LES RAISINS DE LA DOMINATION Histoire Sociale De L’Alcool En Tunisie À L’Époque Du Protectorat (1881 - 1956)

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LES RAISINS DE LA DOMINATION Histoire Sociale De L’Alcool En Tunisie À L’Époque Du Protectorat (1881 - 1956) Thèse de DOCTORAT Histoire Nessim ZNAIEN LES RAISINS DE LA DOMINATION Histoire sociale de l’alcool en Tunisie à l’époque du Protectorat (1881 - 1956) Th è se dirigé e par M . Pierre VERMEREN Soutenue le 28 septembre 2017 Membres du jury : M. Frédéric ABECASSIS (ENS Lyon) Mme Kmar BENDANA (Université La Manouba, Tunis) Mme Karima DIRECHE (CNRS - IRMC) M. Didier NOURRISSON (Université Lyon I – ESPE) M. Pierre SINGARAVELOU (Université Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne) M. Pierre VERMEREN (Université Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne) 2 REMERCIEMENTS Au moment d'achever l' écriture de ce manuscrit de thèse, je mesure le plaisir que j'ai eu d'avoir été encadré par M. Pierre VERMEREN, qui m'accompagne avec sourire, confiance et ouverture d'esprit depuis sept années. Ma gratitude se porte également vers M. Frédéric ABECASSIS, m on encadreur de Master Deux, toujours prêt à m'aider depuis maintenant dix ans, avec la même élégance et discrétion. Entre 2012 et 2013, j'ai eu la chance de remplir cette passionnante fonction d'ATER du monde arabo - musulman à l'Université d'Aix - Marseille . Cette première expérience d'enseignement universitaire, et de fréquentation du milieu de la recherche a largement conditionné la suite de mon parcours. J'ai une profonde reconnaissance pour les enseignants d'histoire contemporaine de cette époque, et not amment Mme Isabelle RENAUDET et M. Nicolas MICHEL, pour m'avoir accordé leur confiance. Entre 2014 et 2016, tout le personnel de l'IRMC et sa directrice, Mme Karima DIRECHE, m'ont fait passer deux années magnifiques à Tunis . Ce passage dans ce centre de r echerche m'a procuré les conditions matérielles de la réalisation de ma thèse. Mais l'humanisme que j'ai ressenti de la part des personnels de l'IRMC, et notamment de sa directrice, y compris dans les moments difficiles, va bien au - delà du simple accompagn ement intellectuel, qui lui non plus n'a jamais fait défaut. Depuis 2013, à Tunis et à Lyon, l'humour, l'optimisme, la bienveillance et le positionnement intellectuel original de Mme Kmar BENDANA et M. Didier NOURRISSON m'ont permis de réaliser ce travail de thèse avec davantage de légèreté. Je les remercie d'avoir bien voulu accepter de faire partie de mon jury de thèse. Je tiens également à remercier M. Pierre SING A RAVELOU, membre du jury, dont les travaux d'histoire connectée ont fortement influencé me s grilles de lecture intellectuelles. L’impressionnante Histoire mondiale de la France , dont M. SING A RAVELOU a été l’ un des coordinateurs, a été mon émouvant livre de chevet en ces derniers mois de thèse. Les dizaines d'heures de conv er s ation téléphonique d'un ton souvent badin avec mes correctrices, Mme Brigitte JAMET, et Mme Olga HELARY, au cours de cette dernière année de thèse, ont largement embelli mes journées et facilité mon écriture. Enfin ma gratitude vient, dans l'ordre alphabé tique à Sarah ADJEL, Saphia AREZKI, Margot BEAL, Camille BRUNET, Irène CARPENTIER, Julien DUTOUR, Julien HELARY, Gabriele MONTALBANO, Maud MOUSSI, Haïfa M'ZALOUAT, M'hamed OUALDI, Antonin PLARIER, Mathieu PICHARD, Pauline RAMEAU et Clémence WEBER - PALLEZ qu i ont relu avec patience et attention mes chapitres de thèse. Toutes ces personnes ont investi leur temps libre, souvent déjà bien réduit, pour m'aider dans un travail sans rapport avec leurs occupations personnelles. Bien plus que le simple apport, déjà b ien réel, que ces différents regards ont eu sur ma thèse, j'ai été profondément touché par ces marques concrètes d'amitié. J'espère pouvoir rendre à l'avenir à toutes ces personnes le soutien qu'elles ont eu pour moi, au moment où j'en avais le plus besoin . Enfin, le soutien inconditionnel, efficace et discret de mes parents, notamment dans la dernière année de ma thèse, est un souvenir qui restera en moi à tout jamais. Je mesure ma chance d'avoir été si bien entouré. 