 1912 work was begun on the plant of the Idaho Portland Cement Works, at Asotin, Washington, and it should not be long now before this plant will be manufactui·ing cement."* Clays of suitable character are sufficiently abundant in Washington, but the lack of e:xtensiive deposits of limestone is a serious handicap to the .industry. Although commonly re­ ported that limestone suited to the manufacture of Portland cement is to be found only in the northern counties of the state, the recently utilized deposit in Asotin county is an important exception. In addition to the general discussion of limestones of Wash­ ington presented in the chapter on lime kilns of this bullet.in, the following notes may be of interest: The deposits at Roche Har­ bor, San Juan county, are advantageously located at tidewater adjacent to some clay beds exceptionally free from grit. De­ posits of slate, which are available for cement manufacture, are near at hand also. Whatcom county is well supplied with both clays and limestone, especially in the vicinity of Kendall. This limestone is for the most part remarkably pure, ranging from 97.5 per cent. to nearly 99 per cent. calcium carbonate. Drilling

•Cement Materials and Industry in the State of Washington, S. Shedd, Washingt.on Geological Survey, Bulletin 4, pp, 72-73, 1913. The Mitneral Resources of W tUhvngt

LIST OF CEMENT PL,u',TS. Operator. Locality. Oount11. Inland Portland Cement Co ...... Metaline Falls ... Pend Orellle Superior Portland Cement Co ...... Concrete ...... Skagit Washington Portland Cement Co ...... Concrete ...... Skagit International Portland Cement Co ...... Spokane ...... Spokane Olympic Portland Cement Co ...... Bellingham ...... Whatcom

REJFIDRENCES ON CEMENT. Cements, limes and plaster: Eclcel, 1907; Willey and Sons, New York. Tests of mortars and concrete: Humphrey; U. S. Geol. Surv., Bulls. 331 and 344. Manufacture of hydraulic cement: Bleininger; Ohio Geol. Surv., 4th Series, Bull. 3, 1904. Uses of hydraulic cement: Eno; iaem, Bull 2, 1904. Cement materials of Washington: Landes; U. S. Geo!. Surv., Bull 285, 1906. Cement materials of Washington: Shedd; Wash. Geo!. Surv., Bull. 4, 1914. The Mitne.ral Resources of W ashmgton 39

METAL MINING. GENElRAL STATEMENT. Taken as a whole Washington is a state in which most of the metalliferous ores mined are of the base or refractory grade. That is to say, there is but little free-milling ore and only a small part of the output is taken from placer mines. This means that the majority of the mines are compelled to depend upon the transportation and custom-smelting companies. To be profit­ ably worked, the mines must be located reasonably near a railway line, or a navigable waterway. In addition to this, the ore must be of a comparatively high grade, or else the charges for freight and treatment must be very low; unless the mine be an extensive one and able to operate its own transportation lines and its own smelting plants. As is well kno,m, these conditions are met with in but few of the metal-mining districts of the state. In fact many of the important mineral-bearing counties have a small railway mileage and it so happens that the ores of many of the camps are such that a high charge for treatment is necessary. In spite of the very serious difficulties encountered, the mining industry bas been pushed by a large and increasing number of operators so that in the decade ending with 19Hl the total production of the precious and semi-precious metals has been kept up in a satis­ factory manner. The production of gold for this period has been largely from Ferry and Stevens counties. Only once, 1904, did the pro­ duction of another county exceed each of them, and for six of the ten years Fen·y County was in the lead with a total produc­ tion far in excess of that of any other county.~ Ferry and Stev­ ens counties were in the lead also in the production of silver, but the excess of production of Feny County ,vas not so great as in the case of gold. The copper produced has come almost entirely from four counties, Feny, Okanogan, Snohomish and Stevens, the last named having produced more than 57 per cent. of the total for 40 B'lillet·in No. 11, Washington Geological Survey the state during the decade 1903-Hl. In 19Hl this county pro­ duced over 9~ per cent. of the state's copper. In lead ores Stevens County has been the only steady pro­ ducer, no other county contributing in 1904, 1906, 1907 or 191~. The small amount of lead produced makes this item of relatively little moment. Only a little over eight and a quarter million pounds was mined in the decade 1903-19rn; of this amount about 99 per cent. came form Stevens County. In considering the total production for the decade in gold, silver, copper and lead, the apportionment among the counties shows a greater range. Combined percentages of the total are herewith shown: Atnount Percent. 001mty Pt'Od.uced,. of totai. Chelan $190,029 2.9 Ferry ...... 3,432,747 52.3 King and Kittitas ...... 165,466 2.6 Okanogan ...... 227,694 3.5 Snohomish and Skamania .... . 364,035 5.6 Stevens ...... 1,819,491 27.8 Whatcom ...... 346,617 5.3 Others* ...... 11,671 .2 Total...... $6,557,639 100.00 A glance at the above tabulation shows that over 80 per cent. of th.is total has come from two counties and over 65 per cent. of this amount from one. There is added below a complete set of tables of production of gold, silver, copper and lead for ea.ch county during the dec­ ade, 1903-191~, inclusive. These weTe compiled from the Min­ eral R esources publfahed annually by the United States Geo­ logical Survey. It is to be noted that in every case the figures taken represent mine production only, since this is considered to be the most accurate when all factors are taken into account.

*"Others" includes Asotin, Benton, Clark, Clallam, Franklin, Lewis, Lincoln, Pend Oreille, Pierce, Skagit and Whitman counties. TOTAL VALUES OF THE PRODUOTION OF GOLD, SILVER, OOPPER AND LEAD, BY OOONTIES, FOR 'l'Bl'J PERIOD 1903 •ro 1912, INOLUSIVE.

COUNTY 1908 190t 1905 1006 1007 1908 1009 1910 19'.ll 1912 Total

Asotin...... $600 .....•...•..•• $1,030 $1195 ...... $138 ...... $2,780 Obelan..... •• . 80,080 $21,196 u,010 291 $l.,8ll $3,681 ${,293 6,9il $'22,100 $35,686 190,0W Clarke...... • ...... • . .. • • ...... • .. • 100 100 ...... • • .. . . . • ...... • . . . • .. . • . • ...... • • ...... • .. . . • . . • . • . . • • • . • ...... • . . • • 200 Clallam...... • ...... • .. . • ...... • • ...... • ...... • 8,629 89 • .. . • • • • ...... • ...... • • . . 267 3,92ii Ferry...... 368,861 144,290 107,160 88,482 89,880 21,67

• lllelodes Kittitas county. t Includes z!oc-20,500 Iba.; value, '1,,17+. I Incladea Skamania county, § Includes $9.00 In platinum. PRODUOI'ION OF I.BAD .BY OOU~"TIBS, IN POUNDS AND VALUES-1903-1912.

