Title Viral and bacterial diseases in livestock in

Author(s) ODONTSETSEG, Namsraijav; MWEENE, Aaron S.; KIDA, Hiroshi

Citation Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research, 52(4), 151-162

Issue Date 2005-02

DOI 10.14943/jjvr.52.4.151

Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/874

Type bulletin (article)

File Information 151-162.pdf

Instructions for use

Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Jpn. J. Vet. Res. ５２（４）：１５１‐１６２，２００５

REVIEW ARTICLE

Viral and bacterial diseases in livestock in Mongolia

Namsraijav ODONTSETSEG, Aaron S. MWEENE and Hiroshi KIDA*

（Accepted for publication : January５，２００５）

Abstract

This review focuses on the status of infectious diseases that are serious for animal health and have adverse economic effects in Mongolia. Data pre- sented here are limited due to the lack of published or other easily available documents. Foot-and-mouth disease continues to cause substantial economic losses as exemplified by the outbreak of infection with serotype O PanAsia lineage virus. In the case of the２００１outbreak, a６５％ reduction in export reve- nues was recorded. In order to ascertain the free status of Mongolia from rinderpest, sero-epidemiological surveillance has been carried out since２００１． In ２００４，Mongolia was certified free from rinderpest by Office Interna- tional des Epizooties（OIE）．Asharprise in both animal and human brucello- sis incidence has become a serious problem. Rabies and anthrax remain en- demic with occasional human cases. Other prevailing infectious diseases are contagious pustular dermatitis, contagious agalactia, enterotoxemia and pas- teurellosis. The current programs for the control of infectious diseases in live- stock in Mongolia lack a definite policy that would enable rapid implementa- tion. A large-scale surveillance of infectious diseases in animals and manage- ment of appropriate preventive measures are urgently required in Mongolia.

Key words：Infections, Livestock, Mongolia, Surveillance

subdivided into counties . Pastoral animal Introduction husbandry, extremely dependent on climatic Mongolia is located in central Asia and and environmental conditions, has been a tra- covers an area of１．５６５million sq. km. The２１ ditional lifestyle and a major sector of the na- and the neighboring tional economy of Mongolia. Eighteen percent countries are shown in Fig．１．Provinces are of the total population of２．４million in Mon-

Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hok- kaido University, Sapporo０６０‐０８１８，Japan *Corresponding author : Kida, H., Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita１８Nishi９，Sapporo０６０‐０８１８，Japan Fax：＋８ １‐１１‐７０６‐５２７３，E-mail : [email protected] １５２ Viral and bacterial diseases in livestock in Mongolia

Figure １． Map of Mongolia showing ２１ provinces : Dornod （１）， Sukhbaatar（２），Khentii（３），Dornogovi（４），Govisumber （５），Tuv（６），Dundgovi（７），Selenge（８），-Uul （９），Umnugovi（１０），（１１），Orkhon（１２），Uvurk- hangai（１３），Arkhangai（１４），Khuvsgul（１５），Bayankhon- gor（１６），Zavkhan（１７），Govi-Altai（１８），Uvs（１９）， （２０）， Bayan-Ulgii（２１）．, the capital city（★）． Provinces are numbered for the Table１．

golia are herders１３）．The livestock sector com- cations and they have hardly been published prises of approximately １３．６ million in international peer-reviewed journals , sheep，１０．０million goats，２．４million horses， which is an impediment to the would-be re- ２．３million cattle and３１７．４thousand camels searchers. This review, thus, focuses on the （Ministry for Food and Agriculture of Mon- status of the diseases that are serious for ani- golia，２００１）．Intensive poultry and pig farm- mal health and their adverse effects on the ing are rare. About １０ intensive farms are economy of the livestock industry in Mongolia. keeping approximately７０，０００chickens２３）．The It is hoped that information provided here total number of pigs is around１９，０００（Tseren- will provoke further research activities that dorj, Sh., personal communication）．Interac- may lead to the development and implemen- tions of infectious and non-infectious diseases tation of appropriate and efficient disease of livestock, availability of feeds and water re- control measures. The infectious diseases in sources are important factors that determine livestock are divided into groups of viral and human settlement and livestock grazing pat- bacterial diseases. terns. Co-existence of wildlife and livestock Viral diseases populations provides conditions that are fa- vorable for the transmission of viral, bacterial Foot and mouth disease（FMD ） and parasitic disease agents. FMD outbreaks occurred in Mongolia in Epidemiological data of animal infectious １９２８‐１９２９ and １９４１‐１９４４．In １９６３‐１９７３，out- diseases in Mongolia are mainly in Mongolian breaks that lasted for the longest period were or available only through personal communi- caused by serotypes O and A１７）． Namsraijav ODONTSETSEG et al. １５３

