Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-46058-4 - The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III c. –c. Timothy Reuter Index More information
INDEX
Note: Page references in italics refer to maps, and those in bold type main discussions of central topics. Concepts such as aristocracy, kingship or trade are indexed as general topics and also under individual regions, states, principalities and duchies. Index compiled by Meg Davies, Registered Indexer, Society of Indexers
Aachen and Otto I , , and Lothar IV of France and Otto II and Ottonians , , , , , and Otto III Aachen capitulary and statehood Aachen Gospels , , , , and Theophanu Aaron of Bulgaria Abraham of Freising , Abba¯sid caliphate Abu¯ Fira¯s and Byzantine empire Abu¯l-H. azm b. Jahwar decline Abu¯’l-Qa¯sim , – and Khazars Abu¯Sa¯dı Mu¯sa¯b.Ah. mad al-D. ayf Abbo of Fleury , , , , –, Abu¯Yazı¯d – school Acfred of Aquitaine , , Abd Alla¯h b. al-Mans.u¯r Acheloos, battle () , , , Abd Alla¯h b.Muh. ammad – Acton, J. xiv Abd al-Malik al-Muz.affar –, , Adalbero of Augsburg , Abd al-Rah. ma¯n II Adalbero (Ascelin) of Laon Abd al-Rah. ma¯n III , –, and Charles of Lotharingia and army , –, and Cluniac monasticism –, – and bureaucracy and Hugh Capet and Byzantium and Ottonians , as caliph and Robert II conquests , – and society and Ibn H. afs.un – Adalbero I of Metz –, , , , and jiha¯d Adalbero II of Metz , , , and León , , –, , Adalbero of Rheims –, –, and Madı¯nat al-Zahra¯ and Hugh Capet , and North Africa –, Adalbero of Trier and Otto I –, Adalbert I of Tuscany , and Pamplona-Navarre , Adalbert II of Tuscany and sa¯ifah , Adalbert Azzo of Canossa , , Abd al-Rah. ma¯n (Sanchuelo) , –, Adalbert of Ivrea , Abda (wife of al-Mans.u¯r) Adalbert of Magdeburg , , , , Abingdon abbey , , , – Adalbert of Metz –, Abodrites Adalbert of St Maximin see Adalbert of and Arnulf of Carinthia Magdeburg and Henry II Adalbert (son of Berengar II) –, , ,
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Index Adalbert Vojtech of Prague , Æthelflæd (wife of Æthelred of Mercia) , and Boleslav Chrobry , , –, burial , Æthelred I of Wessex canonisation , , , Æthelred II (‘the Unready’) of England martyrdom , , coinage and mints , and Otto III , flight , and Stephen of Hungary , and royal authority , Adalbert of Weissenberg see Adalbert of and succession , Magdeburg tolls Adaldag of Hamburg-Bremen , , and Viking raids – Adalward of Verden Æthelred of Mercia Adam of Bremen and Alfred the Great and the church – and Edward the Elder , , – and Otto I law-code , and trade , Æthelstan ‘Half-King’ , , , Adela (wife of William III of Aquitaine) Æthelstan of Wessex Adelaide, abbess of Quedlinburg , –, and aristocracy Adelaide of Burgundy charters , –, , and Otto II coinage , , , and Otto III , –, intellectual life , as wife of Lothar of Italy , , –, , as king of the Anglo-Saxons , –, as king of the English , , – as wife of Otto I , , , , , law-code , –, and Louis IV , Adelaide of Poitou (wife of Hugh Capet) , and Mercia – , , and the north of England – Adelaide (wife of Géza of Hungary) and Northumbria Adelaide (wife of Louis the Blind) and Otto I Adelaide (wife of Richard le Justicier) and relics Adelaide-Blanche (wife of Louis V and William and succession , – of Provence) , , Æthelweard (ealdorman), Chronicon , , , Adelferius of Amalfi n., Adelman of Liège Æthelwine of East Anglia , Adgaelbert (Babenberger) Æthelwold (æthling), and Edward the Elder Adhegrinus (hermit) – Adhémar of Chabannes , , Æthelwold of Winchester , , and Aquitaine , and Æthelred the Unready and Charles the Great Benedictional , , and Hungary and church music and Peace of God movements and Edgar –, , Adhémar of Poitou and monastic reform , – administration as scholar , and episcopacy Agapitus II, pope , , local , Agatha (wife of Samuel of Bulgaria) Adosinda Gutiérrez (wife of Ramiro II) Aghlabid dynasty Adso of Montier-en-Der –, , , in North Africa Epistola de ortu et tempore Antichristi in Sicily – and Otto II Agilbert of Saint-Ricquier Ælfflæd (wife of Edward the Elder) Agilolfing dukes , Ælfhere of Mercia , Agnes, empress (wife of Henry III) , Ælfric agriculture Colloquy, and merchants , arable –, and monarchy , and crop rotation as scholar and field pattern , , Ælfthryth, and church reforms and hunter-gatherers , , –, Ælfweard of Wessex , – Ælfwold and land-clearing – Ælfwyn of Mercia and nomadism ,
