General Disease Finder

This overview will help to fnd neuromuscular disease patterns in the different sections. Addison’s disease: Cushing’s disease: steroid myopathy, general muscle weakness Adrenal dysfunction CN: VII AIDS CMV: polyradiculomyelopathy Herpes zoster: radiculitis Immune Reconstitution Infammatory Syndrome (IRIS) Infections: aspergillus, candida, CMV, cryptococcus, histoplasma, HSV, TBC, toxoplasmosis, varicella Myopathies: infammatory, treatment related Neoplastic: lymphoma (direct nerve and muscle invasion) Neurotoxicity of drug treatment Polyneuropathies: infammatory, immune mediated, treatment related Syphilitic radiculopathy Treatment related: polyneuropathy/myopathy Zidovudine Acute necrotizing myopathy and myoglobinuria Alcohol Chronic proximal weakness Compartment syndromes (prolonged compression) CN: recurrent nerve Hypokalemic paralysis Mononeuropathy—radial nerve (compression) Myoglobinuria Myopathy Optic nerve (methanol and adultered alcohol) Polyneuropathy (distal, rarely proximal, rarely ulcers) Small fber neuropathy Periodic paralysis Aldosteronism Tetanic muscles Amyloidoma (trigeminal root) Amyloid Autonomic involvement Chronic infammatory diseases, rheumatoid diseases, osteomyelitis CN: V, VII, and other CN Deposition of acute phase plasma protein, serum amyloid A Deposition of immunoglobulin light chains in tissue Familial amyloid polyneuropathies Gelsolin type Mononeuropathy: Carpal tunnel syndrome Muscle amyloid—“muscle amyloidosis” Painful neuropathy Polyneuropathy, painful, hearing loss Primary amyloidosis (AL) Secondary or reactive amyloidosis (AA) Sensorimotor neuropathy Transthyretin Cobalamin defciency, vitamin B12 polyneuropathy Anemia Lead poisoning polyneuropathy Pure red cell anemia: autoimmune disease associated with myasthenia gravis Thalassemia: muscle cramps, myalgia, muscle atrophy

Addison’s disease: Cushing’s disease: steroid myopathy, general muscle weakness Adrenal dysfunction Cardiac bypass operations: nerve stretch, hypothermia, phrenic nerve lesions Anesthesia Local: drug toxicity, local hematoma, vasoconstriction, needle injury, infection, extravasation Lower extremity (30%): mononeuropathies of peroneal, sciatic, or femoral nerves Malignant hyperthermia Malpositioning Neuromuscular transmission disorders induced by muscle relaxants Regional: Epidural or spinal anesthesia may cause cauda equina lesions Tourniquet palsy Upper extremity (70%): mononeuropathies of brachial, radial, ulnar, or median nerves Brachial artery: median nerve Angiography Cerebral angiography: femoral nerve lesions Femoral nerve lesion in inguinal arterial puncture or hematoma Peripheral: Axillary or femoral artery puncture (brachial plexus and femoral nerve) Acute intensive care myopathy Asthma Eosinophilic syndrome Mononeuropathies Myopathy steroids Demyelinating polyneuropathy Biliary cirrhosis Sensory polyneuropathy Autoimmune adverse events Bone marrow transplant CIDP Focal damage; sacral plexus Infammatory myopathies MG Polyneuropathy Facial nerve lower branch Carotid surgery Horner syndrome Hypoglossal nerve Vagal recurrent nerve Antineoplastic treatment-associated polyneuropathy: Cancer Acute neurotoxicity; oxaliplatin Cumulative toxicity Bortezomibe Epithelons Platinum derivatives (Cisplatinum Carboplatin, Oxaliplatin) Suramin Taxanes Thalidomide Vinca alkaloids Car T cell therapy CN: optic nerve CN: meningeal carcinomatosis, base of the skull metastasis, nerve infltrations, radiation injury Immune checkpoint inhibitors Immune therapies Induction or reactivation MG (ICI) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) Mantle feld radiation Mononeuropathies (pressure, toxic, extravasation, following operations), rarely infltration or metastasis. CTS in paraproteinemia and amyloidosis Myopathies: cachexia, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, ICI myositis, necrotizing myopathy, neuromyotonia, amyloid deposition, sarcopenia, type 2 fber atrophy, lymphoid infltration, rarely muscle metastasis Neuromuscular transmission: MG and thymoma, LEMS and (lung) cancer Plexopathies (brachial, lumbar, sacral). Polyneuropathies: treatment related (CIPN), rarely autoimmune, paraneoplastic, rarely infltrative Radiation: Early, delayed, and late effects Radiation fbrosis syndrome Radiculopathies (meningeal carcinomatosis, compression or infltration of roots, multiple spinal metastasis), cauda equina syndrome Steroid myopathy Targeted therapies General Disease Finder 333

Addison’s disease: Cushing’s disease: steroid myopathy, general muscle weakness Adrenal dysfunction Carotid surgery—see temporary aortic occlusion (surgery) Circulatory disorders CN: recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy Drug treatment: cholesterol lowering drugs Embolism-compartment syndrome Intermittent claudication Ischemic neuropathy, angiopathic neuropathies Mononeuropathy: femoral nerve lesion (ruptured aneurysm, aortic surgery) Obturator nerve: hematoma in psoas muscle Monomelic neuropathy Muscle hemorrhage: hemophiliacs, anticoagulants: retroperitoneal, buttock, arm, calf Myopathy, cramps and cholesterol-lowering agents (benzafbrate, clofbrate, fenofbrate, gemfbrozil, lovastatin, nicotinic acid, pravastatin simvastatin) Nerve compression by hematoma (femoral nerve, lumbar plexus, sciatic nerve) Neuropathy by fstula—hemodialysis and mononeuropathies Radiculopathies: compression of L4, 5 and S1, 2 by terminal aorta Ischemic monomelic: predominately sensory with causalgia like pain Venous occlusion—phlegmasia cerulea dolens Compartment syndromes Coma Cranial nerve lesions Critical illness myopathies Critical illness neuropathy Mononeuropathies (malpositioning, pressure palsy) Rhabdomyolysis Steroid myopathy Thick flament myopathy Drug-induced myopathy: acute hypokalemic paralysis, necrotizing myopathy, subacute and chronic Complications of medical and surgical myopathies, ischemic injury during surgery treatment Hip and joint surgery: sciatic, femoral nerve lesions Hypothermia: polyneuropathy Injection into nerves Intramuscular injections Knee surgery: peroneal nerve, ramus infrapatellaris, and cutaneous nerves Mononeuropathies Mononeuropathies due to body position: plexus, radial, ulnar, median, peroneal, femoral nerve lesions Muscle Nerve blockade Neuromuscular blocking agents Neuromuscular transmission: drug-induced MG Postoperative apnea, malignant hyperthermia Postoperatively: GBS Radiation Shoulder surgery Spinal anesthesia: adhesive arachnoiditis, abscess, epidural hemorrhage, nerve roots, paraplegia, sensory loss Spinal cord and nerve plexus (brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexus) mononeuropathies Surgical trauma: mastectomy, median sternotomy, neck surgery (thoracodorsal, long thoracic, axillary nerve), obturator, pelvic surgery (femoral, ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric sciatic, nerve) Tourniquet paralysis Abdominal weakness Diabetes mellitus Autonomic neuropathy Cranial mononeuropathies Mononeuropathies Muscle infarction Plexopathy (lumbar) Polyneuropathy; several distinct types Thoracic (truncal) radicular lesions Alcohol neuropathy Drugs and addiction Cocaine: rhabdomyolysis Compartment syndromes Glue sniffng neuropathy Heroin: nerve compression (coma), trauma from injection, brachial and lumbosacral Nerve compression syndromes Plexopathies Phenylcyclidine: rhabdomyolysis 334 General Disease Finder