Table１．Serious viral and bacterial diseases in livestock in Mongolia Animal Control or Disease Distribution* species** intervention*** Viral diseases Foot-and-mouth disease bov, cap, ovi, cml （１‐４，６，８，１２，２０‐２１） Cr, Qf, Qi,Sp,Su,V Rabies bov, cml, ovi, equ, cap （１‐２１） Qi, Sp, Su, V Equine influenza equ （１‐２１） Z, Qi, V Equine infectious anemia equ （６，８‐９，１１‐１２，１５） Cn, Sp, Qf,Qi,Su Contagious pustular dermatitis cap, ovi,cml （１‐２１） Qi, Su, V Bacterial diseases Brucellosis bov,cap,cml,ovi （１‐２１） Cn, Sp, V Anthrax bov, ovi,cap,equ,cml （１‐３，６，８‐９，１１‐１７，１９‐２０） Cn, Qi, Su, V Contagious agalactia cap, ovi （６‐２１） Cn, Qi, Su, V Salmonellosis ovi, cap （１‐１５，１７‐２１） Su, V Glanders equ （２，４，９，１４，１７） Qf, Qi, Su Leptospirosis bov, equ, cml, ovi （１，４‐６，８‐１０，１４‐１５，１８‐１９） Tuberculosis bov, yak NA Qi, Su, Te Enterotoxemia ovi, cap （１‐２１） V Pasteurellosis bov, ovi, equ,yak （１‐６，８‐９，１１‐２１） Cn, V Strangles equ （１‐２１） Qi, Su, V Blackleg bov （１‐２１） Cn, V Listeriosis cap, ovi, bov （２‐５，７，１１‐１２，１４‐１５，１７‐１８，２０） Cn, Cr, Qi, V *Datawereobtained from the references in the text and reports of incidences of infectious diseases in livestock （State Veterinary Department, Mongolia,２００２‐２００３）．The numbers denote the provinces as shown in Fig．１． ** bovine（bov），caprine（cap），ovine（ovi），camelidae（cml），equidae（equ），information not available（NA） *** control of arthropods（Cn），control of wildlife reservoirs（Cr），movement control inside the country（Qi）， precautions at the border（Qf），modified stamping out（Sp），surveillance（Su），screening（Te），vaccination （V），zoning（Z）

The World Reference Laboratory identi- nod and Khentii Provinces, eastern part of fied a serotype O PanAsia lineage virus as the Mongolia and in the capital city Ulaanbaatar. causative agent of the outbreaks starting in In the same year, the outbreak spread into late１９９９and２０００，in a number of countries１２）． neighboring Orkhon and Selenge Provinces. This virus lineage had originated in India in In ２００２，FMD outbreaks occurred in Bayan- １９９０ and spread through the Middle East , Ulgii and Khovd, the western provinces. In Turkey, and Eastern Europe moving east- February，２００４，an outbreak of FMD in Dorno- wards into the People’sRepublic of in govi was reported. Cattle were mostly affected １９９９and then to Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, followed by sheep , goats and camels１５）． In Mongolia , and far-east Russia１１）． On April young animals FMD is fatal. Even though it is ３０，２０００ an outbreak of FMD that began on not usually fatal to adult animals, debilitation April １５，２０００，in （county）of causes significant losses of productivity. To Dornogovi Province was reported to OIE７）．In abate the detrimental economic consequences ２００１，FMD was detected in Sukhbaatar, Dor- of FMD, control measures, which include di- １５４ Viral and bacterial diseases in livestock in Mongolia