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agriculture (cont.) and trade production levels , Almish ibn Shilkı¯ (Yuktawa¯r; Bulgar leader) and settlement patterns Almos of Hungary – slash-and-burn –, Aloara of Capua and stock-rearing , , –, , , Alpert of Metz, and merchants , subsistence , – Alsace Ah. mad al-Akh. al and Arnulf Ah. mad b. al-H. asan al-Kalbı¯ and Henry II Ahtum-Ajtony of Hungary –, and Magyar campaigns Aimard of Cluny and monastic reform Aimerud of Auvergne (wife of Borrell II of and Otto I Barcelona) as part of Alemannia/Suabia Aimo of Auxerre Althing of Iceland Aimo of Fleury, De gestis regum Francorum Althoff, Gerd – Aion of Capua Amalfi Akilia of León and Byzantium , , , Alaholfings and co-rulers Alan I the Great of Brittany and intellectual life – Alan II Barbetorte –, and Lombardy Alans , , , and princely authority , , Alawich II of Reichenau and Saracen attack Alberic II of Rome and trade , –, , –, –, –, and monastic reform , , and Otto I Amatus of Monte Cassino and papacy , , Ambrosius Autpert Alberic of Spoleto , amicitia (political friendship) –, , , Albert of Vermandois , , , Aldred of Bamborough and Henry I , , –, Alemannia see Suabia and Otto I , , , , Aleppo, and Byzantium –, Anastasius the Librarian Aleram of Piedmont , Anastasius of Sens Alexander II, Emperor ancestors, and settlement patterns – and Symeon of Bulgaria – al-Andalus , – Alfonso II of León, and intellectual life agriculture Alfonso III of the Asturias , Christian population , Alfonso IV of León –, and local autonomy –, –, –, Alfonso V of León , –, – and Sicily Alfonso of Castile, and Aquitaine trade , –, Alfred the Great see also Abd al-Rah. ma¯n; Córdoba; Seville and Æthelred of Mercia Andernach, battle () –, and amicitia Andregoto Galindex (wife of García Sánchez I) and kingdom of England , and law-code , Andrew I of Hungary, marriage and London , Andrew of Fleury – and royal marriages , Andronikos Doukas , , and Scandinavia angels, in art and literature and translations , , Angilberga (wife of Louis II) and urban development Angilberga (wife of William I of Aquitaine) Alı¯b.H. ammu¯d – Allan III of Rennes Angilram of Saint-Riquier allodialists Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , , , and castle-building and Æthelred the Unready , and landholding –, , , , , and Æthelstan and seigneurie – and Eadred Almeria and Edmund Fatimid attack , and Edward the Elder , and Slav leaders – and Wulfstan of York
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Index Anglo-Saxon language and Hugh Capet , – Anglo-Saxons, kingdom –, – and Hugh the Great , , , , animals – for draught and Lothar IV , –, and stock-rearing , –, and Louis IV – Anjou and Louis V – and Aquitaine –, and Magyar attacks , armies – and monastic reform , , , – and Blois and Odo of West Francia , and Brittany , , and princely authority –, –, –, and Capetians –, , , and castle-building and Radulf , , , and charters and Robert II of France , , and the church and Roman law and continuity with Carolingian patterns , and royal authority , , sources – emergence , , – and West Francia expansion , , – Arab–Khazar wars and independent castellanries – Aragon see Pamplona-Navarre and princely ideology –, – Aragonta González (wife of Ordoño II) and respect for kingship Arbo, margrave and warfare archaeology Anna (wife of Louis of Provence) , and castles – Anna Porphyrogenita (wife of Vladimir) , and consumption Annales Bertiniani contribution annales tradition , – and family patterns Annalista Saxo , and necropolises Annals of Fulda , –, and settlement patterns , , , , , , Ansegis, capitularies , Anskar of Hamburg-Bremen – and urban development , Anskar of Ivrea , archbishoprics – Antichrist , , – archbishops , anti-semitism archdeacons –, Antioch, and Byzantium , , , , Archembold of Sens aprisio/aprisionarii (Catalonia, Languedoc) , , architecture – , , Byzantine Apulia church , –, and Byzantium , , , –, , , Romanesque , , –, urban and Capua-Benevento – Ardennes counts , and the church – Arduin of Ivrea () , , , and Henry II Arduin of Ivrea () , – Latin population , – and Henry II – and Magyar attacks , as king of Italy – and Otto II , , Aribert of Milan , and Otto III Aribo (fidelis of Otto III), and markets – and Saracen attacks , – arimanni , Aquitaine aristocracy and Angevins –, and the church , , –, and aristocracy , , , clerical , and Carolingian inheritance , , and clientele , and Catalonia , and cults of saints and Charles the Bald and endogamy and Charles the Simple , –, and family consciousness , –, , and coinage fortified residences , , , – dukes , –, , , , ‘imperial’ and Gascony –, and inheritance ,