Addison’s disease: Cushing’s disease: steroid myopathy, general muscle weakness Adrenal dysfunction Hypercalcemia: muscle weakness Electrolyte disorders Hyperkalemia: potassium retaining diuretics Hyperkalemic paralysis Hypermagnesemia muscle weakness Hypernatremia: muscle weakness Hyperphosphatemia Hypocalcemia: tetany Hypokalemic myopathy Hypokalemic paralysis Hypomagnesemia muscle weakness Hyponatriemia: muscle weakness Churg–Strauss syndrome Eosinophilic syndromes Eosinophilia myalgia syndromes Eosinophilic fasciitis Eosinophilic polymyositis Parasitic infections Acute abdomen: porphyria, lead poisoning-polyneuropathy Gastrointestinal disorders Celiac disease: myopathy Chronic diarrhea: malabsorption neuropathies, Whipple’s disease, celiac disease Crohn’s disease: polymyositis Diabetes: autonomic neuropathy Paraneoplastic “intestinal pseudoobstruction” Whipple: macrophagic myofasciitis GBS Hepatic disease Myopathy Hepatitis Neuropathy Panarteritis nodosa (hepatitis B) Polyneuropathy (hepatitis B, C) Primary biliary cirrhosis: polymyositis Amyloidosis Hematologic diseases Anticoagulation Brachial plexus lesions Hematomas in peripheral nerves (femoral nerve, median nerve, obturator nerve, sciatic nerve) Hemophilia: Median nerve—CTS due to hemorrhage Nerve compression (femoral nerve, hemorrhage into iliac muscle) Radial nerve, sciatic nerve, peroneal nerve Ulnar nerve compression Polyneuropathy: Castleman’s syndrome Chemotherapy induced CIDP IgM (MAG) Lymphoma, HIV Macroglobulinemia Neuroleukemiosis Neurolymphomatosis Paraproteinemia POEMS syndrome Waldenstrom’s Thrombocytopenia: Rarely affects peripheral nerves Median nerve mononeuropathy Hyperuricemia Polyneuropathy Radiculopathy General Disease Finder 335

Addison’s disease: Cushing’s disease: steroid myopathy, general muscle weakness Adrenal dysfunction Polyneuropathies: Hypnotic drugs Amitryptiline (rare) Gluthethimide Imipramine Li+ carbonate Metaqualone Perazine Phenelzine Thalidomide and derivatives Infuenza Immunization Macrophagic microfasciitis (hepatitis A, hepatitis B, tetanus) Mumps: sensorineural deafness Polio (oral): GBS (rare) Rabies Serum sickness Swine fu: GBS Toxoids: Diphtheria/tetanus: GBS Haemophilus infuenzae: GBS Plasma-derived hepatitis B: GBS Cachexia Immobilization Disuse myopathy Mononeuropathies: pressure palsies Muscle atrophy Sarcopenia Antimicrobial therapy: Infections Emetine-induced myopathy Ethambutol neuropathy Isoniazide neuropathy Metronidazole neuropathy Nitrofurantoin neuropathy Streptomycin-ototoxicity Sulfonamide vasculitis Bacterial meningitis: CN lesions Deafness and vertigo: mumps, measles, varicella, infuenza, HSV GBS: CMV, enterovirus, EpsteinBarr, herpes simplex, hepatitis B, HIV, infuenza A and B, measles, rabies, rubella, smallpox vaccination Hepatitis: A: GBS B: GBS, periarteritis nodosa C: Polyneuropathy (vasculitis) Herpes zoster: CN: ophthalmic, trigeminal, Ramsay Hunt syndrome Postherpetic neuralgia Leprosy: Leprous neuritis Lepromatous leprosy Median: proximal to carpal tunnel Peroneal nerve Sensory loss (cool areas) Skin, superfcial nerves Ulnar: proximal to ulnar groove 336 General Disease Finder

Addison’s disease: Cushing’s disease: steroid myopathy, general muscle weakness Adrenal dysfunction Lyme disease: CN: VII (possibly bilateral) Polyneuropathy (unclear) Radiculoneuritis (Garin-Bujadoux-Bannwarth syndrome) Root involvement Neurosyphilis: CN: pupillary abnormality Posterior nerve root, ataxia, bladder and sexual dysfunction Tabes dorsalis (“Lightning pain”) Onchocerciasis: blindness Paragonimus: optic atrophy Parasitic infections: Amebic meningoencephalitis: olfactory nerve, smell Angiostrongyliasis: radiculomyeloneuritis Eosinophilic meningitis: cranial neuropathies, paresthesias Poliomyelitis: Facial diplegia Laryngeal and pharyngeal Muscle weakness “Postpolio syndrome” Pyomyositis—tropical areas Trichinosis-muscle, respiration, and cardiac and skeletal muscles Tuberculoid leprosy: Digital, sural nerves Enlarged superfcial cutaneous, radial nerve Mixed nerve near the tubercle Ulnar, median, peroneal, facial nerve Tuberculosis: CN (meningitis): VI, III, IV Retrobulbar with myelitis Tuberculomas Tuberculous arachnoiditis: radiculomyelopathy Typhoid fever: multifocal neuropathy Viral meningitis: Cranial nerves: mumps Mumps: deafness Viral: Herpes Myopathy Rabies Post-viral complications: Optic neuritis: measles, rubella, mumps, varicella zoster, infectious hepatitis, mononucleosis, rabies vaccine CN: II, VI, VII, VIII, vagus Infammatory and immune diseases Mononeuropathies: serum sickness, acute mononeuropathies: long thoracic, radial, suprascapular, musculocutaneous, femoral, sciatic, anterior interosseus nerve, intercostal, phrenic nerve Myopathies: Autonomic autoimmune syndromes Dermato- and polymyositis Eosinophilic fasciitis Lupus Scleroderma Polyneuropathy: Chronic idiopathic neuritis CIDP Collagen vascular disease Cryoglobulinemia GBS Migratory recurrent polyneuropathy Multiplex neuropathy-vasculitis Periarteritis nodosa Postinfectious and allergic neuropathies Rheumatoid arthritis General Disease Finder 337

Addison’s disease: Cushing’s disease: steroid myopathy, general muscle weakness Adrenal dysfunction Compartment syndromes Ischemia/peripheral vascular occlusive Mononeuropathy Polyneuropathy Polyneuropathy: Lipid metabolism A-betalipoproteinemia Alpha 1 lipoprotein defciency Hyperlipidemia Statin neuropathy Statin myopathy Asthma Lung disease Churg–Strauss Syndrome COPD: neuropathy Lung cancer: paraneoplastic disease (anti-Hu) Phrenic neuropathy Sarcoid-polyneuropathy CN: trigeminal Lupus, SLE Mononeuropathies (median, ulnar) Polyneuropathy (sensorimotor) See also: Rheumatoid disease Focal nerve lymphoma Lymphoma Immune-mediated neuropathies Meningeal spread: CN, meningoradiculopathy Myalgia (Car T cell) Nerve infltration Neurolymphomatosis See also: Cancer Malnutrition-induced myopathy Malnutrition Polyneuropathy Posterolateral cord degeneration Sarcopenia Strachan’s syndrome Vitamin defciencies (B) Susceptibility in several diseases: Malignant hyperpyrexia Central core disease Duchenne’s dystrophy HyperCKemia Myotonia congenita Myotonic dystrophy Hypomagnesemia Mineral and electrolyte disorders Muscle weakness in: Potassium: hypokalemia, hyperkalemia Sodium: hyponatriemia Calcium Tetany, hypocalcemia Acute-chronic Nerve injury Nerve regeneration Plexus lesions—trauma Rehabilitation Surgery Suture Transection Amputation neuroma Nerve tumors Ganglia Lipoma Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) Nerve metastasis Neurofbroma Schwannoma WHO peripheral nerve tumor classifcation 338 General Disease Finder