viding the country into outbreak, buffer, vacci- dogs, sheep, horses and goats in Mongolia１５）． nated healthy, control and healthy zones have Occasional human cases have also been re- been introduced. These measures are aimed ported９）．In Mongolia, infections from rabid at preventing the spread of the disease and wild animals, such as corsac fox, fox, manul facilitating restrictions on the movement of and wolf , frequently occur. These animals susceptible livestock, fresh meat and animal serve as natural reservoirs of rabies２８）． products, following the OIE control policy rec- ommendations for the affected countries to re- Equine and camel influenza acquire FMD-free status and subsequently, Equine influenza, which had frequently participating in international trade. A vaccine, occurred in Mongolia up to the end of the prepared by the All-Russian Research Insti- １９７０’swasidentified to be caused by H７N７ tute for Animal Health, Vladimir, from virus and H３N８influenza viruses２）．In the spring of ２２） strains of serotypes A２２ and O１ has been used ． １９９３，an equine influenza outbreak occurred Epidemiological surveillance of FMD with the in and spread all over the ter- support of the Asian Development Bank Pro- ritory of Mongolia. In this outbreak there was ject for development of agriculture began in amorbidity of４０．６％ and mortality of２．１％ of ２００３in Uvs, Khovd, Govi-Altai and Zavkhan the total of ２．１ million horse population３）， and the eastern provinces of Mongolia５）． making it the most significant, so far. Nineteen outbreaks of severe respiratory Rinderpest diseases were recorded in camels between１９７８ Rinderpest in cattle and yaks were re- and１９８８in６１herds in different parts of Mon- ported officially in １９１３ in Mongolia . Since golia. During the epizootic of １９７９‐１９８０，ap- then outbreaks were recorded in １９３６，１９３８， proximately ４０００ camels exhibited severe １９４５ and １９４８． The last outbreaks that oc- symptoms，３７５ died，１４８ aborted and ２７０ be- curred in １９９１‐１９９２ in Dornod , Uvs and came extremely exhausted. Between１９８０and Bayan-Ulgii Provinces, were eradicated rap- １９８３ thirteen isolates of H１N１ viruses were idly under appropriate control measures３０）． obtained from diseased camels. The isolate The freeze-dried live vaccine against bovine was almost identical to a H１N１killed vaccine rinderpest prepared from strain Kabete‘O’by strain reassortant designated as A/Leningrad Biocombinat３１） contributed to the eradication ／５４／１［（A/PR／８／３４（ H１N１）‐A/Khabarovsk／７７ of the outbreak１７）．The issues about the suspi- （H１N１）］used at that time in the Mongolian cion that a reservoir of rinderpest infection human population. At the same time with the still persisted in Mongolia and northern camel epizootic, an outbreak of infection with China, needed to be resolved１０）．In order to as- H１N１ influenza virus occurred among vacci- certain the free status of Mongolia from nated Mongolian children. It was suspected rinderpest, sero-epidemiological surveillance that a batch of the vaccine strain was not fully has been carried out since ２００１５）． In ２００４， inactivated or that reactivation might have Mongolia was declared free from rinderpest１６） occurred. An infected person, who had contact by OIE. with camels, finally might have transmitted such a strain to the new species３３）． Rabies Rabies remains an endemic problem , Equine infectious anaemia（EIA） which affects mostly cattle followed by camels, EIA was first diagnosed in Khushaat Namsraijav ODONTSETSEG et al. １５５

county of in １９５２ and the Bacterial diseases disease was found to be prevalent in horses along Orkhon and Selenge rivers with suit- Brucellosis able environment for vector-borne transmis- Since the early １９６０’sintensivecontrol sion . Cases in Khuvsgul , Selenge , Bulgan programs of brucellosis have been executed in Provinces and northern counties of Tuv Prov- Mongolia with testing rates between ５０‐６０％ ． ince are still being reported２９）．Sentsui et al ．２５） The vaccination program carried out in found ４５ positive sera from １４４ samples, col- the１９８０’swas probably the most successful１８）． lected in the areas where EIA was prevalent In １９６６‐１９６８，cattle population infected with in １９９９，by serological tests using enzyme- brucellosis was recorded as ６．５％ ，３．３％ in linked immunosorbent assay （ ELISA ） and １９７１，１．５％ in１９８１，and０．８％ in１９９１６）．In１９６９， agar gel immuno-diffusion test （ AGID ）． brucellosis in camels was１．２％ ，１％ in sheep Ninety-five horses near the capital city , and１．８％ in goats , whereas it reduced to Ulaanbaatar, were tested and showed nega- ０．８％ ，０．０５％ ， and ０．１％ ， respectively, in tive results. In２００２，acountrywide prevalence １９８７２８）．In the１９７０’s, mass vaccination of live- rate of EIA was estimated to be １．７％ ． EIA stock successfully reduced the annual inci- was included intheproject ’Maliin zarim ark- dence in humans to less than one case per hag khaldvart uvchintei temtsekh’to combat １０，０００１９）．After１９９０，under the privatization several chronic infectious diseases, scheduled of the livestock, surveillance of brucellosis has for ２００３‐２００７ by the government of Mongo- been reduced to ３‐５％ ， afactorthatcould lia２１）． have led to a sharp rise in the incidence of both human and animal brucellosis１８）．In２００２， Contagious pustular dermatitis（Orf ） average prevalence rates of brucellosis in cat- Dashtseren３０）first detected contagious tle were２％ and０．４％ in sheep and goats in pustular dermatitis caused by parapoxvirus Mongolia２１）．Batbaatar et al ．１） found that in- in １９６２ in Mongolia . In prevalent herds , cidences of brucellosis in suspected herds around ６０％ （１１．８‐８１．８％ ）of lambs and kids were １５．５％ and in herds , where abortion were infected from which ２５．６％ （ ４．８‐ cases were prevalent ，３９．３％ by the Rose- ３９．７％ ） were fatal cases. In Mongolia, goats Bengal test. Brucellosis is the second most im- are more sensitive than sheep to orf. In １９７９， portant infectious disease of both adults and the disease was found among camels in some children in Mongolia where up to ３０％ of no- areas of Mongolia. The morbidity in２to３‐ madic livestock herders, including women and month-old camels was between５０‐７０％ reach- children, are infected２０）．Brucella melitensis ing１００％ in１‐year olds and１０‐８０％ in adults. appears to be the most common species, which Vaccination with the material containing is isolated from patients９）．The current test camel contagious pustular dermatitis virus and slaughter approach has had limited suc- was promising. Incontrast,camels were not cesses due to the low surveillance, and the in- protected after immunization with vaccinia ability to cull positive animals since there is virus and with the vaccine against sheep and no existing policy for the compensation of the goat orf８）． owners of the affected livestock. A whole-herd vaccination strategy, sponsored by the Mongo- lian government and World Health Organiza- tion（WHO），and to last for１０years is under- １５６ Viral and bacterial diseases in livestock in Mongolia

