DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Chapter 7: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1 Chapter 7: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System And First Order Draft Chapter 7 IPCC WG1 Fourth Assessment Report 1 2 Chapter 7: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry 3 4 Coordinating Lead Authors: Guy Brasseur, Kenneth Denman 5 6 Lead Authors: Amnat Chidthaisong, Philippe Ciais, Peter Cox, Robert Dickinson, Didier Hauglustaine, 7 Christoph Heinze, Elisabeth Holland, Daniel Jacob, Ulrike Lohmann, Srikanthan Ramachandran, Pedro 8 Leite da Silva Diaz, Steven Wofsy, Xiaoye Zhang 9 10 Contributing Authors: David Archer, V. Arora, John Austin, D. Baker, Joe Berry, Gordon Bonan, Philippe 11 Bousquet, Deborah Clark, V. Eyring, Johann Feichter, Pierre Friedlingstein, Inez Fung, Sandro Fuzzi, 12 Sunling Gong, Alex Guenther, Ann Henderson-Sellers, Andy Jones, Bernd Kärcher, Mikio Kawamiya, 13 Yadvinder Malhi, K. Masarie, Surabi Menon, J. Miller, P. Peylin, A. Pitman, Johannes Quaas, P. Rayner, 14 Ulf Riebesell, C. Rödenbeck, Leon Rotstayn, Nigel Roulet, Chris Sabine, Martin Schultz, Michael Schulz, 15 Will Steffen, Steve Schwartz, J. Lee-Taylor, Yuhong Tian, Oliver Wild, Liming Zhou. 16 17 Review Editors: Kansri Boonpragob, Martin Heimann, Mario Molina 18 19 Date of Draft: 12 August 2005 20 21 Notes: This is the TSU compiled version 22 23 24 Table of Contents 25 26 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 27 7.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 6 28 7.1.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Climate System.............................................................................................. 6 29 7.1.2. The Carbon Cycle and the Climate System .................................................................................................... 7 30 7.1.3. Reactive Gases and the Climate System ......................................................................................................... 8 31 7.1.4 Aerosol Particles and the Climate System....................................................................................................... 9 32 7.2 The Changing Land Surface and Climate..................................................................................................................... 9 33 7.2.1 Introduction to Land Climate Response from Human Activities .................................................................... 9 34 7.2.2 How Does Land Surface Mediate Climate Change?....................................................................................... 9 35 7.2.3 What Has Been Learned About Land Model Structures Since the TAR? ..................................................... 12 36 7.2.4 How Can We Quantitatively Relate Land Climate Changes to Atmospheric Inputs and Structural 37 Change?....................................................................................................................................................................... 13 38 7.2.5 Functioning of System Models - Improving Their Basis for Quantitative Evaluation of Impacts of Land 39 Changes ...................................................................................................................................................................... 16 40 7.3 The Carbon Cycle and the Climate System ................................................................................................................ 17 41 7.3.1 Contemporary Carbon Budget....................................................................................................................... 17 42 7.3.2 Carbon Cycle Processes ................................................................................................................................ 19 43 Box 7.1: Marine Carbon Chemistry and Ocean Acidification............................................................................................ 23 44 7.3.3 Interannual and Regional Variation in Carbon Fluxes Inferred from Observations.................................. 32 45 7.3.4 Coupled Climate-Carbon Cycle Projections................................................................................................. 38 46 Question 7.1: Are the Increases in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Other Greenhouse Gases During the Industrial Era 47 Caused by Human Activities?..................................................................................................................................... 44 48 7.4 Reactive Gases and the Climate System..................................................................................................................... 45 49 7.4.1 Methane (CH4)................................................................................................................................................ 45 50 7.4.2. Nitrogen Compounds...................................................................................................................................... 50 51 7.4.3. Molecular Hydrogen ...................................................................................................................................... 52 52 7.4.4 Global Tropospheric Ozone........................................................................................................................... 53 53 7.4.5. The Hydroxyl Radical (OH)........................................................................................................................... 57 54 7.4.6 Stratospheric Ozone and Climate .................................................................................................................. 