COUNTY 1903 1904 1905 1006 1907 1908 1900 1910 1911 1912 Total

128 lbs Forry ...... 1...... -1 ••••••.•••••.• , •••••••••••.• ·1··· ··········+·············I········ ...... ,...... 128 lbsl··· ...... ·1· ·· ···· ·· ·· ··· $5 ••••••••••·•·• ...•. ...••..•• $5

King•....•..... , ...•...••..••. , .....•.....•.. , .....•...... , ...... , ...... •..... 3,500 lbsl ...... ·1·...... ·1··· ...... ·1· ...... 3,500 lbs $H7 ...... ••...... •...•..... • .....•...... $147

Okanogan ..... 6,300 lbs1··· .•...... • 200 lbs, ...... •.. •...... · · · · · · 248 lbsl' ...... •... ·1· ... · ·· · · ·· · ·· 6,771 lbs : lbsl $11 ...•.•...... • •••••••••••.•. $273 $252 •···••····· ... $9 ...... ••..•...••...•.....1

Pend Oreille•.. , ...... , ...... , ...... ,.·············•··········· · ·· 11,982 lbs·...... 11,982 lbs $009 1•...•...... ~

Skagit...... s.~oo lbs,...... ······1· ·· ·· ·· ··· ··· · 40 lbs, •...... , ...... s.«o lbs ~2 ...... 1 1 . $2 ... . ··•······ ...... $21>1

1,200 lbs Snohomis h .... 12001bs ...... '$48 . ····•······••1··············1·············T····· ...... ••.....•.•·: :::::: $JS 1 Stevens..•.... ,I 389,512 lbsl 1,760,309 lbs' OOt,843 lbs' 926,100 lbsl 8!0,035 lbs' 1,146,929 lbsl 288,0'17 lbsl 1,321,871 lbsl 6:36,60'2 lbel 127,381 lbs' 8,222,259 Iba $15,523 $69,007 $28,'28 $52,787 $13,46"2 $18,171 $12,413 $58,16'2 $37,&J7 $.5,73'2 $372,262

Totllls..... l 400,412 lbsl 1,700,800 lbe l 605,0lS lbsl 9'26,100 lbs' 820,035 lbsl 1,150,429 lbsl 288,700 lbs' 1,322,287 lbs' 848,584 lbsl 127,387 lbsl 8,254,280 lbs $16,075 $69,937 $28,437 $52,787 $43,462 $4S,318 $12,414 '58,l!l) $38,186 $5,732 $:373.528 PRODUC1l'ION OF COPPER BY COUNTIES, IN POUNDS Al\'D VALUES-1900-1912.

COUNTY 1903 190! 1905 1006 1907 1008 JJlOO 1910 1911 1912 Total

Ferry ...••.... -I 75,4.71 lbsl 77,548 lbe1········ ...... 52. lbs' 131,731 lbs, 1,1« lbsJ 006 lbsl 61 lbsl 101,158 lbsj 77,968 lbsl 6'25, 739 lbs $10,000 $8.~s ...... $10 $26,316 I $161 fi9 $8 $20 ,H 5 I $12 ,fllG fiS, 552 King .••.••.•.•. , •...•...•..... , ...... , ..•...... , ...... •...... , ...... •• ls..~lbs1::::::::::::::1::::::::::::::1::::::::::::::1::::::::::::::1::::::::::::::

KJttltas • ...... , ..•...... · · · · 829 lbs' • 2.~ lbs, ...... ···1· ...... ·1·...... ,...... ,...... , ...... ,...... ·1 • 5,09..6 lbs $16 $313 • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • . . • • • . • • .. • • . • • . . . • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • . . • • • • • • • . • . . • . . . • • . . . • . • . • . • .. • ...... • • . • • • • • - $582 .l,e\vls. •••••••••I•••,,,••••••• •I•••••••••••• ••I••••••••••••• •I••••••••••••• •I••••••••••••• • I ••••••••••••••• •I••••••• •••••••I••• • •••••••••• 8,425 lbs1····· ...... 3,4.25 lbs ..28 .•...•.•. •.... '1.28

Okanogno .... -1 113,207 lbsl ...... l...... ····· 24,363 lbsl1 20,200 lbsl 67,000 Jbs l! 29,405 lbs 24 lbs, ...... 00G lbs' 251,165 lbs $15,000 .....•..•....••...... •..•. $,1,700 $5,240 $7,524; $3,822. $3 .••••••••••.•• $159 $36,450

Pend OrelUe. .. 1•• •••••••••••• , •••••••••••••• , •••••••••••••• , •••••••••••••• , •••••••••••••• ru lbs1' · ...... •..... ill lbs ~, ...... $51

Pierce...... 1.•••••••• ·····I··· .. ········ ·I· ...... ······· I··· .. ·.. ·· ... ·I· ...... ,...... ,...... l 770 lbs, ...... ·1 ·...... 1,770 lbs ...... ················ ...... $22,1 ••.•..•••••.•. ··············1----~

Skagit•.....•.. 1•••••••••••••• 1•••••••••••••• , •••••••••••••• , •••••••••••••• , •• • · • •.•••• •• ., • •• ••••• • •• • •••• , •• ••••••••• ••• , ••••• • • • • ••••• 101 lbsl •.•...... · 101 lbs $1S •.••••.•..•••• $13

Snobomlsb t .. 2$'2,863 lbs 77,850 lbs I 91,2"":? lbs 1S8,8>'2 lbs 74 ,837 lbs 3,765 lbs +,977 lbs ...... ·············· Gs.t,346 lbs $38,720 $8,901 $14,235 $26,092 ij;H,967 ~97 $647 ·············· ·············· ·············· $10!,749

Stevens...... 19,008 lbs 19-1,320 lbs 15,449 tbs 72,813 lbs 65,011 lbs 248,432 lbs 220,UO lbs 86,003 lbs 153,112 !be 1,007,076 Ibs 2,079,900 lbs $21622 $25,800 $2,4.10 $13,956 $18,000 ~.m $Z8,619 $10,tm $19,139 '166,168 $316,222 Totals ..... 500,579 lbs 350,047 lbs 108,709 lbs 235,000 lbs 207,Sl2 lbs 812,030 lbs 255,131 lbs 86,1118 lbs 318,207 lbs l,08!,010 lbs 3~,!Y76lbs ~.242 $43,788 $16,958 w;,soo $<,9,662 $U,188 $33,167 $11,~ $19,776 $179,192 - ,271 • Includes King county. t Includes SkamanJa county. PRODUCTION OF SILVEB BY COUNTIES, IN VALUE-190,'H912.

COUNTY 1903 lll

Obelan...... $370 $1 $35 $51 $61 $74 $264< $506 $1,352 Ferry...... $88,464 $22,086 21,107 17,780 9,t52 4,100 27,ffl 100,09'2 98,177 93,687 477,906 .Kl.Ilg.•...... 20 ...... • 624 • 6U 353 918 885 1,698 1,864- 1,708 Kittitas •...... 7 ...... 69 58 46 80 29 22 ·...... s:SSli Okanogan..... 20,656 6,152> 6,457 4,~ 2,ast 18,528 1,689 1,792 6,468 14,769 78,27'1 Pend Oxeille...... • ...... • ...... • ...... • ...... • .. . 851 ...... 851 Skagit...... 865 • ...... • ...... 2 ...... 867 Snoboml.Sb t.. 29,8'i6 7,183 t 18,067 3,406 12,797 28 12 17 2 4 71,3&2 Stevens...... 54,866 40,000 15,822 4,269 11,286 28,247 ll,21? 7,172 21,552 148,624 388,144 Whatcom..... 12,000 14,871 18,855 Sl2 161 88 3 . .... • ...... 1 15 40,286 Other counties 6 ...... 5 12 ...... 18 ...... 9 16 1 67 Totals ..... ! '201,789 1 $89,831 I $75,7'27 I $00,788 1 $86,537 ' $47,076 1 $fi,384 1 $J.10,886 1 $129,rot t?_54 ,821)_ JJ._,017,448 • Kittitas Included with K!ng for 1905-1906. t Skamania included with Snohomish for 1900. GOLD PRODUOO'ION BY COUNTIES, IN VALUES-1903 to 1912.