way１８）． try into two regions, prevalent and less preva- lent. Dundgovi, Bayan-Ulgii, Arkhangai, Dor- Anthrax nogovi , Zavkhan , Govi-Altai , Uvurkhangai , Establishment of veterinary services in Khuvsgul, Uvs and Tuv Provinces were in the this country enabled the control the high prevalent region . The less prevalent region prevalence of anthrax. But recently, lack of comprised of Bulgan, Dornod, Umnugovi, Se- appropriate vaccination programs, practicing lenge, Sukhbaatar, Khovd and Khentii Prov- voluntary slaughter of infected animals with- inces. He estimated that the loss of diseased out state compensation , and inappropriate animals might have reached around２０％ ． disinfection of dead animals have led to the increase of the prevalence of anthrax２８）．Be- Glanders tween１９８９‐２００２，anthrax cases were reported In Mongolia, up to the １９４０’s, glanders as follows：２，１３５cattle，９０sheep and goats， was one of themostprevalentinfectious dis- １７horses and５camels２６）．During１９７８‐１９９８， eases２９）．In the middle of the１９６０’s, diagnos- Arkhangai, , Bulgan, Dornod, tic, therapeutic and preventive projects were Zavkhan, Uvurkhangai, Sukhbaatar, Selenge, carried out against glanders, which greatly Tuv, Uvs, Khovd, Khuvsgul and Khentii Prov- decreased the disease prevalence６）．In２００２，a inces and the capital city Ulaanbaatar had countrywide prevalence rate of glanders was cattle and sheep epizooties２８）．Occasional hu- reported to be０．２％ ２１）．In Dornogovi, an aller- man cases of cutaneous or intestinal anthrax gen test detected １１８ positive reactors from also have been reported９）． ９，９７７ horses and in Darkhan-Uul ，１３ of ９３ horses were positive by complement fixation Contagious agalactia test（CFT）in２００２． In ２００３，３２ from ２１，０７８ Contagious agalactia is one of the most horses in Zavkhan，１６６from１９，４６２horses in widespread diseases in Mongolia . Damdin- Sukhbaatar were positive by the allergen test, suren３０） discovered in １９７４ that contagious respectively. In the same year，１４ were posi- agalactia prevailed in １７ provinces of this tive from ６６ horses in Arkhangai by CFT country with the death rates of６．５‐８．２％ and （Tserendorj, Sh., personal communication）． abortion rates of１８．２％ ．He also reported that Glanders was included in the project‘Maliin ２０．１％ of ewes ，０．９％ of rams ，９．９％ of zarim arkhag khaldvart uvchintei lambs，４８．６％ of does，０．５％ of bucks and２０％ temtsekh’to combat several chronic infectious of kids were infected. The diseased animals diseases, scheduled for２００３‐２００７by the gov- lost up to１０％ of their body weight and６２％ of ernment of Mongolia２１）． milk production. Leptospirosis Salmonellosis Sebek２４） detected a high serological preva- Yondondorj and Baatar３０） isolated ５７ lence of leptospirosis in cattle（２４．８２％ ） and highly pathogenic strains from sheep and in horses（７．３２％ ），while only１．５６％ of sheep lambs where５０were Salmonella abortus ovis and０．７６％ of camels were positive, the goats and six were Salmonella typhimurium .In１０ being negative. From the five provinces stud- isolates from goats and kids, nine were Sal- ied, Dornod was the most affected followed by monella abortus ovis. Yondondorj, according Dornogovi , Khuvsgul , Uvs and Govi-Altai . to his research in１９７７‐１９８７，divided the coun- The predominant serovars were Hardjo and Namsraijav ODONTSETSEG et al. １５７