61 55 7.5 Aerosol Particles and the Climate System.................................................................................................................. 62 56 7.5.1 What Major Climatic Factors Control Natural Aerosol Emissions and Burdens?...................................... 63 57 7.5.2 How Do Aerosols (Indirect Effects) Modify Clouds and Precipitation? ...................................................... 65 58 7.5.3 How Are Changes in Aerosols/Clouds Affecting Processes at the Earth’s Surface?................................... 70 59 7.5.4 How Are Aerosols Affecting Circulation Patterns? ...................................................................................... 72 60 7.6 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................................................................... 74 Do Not Cite or Quote 7-1 Total pages: 119 First Order Draft Chapter 7 IPCC WG1 Fourth Assessment Report 1 Box 7.2: Effects of Climate Change on Air Quality ........................................................................................................... 74 2 References ............................................................................................................................................................................ 77 3 Tables..................................................................................................................................................................................118 4 Do Not Cite or Quote 7-2 Total pages: 119 First Order Draft Chapter 7 IPCC WG1 Fourth Assessment Report 1 Executive Summary 2 3 Biogeochemical cycles interact with the climate system over a variety of temporal and spatial scales. 4 Nonlinear interactions involving physical, chemical and biological processes within or between the different 5 compartments of the Earth system could amplify (positive feedbacks) or attenuate (negative feedbacks) the 6 disturbances produced by human activities. The response of the climate system to anthropogenic 7 perturbations is therefore expected to be more complex and more chaotic than a simple cause-effect 8 relationship; it involves reciprocal interactions with the land surface, the carbon cycle, reactive gases and 9 aerosol particles. 10 11 The Land Surface and Climate 12 13 • Changes in temperature, moisture, and solar irradiance as well as atmospheric composition will affect 14 the distribution and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. The ecosystem response, in turn, will alter the 15 momentum, energy, and water balance of the atmosphere, as well as the cycling of carbon, methane, dust 16 and other atmospheric trace constituents. 17 • Changes in land vegetation, soils, and water cycle resulting from human activities can affect regional 18 climate through shifts in cloudiness, surface temperatures, and radiation. 19 • Land use changes have contributed ~35% of the buildup of atmospheric CO2 since preindustrial times – 20 indicating that future scenarios and model projections must account for land use change. 21 • Many modelling studies demonstrate that changing land cover can have local and regional climate 22 impacts that are comparable in magnitude with temperature and precipitation changes observed over the 23 last several decades as reported in Chapter 3. 24 • New developments in dynamic vegetation schemes and coupled climate-carbon models have shown that 25 the physiological forcing of stomatal closure can contribute 20% to the rainfall reduction in the Amazon 26 associated with rising atmospheric CO2 levels. 27 28 The Carbon Cycle and Climate 29 30 • The average increase in atmospheric CO2, determined from the global CMDL network, was 1.88 ppm 31 yr-1, or 3.99 Pg-C yr-1 for 2000–2004. 32 • The land was a large source of CO2 to the atmosphere in 1988 because
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Let Me Just Add That While the Piece in Newsweek Is Extremely Annoying
    From: Michael Oppenheimer To: Eric Steig; Stephen H Schneider Cc: Gabi Hegerl; Mark B Boslough; [email protected]; Thomas Crowley; Dr. Krishna AchutaRao; Myles Allen; Natalia Andronova; Tim C Atkinson; Rick Anthes; Caspar Ammann; David C. Bader; Tim Barnett; Eric Barron; Graham" "Bench; Pat Berge; George Boer; Celine J. W. Bonfils; James A." "Bono; James Boyle; Ray Bradley; Robin Bravender; Keith Briffa; Wolfgang Brueggemann; Lisa Butler; Ken Caldeira; Peter Caldwell; Dan Cayan; Peter U. Clark; Amy Clement; Nancy Cole; William Collins; Tina Conrad; Curtis Covey; birte dar; Davies Trevor Prof; Jay Davis; Tomas Diaz De La Rubia; Andrew Dessler; Michael" "Dettinger; Phil Duffy; Paul J." "Ehlenbach; Kerry Emanuel; James Estes; Veronika" "Eyring; David Fahey; Chris Field; Peter Foukal; Melissa Free; Julio Friedmann; Bill Fulkerson; Inez Fung; Jeff Garberson; PETER GENT; Nathan Gillett; peter gleckler; Bill Goldstein; Hal Graboske; Tom Guilderson; Leopold Haimberger; Alex Hall; James Hansen; harvey; Klaus Hasselmann; Susan Joy Hassol; Isaac Held; Bob Hirschfeld; Jeremy Hobbs; Dr. Elisabeth A. Holland; Greg Holland; Brian Hoskins; mhughes; James Hurrell; Ken Jackson; c jakob; Gardar Johannesson; Philip D. Jones; Helen Kang; Thomas R Karl; David Karoly; Jeffrey Kiehl; Steve Klein; Knutti Reto; John Lanzante; [email protected]; Ron Lehman; John lewis; Steven A. "Lloyd (GSFC-610.2)[R S INFORMATION SYSTEMS INC]"; Jane Long; Janice Lough; mann; [email protected]; Linda Mearns; carl mears; Jerry Meehl; Jerry Melillo; George Miller; Norman Miller; Art Mirin; John FB" "Mitchell; Phil Mote; Neville Nicholls; Gerald R. North; Astrid E.J. Ogilvie; Stephanie Ohshita; Tim Osborn; Stu" "Ostro; j palutikof; Joyce Penner; Thomas C Peterson; Tom Phillips; David Pierce; [email protected]; V.