COUNTY 1900 100,I 1005 1006 1907 um 1909 1910 19U 1912 Total

Adams...... $690 ...... $].,0'15 $988 ...... 1...... $68 ...... $2,766 !~~-~::::::: ...... ~:~ ..... ~.~:~~.. 12,r~ ~ ...... ~:~~ ...... ~:~ ...... ~:~ ...... ~:~~ ...... ~~:~ ...... ~~:~~.. 188,~ 8Ferry...... 275,397 113,257 86,053 70,742 4,032 17,333 210,437 714,808 778,526 606,698 2,876,283 King t...... 1,584 6,327 t 18,657 t 21,&8 10,345 12,645 10,601 19,420 11,245 7, m ...... Kittitas t...... 4,484 2,676 ...... • ...... 8,686 G,m 5,829 8,589 2,801 2,141 156,389 Okanogan..... 36,009 18,066 2,818 8,799 9,31» 7,998 8,907 18,088 4,723 3,802 112,599 Pend Oreille...... 633 ...... 638 Snobomlsb 1.. 70,661 25,851 l 40,425 2,873 45,504 775 49 88 433 717 186,876 Stevens...... 2,502 11,600 105,668 77,s:ifl 149,588 183,893 lZl,498 80,182 27,074 23,82S 793,860 Whatcom..... 36,aSS 116,000 77,983 38,196 28,750 6,

THE METAL MINING INDUSTRY DURING TB.E DECADE 1903·1912. It will be instructive to trace the development of the metal mining industry during this period and to note the factors which have from year to year been important in advancing or hinder­ ing the state's production. A total of over eight hundred mining properties were re­ ported in 1908 but of this number less than eight per cent. were productive, the 1·emainder being in the course of development. In spite of this fact, the production of 1903 was a decided in­ crease over that of 190~. The doubling of the number of mines reporting production of the precious metals probably accounts for the apparent excess in output. The idleness of several mines in Chelan, Ferry, Okanogan and Snohomish counties in 1904 caused a decrease in the gold production from that of 1903. The proportion of producing to non-producing mines remained about the same for the quartz mines, which were the source of about 97 per cent. of the gold. The lack of transportation and the fact that nearly all the ore required smelting accounted to a large extent for the relatively few producing mines. In 1905 there was no abnormal change. Of the four coun­ ties showing decreases in 1904 but one, Snohomish, gained in 1905. In addition to that, the increase in production was from Stevens, King and Kittitas counties. The figures for 1906 show a peculiar change in production. With an increase of over 100 per cent. in the production of copper and over 65 per cent. in lead, there was a decrease of about 50 per cent. in gold and nearly as much in silver, as com­ pared with the production of 1905. Some of the mines in Che­ lan, Ferry, King, Okanogan, Snohomish, Stevens and Whatcom counties did no work for that year, while others held back their ores for a cheaper means of transportation. The decrease was due almost entirely to the smaller quantities of siliceous ores treated, the failing off in that class being ~9,04~ tons. The in­ crease in copper ores brought little gold or silver and the lead ores treated were non-argentiferous. 46 Bulletvn No.11, Washington Geological Survey

The production for 1907 showe<:l an increase in gold, silver and copper, while lead decreased slightly. Snohomish and Stevens counties showed substantial increases in gold and silver production. Ferry County produced nearly 45 per cent. of the copper while the total output of lead was from Stevens County. In 1908 the total value of metals mined in Washington de­ creased from that of 190'7. Although both silver and lead in­ creased in value of production, the smaller tonnage of ore and the reduction of the value of copper were sufficient to bring down the year's total production. In 1909, although there was a decrease of rn per cent., ~O per cent. and '74 per cent. in silver, copper and lead, respec­ tively, from the production of 1908, the substantial increase in gold kept the total gain above 18 per cent. The great increase in gold and silver, due to development in the R epublic district in Ferry County, was the most notable feature of the year's activity. The year 1910 was a banner year in the metal mining indus­ try in Washington. The mine production of gold, silver, copper and lead showed an increase of nearly 116 per cent. in spite of a decrease in the copper production. The Republic district, in Ferry County, continued its rapid development and was largely responsible for the great increase in both gold and silver. The total production for 1911 was still greater than in 1910, although copper was the only ore showing any decided advance. The percentage of gain or loss as compared with 1910 is as follows, values only being considered: Gold + 11 per cent. Copper + 250 per cent. Silver + 16 per cent. Lead - 34 per cent. Total + 9 per cent. The increase in gold was credited mainly to F e.n·y County and slightly to Chelan County. Although F erry County pro­ duced most of the silver, the greatest increase was in Okanogan with ~55 per cent. nnd in Stevens ,vith flOO per cent. The cop­ per output was the greatest since 1904 and was about equally divided between F erry and Stevens counties, while 98 per cent. of the state's product in 1910 was from Stevens County. A The Mineral Resources of W ashitngton 47 few trial srupments, the first shipped from the state, were ob­ tained from lead-zinc ore mined at M~taline, Pend Oreille County. In 19U the value of the output of gold, silver, copper and lead was only slightly in advance of that of 1911. In fact, totals for 1910, 1911 and 19Hl have vuied but little, although there has been considerable variation in the output of the dif­ ferent metals. A falling off of ~~ per cent. marked the gold production, which was due largely to conditions at Republic, Ferry County, whe1·e cyanide mills were being installed. The increase of 96 per cent. in silver had its sou1·ce in the increased copper ore shipped, mainly from Stevens County. The activity in development of the Chewelah district in Stevens County was a feature of the mining industry for 19Hl. METAL MINES NOW OR RECENTLY IN OPERATlON. Mine Loca.tion. Oounty. Belcher ...... Belcher ...... Ferry Napoleon ...... Boyds ...... Ferry Ivanhoe ...... Cov.ada ...... Ferry Sliver Leaf ...... Covada ...... Ferry Lone Star & Washington ...... Danville ...... Ferry Shawnee ...... Danville ...... Ferry Little Giant ...... Orient ...... Ferry Swamp King ...... Orient ...... Ferry Ben Hur ...... Republic ...... Ferry Black Tail ...... Republic ...... Ferry Insurgent ...... Republic ...... Ferry Knob Hill ...... Republic ...... Ferry Lone Pine ...... Republic ...... Ferry Pearl ...... Republic ...... Ferry Quilp ...... Re1>ubllc ...... Ferry Republic ...... Republic ...... Ferry San Poll ...... Republic ...... Ferry Snowstorm ...... Republic ...... Ferry South San Poll...... Republlc ...... Ferry Surprise ...... Republic ...... Ferry Phil Sheridan ...... Sheridan ...... Ferry Apex ...... Berlin ...... King Butcher Boy ...... Chesaw ...... Okanogan Gold Axe ...... Chesaw ...... Okanogan Apache ...... Nespelem ...... Okanogan Double Header ...... Nespelem ...... Okanogan Hoyt and Miller ...... Nespelem ...... Okanogan Dividend ...... Orov1!Je ...... Okanogan 48 BuUetvn No. 11, Washvngton Geological Survey