Tarassovi. The recent serological surveillance on a farm were infected with Mycobacterium, in cattle population by the author（to be pub- all chickens were stumped-out and the farms lished elsewhere）showed that Dornod Prov- were re-stocked. In every season, the test was ince（eastern）was more affected（８２．２％ ）than repeated for certification of a disease-free the central provinces, Arkhangai（３３．３％ ）and status of the new flock. Mongolia was certified Khuvsgul（２３．５％ ）．The causative leptospiral free from avian tuberculosis during the１９７０’ serovar was Hardjo . Odontsetseg et al ．１４） s２８）． found that ３１％ ，１６．７％ and２％of the serum Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infec- samples were positive in the horse population tions are not well studied in Mongolia３０）． in Selenge, Tuv and Umnugovi Provinces, re- spectively. Bratislava was the predominant Enterotoxemia leptospiral serovar in horses in Mongolia. The Sugarragchaa and Tserev３０） first diag- second important serovar of Leptospira in nosed enterotoxemia in Mongolia in １９５９． horses was Hardjo, which was found to be Dashdavaa isolated ３０ local strains of D and prevalent in the cattle population in this Ctypes of Clostridium perfringens.Inhisepi- country. Infection with leptospires of serovar demiological surveillance in１９６２‐１９６８，entero- Hardjo from cattle to other species may com- toxemia outbreaks occurred in５７counties of monly occur. Further surveillance, isolation of Khuvsgul , Zavkhan , Bayankhongor and local strains, estimation of the affects of infec- Uvurkhangai Provinces between May and the tion on human and animal health, and eco- end of September with mortality rates reach- nomic losses caused by leptospirosis are ing ５２．５％ in July. The animals over２years needed. were mostly involved, from which８０．６‐９０．１％ were ewes. Mycobacterium infections Mycobacterium bovis infection rates in Pasteurellosis cattle and yaks in the northern part of Ark- In１９８９，Lundaa２８） found that epizootic bo- hangai , Bulgan , Khuvsgul , Selenge , Tuv, vine and ovine pasteurellosis with high mor- Khentii and Dornod Provinces of Mongolia tality rates spread to １１５ counties of several were ０．６‐０．９％ and １．１‐１．５％ in imported provinces in the forest steppe and plain dairy cattle during１９６６‐１９６８． With the help steppe regions of Mongolia, such as Arkhan- of the successful control measures the infec- gai , Bayankhongor, Bulgan , Uvurkhangai , tion rates were decreased to０．０１％ during the Tuv, Selenge, Khuvsgul and Khentii Provinces. １９７０’s２８）．In ２００２，acountrywide prevalence Equine pasteurellosis was rare. He isolated B rate of bovine tuberculosis was estimated to type of Pasteurella multocida from cattle, and be０．１％ ．Bovine tuberculosis was included in AandBtypesfrom sheep. A pasteurellosis the project‘Maliin zarim arkhag khaldvart epizootic occurred in winter and spring and uvchintei temtsekh’to combat several chronic mostly affected younger animals（８３．６％ ）． infectious diseases, scheduled for ２００３‐２００７ Yaks and their hybrids were very susceptible by the government of Mongolia２１）． to this disease. Twenty to twenty-five percent In the surveillance during １９６６‐１９７３，the of the total vaccine volume produced by Bio- average prevalence rate of chicken infection combinat, a national biologics factory, is dedi- with Mycobacterium avium was ７．７％ in １４ cated to the production of vaccine against pas- provinces. When５％ or more of the chickens teurellosis３２）． １５８ Viral and bacterial diseases in livestock in Mongolia