    [Show full text]
  • What Lies Beneath 2 FOREWORD
    2018 RELEASE THE UNDERSTATEMENT OF EXISTENTIAL CLIMATE RISK BY DAVID SPRATT & IAN DUNLOP | FOREWORD BY HANS JOACHIM SCHELLNHUBER BREAKTHROUGHONLINE.ORG.AU Published by Breakthrough, National Centre for Climate Restoration, Melbourne, Australia. First published September 2017. Revised and updated August 2018. CONTENTS FOREWORD 02 INTRODUCTION 04 RISK UNDERSTATEMENT EXCESSIVE CAUTION 08 THINKING THE UNTHINKABLE 09 THE UNDERESTIMATION OF RISK 10 EXISTENTIAL RISK TO HUMAN CIVILISATION 13 PUBLIC SECTOR DUTY OF CARE ON CLIMATE RISK 15 SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTATEMENT CLIMATE MODELS 18 TIPPING POINTS 21 CLIMATE SENSITIVITY 22 CARBON BUDGETS 24 PERMAFROST AND THE CARBON CYCLE 25 ARCTIC SEA ICE 27 POLAR ICE-MASS LOSS 28 SEA-LEVEL RISE 30 POLITICAL UNDERSTATEMENT POLITICISATION 34 GOALS ABANDONED 36 A FAILURE OF IMAGINATION 38 ADDRESSING EXISTENTIAL CLIMATE RISK 39 SUMMARY 40 What Lies Beneath 2 FOREWORD What Lies Beneath is an important report. It does not deliver new facts and figures, but instead provides a new perspective on the existential risks associated with anthropogenic global warming. It is the critical overview of well-informed intellectuals who sit outside the climate-science community which has developed over the last fifty years. All such expert communities are prone to what the French call deformation professionelle and the German betriebsblindheit. Expressed in plain English, experts tend to establish a peer world-view which becomes ever more rigid and focussed. Yet the crucial insights regarding the issue in question may lurk at the fringes, as BY HANS JOACHIM SCHELLNHUBER this report suggests. This is particularly true when Hans Joachim Schellnhuber is a professor of theoretical the issue is the very survival of our civilisation, physics specialising in complex systems and nonlinearity, where conventional means of analysis may become founding director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate useless.
    [Show full text]
  • IPBES Global Assessment Chapter 4 - Supplementary Materials
    IPBES Global assessment Chapter 4 - Supplementary materials Contents Appendix 4.1 – Supporting materials to section 1 .................................................................................. 2 A4.1.1 Methodology for Literature Search, Review and Analysis ...................................................... 2 General ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Literature Search and Supplementation ......................................................................................... 2 Literature metadata analysis .......................................................................................................... 4 A4.1.2 – Extended figures and tables to section 1............................................................................ 13 Appendix 4.2 - Supporting materials to section 2................................................................................. 15 A4.2.1 The main interrelations and feedbacks between hierarchical levels that are important for biodiversity future (extended materials, Box 4.2.1) ......................................................................... 15 INTRAPOPULATION and INTRASPECIFIC DIVERSITY ...................................................................... 15 INDIVIDUAL SPECIES...................................................................................................................... 17 SPECIES DIVERSITY .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Annual Review PDF 2016-17
    Annual Review 2016/17 Pushing at the frontiers of Knowledge Portrait of Dr Henry Odili Nwume (Brasenose) by Sarah Jane Moon – see The Full Picture, page 17. FOREWORD 2016/17 has been a memorable year for the country and for our University. In the ever-changing and deeply uncertain world around us, the University of Oxford continues to attract the most talented students and the most talented academics from across the globe. They convene here, as they have always done, to learn, to push at the frontiers of knowledge and to improve the world in which we find ourselves. One of the highlights of the past twelve months was that for the second consecutive year we were named the top university in the world by the Times Higher Education Global Rankings. While it is reasonable to be sceptical of the precise placements in these rankings, it is incontrovertible that we are universally acknowledged to be one of the greatest universities in the world. This is a privilege, a responsibility and a challenge. Other highlights include the opening of the world’s largest health big data institute, the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, and the launch of OSCAR – the Oxford Suzhou Centre for Advanced Research – a major new research centre in Suzhou near Shanghai. In addition, the Ashmolean’s success in raising £1.35 million to purchase King Alfred’s coins, which included support from over 800 members of the public, was a cause for celebration. The pages that follow detail just some of the extraordinary research being conducted here on perovskite solar cells, indestructible tardigrades and driverless cars.