Addison’s disease: Cushing’s disease: steroid myopathy, general muscle weakness Adrenal dysfunction “Beaded retinal vasculature”: vasculitis Ophthalmologic complications Fabry’s: corneal clouding Myotonic dystrophy Neurofbromatosis: Lisch nodules Optic disk edema: POEMS syndrome, CIDP, GBS Retinal microaneurysms: diabetes mellitus Retinitis pigmentosa: Refsum’s disease, Cockayne syndrome, Bassen-Kornweig Disease Sicca syndrome: Sjögren’s syndrome Xerophthalmia: Sjögren’s syndrome, LEMS Myopathy Osteomalacia Neuropathic pain: Pain CRPS Erythromelagia Neuralgia Phantom pain Muscle pain: generalized, myalgia, ischemia, cramps, drugs Pain classifcation Therapy of neuropathic pain CN: paraneoplastic retinal degeneration, cancer-associated retinopathy, “Numb chin syndrome” Paraneoplastic neuromuscular Myopathy: syndromes “Cachectic myopathy” Dermatomyositis, polymyositis Necrotizing myopathy Type 2 fber atrophy Neuromuscular transmission: LEMS MG (thymoma) Neuromyotonia, Isaacs syndrome Paraproteinemic neuropathies: Amyloid neuropathy Anti-MAG IgM Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain signifcance (MGUS) POEMS syndrome Polyneuropathy: Distal sensorimotor Immune mediated Sensory, subacute sensory neuronopathy Vasculitic neuropathy “Terminal” neuropathy See also: Cancer In hypoparathyroidism: tetanic muscular reaction Parathyroid disease Myopathy, bulbar and respiratory weakness Ocular myopathy Polyneuropathy Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis Acromegaly: entrapment neuropathies: median, ulnar nerve entrapment Pituitary disease Proximal myopathy Hypophysitis (ICI) with endocrine defciency Radiation therapy in children with growth retardation Ascending polyradiculopathy Porphyria Drug-induced side effects—see specifc drugs to be avoided) Polyneuropathy (proximal also respiration can be involved) General Disease Finder 339

Addison’s disease: Cushing’s disease: steroid myopathy, general muscle weakness Adrenal dysfunction Arthrogryposis Pregnancy CN: Bell’s palsy, optic neuritis GBS Immunotherapy and pregnancy Lumbosacral plexus-labor, fetal head, forceps Median neuropathy (CTS) MG (relapse and remission) Mononeuropathies: Common peroneal nerve Innervation of sphincter muscle of the pelvic foor Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve Obturator nerve Saphenous nerve Sciatic nerve Myotonia and myotonic dystrophy, weakness may worsen (uterus contraction, labor) Relapse of CIDP Psoriatic myopathy Psoriasis See: Lung disease Pulmonary disease Aminoglycoside toxicity Renal disorders Amyloid deposition: nerve and muscle Cachexia, inanition, electrolyte disturbances, rhabdomyolysis Compressive neuropathies: Ischemic myopathy related to shunt Multiplex mononeuropathies Myopathy: (type 2 fber atrophy) Neuromuscular junction: Polyneuropathy: Distal symmetric, sensory, motor Cramps, myokymia Restless leg syndrome Drug induced Rhabdomyolysis Electrolyte disturbances Ethanol intoxication General anesthesia Heroin Metabolic myopathies Multiple organ failure Narcotics Secondary entrapment—compartment syndromes See also: hyperCKemia Bechterew’s disease: cauda equina syndrome, thoracic radiculopathies Rheumatoid and connective tissue CN Giant cell arteritis: cranial neuropathies, optic nerve, infarction of tongue, claudication when chewing Muscle: Dermatomyositis Eosinophilic myositis/fasciitis Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome Polymyositis RA, scleroderma, penicillamine induced Osteopetrosis: anosmia, optic nerve, atrophy, optomotor, trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, otosclerosis Paget’s disease: anosmia, optic nerve, trigeminal, deafness, caudal and cranial nerves Polyneuropathy: Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome Mixed connective tissue disease (“Sharp syndrome”) Relapsing polychondritis Rheumatoid arthritis Scleroderma (rare) Sjögren’s syndrome with sensory ganglionopathy Systemic lupus erythematosus Polymyalgia rheumatica: muscle pain, myalgia Raynaud’s syndrome Therapy induced: Chloroquine: myopathy Corticosteroid: myopathy D penicillamine: MG, myositis Gold therapy: polyneuropathy, myokymia Trigeminal neuropathy Wegener’s disease: cranial neuropathies, neuropathy, vasculitis 340 General Disease Finder

Addison’s disease: Cushing’s disease: steroid myopathy, general muscle weakness Adrenal dysfunction CN: facial nerve (bilateral) Sarcoidosis GBS Hypercalcemia Mononeuropathy Myositis: proximal muscle atrophy Polyneuropathy (distal sensorimotor, small fber and autonomic) Radiculopathy Rhabdomyolysis Cachexia Sepsis Critical care myopathy Critical illness neuropathy Malnutrition and avitaminosis Neuromuscular transmission disorders by: anesthetic drugs, aminoglycosides Septic myopathy Therapy induced: steroid myopathy Thick flament myopathy Angiokeratoma: Fabry’s disease Skin changes Cheilosis/glossitis: vitamin B and folate defciency Collagenosis, autoimmune disease Dupytren’s contracture: alcoholic liver disease, diabetes mellitus Erythema nodosum: leprosy, sarcoidosis, infammatory bowel disease Hair loss: thallium, alopecia areata (in autoimmune disease, also in MG), hypothyroidism, thallium, lupus Hyperpigmentation: POEMS syndrome, adrenomyeloneuropathy, adrenoleukodystrophy Hypertrichosis: POEMS syndrome Hypopigmentation: POEMS syndrome, leprosy (patchy) Ichthyosis: Refsum’s disease Macroglossia: amyloidosis, hypothyroid Mechanic’s hands: dermatomyositis Mees’ lines (nails): arsenic, thallium intoxication Neurofbromatosis Photosensitivity: lupus, porphyria Purpura: vasculitis, cryoglobulinemia, amyloidosis Raynaud’s syndrome Skin rash: dermatomyositis Skin thickening: scleroderma, fasciitis Vitiligo: vitamin B defciency Cachexia Starvation Myopathy Sarcopenia Strachan’s syndrome Wernicke’s disease Acute myopathy in status asthmaticus Steroid therapy Critical illness myopathy Myopathy Type 2 fber atrophy Basedow’s disease Thyroid disease Entrapment mononeuropathy (CTS) Graves ophthalmopathy Hyperthyroidism Hyperthryroid periodic paralysis (Asian, Chinese) Hypothyroidism Median neuropathy MG and hyperthyrosis Myopathy (pseudomyotonia—Hoffman’s sign) Neuropathy Thyroid myopathy General Disease Finder 341