Strangles Discussion Bayarsaikhan and Tsevegmid２９） observed in their research in １９７２‐１９９５ that strangles Since the １９５０’s, national researchers was one of the widespreadinfectious diseases have been working on epidemiological surveil- in Mongolia, except for Govi-Altai, Dornogovi lances and development of livestock disease and Umnugovi Provinces. They divided the control measures. Several infections such as country into３areas of prevalence: Arkhangai, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia , conta- Bulgan , Dundgovi , Uvurkhangai , Tuv , gious caprine pleuropneumonia and sheep Khuvsgul, Zavkhan and Bayankhongor Prov- pox were eradicated under appropriate con- inces had １７‐３３％ ， Bayan-Ulgii , Dornod , trol measures２７）．In the middle of１９６０’s, large Sukhbaatar, Uvs, Khovd and Khentii Prov- expeditions were organized to combat glan- inces，５‐１７％ ， Govi-Altai, Dornogovi and Um- ders , brucellosis and tuberculosis with the nugovi Provinces , up to ５％ ． Debilitation help of the former Eastern Bloc satellite coun- greatly supports the spread of infection. The tries, and sharply decreased the prevalence of higher prevalence of this infectious disease these infections . Since １９９０，Mongolia has among horses in Mongolia is probably due to adopted a new market economic system by the nomadic way of husbandry, which greatly disbanding state collectives and privatizing depends on the environmental and climatic the animal husbandry sector. Under the new conditions, and the milking of mares for hu- system, surveillance is undertaken at only a man consumption. limited extent, followed by voluntary slaugh- ter of infected animals without state compen- Blackleg sation１９）．Diagnoses of most of livestock dis- Even though the prevalence rate has eases are based on clinical or postmortem ob- been gradually decreasing, the whole territory servations . Thus , definite incidence and of Mongolia is still suffering from blackleg prevalence rates of the diseases are not outbreaks with high mortality rate３０）．In１９９６ known. ‐２００３，atotal of３，２８９cases of bovine blackleg During the outbreaks, livestock and their in which５９％ were fatal were reported１５）． products, in several cases humans are sub- jected to restriction of movement and zoo Listeriosis sanitary measures are enforced. Vaccination Between １９７８‐１９９２，listeriosis was re- is the most effective means of controlling viral corded in Arkhangai, Bulgan, Govi-Altai, Dor- and bacterial infections of livestock in Mongo- nogovi, Dundgovi, Zavkhan, Khovd, Khuvsgul lia . Since１９２３，Mongolia has produced na- and Khentii Provinces of Mongolia. Sheep and tional biologics against infections in livestock. goat listeriosis occurs mostly in the winter Today, the state-owned enterprise ’Biocombi- and spring seasons２８）．Between １９９７‐２００２，a nat’is producing over６０types of biologics for total of ６５９ cases were reported from which diagnosis , prevention and treatment infec- ５５３ were ovine and caprine listeriosis. The tious diseases of animals４）． rest involved bovine species. The mortality Pasture animal husbandry without rate was approximately １：２ in sheep and boundaries greatly provides herd-to-herd and goats and１：１０in cattle１５）． animal-to-animal contact, and also wild life provides conditions that are favorable for transmission of viruses and bacteria. Conse- Namsraijav ODONTSETSEG et al. １５９

quently, it is needed to establish a more ap- even before clinical signs appear. Thus, to de- propriate and sustainable disease control pol- velop simple, specific and sensitive diagnostic icy that would allow country-wide or regional kits that could be used by veterinarians in the rather than herd disease control programs to field should be encouraged. be implemented rapidly. There is a tendency for most attention be- The disease control efforts are compli- ing paid to the fatal diseases rather than the cated by the fact that Mongolia is a land- milder but economically important ones. Re- locked country. During the outbreak of equine cently, the author found a high serological influenza at the end of１９９２and at the begin- prevalence of leptospirosis in the cattle popu- ning of１９９３in Khovd, which spread through- lation, which is an unfamiliar disease for ani- out the country, and rinderpest outbreaks in mal and human doctors in Mongolia . Lep- １９９１‐１９９２ in Dornod, Uvs and Bayan-Ulgii, tospirosis may play an important role in abor- similar outbreaks were also reported in the tion and weak calving , which is not rare neighboring countries. The threat of spread of among bovine species in this country and fur- disease is significant because of high global ther may affect the people with occupational demand for meat and meat products, exten- risks arising from their close contact with ani- sive international trade and transport of meat mals. Therefore, research on unknown dis- and other foods around the world. Therefore, eases, which may cause silent hazards and to effectively combat infections multi-regional economic losses should be extensively studied. disease control programs involving the neigh- There is a huge potential public health boring Russian Federation and People’sRe- problem in Mongolia where people slaughter public of China are required. It is imperative privately for human consumption. Free mar- in preparing for and then handling outbreaks, ket for animals and their products by private to exchange the right data and using it among traders is common in this country. The lack of the countries involved. Because of the speed knowledge of private slaughterers and ineffi- at which infectious diseases such as FMD can cient state compensation for slaughtered ani- spread, the key to controlling an outbreak is mals greatly support the increase of the risks to detect disease at the earliest possible mo- of zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis and ment, and thereafter to diagnose infected ani- anthrax . To develop the public awareness mals as rapidly as possible . Subsequently about the appropriate food processing is im- emergency vaccination would be employed at portant where the safety of the origin is un- an early stage in diseases like FMD so as to known. Easy to understand and interesting ensure that it does not result into an epidemic. propaganda using media should be imple- One major obstacle hindering efficient mented for public training to decrease the dis- disease control measures is the lack of suffi- ease prevalence. cient specialized veterinary personnel espe- Outbreaks of highly contagious infectious cially in rural areas. There are only few labo- diseases or unknown animal health status of ratories, which are able to diagnose suspected acountry impose a trade and export ban on cases of infections in livestock in Mongolia. animal husbandry products, which in turn This has led to the lack of sufficient data for negatively affect the national economy. In２００１， the evaluation of the epidemiological situ- because of the FMD outbreak, the People’s ation of infections in animals. There is a great Republic of China, the major trading partner advantage in being able to diagnose a disease of Mongolia, refused import of animal prod- １６０ Viral and bacterial diseases in livestock in Mongolia