    [Show full text]
  • YALE Environmental NEWS
    yale environmental NEWS Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, and Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies fall/winter 2009–2010 · vol. 15, no. 1 Peabody Curator Awarded MacArthur “Genius” Grant page 12 KROON HALL RECEIVES DESIGN AWARDS Kroon Hall, the Yale School of Foresty & Environmental Studies’ new ultra- green home, captured two awards this fall for “compelling” design from the American Institute of Architects. “The way the building performs is essential contrast with the brownstone and maroon moment a visitor enters the building at ground to this beautiful, cathedral-like structure,” the brick of other Science Hill buildings. Glass level, the long open stairway carries the eye up jurors noted. “Part of its performance is the facades on the building’s eastern and western toward the high barrel-vaulted ceiling and the creation of a destination on the campus. The ends are covered by Douglas fi r louvers, which big window high up on the third fl oor, with its long walls of its idiosyncratic, barn-like form are positioned to defl ect unwanted heat and view into Sachem’s Wood. defi ne this compelling building.” glare. The building’s tall, thin shape, combined Opened in January 2009, the 58,200- Designed by Hopkins Architects of Great with the glass facades, enables daylight to pro- square-foot Kroon Hall is designed to use Britain, in partnership with Connecticut-based vide much of the interior’s illumination. And 50% less energy and emit 62% less carbon Centerbrook Architects and Planners, the the rounded line of the standing seam metal dioxide than a comparably sized modern aca- $33.5 million Kroon Hall received an Honor roof echoes the rolling whaleback roofl ine of demic building.
    [Show full text]
  • Atmospheric Circulation Newsletter of the University of Washington Atmospheric Sciences Department
    Autumn 2017 Atmospheric Circulation Newsletter of the University of Washington Atmospheric Sciences Department Studying the effects of Southern African biomass burning on clouds and climate: The ORACLES mission by Professor Robert Wood, Michael Diamond, & Sarah Doherty iny aerosol particles, emitted by Fires, mainly associated with dry season Teverything from tailpipes to trees, float agricultural burning on African savannas, above us reflecting sunlight, seeding clouds and generate smoke, a chemical soup that absorbing solar heat. How exactly this happens includes a large quantity of tiny aerosol – and how it might change in the future particles. This smoke rises high in – is one of the biggest uncertainties the atmosphere driven by strong in how humans are influencing surface heating and then is climate. blown west off the coast; it In September 2016, three then subsides down toward University of Washington the cloud layer over the scientists took part in a southeastern Atlantic large NASA field campaign, Ocean. The interaction Observations of Aerosols between air moisture and Above Clouds and their smoke pollution is complex Interactions, or ORACLES, and not well understood. that is flying research planes Southern Africa produces around clouds off the west coast almost a third of the Earth’s of southern Africa to see how smoke biomass burning aerosol particles, particles and clouds interact. yet the fate of these particles and their ORACLES is a five year program, with influence on regional and global climate is three month-long aircraft field studies, and is poorly represented in climate models. led by Dr. Jens Redemann from NASA Ames The ORACLES experiment is providing Research Center in California.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1810.00224V2 [Q-Bio.PE] 7 Dec 2020 Humanity Is Increasingly Influencing Global Environments [195]
    A Survey of Biodiversity Informatics: Concepts, Practices, and Challenges Luiz M. R. Gadelha Jr.1* Pedro C. de Siracusa1 Artur Ziviani1 Eduardo Couto Dalcin2 Helen Michelle Affe2 Marinez Ferreira de Siqueira2 Luís Alexandre Estevão da Silva2 Douglas A. Augusto3 Eduardo Krempser3 Marcia Chame3 Raquel Lopes Costa4 Pedro Milet Meirelles5 and Fabiano Thompson6 1National Laboratory for Scientific Computing, Petrópolis, Brazil 2Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany 2Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 3Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4National Institute of Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 5Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil 6Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Abstract The unprecedented size of the human