METAL MINES NOW OR RECENTLY IN OPERATION. Mine Locati.on. Oounty. Golden Cha.riot ...... Oroville ...... Olca.nogan Lakeside ...... Orovme ...... Olca.nogan Bodie ...... • . Wauconda...... Ok a.noga.n Duluth Toroda ...... Wauconda...... Okanogan Liberty ...... Blue Creek ...... Stevens Bonanza ...... • . Bossburg ...... Stevens Clugston ...... Bossburg ...... Stevens Jarvis and Jarvis ...... Bossburg ...... Stevens 0. P. Nestos ...... Bo ssburg ...... Stevens Young America ...... Bos sburg ...... Stevens Ama.zon ...... Chewelah ...... Stevens Blue Sta.r ...... Chewelah ...... Stevens United Copper ...... Chewelah ...... Stevens Pa.ul Laplant ...... Evans ...... Stevens Ben Venue ...... KetUe Falls ...... Stevens Sunday Star ...... Kettle Falls ...... Stevens Cleveland ...... Springdale ...... Stevens Deer Tra.11 No. 2 ...... Turk ...... Stevens Legal Tender ...... Turk ...... Stevens Banshee ...... Valley ...... Stevens Seattle-St. Louis ...... Glacier ...... Whatcom Blinn ...... Bl ewett ...... Chelan Golden Eagle ...... Blewett ...... Cbela.n Washington Meteor ...... Blewett ...... Chelan Wenatchee Gold Mining Co ...... Entiat ...... Chelan Cougar ...... Liber ty ...... Kittitas Gold Hill ...... Liberty ...... Kittitas Hope ...... Liberty ...... Kittitas Phoenix and Little York ...... Liberty ...... Kit titas Wolf ...... Liberty ...... Kittitas

REFERENCES ON METAL MINING. Ore deposits: Clarke; U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 491, pp. 699-681, 1911. Mining districts of western United States: HUI; U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 607, p. 279·288, 1912. Metalliferous resources of Washington: Landes; Wash. Geol. Surv., Vol. I, pt. 2, 1901. Metaline district: Bancroft; U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 470, pp. 188· 200, 19ll. Monte Cristo district: Spurr; U. S. Geol. Surv., 22nd Ann. Rept., pt. 2, pp. 785-865, 1901. Republic district: Umpleby; Wash. Geol. Surv., Bull. 1, 1910. Myers Creek and Oroville districts: Umpleby, idem, Bull. 6, 1911. Blewett district: Weaver; id.em, Bull. 6, 1912. Index district: Weaver; idem, Bull. 7, 1912. Covada district: Weaver; idem, Bull. 16, 1913. The Mineral Resources of W ashingto-n 49

MINERAL WATERS. GENERAL STATEMENT. The mineral springs of the state are numerous but so far they have been but little developed. No detailed study or exam­ ination of the various water supplies has been made, so tha.t only a meager and general account is possible at this time. The mineral waters are of several types. Some are char­ acterized by differences in temperature as well as in the amount and kind of dissolved mineral matter. The variation in tern· perature is not great, but there is a great range in the quantity of dissolved matter. To the average consumer a water that is sold in limited quantities for either table or medicinal use is classed as a mineral water, even though the quantity of inor­ ganic matter contained in solution is smaller than that in many city water supplies. Springs are supplied by rainfall and since rainwater, when formed, is practically pure, it follows that whatever mineral mat­ ter is in the spring water must have been introduced after the water reached the ground. Percolating through the rocks and soils of the earth these underground waters come in contact with many soluble substances from which they obtain various amounts of inorganic matter. Obviously, the range of possibilities in the amount and kind of mineral matter so taken into solution is very great and cannot even be indicated here. The mineral waters which have attained commercial import­ ance are not confined to any one part of the state and their wide distribution indicates that many others of value for medicinal or table use may be discovered. In 19Hl waters were on the market from the following counties: Clallam, Grant, King, Klickitat, Skamania, Thurston, and Yakima. LIST OF PRODUCERS. Locaiit11. OO'Unt11. Soap Lake Mineral Water Co...... Soap Lake ...... Grant Diamond Mineral Spring Water Co...... Auburn ...... King Scenic Hot Springs ...... Scenic ...... King KlickJtat Mineral Springs Co ...... KllckJtat ...... Klickitat Collins Hot Springs ...... comns ...... Skamania Table Rock Mineral Water Co ...... Stevenson ...... Skamania Olympian Hygeian Spring Co ...... Olympia ...... Thurston Artesian Water Co...... •North Yakima ...... Yakima Yakima. Soda Springs ...... North Yakima ...... YakJma Sol Due Hot Springs ...... Sol Due ...... Clallam 50 Bulletin No. 11, Washington Geological Survey

In character these waters vary considerably. Some are strictly bathing waters, such as Soap Lake in Grant County, and Scenic Hot Springs in King County. Others are used mainly for table or medicinal purposes, and at least one is used largely in the ma.nu£ acture of sol t drinks. Analyses of most of these waters are not available at this time, but those for Soap Lake, Diamond and Artesian waters are given below :

SOAP LAKE MINERAL WATER. Parts per thousand. Total solids . . . . • ...... 28. 2669 Volatile solids ...... 0. 62503 Non-volatile solids ...... 27. 64186 Silica ...... • . . . 0 .12816 Alumina and iron oxide . . . . • ...... Trace Calcium sulphate ...... Trace Calcium carbonate ...... • ...... Trace Magnesium sulphate ...... 0. 39099 Sodium sulphate ...... 6. 34872 Sodium chloride ...... 5. 81384 Sodium carbonate ...... 14.08901 Potassium carbonate ...... 0.51177 Lithium sulphate ...... Trace Phosphorus pentoxide ...... 0 .12018 Carbon dioxide (semlcombined) ...... 1.37034 Borax ...... • ...... None I od1ne ...... None Free ammonia ...... 03400 Albumenoid ammonia ...... 1.1060 The specific gravity...... 1. 0260 Analysis made by H. G. Knight.

ANALYSIS OF DIAMOND MINERAL SPRING WATER. Parts per hundred. tho1uand. Total solids ...... 363 Chlorine ...... 195. 9 Sodium ...... •...... 119.6 Calcium . . . • ...... 9.2 Magnesium ...... • ...... 3. 9 Combined carbonic acid ...... • ...... 13. 7 Silica ...... • • ...... 18.0 Sulphuric acid ...... Trace Iodine ...... Faint trace The above constituents are probably combined in the water as follows: Sodium chloride-common salt ...... 304. Magnesium chloride ...... • ...... 16. 4 Calcium carbonate-limestone ...... 23 . 0 Silica, free ...... 18. 0 Sulphuric acid ...... • ...... Trace Iodine . • . . . • . . . • ...... Faint trace The Mineral, Resource, of Washington 51