Addison’s disease: Cushing’s disease: steroid myopathy, general muscle weakness Adrenal dysfunction Drugs: Toxin exposure/working conditions Antimicrobial drugs Cardiovascular, e.g., amiodarone Chemotherapy: see Cancer CNS drugs Others Focal toxicity: Extravasation IT therapy toxicity Limb perfusion: cancer therapy Gasoline Heavy metals: Lead: motor neuropathy (UE > LE) Arsenic: distal axonopathy (GBS-like) Mercury: Cranial nerves II, VIII, sensory Thallium: Polyneuropathy, autonomic Tin: papilledema Insecticides, pesticides Late immunological effects: immune-mediated neuropathies: ICI Myopathies: Chloroquine Emtansine Taxanes Vincristine Nicotinic effects: inhibition of neuropathy target esterase—distal axonopathy (TOCP) triorthocresyl phosphate Organophosphates: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition: fasciculations, weakness, respiration Polyneuropathies: Acrylamide (monomer): sensory Biological toxins: venoms, ciguatera, tetrodotoxin Industrial agents Organic solvents (n-hexane, methyl n-butyl ketone, carbon disulfde) Trichlorethylene: cranial neuropathies Amyloid deposition—autonomic Uremia Mononeuropathies Optic neuropathy Polyneuropathy Shunt monomelic neuropathies Color vision changes: anthelmintic drugs, barbiturates, digitalis, methaqualone, nalidixic acid, Visual disorders streptomycin sulfonamides, thiazide diuretics, troxidone Optic neuropathy: chlorambucil, chloramphenicol chlorpropamide, dapsone, ethambutol, ibuprofen, indomethacin, isoniazid, MAO-inhibitors, morphine, penicillamine streptomycin, sulfas Pyridoxine high overdose: sensory neuropathy Vitamin defciency Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): polyneuropathy, myopathy Vitamin B6: isoniazid neuropathy, median neuropathy Vitamin B12 defciency: polyneuropathy, posterior column degeneration Vitamin D: muscle weakness, osteomalacia Vitamin E: myopathy, lordosis Index

A diabetic autonomic neuropathy, 327 Abdominal walls orthostatic hypotension, 321, 325 anterior abdominal wall muscles and innervation, 176 PoTS, 327, 329 external and internal oblique muscle, 177 refex syncope, 321, 325, 327–329 fascia, 178 sudomotor tests, 325 lower cupula, 176 TLOC, 323 muscular components, 178 Axillary nerve anatomy, 142 muscular innervation of the abdominal cavity, 176 Axillary nerve dysfunction, 125 nerves involved, 178 posterior abdominal muscle, 178 posterior wall, 176 B rectus abdominis, 177 Baker’s cyst, 198 rostral cupula, 178 Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), 28, 37, 287, 289, 290 transverse abdominal muscle, 178 Bell’s palsy, 83–85, 87, 90, 233 upper cupula, 176 Berrettini anastomosis, 147 Abducens nerve disease, 77, 81, 82 Big toe drop, 196 Accessory nerve disease, 92–94 Botulism, 74, 84, 91, 98, 99, 234, 267, 271, 318 Acoustic nerve disease, 88, 89 Brachial plexus Acute brachial neuritis, 93, 122, 125 anatomy, 120 Acute disc herniation surgery, 111, 113 diagnosis, 125, 126 Acute infammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), 14, 216, differential diagnosis, 125, 126, 129 234–236, 244, 247, 254, 255, 258, 260 lesion types, 120–126 Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), 216, 235–236 pathogenesis Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), 216, 234–235 acute brachial neuritis, 125 Acute paralytic poliomyelitis (APP), 318 Burner syndrome, 126 Alcohol polyneuropathy, 243 chronic neuralgic amyotrophy, 123 Allograft, 48 HNPP, 122, 125 Amputation neuromas, 206 immunotherapy, 124 Amyloid neuropathy, 223, 225–226 Lyme disease, 124 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 5, 6, 8, 13, 21, 27, 29, 32, 35, 36, multifocal motor neuropathy, 124 42, 55, 85, 94–96, 106, 240, 250, 286, 313–316, 318 neonatal brachial plexopathy, 122 anatomy and pathophysiology, 313 neurofbromas, 125 diagnosis, 314 pancoast tumor, 121, 125, 127 differential diagnosis, 315 Parsonage-Turner syndrome, 125 epidemiology, 313 radiation fbrosis, 123 fALS, 313–315 rucksack paralysis, 124 features and prognosis of, 313 prognosis, 122, 124, 125, 128 signs, 313, 314 signs, 121, 122, 125 symptoms, 313 symptoms, 121–123, 125, 127, 129 treatment, 315 therapy, 123, 124, 127 Angiosome, 142 Breast Ankylosing spondylitis, 104, 105, 111, 244 intercostobrachial nerve, 175 Anterior interosseous syndrome, 147 latissimus dorsi fap, 175 Anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, 202 male gynecomastia, 175 Aortic aneurysms, 134 phantom pain, 175 Autoimmune testing, 15–16 PMS, 175 Autonomic nervous system (ANS) scar pain and neuroma, 175 anatomy Bruns-Garland syndrome, 113 autonomic CNS structures, 321 Burner syndrome, 126, 141 enteric nervous system, 323 parasympathetic nervous system, 323 sympathetic nervous system, 321 C autonomic testing, 323, 324, 327, 329 Calcaneal nerves, 203

Cardiovascular refex tests Cobalamin neuropathy, 241 deep breathing, 324 Colchicine myopathy, 284 tilt table, 325 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), 128, 202 valsalva maneuver, 324 Congenital fber-type disproportion (CFD), 299–301 Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 defciency (CPT2), 304–306 Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS), 36, 267, 269, 301 Carotid sinus syncope (CSS), 328, 329 Congenital myopathies Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), 1, 10, 58, 64, 106, 130, 148–151, 226 clinical presentation, 299, 301 Cauda equina syndrome diagnosis, 301 anatomy, 114 differential diagnosis, 301 diagnosis, 115 pathogenesis, 299 differential diagnosis, 133 prognosis, 301 pathogenesis, 114 therapy, 301 signs, 114 Connective tissue diseases (CTDs), 10, 77, 280–282 symptoms, 114 clinical presentation, 281 therapy, 111, 113, 115 diagnosis, 281 Central core disease (CCD), 299–301 differential diagnosis, 281 Centronuclear myopathy (CNM), 251, 277, 299–301 pathogenesis, 281 Cervical plexopathy, 119 prognosis, 281 Cervical plexus therapy, 281 anatomy, 119 Cranial mononeuropathies, 218, 221–222 clinical presentation, 119 Cranial nerves diagnosis, 119, 120 abducens nerve, 72, 80–82 differential diagnosis, 120 accessory nerve, 85, 89, 90, 92–94 pathogenesis, 119 acoustic nerve, 88, 89 symptoms, 119 anatomy, 69, 70 therapy, 119, 120 examination in coma, 97 Cervical radiculopathy facial nerve, 77, 79, 82–88, 96 anatomy, 103 glossopharyngeal nerve, 89–90, 96 C8 radiculopathy, 104 hypoglossal nerve, 94–96 diagnosis, 106 lesions site, 69, 71, 72, 99 differential diagnosis, 106 oculomotor nerve, 70, 72, 74, 77, 99–100 meningeal carcinomatosis, 104 optic nerve, 72, 76, 77, 98, 100 pathogenesis, 105 oral cavity, 95, 96 prognosis, 106 painful conditions, 97 signs, 104 pupil, 72–74, 97–99 symptoms, 103–106 trigeminal nerve, 70, 75–80, 82, 83, 96, 98 treatment, 106 trochlear nerve, 72, 74–75, 100 Cervical spondylosis, 105 vagus nerve, 89–92 Charcot-Marie-tooth disease (CMT) vestibular nerve, 86, 88–89 causes, 249 Critical illness myopathy (CIM), 285–286 diagnosis, 249 Critical illness neuropathy, 216, 248 differential diagnosis, 251 Critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP), 285, 286 epidemiology, 248 Cutaneous forearm nerves pathophysiology, 248 lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, 162 signs, 248 medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, 162 symptoms, 248 posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve, 162 therapy, 251 Cutaneous nerves of the shoulder and upper arm, 144, 145 Chemotherapy-induced polyneuropathies (CIPN) chemotherapeutic drugs, 257, 258 clinical presentation, 258–260 D pathogenesis, 257 Deep peroneal lesions, 196 signs, 258 Demyelinating neuropathy, 8, 11, 89, 216, 224, 227, 244, 249, symptoms, 258 255–257, 260 Chronic infammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) Dermatomyositis (DM) clinical presentation, 237, 239 clinical presentation, 277 diagnosis, 237 diagnosis, 277 differential diagnosis, 237 differential diagnosis, 278 pathogenesis, 237 pathogenesis, 277 prognosis, 240 prognosis, 278 signs/symptoms, 237 therapy, 278 therapy, 239 Diabetic amyotrophy, 133, 286 Chronic neuralgic amyotrophy, 123 Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN), 220, 221, 327 Classic stocking–glove, 217 Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DPN) Clinical picture, 119 clinical presentation, 219 Cluneal nerves, 181, 182 diagnosis, 219 Index 345