ucts. Analysis of the relevant statistics of the ６）Byambaa, B. and Khokhoo, A．２００３．Maliin ８months indicate that the export revenues of eruul mendiig khamgaalakh uil kheregt ２００１decreased by６５％ ， compared to those of erdemtdiin oruulsan khuvi nemer. Mon- the same period of the previous year, largely goliin mal emneleg，５３：８‐１２． due totheban１３）． ７）Center for emerging issues, United States To achieve the goals there is a great need Department of Agriculture ．２００４．Foot- for increased government funding for re- and-mouth disease, Mongolia , May２０００ search into animal disease control projects. （Impact Worksheet）．http ://www.aphis. With proper coordination between govern- usda.gov/vs/ceah/cei/fmd_mongolia_ ment, veterinarians and herdsmen, the prob- ０５００e.htm lem of infections in livestock in Mongolia ８）Dashtseren, T., Solovyev, B. V., Varejka, F. should be minimized. and Khokhoo, A．１９８４．Camel contagious ecthyma（pustular dermatitis）．Acta Vi- Acknowledgements rol ．，２８：１２２‐１２７． We thank Dr. Ts. Ulziitogtokh, Biocombi- ９）Ebright , J . R . , Altantsetseg , T. and nat, Mongolia, for supplying data. Oyungerel, R．２００３．Emerging infectious diseases in Mongolia . Emerg . Infect . References Dis．，９：１５０９‐１５１５． １）Batbaatar, B., Sugar, S. and Yondondorj, １０） Fifth Coordination Meeting of the IAEA A．２００３．Brutsellyoztoi ukhriin baigaliin Regional Model Project RAW／５／００４．９‐１５ khaldvariig vaktsinii darkhlaanii eyereg October , １９９９，Damascus . Support for urvalaas yalgan onoshlokh. In:‘Biouild- Rinderpest Surveillance in West Asia . verlel-80 ’ Uildverlel-sudalgaanii baga Empress Trans. Anim. Dis. Bull ．，１２． khural ,pp．１０９‐１１２，Ulziitogtokh, Ts. ed., １１） Grubman, M. J. and Baxt, B．２００４．Foot- Biocombinat Turiin umchit uildveriin and-mouth disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev．， gazar, Ulaanbaatar. １７：４６５‐４９３． ２）Bekh-Ochir , J . , Purevkhuu , Ts . and １２） Knowles, N. J., Samuel, A. R., Davies, P. R., Uuganbayar, D．２００３．Shine tekhnologior Kitching, P. and Donaldson, A. I．２００１． uildverlesen aduu temeeg tomuu uvch- Outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus nuus sergiilekh up khuvrult vaktsinii serotype O in the UK caused by a pan- darkhlaanii urgeljlekh khugatsaag tog- demic strain. Vet. Rec ．，１４８：２５８‐２５９． tooson dun. Mongoliin mal emneleg ，５１： １３）Munkhtseren, S. and Gerelchimeg, Ch． １９‐２０． ２００１．Disaster mitigation financial re- ３）Bekh-Ochir, J., Purevkhuu, Ts. and Tsodoi, sources and their allocation in Mongolia. Kh．２００３．Aduu, temeeg tomuu uvchnuus Ministry of Finance and Economy, Mon- sergiilekh vaktsinii tekhnologiig bolovs- golia. rongui bolgoson ni . Mongoliin mal １４） Odontsetseg, N., Boldbaatar, D., Mweene, emneleg，５１：２０‐２２． A. S. and Kida, H. Serological prevalence ４）Biocombinat．２００３．http ://www.bio.url.mn of Leptospira interrogans serovar Brati- /eng/home.htm slava in horses in Mongolia. Vet. Rec ．，（in ５）Bolortuya, P．２００３．Mal amitnii khaldvart press） uvchnii tandalt sudalgaanii talaar. Mon- １５） Office International des Epizooties（OIE）． goliin mal emneleg，５３：２４‐２５． HANDISTATUS II Multiannual animal Namsraijav ODONTSETSEG et al. １６１