ANALYSIS OF ARTESIAN WATER, NORTH YAKIMA. Grams in. Per cent 1 O liters of totai S1ltca ...... 0 .2279...... 9 .54 Ferrio Oxide ...... 0060...... 25 Lime ...... 0285 ...... 1.19 Magnesia ...... Trace ...... Trace Sodium ...... 0.9615 ...... 40.23 Chlorine ...... Trace ...... Trace Sulphuric acid ...... 0170 ...... 60 Lithium ...... •...... Trace . • ...... Trace Carbonic acid ...... 1.1400 ...... 47.70 Potassium ...... 0.0115...... 50 Analysts made by Prof. Elton Fulmer, State Chemist, Pullman, Wash. The small number of producers has been an important factor in determining the amount of mineral water sold and used. The production from 190S to 1910, inclusive, averaged a little over 40,000 gallons annually. In 1911 there was a large increase in production and in 191! a still greater quantity was mar­ keted. In fact the production for 1911 and 19m is nearly 50 per cent. of that for the whole decade, 190S-19U. The wide variation in value of the product has served to make the total annual value more nearly constant, yet there is to be noted a steady incresae from $10,550 in 1903 to $1'7,54~ in 191!. PRODUCTION OF MINERAL WATERS FOR THE DECADE 1903·1912. Average Quantity price Year in ga1l01!$ vaiue per gall

NON-METALLIO 1900 Jl)()i 1906 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 191.2 PRODUOTS

Ooal ...... $5,380,679 $5,120,001 116,1'1,258 $5,908,

lCETALLIO PRODUCTS Gold ...... $507,885 $.W',640 $405,078 $221,648 $262,300 ~.700 ~.061 $'788,145 '847,677 tllBO,DM Silver...... 201,789 89,831 75,727 80,738 65,400 46,400 41,384 U0,886 129,204 254,32.6 Oopper ...... 66,242 48,786 16,958 45,860 24,453 21 ,411 33,167 11,038 SD,776 179,192 Lead...... 16,760 69,007 28,487 62,787 29,786 :lt,844 12,414 58,180 38,186 li,732 Totals...... ••.. $792,666 $508,196 $526,200 $350,533 $871,039 '35{,855 '448,006 $008,249 '1,056,017 $1,120,214 Grand totals ...... fl ,706,603 $7,682,656 $7,932,686 $9,000,952 sn,537,616 '11,415, 781 $15,274,274 '16,067,906 $15,631,971. '15,886,450

• Oomplled from Mineral Resources u. S. Geological Survey. t Approximate production. INDEX.

Analyses of clays ...... ~agg Analyses of mi.Deral waters ...... 50·51 Basalt, general occurrences of...... • ...... • ...... 16 Basalt output, value of. . . . • ...... • ...... • ...... 19 Basalt quarries, location ot...... , .. , 16 Basalt, references on. . • ...... 19 Basalt, uses of ...... •...... • ... 18 Cement Industry{ progress of ...... 35 Cement plants, 11 st of ..••...•.•...... •...... , . . 38 Cement production, value of ...... •...... •...... 37 Cement, references on. . • ...... • ...... 38 Cement, uses ...... 37 Clay, chemical analyses of ...... 80 Clay plants, list ot...... 31 Clay, production of .•...... 32 Clay products, value of ...... 33 Clay, references on ...... • • ...... 34 Coal mines, Ust of...... 25 Coal mines, location of. • ...... 24 Coal mi.Des, production of ...... ••..•...... •..... 26-28 Coal output, value of...... 27 Coal, references on...... 28 Copper ...... •...... 39 Copper, value of output .•...... 43 Diamond Mineral Spring water, analysl.s of ...... •...... 50 Gold ...... 39 Gold, value of output...... 44 Granite, general occurrences of...... 7 Granite Industry, future development of...... 9 Granite quarries ...... 7 Granite, references on...... 19 Granite, uses of...... • ...... • . 8 Granite output, value of...... 9 Lead ores . . . • ...... 40 Lead output, value of...... 42 Lime kilns, location of ...... 14 Lime kilns, list of...... 15 Lime, value of output...... 15 Limestone, distribution of...... 13 Limestone, references on...... • ...... 38 Limestone, uses ...... 13 Metal mines. list of ...... 47 ·48 Metal mines, output of...... 40 Metal mines output, value of...... 41 Metal m!n!ng ...... 89 Metal mining Industry . . . . . • ...... • ...... 45 Metal mining, references on...... • ...... 48 Mineral production of Washlngton...... • ...... 52 Mineral water producers, list of...... 49 Mineral waters, analyses of ...... ISO Mineral waters, production of...... ISl Mineral waters, types of ...... 49 North Yakima artesian water, analysis of...... 51 Portland cement, uses...... • ...... 37 Quarries, basalt ...... 16 f!!d;\~ne· ·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1b References on cement ...... • • • • . . . . . 38 ~~'!.1 : :: : :: : : :: : : :: : : :: : : :: : : :: : :~:::::::::::::::::::::: ~: metal mining ...... • ...... • . . . • ...... 48 stone ...... 19 Sand and gravel, general occurrences ...... 20 Sand and gravel output, value of ...... • ...... 23 Sand and gravel pits, Ust of...... 22 Sand and gravel pits, location of...... 20 Sand and gravel, uses of. . . . . • ...... • ...... 22 Sandstone, general occurrences...... • ...... 10 Sandstone industry, future development...... • 12 Sandstone output, value ot ...... •...... 12 Sandstone quarrles ...... • . . . . • ...... 10 Sandstone references ...... • ...... 19 Sandstone, uses of...... • ...... 12 Sliver output, value of. • . • . . . • ...... • ...... 44 Soap Lake mineral water, analysis of...... • . . . ISO PUBLICATIONS OF TRB W.AS HINGTON GEOLOGIC.AL SURVEY.