population, along with its associated economic activities, have an ever increasing impact on global environments. Across the world, countries are concerned about the growing resource consumption and the capacity of ecosystems to provide them. To effectively conserve biodiversity, it is essential to make indicators and knowledge openly available to decision-makers in ways that they can effectively use them. The development and deployment of mechanisms to produce these indicators depend on having access to trustworthy data from field surveys and automated sensors, biological collections, molec- ular data, and historic academic literature. The transformation of this raw data into synthesized information that is fit for use requires going through many refinement steps. The methodologies and techniques used to manage and analyze this data comprise an area often called biodiversity informatics (or e-Biodiversity). Bio- diversity data follows a life cycle consisting of planning, collection, certification, description, preservation, discovery, integration, and analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae 1
    Curriculum Vitae Emily Boyd School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Sciences (SAGES) Reading, RG1 6AH, UK Phone: +44 (0)118 3787756; Fax: +44 (0)118 975 5865; email: [email protected] Present appointment Professor of Resilience Geography, School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Sciences (SAGES) University of Reading Research climate resilience, adaptation & mitigation, governance and development theory DEGREES 1999-2003 Ph.D. University of East Anglia, School of Development Studies Thesis title: Forests Post Kyoto: Global Priorities and Local Realities Supervisors: Prof. Katrina Brown & Prof. Neil Adger. External examiner: Tim Forsyth, LSE. 1997-1998 MSc. University of Oxford, School of Plant Sciences 2.1 Thesis title: A natural resource assessment: A case study of Ncaute village in Namibia. Supervisor: Prof. Jeff Burly 1994 BSc. University of East Anglia, School of Development Studies (Hons)(2.1) Development Studies, 1st Class Final Dissertation PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS 2011-2013 Reader, University of Reading, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, 2010-11 Maternity leave 2009-11 Lecturer in Environment and Development, University of Leeds, School of Earth and Environment; Deputy Director, Global Development Centre, University of Leeds Research on adaptation & mitigation, climate change risk assessment UK, resilience theory, India, UK 2007-09 Leverhulme early career fellow, University of Oxford, Environmental Change Institute Research on resilience, CDM and sustainable development in India 2006-07 James
    [Show full text]
  • Oriel College Record
    Oriel College Record 2020 Oriel College Record 2020 A portrait of Saint John Henry Newman by Walter William Ouless Contents COLLEGE RECORD FEATURES The Provost, Fellows, Lecturers 6 Commemoration of Benefactors, Provost’s Notes 13 Sermon preached by the Treasurer 86 Treasurer’s Notes 19 The Canonisation of Chaplain’s Notes 22 John Henry Newman 90 Chapel Services 24 ‘Observing Narrowly’ – Preachers at Evensong 25 The Eighteenth Century World Development Director’s Notes 27 of Revd Gilbert White 92 Junior Common Room 28 How Does a Historian Start Middle Common Room 30 a New Book? She Goes Cycling! 95 New Members 2019-2020 32 Eugene Lee-Hamilton Prize 2020 100 Academic Record 2019-2020 40 Degrees and Examination Results 40 BOOK REVIEWS Awards and Prizes 48 Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra, Leibniz: Graduate Scholars 48 Discourse on Metaphysics 104 Sports and Other Achievements 49 Robert Wainwright, Early Reformation College Library 51 Covenant Theology: English Outreach 53 Reception of Swiss Reformed Oriel Alumni Advisory Committee 55 Thought, 1520-1555 106 CLUBS, SOCIETIES NEWS AND ACTIVITIES Honours and Awards 110 Chapel Music 60 Fellows’ and Lecturers’ News 111 College Sports 63 Orielenses’ News 114 Tortoise Club 78 Obituaries 116 Oriel Women’s Network 80 Other Deaths notified since Oriel Alumni Golf 82 August 2019 135 DONORS TO ORIEL Provost’s Court 138 Raleigh Society 138 1326 Society 141 Tortoise Club Donors 143 Donors to Oriel During the Year 145 Diary 154 Notes 156 College Record 6 Oriel College Record 2020 VISITOR Her Majesty the Queen
    [Show full text]
  • Securing Japan an Assessment of Japan´S Strategy for Space