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aristocracy (cont.) precious objects – and kingship –, , , –, , see also architecture; manuscripts, illuminated and marriage alliances , , , Artald of Rheims , , , , and religious patronage , , Ascoli, battle () and royal government Ashot III of Armenia as separate from society , Asia Minor and the towns – Byzantine successes –, –, –, and trade and Saracen raids , , , see also counts/countship; dux; lordship; Askold of Rus′ marchiones; principes Asparukh (Bulgar leader) Arles, kingdom see Burgundy, imperial Asselt treaty () armati (warriors) assemblies – Armenia in Saxony – and Bulgaria – Asser, Life of King Alfred , and Byzantium , , , Astrik of Bamberg , armies see Byzantium; cavalry; Córdoba; East Asturia Francia; Hungary; Saxony and intellectual life Arnold of Gascony , and León –, , , , Arnulf I of Flanders Atenulf I of Capua –, and castles , Atenulf II of Capua , and Charles the Simple , Atenulf III of Capua , and Lothar IV Atenulf of Monte Cassino and Louis IV – Atienza, battle () , and monastic reform , Ato of Vic and Normandy Atto of Vercelli, Polypticum quod appellatur and Otto I perpendiculum and Radulf of West Francia , Augustine of Hippo, St , and territory , Austria see Carinthia Arnulf II of Flanders , autarky, Byzantine Arnulf, Count Palatine authority Arnulf of Bavaria , – episcopal , –, and Bohemia monastic , and Conrad I , – papal , –, and Henry I , – privatisation – and Italy , , , – public, and castle-building and Magyars , , , –, , , royal , , –, –, autobiography and Otto I , , and hagiography , quasi-regal rule – and historiography –, and Regensburg , Auvergne Arnulf of Carinthia, Emperor and castle-building and Bavaria –, , and monastic reform and Bulgaria and population increase and Burgundy sources , and Carolingian empire Auzias, Leonce and core regions – Avar khaganate , , , – and Hungary –, and Islamic lands, see Sicily as imperial overlord –, , , see also Hungary and Italy , , Aventine, and Pannonia papal coronation Babenbergers Arnulf of Halberstadt in Bavarian marches , , –, Arnulf II of Milan , , , in eastern Franconia , Arnulf of Rheims , Bachrach, Bernard , Arpád of Hungary , , Badajoz, leadership , , Arpads, in Hungary , , , Ba¯dı¯s (Zirid ruler) art –, , – Baghdad, and Byzantium –
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Index Bakay, Kornél – and landowners – Balderic of Speyer and rebellion of Bardas Skleros – Balderic of Utrecht , and slavery Baldwin I of Flanders and Venice , Baldwin II (‘Iron Arm’) of Flanders and Vladimir of Rus′ – and Alfred the Great as war leader –, , –, and Charles the Simple – Basil Boioannes, katepano of Italy – and the church Basil Lekapenos, parakoimo¯menos , , , and expansion of territory – Baldwin III of Flanders Bates, David – Baldwin IV of Flanders , , , , Bautzen treaty () , Bavaria – Balkans and agriculture , and Bulgars , aristocracy , , , , – and Khazar khaganate and Arnulf of Carinthia –, , and Magyar attacks and Bohemia –, –, –, and Rus′ Carolingian inheritance – and south Slavs and change of dynasty – see also Bulgaria; Byzantium and the church , , , , – Baltic bishops – and trade , –, –, monastic reform –, urban settlements , – monasticism Balts, and Rus′ , –, , , and Conrad I , , , – ban , , and Frankish unity , – bannum , and Henry I , , – Banu¯ Abba¯d and Henry II , , , , Banu¯ Birza¯ and Hungary –, , , Banu¯Qası¯ , – Magyar attacks , , , –, , Banu¯Razı¯n , , , , , Banu¯ Zannu¯n, , , , – intellectual life – Banu¯l-Aftas and Italy , Banu¯l-H. ajja¯j , and Moravia –, Barcelona and Otto I , –, , , –, and al-Andalus and Otto II , , and the church and Otto III Córdoban attack , , and