differential diagnosis, 219 G pathogenesis, 219 Ganglionopathy, 217, 221, 230, 237, 255, 256, 258, 259 prognosis, 219 Genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2), 178, 180, 181 syndrome/signs, 219 Genitofemoral nerve dysfunction, 131, 133 therapy, 219 Glossopharyngeal nerve disease, 89–90, 93, 94, 96 Diabetic truncal neuropathy, 107 Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) Digital nerves of hand, 162, 163 clinical presentation, 303 Disc herniation, 105, 110–112, 114 diagnosis, 303 Distal desmin body myofbrillar myopathy (DBM), 298 differential diagnosis, 304 Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (d-HMN), 216, 251, 254 pathogenesis, 303 Distal myopathies, 250, 277, 279, 296, 298, 300 prognosis, 304 Distal symmetric polyneuropathy, 217–219, 222 therapy, 304 Dorsal scapular nerve, 165 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 74, 318 Dorsal scapular nerve dysfunction, 120 Guyon’s canal, 153–155 Drug-induced neuropathy Gynecomastia, 175, 315, 316 causes, 244 diagnosis, 244 differential diagnosis, 245 H epidemiology, 243 Hemorrhagic compartment syndromes, 135 pathophysiology, 243 Hereditary autonomic and sensory neuropathy (HSAN), 216 signs/symptoms, 244 Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) therapy, 245 causes, 249, 250 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) diagnosis, 249 clinical presentation, 287 differential diagnosis, 251 diagnosis, 287 epidemiology, 248 differential diagnosis, 287 pathophysiology, 248 pathogenesis, 287 signs, 248 prognosis, 288 symptoms, 248 therapy, 287 therapy, 251 Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA), 122, 123, 125, 253–254 Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP), 122, E 251, 254 Edrophonium test, 266 causes, 32 Enteric nervous system (ENS), 323 diagnosis, 252 differential diagnosis, 251 epidemiology, 252 F pathophysiology, 252 Facial nerve disease signs, 252 anatomy, 82 symptoms, 252 course of, 84 therapy, 252 diagnosis, 85 Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN), 218 pathogenesis, 84 Herpes zoster, 108 prognosis, 85 Herpes zoster neuropathy, 216, 231–232 signs, 83 Hip and neuromuscular disease, 185, 186 symptoms, 83, 84 Hip arthroplasty, 185 therapy, 84 Hip arthroscopy, 186 topographical lesions, 83 Hip trauma, 185 Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), 29, 41, 85, 277, Horner’s syndrome, 72, 77, 97, 98, 119, 121, 122, 124 294–296, 298 Human immunodefciency virus-1 neuropathy, 230–231 clinical presentation, 294 Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HyPP), 13, 307–309 diagnosis, 294, 296 Hypoglossal nerve disease, 94–96, 119 differential diagnosis, 296 Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HoPP), 309–310 pathogenesis, 296 Hypothyroidism, 88, 286 prognosis, 296 therapy, 296 Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), 225, 226 I Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS), 313–315 Ice test, 267 Fasciculations, 95, 125, 218, 240, 247, 258, 272, 286, 313–316, 318 Iliacus hematoma syndrome, 187 Femoral nerve (L2-L4), 178, 186–188 Iliacus muscle, 178 Femoral neuropathy, 133, 134 Iliohypogastric nerve, 178, 179 Foot drop, 190, 195, 197 Iliohypogastric nerve dysfunction, 133 Foot nerves, 203 Ilioinguinal nerve (L1), 178–180 Froment’s sign, 155 Ilioinguinal nerve dysfunction, 131, 133 Froment–Rauber nerve, 160 Iliopsoas abscess, 133 Functional ambulation category (FAC), 54 Immune polyneuropathies, 14 346 Index

Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), 280–281, 284 anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, 202 Inclusion body myositis (IBM), 16, 56, 240, 278–281, 284, 286, 298, around the knee, 194 315 femoral nerve, 186–188 Inferior gluteal nerve, 181 hip and neuromuscular disease, 185, 186 Infammatory-immune mediated neuralgic amyotrophy, 168 interdigital neuroma and “neuritis”, 203–205 Infrapatellar branch, 188 lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, 188–190 Intercostal nerve dysfunction, 106–108 nerves of the foot, 203, 204 Intercostal neuralgia, 107, 221 obturator nerve, 184, 185 Intercostobrachial nerve, 175 peroneal nerve Intercostobrachial nerve dysfunction, 106, 107, 125 anatomy, 195 Interdigital neuroma and “neuritis”, 203, 204 causes, 195, 196 International Classifcation of Functioning, Disability, and Health diagnosis, 196 (ICF), 17 differential diagnosis, 196 Interosseus anterior nerve, 146 imaging, 196 Intraneural perineuroma, 206 lesions, 196 Isaacs’ syndrome, 7, 271–272 prognosis, 196 Ischemic plexopathy, 123, 133, 134 signs and symptoms, 195 treatment, 196 posterior cutaneous femoral nerve, 189 J posterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, 201, 202 Joplin’s neuroma or medial plantar proper digital nerve syndrome, 203 saphenous nerve, 188 sciatic nerve anatomy, 189 K causes, 191, 192 Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS), 71, 277, 301, 302 diagnosis, 192 Kennedy syndrome, 315, 316 differential diagnosis, 194 Kiloh-Nevin syndrome, see Anterior interosseous syndrome signs and symptoms, 190, 191 Knee, 194 treatment, 194 sural nerve, 202, 203 tibial nerve (posterior tibial nerve) L anatomy, 197 Laing distal myopathy (LDM), 298 causes, 198, 200 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) signs and symptoms, 197 causes, 270 Lumbar and sacral radiculopathy diagnosis, 270 acute disc herniation surgery, 113 differential diagnosis, 270 anatomy, 109 electrophysiology, 270 conservative treatment, 113 epidemiology, 269 diagnosis, 113 pathophysiology, 269 differential diagnosis, 113 prognosis, 270 myotomal distribution, 111 signs, 270 pathogenesis, 111 symptoms, 269 prognosis, 113 therapy, 270 radicular sensory fndings, 111 Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve, 162 signs, 110 Lateral calcaneal neuropathy, 203 surgical techniques, 113 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (L2-L3), 178, 188, 189 symptoms, 109 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve dysfunction, 10, 131 Lumbar fusion, 113 Latissimus dorsi fap, 175 Lumbar stenosis, 111, 112 Leprosy, 77, 84, 85, 216, 233–234 Lumbosacral plexus Lesser occipital nerve, 119, 253 anatomy, 131 Likert scale, 54, 55 diagnosis, 135–136 Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), 42, 277, 287, 289–293, differential diagnosis, 134, 136 296, 304, 316 pathogenesis clinical presentation, 291 aortic aneurysms, 134 diagnosis, 292 cancer, 134 differential diagnosis, 293 diabetic amyotrophy, 133 pathogenesis, 292 episodic weakness, 133 prognosis, 293 hemorrhagic compartment syndromes, 135 therapy, 293 ischemic plexopathy, 134 Lipomas, 206 malignant psoas syndrome, 134 Local pain syndromes, 105, 186 maternal lumbosacral plexopathy, 134 Loge de Guyon’s canal, 155 postoperative lumbosacral plexopathy, 134 Loge-de-Guyon syndrome, 157 radiation plexus lesion, 134 Long thoracic nerve, 168 retroperitoneal hematoma, 134 Lower extremities, mononeuropathies prognosis, 136 Index 347