    Full Report Securing Japan An assessment of Japan´s strategy for space Report: Title: “ESPI Report 74 - Securing Japan - Full Report” Published: July 2020 ISSN: 2218-0931 (print) • 2076-6688 (online) Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria Phone: +43 1 718 11 18 -0 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.espi.or.at Rights reserved - No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose without permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “ESPI Report 74 - Securing Japan - Full Report, July 2020. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, incidental or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: copylot.at Cover page picture credit: European Space Agency (ESA) TABLE OF CONTENT 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background and rationales ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Methodology
    [Show full text]
  • 2003 Annual Report MBLWHOI Library Woods Hole, MA 02543
    WHOI Contributions to the Scientific Literature 2003 Annual Report MBLWHOI Library Woods Hole, MA 02543 2003 Publications Received as of January 1, 2004 Entries are listed by department. Where appropriate, the Institution Contribution number appears at the end of the entry. Earlier publications not listed in prior Annual Reports are listed here. Compiled by Ann Devenish; edited by Colleen Hurter. Reprint requests should be directed to the journal of publication, by contacting one of the authors directly or through MBL/WHOI Interlibrary Loan. Note: Access to online articles may be limited to the Woods Hole scientific community Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering Abbot, P., S. Celuzza, I. Dyer, B. Gomes, J. Fulford, J. Lynch, G. Gawarkiewicz, and D. Volak. Effects of Korean littoral environment on acoustic propagation. IEEE J.Oceanic Eng., 26:266-284, 2001. Anderson, Erik J., Alexandra Techet, Wade R. McGillis, Mark A. Grosenbaugh, and Michael S. Triantafyllou. Visualization and analysis of boundary layer flow in live and robotic fish. In: Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena--1 : First International Symposium, September 12-15, 1999, Santa Barbara, California. Sanjoy Banerjee and John K. Eaton, eds. New York: Begell House, :945-949, 1999. Badiey, M., Y. Mu, J. Lynch, J. Apel, and S. Wolf. Temporal and azimuthal dependence of sound propagation in shallow water with internal waves. IEEE J.Oceanic Eng., 27:117-129, 2002. Baldwin, K. C., J. D. Irish, B. Celikkol, M. R. Swift, D. Fredriksson, I. Tsukrov, and Michael Chambers. Open ocean aquaculture engineering. Oceans '02, :111-120, 2002. - 1 - Ballard, Robert D., Lawrence E. Stager, Daniel Master, Dana Yoerger, David Mindell, Louis L.
    [Show full text]
  • MIT Japan Program Working Paper 01.10 the GLOBAL COMMERCIAL
    MIT Japan Program Working Paper 01.10 THE GLOBAL COMMERCIAL SPACE LAUNCH INDUSTRY: JAPAN IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Saadia M. Pekkanen Assistant Professor Department of Political Science Middlebury College Middlebury, VT 05753 [email protected] I am grateful to Marco Caceres, Senior Analyst and Director of Space Studies, Teal Group Corporation; Mark Coleman, Chemical Propulsion Information Agency (CPIA), Johns Hopkins University; and Takashi Ishii, General Manager, Space Division, The Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies (SJAC), Tokyo, for providing basic information concerning launch vehicles. I also thank Richard Samuels and Robert Pekkanen for their encouragement and comments. Finally, I thank Kartik Raj for his excellent research assistance. Financial suppport for the Japan portion of this project was provided graciously through a Postdoctoral Fellowship at the Harvard Academy of International and Area Studies. MIT Japan Program Working Paper Series 01.10 Center for International Studies Massachusetts Institute of Technology Room E38-7th Floor Cambridge, MA 02139 Phone: 617-252-1483 Fax: 617-258-7432 Date of Publication: July 16, 2001 © MIT Japan Program Introduction Japan has been seriously attempting to break into the commercial space launch vehicles industry since at least the mid 1970s. Yet very little is known about this story, and about the politics and perceptions that are continuing to drive Japanese efforts despite many outright failures in the indigenization of the industry. This story, therefore, is important not just because of the widespread economic and technological merits of the space launch vehicles sector which are considerable. It is also important because it speaks directly to the ongoing debates about the Japanese developmental state and, contrary to the new wisdom in light of Japan's recession, the continuation of its high technology policy as a whole.
    [Show full text]