Volume 1.- Annual Report for 1901. Part 1, Creation of the State Geological Survey, and An Outline of the Geology of Washington, by Henry Landes; part 2, The Metalliferous Resources of Washington, Ex­ cept Iron, by Henry Landes, Wllllam S. Thyng, D. A. Lyon and Milnor Roberts; part 3, The Non-MetallHerous Resources of Washington, Ex­ cept Coal, by Henry Landes; part 4, The Iron Ores of Washington, by S. Shedd, and the Coal Deposits of Washington, by Henry Landes; part 5, The Water Resources of Washington, by H. G. Byers, C. A. Ruddy and R. E. Heine; part 6, Bibliography of the Literature Referring to the Geology of Washington, by Ralph Arnold. Out of print. Volume 2.- Annual Report for 1902. Part l, The Building and Or­ namental Stones of Washington, by 9. Shedd; part 2, The Coal De­ posits of Washington, by Henry Landes and C. A. Ruddy. Postage 20 cents. Address, State Librarian, Olympia, Washington. Bulletin 1,-Geology and Ore Deposits of Republic Mining District, by Joseph B. Umpleby. Bound in cloth; price, 35 cents. Address, State Librarian, Olympia, Washington. Bulletin 2.- The Road Materials of Washington, by Henry Landes. Bound in cloth; price, 60 cents. Address, State Librarian, Olympia, Washington. Bulletin 3.-The Coal Fields of King County, by Geo. W. Evans, Bound in cloth; price, 75 cents. Address, State Librarian, Olympia, Washington. Bulletin 4.-The Cement Materials of Washington, by S. Shedd. Bound In cloth; price, 75 cents. Paper cover; price, 40 cents. Address, State Librarian, Olympia, Washington. Bulletln 5.-Geology and Ore Deposits of the Myers Creek and Oro­ ville-Nighthawk Districts, by Joseph B. Umpleby. Bound in cloth; price, 50 cents. Address, State Librarian, Olympia, Washington. Bulletln 6.-Geology and Ore Deposits of the Blewett Mining Dis­ trict, by Charles E. Weaver. Bound in cloth; price, 60 cents. Address, State Librarian, Olympia, Washington. Bulletin 7.-Geology and Ore Deposits of the Index Mining District, by Charles E. Weaver. Bound in cloth; price, 50 cents. Address, State Librarian, Olympia, Washington. Bulletin 8.-Glaciation of the Puget Sound Region, by J. Harlen Bretz. Bound in cloth; price, 60 cents. Paper cover; price, 35 cents. Address, State Librarian, Olympia, Washington. Bulletin 9.- The Coal Fields of Kittitas County, by E. J. Saunders. In preparation. Bulletin 10.- The Coal Fields of Pierce County, by Joseph Daniels. In preparation. Bulletin 11.- The Mineral Resources of Washington, with statistics tor 1912, by Henry Landes. Paper cover; price, 20 cents. Address, State Librarian, Olympia, Washington. Bulletln 12.- Blbliography of Washington Geology and Geography, by Gretchen O'Donnell. Paper cover; price, 26 cents. Address, State Librarian, Olympia, Washington. Bulletin 13.-A Preliminary Report on the Tertiary Formation of Western Washington, by Charles E. Weaver. In preparation. Bulletin 14.-The Quincy Valley Irrigation Project, by Henry Landes, A. W. Mangum, H. K. Benson, El. J. Saunders, and Joseph Jacobs. Paper cover; price, 20 cents. Address, State Librarian, Olympia, Washington. Bulletin 15.-A Preliminary Report on the Tertiary Paleontology of Western Washington, by Chas. E. Weaver. Paper cover; price, 20 cents. Address, State Librarian, Olympia, Washington. Bulletln 16.~eology and Ore Deposits of the Covada Mining Dis­ trict, by Charles E. Weaver. Paper cover; price, 25 cents. Address, State Librarian, Olympia, Washington.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, IN CO­ OPERATION WITH THE WASHINGTON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

(For copies of these publications address the Director U. S. Geologi­ cal Survey, Washington, D. C.) Topographic Maps of the Following Quadrangles: Mount Vernon, Quincy, Winchester, Moses Lake, Beverly, Red Rock and Cedar Lake. Price, 10 cents each. Water Supply Paper No. 263: Water Powers ,of the Cascade Range, Part I, Southern Washington. Water Supply Paper No. 313: Water Powers of the Cascade Range. Part II. Cowlltz, Ntsqually, Puyallup, White, Green, and Cedar Drain­ age Basins. Water Supply Paper No .... : Water Powers of the Cascade Range, Part III. In preparation. Water Supply Paper No. 272: Surface Water Supply of the United States, 1909. Part XII, North Pacific Coast. Water Supply Paper No. 292: Surface Water Supply of the United States, 1910. Part XII, North Pacific Coast. Water Supply Paper No. 312, 1911. In preparation. Water Supply Paper No. 332, 1912. In preparation.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF SOILS, IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE WASHINGTON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

(For copies of these publications address one of the members of congress from Washington.} Reconnotssance Soil Survey of the Eastern Part of the Puget Sound Basin. Reconnotssance Soll Survey of the Western s.nd Southern Parts of the Puget Sound Basin. Reconnoissance Soll Survey of Southwestern Washington. Reconnolssance Soll Survey of the Quincy Area. Reconnoissance Soll Survey of Stevens County. In preparation.