symptom/sign, 133 Mononeuropathies therapy, 136 causes of entrapment/injury, 139 Lumbosacral spinal stenosis syndrome, 111 lower extremities (see Lower extremities, mononeuropathies) Lumbosacral spondylosis, 112 peripheral nerve tumors (see Peripheral nerve tumors) Lumbosacral trunk (L4-L5), 178 sclerotome and angiosome, 142 Lumbricals 1 and 2, Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis, and sensory cutaneous nerves, 139–141 Flexor pollicis brevi (LOAF), 146 truncal mononeuropathies (see Truncal mononeuropathies) Lyme disease upper extremities (see Upper extremities, mononeuropathies) brachial plexus, 124 Morton’s neuroma, 203, 204, 206 neuroborreliosis, 232–233 Motor neuron disease syndrome, 85, 267 Motor neuron diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 313–315 M poliomyelitis/post-polio syndrome, 318–319 Male gynecomastia, 175 spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, 315 Malignant foot drop, 184 spinal muscular atrophies, 315–316 Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST), 206 Motricity index, 53, 54 Malignant psoas syndrome, 134 Multi/minicore disease (MCD), 299, 301 Markesbery distal myopathy (MDM), 298 Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), 14, 106, 124, 161, 216, 228, Martin–Gruber anastomosis, 146 237, 240, 314 Maternal lumbosacral plexopathy, 134 Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation defciency (MADD), 304 Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, 162 Multiple myeloma neuropathy, 222 Medial epicondyle and cubital tunnel, 155 Muscle and myotonic diseases Medial winging, 172 Becker muscular dystrophy, 289–290 Median benediction, 147 congenital myopathies, 298–301 Median nerve, 145 connective tissue diseases, 281–282 anatomic variations, 146 critical illness myopathy, 285–286 anatomy, 145 dermatomyositis, 277–278 anterior interosseous syndrome, 148 distal myopathies, 298 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 148, 149 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 286–289 clinical syndrome, 147 electrophysiology, 275–276 conservative therapy, 152 fatty acid metabolism, 276, 305, 306 diagnosis, 149 gene defects, 276 differential diagnosis, 149 glycogen storage diseases, 302–304 at elbow, 147 histology, 276 invasive therapy, 152 hypothyroidism, 7 lesions above elbow, 147 immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy, 280–281 lesions in shoulder, axilla, upper arm, 147 immunohistochemistry, 276 Pronator Teres syndrome, 147 inclusion body myositis, 279–280 Medical Research Council (MRC) scale, 4, 5, 53, 54 limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 291–293 Meralgia paresthetica, 190 mitochondrial myopathies, 301–302 Metabolic diseases myotonia congenita, 306–307 diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy myotonic dystrophy, 290 clinical presentation, 219 paramyotonia congenita, 307–308 diagnosis, 219 polymyositis, 277–278 differential diagnosis, 219 toxic myopathy, 281, 283–285 pathogenesis, 219 viral myopathy, 282–283 prognosis, 219 Muscle cramps, 8, 258, 267, 318 syndrome/signs, 218, 219 Musculocutaneous nerve, 143, 144 therapy, 219 Musculocutaneous nerve dysfunction, 49, 125 distal symmetric polyneuropathy, renal disease Myasthenia gravis clinical presentation, 222 causes, 265 diagnosis, 222 diagnosis, 266 differential diagnosis, 222 differential diagnosis, 267 pathogenesis, 222 electrophysiology, 270 prognosis, 222 epidemiology, 263 signs/symptoms, 222 medication, 267 therapy, 222 myasthenic crisis, 263 Migrant sensory neuritis, 189 pathophysiology, 263 Miller Fisher syndrome, 74, 90, 99, 216, 236–237, 244 pregnancy, 268 Mitochondrial myopathies, 71, 267, 282–284, 294, 296, 301–302, 304, prognosis, 267 306 signs, 263 Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), 281, 282 symptoms, 263 Miyoshi distal myopathy (MIDM), 298 therapy, 267 Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined signifcance (MGUS), 216, Mycobacterium avium intracellular (MAI), 282 223, 224, 226 Myoedema, 7 348 Index

Myokymia, 7, 75, 133, 134, 272, 279 myoedema, 7 Myotonia congenita myokymia, 7 clinical presentation, 306 myotonia, 7 diagnosis, 306 neuromyotonia, 7 differential diagnosis, 307 neuropathic tremor, 8 pathogenesis, 306 painful legs and moving toes, 7 prognosis, 307 pseudoathetosis, 7 therapy, 307 refex testing, 8 Myotonic dystrophy (DM), 13, 32, 36, 41, 276, 290, 291, rippling muscle, 7 293, 307, 308 sensory symptoms, 8–10 EMG techniques, 14 evidence based medicine, 1 N genetic testing, 16 Neck-Tongue Syndrome, 119 laboratory tests, 14–16 Nemaline myopathy (NM), 282, 299, 300 motor NCV studies, 11 Nerve and muscle rehabilitation MRI, 16 electrotherapy, 57 muscle biopsy, 16–17 endurance training, 55 nerve biopsy, 16–17 exercise therapy, 55 patient evaluation, 3 femoral neuropathy, 59 peripheral nerve, 12 lymphatic drainage, 57 physical examination, 4 massage techniques, 58 Schwann cell cytoplasm, 2 myopathies, 60 sensory information, 3 neural plasticity, 56–57 sensory NCV studies, 12 occupational therapy, 56 sensory qualities orthoses, 56 autonomic function, 11 outcome measurements, 53–55 clinical pitfalls, 11 peroneal neuropathy, 59 gait, 11 plexopathies, 59 ice cream headache, 10 polyneuropathies, 59–60 Kehr’s sign, 10 primary nerve surgery, 57 myalgia, 10 strength training, 55 negative symptoms, 8 symptoms and treatment goals, 58 neuropathic pain, 11 thermotherapy, 58 positive symptoms, 8 tibial neuropathy, 59 radicular/peripheral nerve distribution, 10 ulnar neuropathy, 58–59 Raynaud’s phenomenon, 10 ultrasound, 58 small fber neuropathy, 10 wrist cock-up splint, 58 Tinel-Hoffmann sign, 10 Nerve biopsy, 133, 222, 227, 229, 240, 241, 244, 251, 252, 257 ultrasound imaging, 16 Nerve entrapment syndrome, 107, 170 Neuromuscular hamartomas, 206 Nerve grafting, 94 Neuromuscular transmission (NMT) disorder Nerve sheath ganglia, 206 botulism, 271 Nerve sheath tumors, 205 congenital myasthenic syndromes, 269 Neuralgic amyotrophy, 142, 143 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, 269–271 Neuroborreliosis myasthenia gravis, 263–269 causes, 232 neuromyotonia, 271–272 diagnosis, 232 Neuromyotonia, 248, 271–272 differential diagnosis, 233 Neuronopathy, 230, 255, 259 epidemiology, 232 Neuropathic pain pathophysiology, 232 anticonvulsants, 258 signs/symptoms, 232 CRPS, 128 therapy, 233 Neuropathic tremor, 8 Neurofbromas, 205 Neuropathy, 241, 254 Neuromuscular disease demyelinating neuropathy, 260 clinical methodology, 1 Neurothekomas, 206 clinical phenomenology Neutral lipid storage disease and myopathy (NLSDM), 306 fasciculations, 6 Neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis (NLSDI), 306 motor function, 4–6 9-hole peg test, 54 muscle cramps, 8 NMT–neuromuscular junction transmission, 263 muscle tone, 8 NMT disorders, 263 Index 349