3 TABLE DE TRANSCRIPTION ’ = ء b = ب t = ت th = ث j = ج h = ح kh = خ d = د dh = ذ r = ر z = ز s = س sh = ش s = ص d = ض t = ط z = ظ ‘ = ع gh = غ f = ف q = ق k = ك l = ل m = م n = ن h = ه w = و y = ي î = ي ; û = و ,â = ا et ى Voyelles longues de prolongation Diphtongues ay et aw On ne retranscrit pas le ö sauf quand le mot est en annexion ; il se rend alors par un t. 4 « Les livres naissent comme les bateaux, à mi - chemin des vagues et des nuages » 1 « - Nom de Dieu ! Regardez ! S'écria - t - il. Les vignobles, les vergers, la grande vallée plate, verte et resplendissante, les longues files d'arbres fruitiers et les fermes. Et Pa dit : - Dieu tout puissant ! Les villes dans le lointain, les petits villages nichés au creux des vergers et le soleil matinal qui dorait la vallée. Une voiture klaxonna derrière eux. Al se rangea au bord de la route. - Je veux voir ça Les champs de céréales, dorés à la lumière du matin, les rangées de saule et les rangées d'eucalyptus. Pa Soupira : - J'aurais jamais cr u que ça pouvait exister, un pays aussi beau. Les pêchers, les bosquets de noyers et les plaques vert foncé des orangeraies. Et les toits rouges parmi les arbres, et des granges, des granges opulentes. » 2 1 BERTRAND, Romain, L’Histoire à parts égales , Paris, Seuil, 2011, p. 617. 2 STEINBECK, John, Les raisins de la colère , Paris, Folio, 2012, p. 318 - 319. 5 SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 3 TABLE DE TRANSCRIPTION ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 4 SOMMAI RE ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 6 INTRODUCTION ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 7 INTRODUCTION AU CORPUS DE SOURCES ................................ ................................ ............................ 36 I) Présentation des sources judiciaires ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 39 II) Présentation des sources hospitalières ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 42 III) Présentation des sources de presse ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 43 IV) Présentation des sources littéraires et témoignages ................................ ................................ ................ 47 V) Présentation des sources administratives ................................ ................................ ................................ 48 Première partie : De 1870 à 1914, l'indifférence ................................ ................................ .............................. 53 Chapitre 1 : L'alcool, une économie d'abord destinée à l'exportation ................................ ............................ 54 Chapitre 2 : Une augmentation timide de la présence d'alcool en Tunisie ................................ ................... 105 Chapitre 3 : Les prémices d'une politique prohibitive ................................ ................................ ................. 157 Deuxième partie : De 1914 aux années 1930, la diffusion de l'alcool ................................ .............................. 209 Chapitre 4 : La Première Guerre mondiale ou la naissance de l'alcool comme problème social ................... 210 Chapitre 5 : L'immédiat après - guerre : une nouvelle alcoolisation de la société ? ................................ ........ 266 Chapitre 6 : L'entre - deux - guerres : âge d'or de la prohibition ? ................................ ................................ ... 327 Troisième partie : Du milieu des années 1930 à l'indépendance, la banalisation ................................ .............. 387 Chapitre 7 : La fin d'une production : l'alcoo l n'est plus stratégique économiquement ................................ 388 Chapitre 8 : Un désintérêt progressif des élites pour l'alcool ? ................................ ................................ .... 435 Chapitre 9 : La consommation d'alcool dans la société tunisienne reste pourtant élevée .............................. 470 Chapitre 10 : De la prohibition à l'encadrement ? ................................ ................................ ....................... 510 CONCLUSION GENERALE ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 552 ANNEXES ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 564 Première partie : Po rtrait d'acteurs ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 564 Deuxième partie : Portrait de lieux ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 589 Troisième partie : Les buveurs en action ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 610 Quatrième partie : Points de vue ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 633 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ET SOURCES ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 669 I. Sources ................................ ...............................
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