WASHINGTON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY • HENRY LANDES, STATE GEOLOGIST BULLETIN NO . 1 l PLATE I GRANITE QUARRIES METAL MINES HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS (Contimu,d; LOCALITY COUNTY 276-llelcher...... :Belcher...... , .Fl!J'l')' 672-':;uperior l'onland Ceioent Cn.. JleA r Creek ...... Skagit 1-B•rlngGra.nlteWorb .••..•. Baring . • , .... King 277-Nap0leon , . .•. •...... :Boyds. •. .. .•.... . " 67ti-NonhwNteru ~:J~>ctrlc Co ...... White &.huou R .. Sko,uanill 2--PleJ"ee Connty Quury .:le;,tr,:11:.0 . ... Pierre 27S-luuboe...... Co-;~•·· ...... 57~ily of Spokane .. . . . • . .. .• .... Sµokane R. . .SJ>Jkane ·--,~-Ou ·- S-G""'t Northern l\allway Co.. Halford . . .S11oho,nlsb 27&-Si!Yer Leaf...... 57:;.-Washlngton Wate, Po,,.er Co ..SJ'Okane R., 4,-ludex Granite Worb. . Index 281>-LoneSUtr « Wasbington •..... DanYUle. ....••..• " .!:ipokane. " !>-Giles GnmiieQnn,y ...... b!edical Lake.. - .Spokane llSJ-Shawn"" ...... " ...... 67&-SP<>kane and Inland Emplno ~ II. R. • • Sp0kane R .a,321 Ii-Medi""\ Loke Granlt.e Quury. " " 282-Llt\Je Giant .•...... •... , •• . .. OrlenL ...... • , . , ··::-··-/\ ~·1-··- ?-Wasb.. Mon. & Cul Stone Co ...Si!Ter !.ake. ~77-Ste-en& County Light de 726 Nooksack S-(:uher and Merwin Quarry ... Spoknne. ::8:S::~u~i.~! .... :: ...... Rep;,hu.;::::::::: " Power Co...... Colrille R.. . .St.eve1u 9--Eaat End Granite Quarry..... " . 2M-fflack Tall...... 67!1-0lymvlc Light.\ Power Co .. . De Chuta, It ... . TburOT.on vient ~79-Puget &,,.,nd Tra,,.• L!gbt .t \ U2& 10-w... b.. Mon • .l: Cut!ltoueCo... " 286-ln10J.rgen1 ....•.••.•.•. , ...•.. " " North Fork <)· • " 287- Knob Hill. Puw"1" Co.. · { Nookl!&Ck ... .. Whawom SANDSTONE QUARRIES 283-Lone Pine.. " M!O-P acll!c 1-'owu & Light Co.. .Columbia R. " 687a 289-Pet.rl. Pd..,.! Rapids1 . Yakima 26-D. A. M~Gllli• Q.uarry ...... Republic. ...•. ... . Ferry 290-Qullp ...... ~ ~o 27-lu1erna\\o"".I Cootncl. Co . . ... Waien,uo•..• .....K!tu.p . Nachea n., 291-1\epuh!lc ..•.. " N.ches ...... , . Ncouv 2S.-Bell.&>ott Compaoy.,,,, .. , •.. Wi1kB10o ...... l'leree 292-Soui l'o!I.... . " 2~-Aluka fu."3e ComJlil"Y . •. .... Waldron ls!aud .• San Juan 293-Sno,.storru . . . " .YN~~h~i.'ktma.. w r 30-Suc.ia bland Quarry Co ...... Buc!a bland...... " 29-1-Sd H,;udo River . .. . Zindel.... . LIME KILNS 800-Apoche. ..•...... Ne&~ent.. ¢,' I 001-&uhle Header... . . 603',.-Aoot!u Creek . ... Aootin .. . K A 0 1>1-~·. R. Woelftn~...... La~eCh~an. .Chelan IIG2-Hoyl and MilleJ"... . 60,I-Yaki,ua l:tlver .. . .. K io11a ...... Benton Colville ' Iii);'!- ,. L.Ellen 1 003-D,vldend...... Orn~llle. :::: ...... IUobland .. ~?\~~~,:ct~'L/I11~ Co: .. .: ~:: ::wenRl6--0kani:>gao J.ime Co ...... OkanogllD .. 300a-Dululh Torod...... 609-Wenat.chee 11.i,·er...... Cuhtue,.;:: '--~~.;,--.... s~~ 57 - 0rov!lle Lime Quarry . .... , . ••Orovj)fo, .. • S00-1,Lberty ...... ••. Blue ereek:: :: :: :Steven, 610- " ..Lca•cnwort.h .. -K A Mo--Preston .Hanley ...... Twiap ...... 307-Bonan•• .....•.• ··· ···~~urg ...... ;: 6il­ . Dryden ... I T 59-11. I. Martin . . ..•...... Meta:Une Falls ...Pend Oreille 808--Clugston ...... SJ 2-Enl!at Rh-er . ..E11tiuL . •.. 60-Jlenry Cowell Lime and 809-Jarvl• aod Janis. 61&-Jclcle Creek ...... Leaven,,.onh. " Cernenl Co.. . .Door H"";\"" ... .S~;> J u~," 3!0-0. P. Nesto• 6l~-Chiwaukuw Crook ...... Cb!waukuw . 61-0rcw, Limo Co...... 3Jl-Young America. 615-ll~!lroaJ Creek ... .Luoeroe.. 62--IA.ngdon Limn Co...... F..a1L Sound.. " Sl2-Amaron ...... • . Che':',eloh. •.•.•..• 61 6-Sltll>eklu ltivcr .. . .Sl< River. . " ~~o. 64-J. A. i:k>derberg Weot Sound .. :~t:~~~Yf.,.<;i':ft'.~: :: :: ·· :: :: ::'.: :EYaoo... :: :: •· ··' " 619-Whll~ Rh"er. ~-ficoomA de Roche Harbor 816-Ben Venue. . ...•.•.•. Ketll!,Falbi . ..••• 620-F.!wba 1th·er ...... Port Augelee ... '.Clall..m J,ime C~llo(>n Rive, .... . P omeroy...... Coluwbla 66-ldnbo !.!me Company...... Evan,...... Stevena m=cre~~{..~~.·:::::::: . gda!e ••• . .• " 622-'.roulle ltlver ...... c ... tie Rock ...... Co~llt$ Cova.da 67-lnternaUoual Lime Co...... Surn..._ ...•.•...• Wbatoom 8!S.-D"8rTrail No. 2 •••••••• ••.•• '.~~k...... '.'. :: :: : 628-Lew!s R!,er (npl)<'r). ... eo~.g..,. .. 8JS-Lllgs.! Tender...... •• 112-1- '' " (!o,.·er) , BASALT QUARRIES !t.lO-llanshee ..• ...... •. , . • • . • • . : '. : Valle,-.:: .. 6:i5-KolamaRiYCr. .. ::K...ianui ::· Ozett.e ~RatL. 821-&attlo--St.. Lonie...... G!.cler. •...• ..... Wb.icom 626-Ha!I Creek . .. l uch·er .. Puoo ...... Fraokl!n 78-Cliy ol !foqu1"m ...... BoqnlllJD • . .•.... Cbehalia 629-Upl)(!r CnbCec-Fou R!ver . .. .!:ili.yk~. Mansfie1d 96-Nunhern Pacl!lc Ry. IJ(). •••... Gate...... Thurston s.59-Frank l1hlfa . .• .... • . . ..W a tervrne... •• .D<,ugbo 96-W ahklakum County Quarry. .. Cathlamet ... . , . , • Wllh.tt&li:mn ti46- " " (E. Fork) . 97-Wahklakum Ci\\Y" .. 107-Yaklnta County Qu•rry •..•... CowinbeCanyon •. Yakima 87!-Wasldnl{tOu Brick de Tile Co. . " . .• ~~!;:. . . 108-P. I. Zirkle ...•..•...... North Yal I t -Wt~~Ji'.:~.~~~~ .~.. .Whidbe1 loland .. Ialand 38.;-KnRJip Brick .t Tile Co•• . •.• .. Tlloh...... " 673-Chehalio Rl•er...... Cbebulia ...... J,ewl1 • tM-Mlchael& & Blae.11:,,.ell ...... Bothell ..•...... Klos 366-E•erett Brick Cn•truclion C<, .. Walla Walla...... Walla Walla A D l7ff-J. Cunningham ...... Spokane ...... Spokane 690-~lelho,,. Ri•er ...... l'11i.,,,,. .. I• 402-J. R. Hendrick &: Co. ..• ...... Ilellio.Jham...... Whntoom 691-Twiap RJver.. , . • . .. . Tw!op .. 176-Spokane Sud and Gravel Co.. '' . .• • .. . . . " 408-.T.F.MlllardeBros...... ' ...... " 692-Metbow River.. ..•...... Wlmhrop .... : Vs=~:fdGrait!:.rd:'.:'/& ...... Beliln5ham . . . . . What.com 40-i-CoutCla7 Co ...... •..