Nonaka distal myopathy (NDM), 298 Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 224 Notalgia paresthetica, 107, 108 Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), 323 Nutritional neuropathy Parosmia and anosmia, 69, 70 cobalamin neuropathy, 241 Parsonage-Turner syndrome (neuralgic post-gastroplasty neuropathy, 241 amyotrophy), 125, 165, 169 pyridoxine neuropathy, 241–242 Pectoral nerve, 173, 174 Strachan’s syndrome, 242 Perineuromas, 205 thiamine neuropathy, 242 Peripheral mononeuropathies, 91, 258 tocopherol neuropathy, 242–243 Peripheral nerve amyloidosis, 226 Peripheral nerve surgery clinical presentation, 45 O end-to-end coaptation, 45–47 Obturator nerve (L2-L4), 178, 184, 185 end-to-side coaptation, 48–49 Occipital neuralgia, 119 nerve grafting, 48 Occupational therapy, 234, 258, 296 nerve transfer, 49 Oculomotor nerve disease neurolysis, 49–51 anatomy, 72 timing, 45 cavernous sinus, 72 Peripheral nerve tumors clivus and plica petroclinoidea, 72 amputation neuromas, 206 diagnosis, 74 benign nerve tumors, 206 differential diagnosis, 74 hybrid tumors, 206 extracranial pathway/orbit, 72 malignant peripheral nerve involvement, 206 fascicular lesions, 72 malignant peripheral nerve intracranial pathway, 72 sheath tumors, 206 nuclear lesions, 72 Morton’s neuromas, 206 orbital lesion, 72 nerve sheath tumors, 205 pathogenesis, 74 perineuromas, 205 prognosis, 74 treatment, 207 signs, 73 WHO classifcation, 205 symptoms, 73 Peroneal nerve, 195–197 therapy, 74 Peroneal neuropathy, 59 transtentorial herniation, 72 Phantom breast syndrome, 175 Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD), 41, 267, 293–294 Phrenic nerve, 163–165 Olfactory nerve disease, 69 Piriformis syndrome, 191 Optic nerve disease, 70–72 Plexopathies Orator’s hand, 147 brachial plexus, 120–128 Orthostatic hypotension (OH), 11, 53, 54, 221, 231, 236, 243, 244, cervical plexus/cervical spinal nerves 255, 269, 270, 321, 325, 327–329 anatomy, 119 Osteosclerotic myeloma, 224 clinical presentation, 119 Overlap myositis (OM), 281–282 diagnosis, 119 differential diagnosis, 120 pathogenesis, 119 P symptoms, 119 Palisaded encapsulated neuromas, 206 therapy, 120 Panplexopathy, 121 lumbosacral plexus, 131–136 Paramyotonia congenita, 277, 307, 308 thoracic outlet syndromes Paraneoplastic neuropathy arterial, 130 clinical presentation, 255 disputed neurogenic, 131 diagnosis, 255 traumatic, 131 differential diagnosis, 255 true neurogenic, 129–130 pathogenesis, 255 venous, 128 signs, 255 POEMS syndrome, 216, 224–225, 237, 238 symptoms, 255 Poliomyelitis, 84, 90, 91, 318 therapy, 255 Polymyositis (PM) Paraproteinemias clinical presentation, 277 critical illness neuropathy, 248 diagnosis, 277 MGUS, 223 differential diagnosis, 278 multiple myeloma neuropathy, 222 pathogenesis, 277 POEMS syndrome, 224–225 prognosis, 278 vasculitis neuropathy, 226–230 therapy, 278 350 Index

Polyneuropathies Post-polio syndrome (PPS), 55, 315, 318–319 alcohol polyneuropathy, 243 anatomy and pathophysiology, 318 amyloid neuropathy, 225–226 causes, 318 cancer, 256 diagnosis, 318 chemotherapy-induced neuropathies, 255, 257–260 differential diagnosis, 318 lymphoma/leukemia, 256 epidemiology, 318 motor neuron disease syndrome, 228 signs, 318 neoplastic neuropathy, 257 symptoms, 318 paraneoplastic neuropathy, 255 therapy, 318 terminal neuropathy, 224 Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), 329 classic stocking-glove distribution, 217 Primary carnitine defciency (PCD), 304–306 clinical presentation, 217–218 Pronator Teres syndrome, 147 drug-induced neuropathy, 257 Proximal symmetric polyneuropathy, 217 hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy Pseudoathetosis, 7 HNA, 254 “Pseudo”-radial nerve paralysis, 161 HNPP, 252–253 Pseudoradicular symptoms, 106, 112 HSAN, 216, 218 Psoas fascia, 178 porphyria, 254–255 Psoas/iliacus syndrome, 135 hereditary neuropathy Psoas major muscle, 178 dHMN, 254 Pudendal, 133 HMSN, 253 Pudendal nerve, 183, 184 infectious neuropathy Pudendal nerve dysfunction, 109, 132, 133 herpes zoster neuropathy, 231–232 Pyridoxine neuropathy, 241–242, 245 human immunodefciency virus-1 neuropathy, 230–231 leprosy, 233–234 neuroborreliosis, 232–233 Q infammatory, 260 Quadratus lumborum fascia, 178 infammatory neuropathy Quadratus lumborum muscle, 178 acute motor axonal neuropathy, 234–235 Quadrilateral space syndrome (QSS), 142, 170, 173 AIDP, 234 Quantitative sensory testing (QST), 54 AMSAN, 235–236 Quantitative sudomotor axon refex test (QSART), 221, 322, 325, 329 CIDP, 237–240 demyelinating neuropathy, 224, 237, 249 Miller Fisher syndrome, 236–237 R multifocal motor neuropathy, 240 Radial nerve metabolic diseases anatomy, 158, 159 diabetic autonomic neuropathy, 220–221 axilla, 158 distal symmetric polyneuropathy, 222 causes, 161 DPN, 218–219 clinical syndrome, 158 nutritional neuropathy differential diagnosis, 161 cobalamin neuropathy, 241 lesions at elbow, 160 post-gastroplasty neuropathy, 241 posterior cutaneous nerve of arm and forearm, 161 pyridoxine neuropathy, 241–242 posterior interosseus nerve, 160 Strachan’s syndrome, 242 radial tunnel syndrome, 160 thiamine neuropathy, 242 tennis elbow, 160 tocopherol neuropathy, 242–243 therapy, 161 paraproteinemias torsion, 160 MGUS, 223 upper arm, 158, 160 multiple myeloma neuropathy, 222 wrist drop, 160 POEMS syndrome, 224–225 Radial tunnel syndrome, 160 vasculitis neuropathy, 226–230 Radiculomyelitis, 105 Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 224 Radiculomyeloneuropathy, 105 proximal symmetric polyneuropathy, 217 Radiculopathy toxic neuropathy cauda equina symptoms industrial agents, 245–246 anatomy, 114 metals, 246–247 diagnosis, 115 Porphyria, 85, 90, 216, 234, 254–255 pathogenesis, 114 Posterior abdominal wall, 178 signs, 114 Posterior cutaneous femoral nerve, 189 symptoms, 114 Posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm, 162 cervical radiculopathy Posterior interosseus nerve (PIN), 160 anatomy, 103 Posterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, 201, 202 diagnosis, 106 Postmastectomy syndrome (PMS), 175 differential diagnosis, 106 Index 351