population increase counts , , , , , as regnum , –, –, – and importation of gold , and serfs and slave trade and Slavs , supremacy – spiritual life – and West Francia , , , see also Arnulf of Bavaria; Berthold of Bavaria; see also Catalonia Carinthia; Eberhard of Bavaria; Henry I Bardas Phokas , , , – of Bavaria; Henry II (‘the Quarrelsome’); Bardas Skleros – Luitpolding dukes Barno of Toul Bavarian Geographer – Baronius, C. Beatrice (daughter of Hugh of Francia) , , Barraclough, Geoffrey Bashkirs Beatus of Liébana Basil I, Byzantine emperor , , , Bede and Bulgaria Historia ecclesiastica , piety , and London Basil II, Byzantine emperor Beleknegini of Transylvania (wife of Géza of and Bulgaria , , –, , , Hungary) – Belting, Hans and the church Benedict IV,pope death , Benedict V,pope , and kingship Benedict VI, pope
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Benedict VII, pope , Bernward of Hildesheim , , , , , Benedict VIII, pope , , , –, , – Bertha of Burgundy (wife of Odo of Blois and Benedict IX, pope Robert II) , , , Benedict of Aniane , , , , , Bertha of Suabia (wife of Rudolf II and Hugh of Benedict of Benevento – Italy) , , Benedict Biscop, St Bertha of Tuscany, margravine , Benedict of St Andrew, Chronicon Bertha (wife of Boso son of Robold) Benedict of Soracte, Chronicon , Bertha (wife of Romanos II) – Benevento see Capua-Benevento Berthold of Bavaria , , –, Benno of Metz , , Berthold, Count, and markets Berbers Berthold of Reisenburg in al-Andalus , –, –, Berthold of Suabia , – Kuta¯mah , , – Bessmertniy, Y.L. in North Africa –, , , Beumann, Helmut S.anha¯ja¯ Bezprym (brother of Miesco II) in Sicily –, – Biddle, M. Berengar I of Friuli , Billung dukes , , , –, , , and amicitia , –, – and aristocracy – genealogical table and Arnulf of Carinthia , , biography, tenth-century , , and bishops , Birka, and trade –, – and Byzantium birth rate, increase – diplomata Bischoff, Bernhard and Hungarians , , bishoprics – and liturgy bishops –, and Louis of Provence , and aristocracy , , and papacy , , and canon law – and Rudolf II of Burgundy – and immunities – and Wido of Spoleto , – and liturgy – Berengar II of Italy and mission – and Adelaide (widow of Lothar) , Ottonian – and aristocracy , , – pastoral role , , and Byzantium – and property –, –, and Hugh Capet and royal authority and Hugh of Italy , – secular role , , –, –, –, , and Hungary – , and Liudprand of Cremona , , , , spiritual role , –, – and trade –, – and Otto I –, –, , – Black Bulgars and papacy Black Sea Berenguer Ramon of Barcelona , and Byzantium –, bernagium (tax) littoral settlements , –, Bernard I of Saxony –, , , trade Bernard II of Saxony , Bloch, Marc , , n., Bernard of Angers, Miracula sanctae Fidis , Blois-Chartres-Tours Bernard of Cahors and Anjou Bernard of Gothia and Brittany , Bernard of Halberstadt and Capetians , Bernard (margrave) and castellanries BernardPlantvelueof Aquitaine,,, and the church , Bernard Pons of Toulouse and continuity with Carolingian patterns , Bernard of Septimania (Gothia) , , , Bernard William of Gascony emergence , , Bernat Tallaferro of Besalú , expansion , , – Berno of Cluny , –, and princely ideology Berno of Reichenau and warfare
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Index Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, Consolatio Boleslav Chrobry of Poland , , –, , , , – Bogomils – and amicitia Bohemia , –, – and Bohemia , , –, and aristocracy –, , capture of Kiev and Bavaria –, –, –, and Christianisation , , Christianisation , –, , , coronation , and the church , and Henry II , , bishops and Hungary liturgy marriage currency and monarchy and East Francia –, , , , and Otto III , , –, , , and Henry I , , –, and Pomerani and Henry II , – bondmen and Henry III Boniface VII, antipope historiography Boniface of Canossa , and kingship Boniface of Mainz and local government – Boniface of Spoleto and Moravia –, –, –, , Boniface of Tuscany – Bonitus the Subdeacon and Otto I , Bonn, Treaty () and Otto II Bonnassie, Pierre , , paucity of sources , Bonushomo (notary) and Poland , , , –, –, Book of the Eparch , , –, –, –, bookland , prehistory – books Premyslid rule illumination , , –, –, and aristocracy ornamentation , , , crisis and reconstruction –, production , –, –, , – genealogical table Bordeaux, development and unification – Boris II of Bulgaria, and Byzantium –, and Rus′ Boris-Michael of Bulgaria , , – and seniorate , Borivoj of Bohemia silver mines borough, England and society – Borrell II of Barcelona sources , –, and Córdoba and state formation – and county of Urgell and towns , – and Hugh Capet tribal geography –, marriage unity and Otto I see also Boleslav I; Boleslav II; Boleslav III; title –, Prague; Wenceslas of Bohemia Boso of Arles , , , , , Boleslav I of Bohemia Boso of Burgundy and Provence , , and Christianisation and Charles the Bald – and Czech expansion opposition to – and Otto I and papacy and Silesia Boso (son of Richard le Justicier) Boleslav II of Bohemia Boso (son of Robold) and Christianisation Bosonids , –, , , –, and the church Bosporos, and Khazar khaganate , , and Czech expansion Bouchard I of Vendôme and Otto II Bouchard II of Vendôme and Otto III , Bouchard, Constance Brittain –, and Poland , boundaries Boleslav III of Bohemia Boussard, J. and Boleslav Chrobry bow and arrows marriage Brandenburg, and trade
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Braslav of Pannonia and papacy Bratislava, battle () , , , rulers , Brenta, battle , and Rus′ , – Brescia, battle and Serbia , , Bretislav I of Bohemia and Moravia –, , and society – , , sources , – Brihtsige (Mercian prince) and Thrace –, , Brisca (wife of William V of Aquitaine) and trade , Brittany see also Boris-Michael; Kubrat; Peter; Symeon and Anjou and Blois , , Bulgarophygon, battle () and Charles the Bald Bulgars and the church Black and continuity with Carolingian patterns , Danubian , , , and Khazars – dukes in Russia hunter-gatherer tribes see also Volga Bulgar amirate and Normandy , – Bur, Michel and princely ideology , Burchard of Raetia and Robert II – Burchard of the Reichenau, Gesta Witigowonis and Viking attacks , , Burchard of Suabia , , , and West Francia , Burchard of Thuringia Brühl, Carlrichard , Burchard of Worms Brun of Augsberg see Gregory V,pope and canon law collection , – Brun of Cologne and fortifications –, as chancellor , and liturgy and the church , , , –, –, and parishes Burghal Hidage as duke of Lotharingia , , –, , burgi , Burgundy –, and Wichmann and aristocracy – Brun of Langres , and Capetian dynasty , –, Brun of Querfurt Carolingian inheritance , and Henry II and the church and Hungary bishops , and Life of Adalbert of Prague monastic reform , , , Vita quinque fratrum and Conrad II , Brun of Roucy counts Brun of Saxony dukes Brunanburh, battle () , French , –, –, , Bruning and Henry I – Bruningus of Asti , and Henry II , Brüske, W. and Hugh the Great , , , Brussels, growth imperial , , –, –, –, , Budic of Nantes ; see also Provence Bulcsú harka of Hungary , , and intellectual life Bulgaria –, and Lothar of France , , and administration , and Lotharingia and aristocracy and Magyars and Byzantium , , –, –, , and Otto I –, –, –, –, , , – paucity of sources , Christianisation , –, , – and population increase and the church –, , , and Radulf of West Francia , , –, economy , , , and Hungary , –, , , , – and Robert II , , – and Khazars , , see also Provence; Rudolfings and Macedonia , burgwards , – and Otto I , burhs (England) –,
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Index burial and Otto III , , – freedom of papacy , , , –, , –, monastic –, – see also cemeteries Venice –, , – Byrhtferth of Ramsey , and western Christians – Byrhtnoth of Essex , , see also Italy, southern; Sicily Byzantium see also Basil II; Bulgaria; Constantine VII administration , –, –, –, Porphyrogenitus; Constantinople; fleet; and agriculture , Italy, southern; Leo VI; Nikephoros army , , , –, –, –, , Phokas; Romanos I Lekapenos –, and Bulgaria , , –, –, , Calabria –, , , – agriculture – and Christianisation of Europe , , Byzantine rule , , , , , , and the church , , liturgy , Greek population , monasteries Latin population and coinage , , , and Otto II , , , , , and court ritual , , –, , , , and Otto III and Salerno – and Crimea , –, –, – and Saracen attacks , , , , , and Croatia , –, , – emperors caliphate see Baghdad; Córdoba; Fatimid dynasty in equilibrium – calligraphy expansion –, – Calvus Zyrind (Michael) of Hungary , , and filioque clause historiography – Cameron, Averil and Hugh of Italy , –, Candiano family of Venice and Hungary –, , –, , , , Canigou, church of St Martin –, – Cannae, battle () – and industry cannibalism and Islamic lands –, , canon law , , – and Khazars –, –, – collections , – law-codes , , – Canterbury, and support for monarchy , and marriage alliances , , , , Capetian dynasty monarchy , – and Anjou –, , , and peasantry , and Burgundy , –, , and population increase , , and kingship , , , , – and post-Carolingian cultures and southern principalities –, , , provinces –, –, –, ; see also –, Asia Minor; Dyrrachium; Greece; Italy, capitularies southern; Macedonia; Thessalonika; Carolingian , , Thrace Ottonian , , , and Rus′ , , –, , , Capo delle Colonne, battle () , , , and Saracen attacks –, , and slavery Cappadocia, and Byzantium , , , sources , , Capua-Benevento and taxation , , , , , and Apulia – towns , , and Byzantine claims , , and trade , , –, , , , –, , and the church –, , , , , music and the west – and co-rulers –, Hungary –, , –, , , , and counts – –, , – and Henry II – Lombardy , –, –, –, – and intellectual life , and Otto I , –, , –, – and Magyar attacks , and Otto II , –, , , and Muslim threat –
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Capua-Benevento (cont.) and Charles the Simple and Otto I , , –, – and the church , , , and Otto II and coinage and Otto III , , and Córdoba , , , –, and papacy councils partition and unification –, , –, Franks and Goths , , – – history and princely authority –, , – and Hugh Capet –, , , , , princes , and importation of gold , , and Spoleto , and landholding , , , Carinthia and Languedoc and Bavaria , , –, – and Lothar IV , and Henry II and monastic reform and Venice and national consciousness Carloman of Bavaria and Italy , , –, and Odo of West Francia , , and Pamplona-Navarre Carolingians and papacy and capitularies , peasant communities and Carolingian inheritance , , , population , , – –, –, , and princely authority , –, and the church , , , , –, and Radulf of West Francia , –, – and Roman inheritance –, , – and Frankish unity , , , and royal absence , , –, –, and kingship –, , , –, – and rural society , , , , , , and nobility and Septimania and tenth-century kingdoms –, –, sources , , – and Spain and urban development towns see also Robertines and West Francia , cartularies , , –, see also Barcelona Cashel, and overkingship catepans see katepano Casimir I (‘the Restorer’) of Poland , cathedrals Caslav of Serbia , clergy , , , , –, castellans and education , –, , in Burgundy , , and urban development in Italy cavalry in northern principalities , –, Byzantine , –, and Peace of God movement heavy , , , in southern principalities , , , , Magyar , , in West Francia , , Ottonian , , Castile Cedynia (Zeden), battle () and Córdoba , , , , –, cemeteries –, counts , centralisation, England frontiers centuriation, Roman history Champagne , , , –, , ; see also and León , , –, , –, – Blois-Chartres-Tours and Pamplona-Navarre –, – chanceries , , , , , , population movements chant see music sources chapels, royal , , –, , castle-building see incastellamento chaplains, royal , , , – Catalonia – Charles II (‘the Bald’) of France and agriculture , , , and amicitia , , and al-Mans.u¯r, , , – and Aquitaine and Aquitaine , and Brittany and aristocracy , , , and Burgundy , –, titles – and coinage and castle-building and Flanders
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Index and fortification Christianity, Latin and northern principalities and Frankish unity , and papacy and Islam Charles III (‘the Fat’), Emperor , , and Slavs , and Burgundy Christianity, Orthodox deposition , , in the Balkans , –, and papacy , in Rus′ – Charles III (‘the Simple’) of France , , Christopher Lekapenos , , and amicitia , Chrodegang of Metz and Aquitaine , –, , chronica genre –, –, – and aristocracy –, , , , Chronicle of Alfonso III and Arnulf of Carinthia Chronicle of Sampiro , , , , , , and charters , – death Chronicon pictum deposition , , , Chronicon Salernitanum , , , , and Henry I , , church – and Lorraine and aristocracy , , –, and Lotharingia , , –, , and Carolingian inheritance , , –, and Neustria and Radulf of