•... SouthBelUngham.. " 693- " " (K F~rl<).. .. • . " 4(1;}-}::...um Broo ...... Colfax...... • Whitman Gra~Co...... Lnmml hi.and .•.. 6&1.....(:tan"'o Fork... . .Metaline ...... Pend R"'llle 400-Garl!t!d Brick Co...... Gart'leld...... " &.'l6-8u.lli~an Cr"6k . . •.. 179-W, S. Aumlller . North Yak lma ... Y akima 4-07-George Berbot.b...... Uniontown 180-Yak.lmaCo!I.Dty.... .$uD11y1l..... " •.••• ,, .. .. . " 701-ll,.,,.,nwater Ihve.1·. 'lO:l---t•aclfi o C:iaei. Cott Co., .No. l! . . Blacli. Dl.uno.ud... " 451-lnland PortlRnd Cement Co .... Metaline Falla. ...Pend Onillle 70'.!-l'nyollup River. .. :t:lecu,,n. . :: • ~>04- " " '' '' No. H .. " " " 4.52-8uperlor P ortland Cement Co •• Concrete...... Skagit 7Cla-Cubuu Riv~r. .. . .FHirfu ..•. " 205- " ".B" .... " 4.M-Waoh!ngton Portland Cement 71H-N!oqua!ly Hln,r.. .•.•.. La Grande.. 2IJ6-U..ep Lo.ke C ncrole .•...... Sk\'Pt '-1 21,7- !udoJ><:uJw.t Coal & Cnte Co. " ..••• 41»-loteruational Porthmd Cement 7Cll;- Cll6U"b!ewonnL.... ' 20S-<1.. W Liunbert •. . " •. . .. Co ...... Spokane..•• , ••...Spokane 707-Bauk River... ..• . . •..•••.•..•S..uk . .. ,.. " ( :"lll- B ,1 do Cloal Co...... • " '55-0lymplc Portland Cemeut Co .. Belllngho.m .. .. •.. What.com 708-8k&!it lti,·er...... 8'.dro-Woulley . .- 2JO-l'11tllle Cout Coal Co., Gem .•.. Fr,i.nklln .•...• .. . 709-.Sau Riv~r...... • . . Darrlugton. • , &ohowllh " 2!.1-Ceutu,1 C031 Co...... Grund .Rld81'····· SAND-LIME BRICK PLANTS 710-t:le&rC reek...... " " L 212-hsAquo h « Suµertor Cool 47&-Sondslone Brlrk & Lime Co ... Clinton. . .•.••.. bland 711-StllaguKwisb P.., (S. Fw k) .. . Granite Falla 1J Mine, C<, ...... Iosaquah ...... •.. 477-Chamher'a Creek Brick Worke.St.eilaeoom ...... Pleroi, 712- •' ·• {CaU )'ouCr.). " " J 21:S-Denuy-Henton Clay & CoalCo.Kummer •••..•••• " 478-Spokane PreSAOO. Brick Co ..... Mead...... •... Spokane 71il-Skykomlah R., (N F~rk) .. . . ,Indc:<. "\..;_tot • 214,-l'aoillc Co1&otCoal Co ...... • .. . Newcastle ...... 114,- •• '' (S. Fork).. . " "' ( 215-Nnr!hwcstefb lmpn,v"1Jltnl. 7lb-8tllaguawl•h Hlver {S. Fork) .SIiverton .. 00~ C-Skyko1ulab Hi•~r. ...•.• ...... Sultan... "' 216-l>enny•Rruiton Clar « Coal Co.Renton...... •.... 501-SOnp Lake Mlnersl Wote:r Co .•Soap Lake..•.• • . Grant 717-LluleSpnkane l\l>"er...... Spo~ane ..Spo~ /I 217o-)1ay Crwk c....i c...... " .. •...••••• 502--Diawond Mineral Sp Ying 718-SpOlu Clay d. Cnol Co.T•ylor ...... " 605--Colllnt llot Spring, ...... Collins ...... Skamania 721-MHI t:n>ck...... l\'olla Welfa ...... 22.1-.Amerlcan Canadian Fuel Co ... Cleal um ..• .....•. Klttltao 606-1'able Hoe l< ~fin en.I WaterCo.Steve11oou .••...• , " 722-Whatoom c,..,k . . .. Bet~~b.aw W ~;<>Om 222-hlloud Impro,ement Co. .... " " 507-0lv 111plan Hygieaua Spring C Cr...... Aeothi ?80- " .. .. •.•• Fort Bl.mooe . . •• • " Co. No. 5 M2-Pacifie Power a: Llshi C Valley Gu« 230-Ito.lyn.Cuc.ade Coal Co •••.• .. Elec. Co ...... Qn!ltocR. .•....•• 1ss- ,. . ... N!h.;.bJoa.:F1.:1i ~ 231-Uool1·n Fuel Co., Beekwan 78&-Tleton River (Lower Sta.) . . . . " ~Cobb'• ,,. SJ.ope No.!. ..•...... 555-W~\':."t°':. .".~~'.".~ .~~.~.... .{WDw, whec R, Ranch) .. Legend N. F 232-llo>olyn Foe] Co., Beekman ry 0en ...... 731- (Middle Sta.) . Nac.hea Slope No. 2 ...... 656-Greu Northern Hallway Co .••w~:~';;.'Q~ii. .. . (Haad,,.ork.a) .. • WS-Yak\1110-RMlyn Coal Co . . .. . " (Upper Sta.). .Nac.bea (McAUlo- -·-· _ .. -=ih.l...... ,__. ...~. · 23-l-Caro tber• Hrolhtll"II...... Taneum• •...... &7--0l,mplc PoweJ" Co. ...•...... Jwha It., Pon ll>ra Mdw5) .. , , . " Granite Quarry • Coal Mine 2:15-Ceutntlia Coal Co...... cemn.lia ...•...•.L\lwUI · A.ngelea ...•• •. . Clallam 7S9-Bump1ng River •. . ...•... .Nlle .. .•. •.. • 23'5-Fords Prairie Coal Co " ;; 558-WBAh!ngton..Oregon 740-- • Lake ....•... .. " ,, Metal Mine 231- QJ t...c,n Coal Co .•. •• Corporation .. ········ {K~~naR., "· "'- 7U-ArueriC>IUl l!!•~r. Sandstone 23S-!Su,,shLue Cual Co .•...... nwa ...... wu... 7'2-Nacb"" River .No,~Y~\:.m,: .. · • , '" " 6~PaclHc Power & Light Co...... Tuconnon R., ... N3-Yaklnto River.. - 239-Wilson Coal Co.. .. • .... " Limekiln Clay Plant MAP OF 240-Cbeho\io Cos] Co .••...... Cbebal\...... Pomerny ...•.. Gllrl!eld 7H-- .Yakima City.:· • • 0 t ,- 2.1.J-Coal Creek Cool Co.. • . • . " 1!60-City or Seattle ...... •.... Cedar R .• Cedar 745-A.tJtnum Creek...... Tam,plco •. . X Basalt X Cement Plant 242-ShelJon Cool Co. • ...... Lue .•. . •...... Kins N&- " " (S. }'ork) " "-,. 248-Snperlor Coal Co...... " •... 661-Pllgel So,md 'fnc., Light & 147- (N. Fork) ••. , L 2H-l'en"slhania Coal Co ...... Divtde ...... Power Co...... •.• , ..• , .•. Sn~11almle n •.. /48-Satus Creek...... Toppenioh:::: Sand and Gravel Pit Sand-Lime Brick Plant 562-Cl\y ofEllen1bur5...... Yakima R .• • • ?.- WASHINGTON 2-lii-Ell!t t:reek. Coal Co...... Earl Ctte.l< ••••••• 749-Toppenl.oh Creek...... Wb\toSwan .• 00.-KoplAh ( Wlloon Coal Co., Ellen,b<,rg.. . .K.!llltu 100-Ata.uum Creek...... Yakima . .. . . \ 6&8-Wasblngton Water Powl!1' Co..Spol< Rn e R., QJ)l:rator) •...... •...... Koplah ..••...•.•. SHOWING LOCATION OF 2-17- Mundota Co,il « Coke Co ...... Mendot• ..•• ..... Long Lake .. . . L!nooln 24S-Pad5c Coast Coal Co ...... ••.. Burum ...... Pleroe 5 • Mineral Water 24!1-Corbon HU! Coo! Co...... • Carl>onado , •..... " 1f~:i!"/!i1..... " 250-N<>nh,,.est.ern Improvement 665-Metho,. Power Co ...... Met h o,,. R., MINES, QUARRIES, LIMEKILNS, CLAY AND CEMENT PLANTS, Co .. •. .. •. ..•. .. , • •...... Mel,qually R ••• ••.Pleroi, 0 ,o >0 3ei "'0 2,';6-M ajeatlc C<,al Co ..••...... Ncar R,.\nler.. . . . ;; l>]O-P'if Puyallup R, • • .. •• 257- .Blatk Bear Mine ...... Te.ulno .... •• ..•.. 0~:~e . nger ••... .

{{Tlf. !Ir A.HOEN6CO B~iffM0!1£. MO. Editic;n ol December , 1913