Sémantique Chinoises : Un Quart De Siècle Extrêmement Productif (1990-2015)

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Sémantique Chinoises : Un Quart De Siècle Extrêmement Productif (1990-2015) Panorama des études récentes en syntaxe/ sémantique chinoises : un quart de siècle extrêmement productif (1990-2015) Marie-Claude Paris* Il ne sera pas offert ici au lecteur non spécialiste du chinois un panorama complet du changement majeur qui s’est opéré ces dernières années dans le champ des études de syntaxe/sémantique/pragmatique du chinois contemporain. Seul un tableau partiel du travail colossal qui s’est accompli durant les vingt, vingt-cinq dernières années sera brossé. Seront présentés des travaux qui, dans leur très grande majorité, sont écrits en anglais afin de susciter l’attention et l’envie du lecteur non-spécialiste. Cet article ne s’adresse donc ni à des sinologues, ni à des connaisseurs du chinois, mais à des linguistes intéressés par la linguistique générale et par le chinois.1 1. LA CHRONOLOGIE ET LE CHANGEMENT GÉOGRAPHIQUE DE L’ESPACE SCIENTIFIQUE Deux grandes étapes jalonnent les études de grammaire du chinois contemporain entre les années 1970 et aujourd’hui. 1ère étape : Autour des années 1975 prend naissance un nouveau paradigme de recherche concernant les études de grammaire synchronique chinoise, car jusque- là le chinois était étudié en dehors de la linguistique générale. Mais grâce à la création aux Etats-Unis du Journal of Chinese Linguistics en 1973 et en France des Cahiers de linguistique - Asie Orientale en 1976, le chinois devient un objet de description scientifique. À cette époque le mandarin occupe une place prépondérante parmi les langues chinoises, puisqu’il a le statut de langue nationale. Comme la linguistique générale est alors dominée par des études sur l’anglais, cette langue sert souvent de modèle sous-jacent aux analyses syntaxiques, qui sont alors effectuées majoritairement aux Etats-Unis et en Europe. Ces travaux ont pour point commun de s’appuyer sur la linguistique générale structuraliste ou générativiste ainsi que sur l’anglais pour étudier le chinois, contrairement à la tradition chinoise, fortement autochtone. * Université Paris Diderot, Laboratoire de Linguistique Formelle, Paris. Courriel : [email protected] 1 Je remercie Christine Lamarre pour ses conseils concernant la première version de cet article. Downloaded from Brill.com09/23/2021 02:15:27PM via free access 10 Marie-Claude Paris 2ème étape : Les années 1990-2000 connaissent une rupture très féconde dans la discipline : le carcan dans lequel s’étiolent certaines études de syntaxe se fissure : l’horizon des études sur la langue contemporaine devient bien plus vaste que pendant les années 1970-1990. Les phénomènes synchroniques ne sont plus traités seulement d’un point de vue descriptif ou du point de vue d’un modèle donné de grammaires formelles : ils sont envisagés dans leur authenticité et leur complexité. Les analyses conversationnelles sont prises en compte, les données ne sont plus recueillies auprès de consultants et de leurs intuitions de locuteurs natifs, mais grâce à la consultation de grands corpus, annotés ou non. Établi sous la direction de Churen Huang et de Keh-jiann Chen à partir de 1991 à l’Academia Sinica, Taiwan, le premier corpus de ce genre est issu de la collaboration entre deux instituts de recherche : l’Institut d’Histoire et de Philologie (devenu en 2004 l’Institut de Linguistique) et de l’Institut des Sciences de l’Information (CKIP : Chinese Knowledge Information Processing). Suivront, entre autres, le LCMC (Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese), le UCLA2, c’est-à-dire la seconde édition du Corpus écrit du Chinois de UCLA (Université de Californie à Los Angeles) qui complète la mise à jour du LCMC (Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese) et le Corpus du Center for Chinese Linguistics de l’Université de Pékin (CCL PKU Corpus). Dès lors la grammaire formelle ne se contente plus de formuler des principes et des paramètres qui rendent compte des différences et des ressemblances entre langues. Le modèle cartographique, par exemple, permet de prendre en compte, outre la syntaxe, des phénomènes sémantiques et discursifs. Ainsi, au moment où les outils de la connaissance s’enrichissent, l’objet d’étude de la linguistique chinoise s’élargit : le chinois, à savoir le putonghua, la langue nationale dont la norme est l’usage pékinois, n’est plus traité comme indépendant des autres langues chinoises, les prétendus «dialectes». Les études (inter-)«dialectales» de qualité fleurissent. Ce double renversement de tendances prend corps grâce à la création de nouvelles revues et à la publication d’un nombre considérable d’ouvrages structurés à l’intérieur de collections, qu’elles soient de linguistique générale, asiatique ou spécifiquement chinoise. L’essor considérable de points de vue différents, d’un côté, et l’élargissement des champs d’investigation, de l’autre, s’accompagnent d’une diffusion géographique plus vaste. En effet, les Etats-Unis et l’Europe ne constituent plus les point focaux où s’effectuent les recherches, car le