disease status. Akashi, H., Purevtseren, B., Pagmajav, O. １６） Office International des Epizooties and Sugiura, T．２００１．Cross reaction of re- （OIE）．２００４．Rinderpest. Official animal combinant equine infectious anemia vi- health status. rus antigen to heterologous strains and １７） Purevkhuu , Ts ．２００４．Virusiin garaltai application for serological survey among zarim uvchnuus sergiilekh vaktsin . In: horses in the field . Microbiol . Immu- Virusiin zarim vaktsinii tekhnologi , nol ．，４５：４５‐５０． khereglee,pp．２９‐８３，Perenlei, L.andSod- ２６） The world anthrax data site．２００４．http:// nomdarjaa, R. eds., Mal emnelgiin khol- www. vetmed. lsu. edu/whocc/Anthrax- boonii khevlel, Ulaanbaatar. Stats 2001‐DataFiles/Asia/Mongolia.htm １８） Roth, F.andZinsstag, J．２００１．Economic #Range!A54 analysis of the brucellosis control in Mon- ２７） Tsevegmid, G．２０００．Erunkhii epizootologi. golia. Swiss Tropical Institute. http :// In: Mal amitnii khaldvart takhal uvchin， www.sti.ch/pdfs/brucellosis.pdf １st edn . , pp ．１０‐２３，Khukhuu , A . ed . , １９） Roth, F., Zinsstag, J., Orkhon, D., Chimed- MONSUDAR khevleliin gazar , Ulaan- Ochir, G., Hutton, G., Gosivi, O., Carrin, G. baatar. and Otte, J．２００３．Human health benefits ２８）Tsevegmid , G ．２０００．Zoonoz , zooantro- from livestock vaccination for brucello- ponoz uvchnuud. In: Mal amitnii khald- sis : case study . Bull . World Hlth . vart takhal uvchin，１st edn., pp．１４６‐２４５， Org．，８１：８６７‐８７６． Khukhuu, A. ed., MONSUDAR khevleliin ２０） Roth,J.A．１９９８．Annual report. Institute gazar, Ulaanbaatar. for International Cooperation in Animal ２９） Tsevegmid, G．２０００．Aduunii uvchnuud. Biologics. http ://www.vetmed.iastate.edu In: Mal amitnii khaldvart takhal /services/institutes/iicab ／９８rpt.html uvchin，１st edn., pp．２５０‐２７９，Khukhuu, A. ２１） Sanjaa, D．２００３．Mal emnelgiin onoshlo- ed., MONSUDAR khevleliin gazar, goo , shinjilgeenii chadavkhiig dee- Ulaanbaatar. shluulekh ni. Mongoliin mal emneleg，５３： ３０） Tsevegmid, G．２０００．Ukher, temee, khoni, ２６‐２７． yamaanii uvchnuud . In: Mal amitnii ２２） Sanjaatogtokh, P．２００１．Outbreak of foot- khaldvart takhal uvchin，１st edn., pp．２８３ and-mouth disease in year ２００１ in Mon- ‐３８４，Khukhuu , A . ed . , MONSUDAR golia. State Veterinary Department, Min- khevleliin gazar, Ulaanbaatar. istry for Food and Agriculture, Mongolia. ３１）Ulziitogtokh , Ts ．２００３．Amid virusiin ２３）Sanjaatogtokh , P ．２００４．Situation of vaktsinuud . In: Onoshlogoonii arguud highly pathogenic avian influenza in bolon biobeldmeluuded tavikh shaard- Mongolia（Letter to Karim Ben Jebara, laguudiin gariin avlaga ba biobeld- Animal Health Information Department, meluudiig khereglekh zaavar,pp．９６‐９７， OIE）．State Veterinary Department, Min- State Veterinary Department , Ministry istry for Food and Agriculture, Mongolia. for Food and Agriculture. ed., Soyombo ２４） Sebek, Z．１９７４．Results of serological ex- Printing Ltd press, Ulaanbaatar. amination of domestic animals for lep- ３２）Ulziitogtokh , Ts ．２００３．Ukhriig duut tospirosis in the Mongolian People’sRe- khavdar, tsusan khaldvaraas sergiilekh public. Folia Parasitol ．，２１：２１‐２８． kham vaktsin uildverlekh bolomj . In: ２５） Sentsui, H., Inoshima, Y., Murakami, K., ‘Biouildverlel-80 ’Uildverlel-sudalgaanii １６２ Viral and bacterial diseases in livestock in Mongolia

baga khural ,pp．７６‐８０，Ulziitogtokh, Ts. K. and Scholtissek, C．１９９３．Areassortant ed., Biocombinat Turiin umchit uildveriin H１N１influenza A virus caused fatal epi- gazar, Ulaanbaatar. zootic among camels in Mongolia. Virol- ３３） Yamnikova, S. S., Mandler, J., Bekh-Ochir, ogy，１９７：５５８‐５６３． Z. H., Dashtseren, P.,Ludwig,S.,Lvov,D.