treatment, 106 signs, 316 lumbar and sacral radiculopathy symptoms, 316 anatomy, 109 Split hand, 158 conservative treatment, 113 Spondylolisthesis, 109, 111–113 diagnosis, 113 Sprengel syndrome, 168 differential diagnosis, 113 Strachan’s syndrome, 71, 216, 242 myotomal distribution, 111 Subcostal nerve (T12), 178 pathogenesis, 111 Subscapular nerve (inferior scapular nerve), 166, 167 prognosis, 113 Sudomotor tests, 325 radicular sensory fndings, 111 Superfcial peroneal nerve lesions, 196 signs, 110 Superior and inferior gluteal nerves, 132 surgical techniques, 113 Superior gluteal nerve, 181 symptoms, 109 Suprascapular nerve, 120, 129, 166 thoracic radicular nerves Sural nerve, 202, 203 anatomy, 106 Sural nerve dysfunction, 5, 12, 16, 47, 48, 113, 136, 220, 228, 238, diagnosis, 108 244, 253, 257, 315 differential diagnosis, 109 Sympathetic nervous system (SNS), 321 pathogenesis, 107 Sympathetic skin response test (SSRT), 322, 325 prognosis, 109 Symptoms and treatment goals, median neuropathy, 58 signs, 107 Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), 77, 81, 90, 279, 281 symptoms, 107 Systemic sclerosis (SSc), 281 therapy, 109 Ramsey hunt syndrome, 85, 89, 98 Raynaud’s phenomenon, 10, 277, 281 T Rectus abdominis, 177 Tennis elbow, 145 Refex syncope, 321, 325, 327–329 Tennis leg, 194 Retroperitoneal hematoma, 134, 221 Thenar branch, 146 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 6, 85, 95, 105, 119, 229, 230, 244, 263, Thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS), 121, 130 281 arterial, 130 Rippling muscle disease, 7, 292 disputed neurogenic, 131 Rostral cupula, 178 traumatic, 131 Rotator cuff rupture, 171 true neurogenic, 129–130 Rotator cuff tears and nerve injuries, 171 Thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS), 128–131 Rucksack paralysis, 124 Thoracic radicular nerve disease abdominal muscle weakness, 107 anatomy, 106 S diagnosis, 108 Saphenous nerve, 188 differential diagnosis, 109 Saphenous nerve dysfunction, 48, 49, 113, 133, 136 herpes zoster, 107–109 Schwannomas, 205 pathogenesis, 107 Sciatic nerve, 190–194 prognosis, 109 Sclerotoma, 142 signs, 107 Sclerotome, 139, 142 symptoms, 107 Sensory neuronopathy (SSN), 230, 241, 255 therapy, 109 Shoulder impingement syndrome, 172 Thoracic radicular nerves, 106–109 6-minute walk test (6MWT), 37, 54, 287, 302 Thoracic spinal nerves, 107, 174, 175 Sjögren’s syndrome, 77, 255, 279 Thoracodorsal nerve, 120, 169, 170 Spermatic and inguinal neuralgia, 180 Thoracolumbar fascia, 178 Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), 29 Tibialis posterior tendon transfer, 197 anatomy and pathophysiology, 315 Tibial lateral plantar nerve, 199 caused by, 315 Tibial nerve (posterior tibial nerve), 197, 198, 200 diagnosis, 315 Tibial nerve lesions, 198 differential diagnosis, 315 Tibial nerve schwannoma, 200 epidemiology, 315 Tilt table test, 325, 327, 329 signs, 315 Timed get up and go test (TUG), 54 symptoms, 315 Tongue atrophy, 263, 265, 313–315 Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), 315, 316 Toxic myopathies, 276 Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), 6, 21, 36–38, 41, 89, 240, 251, 254, clinical presentation, 283 290, 298, 315–318 diagnosis, 284 anatomy and pathophysiology, 316 differential diagnosis, 284 causes, 316 pathogenesis, 284 diagnosis, 316 prognosis, 285 epidemiology, 315 therapy, 284 352 Index

Toxic neuropathy therapy, 165 industrial agents, 245–246 pudendal nerves, 183, 184 metals, 246–247 subscapular nerve (inferior scapular nerve), 166, 167 Toxic optic neuropathy, 71 superior and inferior gluteal nerve, 181 Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC), 323 suprascapular nerve, 165, 166 Transverse abdominal muscle, 178 thoracic spinal nerves, 174, 175 Trigeminal nerve disease thoracodorsal nerve, 169, 170 anatomy, 75 diagnosis, 77 features, 75 U metastasis with lesions, 79 Ulnar nerve neurologic examination, 77 anatomy, 153 pathogenesis, 77 causes, 155 signs, 76 diagnosis, 155 symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia, 77 differential diagnosis, 157 symptoms, 76 motor disability, 155 therapy, 79 prognosis, 157 tic douloureux, 77 signs and symptoms, 154 Trochlear nerve disease, 74, 75, 100 treatment, 157 Truncal mononeuropathies ulnar tardy palsy, 157 abdominal walls and innervation wrist lesion, 155 anterior abdominal wall muscles and innervation, 176 Ulnar tardy palsy, 157 external and internal oblique muscle, 177 Ulnar-to-median Riche–Cannieu anastomosis, 147 fascia, 178 Upper extremities, mononeuropathies lower cupula, 176 axillary nerve muscular components, 178 anatomy, 139 muscular innervation of the abdominal cavity, 176 causes, 141, 142 nerves involved, 178 diagnosis, 142 posterior abdominal muscle, 178 differential diagnosis, 142 posterior wall, 176 rotator cuff lesions, 142 rectus abdominis, 177 signs, 141 rostral cupula, 178 symptoms, 141 transverse abdominal muscle, 178 cutaneous nerves of forearm (see Cutaneous forearm nerves) upper cupula, 176 cutaneous nerves of shoulder and upper arm, 144 breast digital nerves of hand, 162, 163 intercostobrachial nerve, 175 median nerves latissimus dorsi fap, 175 anatomic variations, 146, 147 male gynecomastia, 175 anatomy, 145–147 phantom pain, 175 anterior interosseous syndrome, 148 PMS, 175 carpal tunnel syndrome, 148, 150 scar pain and neuroma, 175 clinical syndrome, 147, 148 cluneal nerves, 181, 182 conservative therapy, 152 dorsal scapular nerve, 165 diagnosis, 149 genitofemoral nerve, 180, 181 differential diagnosis, 149 iliohypogastric nerve, 178, 179 distal median nerve bifurcation, 147 ilioinguinal nerve, 179, 180 invasive therapy, 152 innervation of shoulder lesions above elbow, 147 complex structure and function, 170 lesions at elbow, 147 muscles, 170 lesions in shoulder, axilla, upper arm, 147, 149 nerve entrapment syndrome, 170, 171 musculocutaneous nerve neuronal structures passing through the shoulder, 170 anatomy, 143 quadrilateral space syndrome, 170 causes, 143 rotator cuff tears and nerve injuries, 171 diagnosis, 144 scapular winging, 172, 173 neuralgic amyotrophy, 143 sensory innervation, 170 signs and symptoms, 143 shoulder impingement syndrome, 172 nerves around the elbow intercostobrachial nerve, 175 anatomy, 145 long thoracic nerve, 168, 169 joint innervation, 145 pectoral nerve, 173, 174 nerve lesions, 145 phrenic nerves sensory innervation, 145 anatomy, 163 radial nerve (see Radial nerve) causes, 164 ulnar nerves diagnosis, 164 anatomy, 153 differential diagnosis, 164 causes, 155 lesion sites, 164 diagnosis, 155, 157 symptoms, 163 differential diagnosis, 157 Index 353

motor disability, 155 Venous, 130–131 prognosis, 157 Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase defciency signs and symptoms, 154 (VLACD), 304 treatment, 157 Vestibular nerve disease, 86, 88–89 ulnar tardy palsy, 157 Visual analog scale (VAS), 54, 55 wrist lesion, 155

W V Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 77, 89, 260 Vagus nerve disease, 89–93, 96, 242, 323 Wartenberg’s syndrome, 161, 189 Vasculitic neuropathy, 227–230, 237–238, 256, 257 Wegener’s granulomatosis, 97 Venipuncture, 143, 147 Welander distal myopathy (WDM), 298