champ d’études trouve maintenant sa place en Asie. Ainsi, depuis 25 ans environ, les recherches sur le chinois s’organisent, pour l’essentiel, dans les pays où cette langue est parlée, ce qui entraîne nécessairement une diversification du champ d’études : le mandarin n’est plus le seul «dialecte» chinois qui mérite l’attention. En Chine du Sud et à Hong Kong les études sur le cantonais fleurissent, tandis qu’à Taiwan le hokkien (langue Min Downloaded from Brill.com09/23/2021 02:15:27PM via free access Etudes récentes en syntaxe/sémantique chinoises (1990-2015) 11 du Sud) ou le hakka, langues jusque-là considérées comme marginales, parce que n’ayant pas le statut de langue nationale, deviennent enfin dignes d’intérêt. Dans la section suivante, je présenterai tout d’abord les revues de linguistique chinoise qui ont été créées après 1990, ainsi que les revues généralistes qui traitent aussi du chinois en 2015, en particulier puis les ouvrages, que ce soient des monographies, des thèses ou des encyclopédies. Enfin, je signalerai un ouvrage qui place la langue chinoise contemporaine par rapport à ses voisines en Extrême Orient et l’envisage non plus du seul point de vue linguistique mais dans son rapport avec d’autres disciplines. 2. LES PUBLICATIONS RÉCENTES On peut tout d’abord distinguer les revues spécialisées en chinois et/ou en langues orientales, puis les revues de linguistique générale qui ont consacré une place au chinois. Nous ne détaillerons ces dernières publications que pour l’année 2015. 2.1. Les revues spécialisées Entre 1992 et 2015 sept revues entièrement dédiées à la linguistique chinoise ont vu le jour. 1. Une revue de linguistique formelle est créée en 1992 et dirigée par James C.-T. Huang et S. Kuroda, alors tous les deux en Californie : le Journal of East Asian Linguistics, JEAL. Sa thématique n’est pas seulement chinoise : elle est asiatique, c’est-à-dire qu’elle inclut, outre le chinois, le japonais et le coréen. Publiée d’abord aux Pays-Bas par Kluwer, puis par Springer, JEAL est accessible à l’adresse suivante : http://www.springer.com/education+%26+language/ linguistics/journal/10831 2. La revue Taiwan Journal of Linguistics disponible sur internet (TJL) à l’adresse http://ling.nccu.edu.ting a été fondée au printemps 2003 par deux Professeurs de l’Université Nationale Chengchi à Taiwan, One-soon Her et Kawai Chui. Celle-ci traite, en anglais, de tous les aspects de la langue. Elle est publiée par Crane Publishing à Taipei, sous forme de trois numéros par volume. La plupart des articles ont pour thématique la syntaxe du chinois et du minnan, la langue chinoise parlée à Taiwan. 3. La première livraison du Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics (BCL) paraît en Mai 2006 avec l’aide de la Li Fang-Kuei Society for Chinese Linguistics et du Center for Chinese Linguistics de la Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Cette revue met l’accent sur les recherches historiques, comparatives et dialectales. Les éditeurs en chef actuels sont : Wolfgang Behr (Université de Zürich), Zhongwei Shen (University of Massachusetts, Amherst), Hsiu-fang Yang (National Taiwan University) et Anne O. Yue (University of Downloaded from Brill.com09/23/2021 02:15:27PM via free access 12 Marie-Claude Paris Washington). Jusqu’au 31 Décembre 2016 le BCL est en accès libre chez Brill, avec le code BCL4U. http://www.brill.com/products/journal/bulletin-chinese- linguistics 4. Chinese Language and Discourse, An International and Interdisciplinary Journal est éditée depuis 2010 par J. Benjamins. Ses responsables éditoriaux sont Hongyin Tao (University of California, Los Angeles), K.K. Luke (Université Technologique Nanyang, Singapour), et Li Wei (Institute of Education, University College, Londres). Ce périodique traite d’analyse conversationnelle, de sociolinguistique, d’analyse de corpus selon différents points de vue : fonctionnel, cognitiviste, typologique. La version électronique de ce périodique a pour adresse : http://www.jbe-platform.com/content /journals/ 18778798. 5. En 2011-12, Sze-wing Tang prend la responsabilité du nouveau format de la revue Studies in Chinese Linguistics (SCL) dans le cadre du T.T. Ng Chinese Language Research Centre à l’Université Chinoise de Hong Kong. Actuellement publiée et distribuée sous forme d’un volume annuel comprenant deux numéros par De Gruyter, SCL est disponible à la fois en version imprimée et sur internet à l’adresse : http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/clrc. Son programme scientifique est, pour l’essentiel, celui de la grammaire formelle. Il est aussi comparatif. Ainsi, par exemple, outre le mandarin, le cantonais de Hong Kong y est finement étudié, soit pour lui-même, soit par rapport à d’autres «dialectes» chinois. 6. Chinese as a Second Language Research (CASLAR) est la première revue bilingue (anglais-chinois) publiée par une maison d’édition occidentale, De Gruyter Mouton. Créée en 2012, elle propose deux numéros par an, chacun comprenant trois articles en anglais avec leurs résumés en chinois et trois articles en chinois avec leurs résumés en anglais.
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