France , imperial –, recovery of kingship , –, and kingship –, –, –, , , and Robert I , – and Vikings in Normandy , , and landholdings , , , , –, – Charles the Great , and legislation – canonisation and localism –, and church architecture organisation –, – and cultural development , and reform , –, , , , –, and Italy , and seigneurie and justice and servitude and monastic reform , see also councils; episcopacy; monasticism; and Otto I , , papacy and Otto III , , , , , church and state – and papacy , , in East Francia , and political friendship in England and regionalisation in Italian kingdom and Saxony , , and missionary endeavours – Charles of Lorraine see Charles of Lotharingia in West Francia , , Charles of Lotharingia churches and Hugh Capet , –, , , architecture , –, and Lothar IV of France , , estate and Normandy imperial , , –, and Otto II , , –, – proprietary Charles Martel, and Aquitaine and urban development –, –, Charles of Provence and villages – Charles the Simple see Charles III (‘the Simple’) see also liturgy; parish of France Cicinnius Charles-Constantine of Provence , , –, Cilento, N. n. , Cilicia, and Byzantine conquests – charters Cistercian order papal cities, Roman, in England , as sources –, , , , –, city, episcopal , , Chartres, battle (?) , in France Cherson in Italy – and Byzantium , , , in Lotharingia and Khazars – civitates, economic development , , –, , as trade centre –, , Christianisation of Europe , , , – clan (Sippe) , ,
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Clarius (chronicler) and Bavaria , , , – Clement II, pope consecration , , , Clement of Ochrid, and Symeon of Bulgaria and Henry I , , –, –, , and Magyar attack –, clergy regalia cathedral , , , , –, Conrad II, Emperor parish – and Bavaria purity and Bohemia and royal rituals , and Burgundy , see also bishops election – clientele , and Hungary climate and Italy , fluctuation and kingship improvement , and monastic reform Cluny and Poland , archives , , , and trade and confraternity –, , Conrad of Auxerre foundation , , , , Conrad of Constance and hagiography Conrad the Elder and liturgy , Conrad the Red of Lotharingia , , , and monastic reform , –, , –, , , , Conrad of Suabia , and public order Conrad (‘the Pacific’) of Burgundy and Radulf of West Francia and Adelaide of Germany Cnut and Lothar of France and Aquitaine and Otto I –, , – and England , , , paucity of records law-code and Provence , , Coblenz, council () , –, Conradine dukes Codex Wittekindeus , and Carolingian rulers , – coinage –, genealogical table comital and Henry I , , princely –, , , , , and Henry II and royal government , , , , , and Lotharingia , , , and Otto I and trade , and Otto II and urban development , consecration, royal see also copper; gold; money; silver conservatism, and custom Collins, Roger – Constance of Arles (wife of Robert II) , , colloquia, in Saxony –, , Cologne Constantine II of Scotland diocese , – and Æthelstan of Wessex growth , and royal cult-centres comes/comites see counts/countship Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus commerce see trade and court ceremonial , communication crisis of , improvement – death symbolic/non-verbal – and diplomacy see also literacy and Hungary , –, communications, and Otto I and Italy concords (convenientiae), as sources and law –, confraternities, urban and learning – coniurationes , – legitimacy , –, , Connacht, and overkingship marriage , – Conon I of Brittany and piety Conrad I, king of East Francia , – and Polish tribes and amicitia and regency –,
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Index and Romanos Lekapenos –, corruption and Saif al-Dawlah – and the church and Sicily papal – and Symeon of Bulgaria –, , corvée , see also De administrando imperio Cosmas of Prague , Constantine VIII Porphyrogenitus CosmasthePriest,TreatiseagainsttheBogomils– Constantine Doukas , Cotrone, battle see Capo delle Colonne Constantine Gongylios – councils, church Constantine Lekapenos , and Carolingian councils – Constantine of Preslav , and cults of saints – Constantinople and legislation , – Bulgar attacks , , – and Peace of God movement , , , as imperial centre , – –, , Magyar attack rarity population , country life – and Rus′ counts/countship size , , administrative role and trade , , and allodial lands Constitutio romana () in Bavaria , – consuetudines , –, , in Burgundy –, – consumption, levels , , , , in East Francia control, social and inheritance – and bishops in Italian kingdom , –, –, and castle-building – in León , , – conventus , in Lotharingia , , , – Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum in Provence , – copper, as coinage in Saxony , , , Córdoba in southern Italy – abolition of caliphate –, , , , in West Francia , , , , – administration , –, , , , – northern principalities –, – army , –, –, , – southern principalities , , , , Berbers , –, –, , –, –, , , – and militia – courts (judicial) Negro troops borough Slav troops –, , , , –, hundred – shire –, , caliphs , –, , courts (royal) and Catalonia , , , , –, as artistic centres , – and Christian states , –, ; see also Byzantine , Catalonia; León; Pamplona-Navarre Carolingian coinage , as intellectual centres , – growth , , , Islamic and Islam itinerant , and jiha¯d , , and manners and literature Cracovia, and Bohemia and Poland and Magyar attack Cracow and muwallads – Bohemian capture and North Africa –, and the church – sack () – and Miesco I siege (‒) , as Polish capital , and slave trade , and trade sources crafts and trade – in al-Andalus see also Abd al-Rah. ma¯n III; al-Andalus; Al- in Flanders H. akam; Hisha¯m II in Germany core and periphery, and historiography in Italy , Corinth, wealth in Scandinavia –
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Crescentii family , Decani tribe and Otto II , demography see population and Otto III , Denmark and papacy , , , Christianisation , , , , Crescentius II , , , – and England , , – Crete, and Byzantium , –, –, , and Henry I , and kingship Crimea royal government , , –, and Byzantium , –, –, – royal ritual –, , , and Hungarians and Norway and Khazars and papacy settlement – see also Harald Bluetooth Croatia Derevlianians, and Rus′ , , and Bohemia demesne lands –, and Bulgaria , , Dhondt, J. , , , , , , and Byzantium Dhu¯’l-Nu¯nids , –, , – Christianisation – dialectic , unification Díaz y Díaz, Manuel Cronica di Cambridge Didactic Gospel-Book crop rotation Diego Muñoz of Saldaña crowns, importance , , , , diet , –, cult-centres, royal , , –, , , Dietrich I of Upper Lotharingia , , – Dietrich (brother of Miesco II) culture Dietrich, margarve –, , , , , antique Byzantine , , – Dietrich of Metz , elite , Dietrich of Trier Islamic urban , –, differentiation, social , , and schools –, dioceses , written diplomata, and kingship , , –, , curtes , , , Dir of Rus′ custom districtio, in Italy , and conservatism districtus, in Italy , , , , and lordship , Dobrava (wife of Miesco I) , Cuthbert, St , , Docibilis I of Gaeta Cyprus, Byzantine conquest Docibilis II of Gaeta Cyril-Constantine, St , , Dodwell, C. R. Czechs , ; see also Bohemia; Prague Domesday Book , –, , domestics (Dienstmänner) Daleminzi Donation of Constantine , attacks on Donatus, Ars minor Dalmatia Dortmund, growth and Bavaria , Drahomira (wife of Vratislav I) and papacy , drama and Venice by women , – danegeld , , liturgical , , – Danelaw dress, and ‘house’ and trade druzhina (levy) and Wessex , , , , – Dublin Danzig, development excavation Daugmale, development and trade , , David Curopalates of Tao , , as Viking kingdom , , , De administrando imperio , –, , , Duby, Georges , , , , – , Duchesne, A. n. De thematibus , Dudo of Saint-Quentin , , dead, commemoration –, , – Historia Normannorum deans – Dufour, Jean
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Index duke/duchy see dux East Francia Dulebi tribe and aristocracy –, , , –, – Dumas-Dubourg, F. army –, , Dunbabin, Jean –, , and art Dunstan of Canterbury and Bohemia –, , , , and Eadred – and book production – and Eadwig – Carolingian rulers –, –, and Edgar , and the church and Edmund and bishops –, –, –, , letters and councils Life , and liturgy – and the papacy , and monasticism , , –, – as scholar and eastward expansion , –, – dux and historiography , –, , , – in Bavaria –, –, – and intellectual life , , –, – in East Francia , , kingdom in Hungary kingship , –, –, in Italy and the church , in Lotharingia and government , –, in Saxony , –, and royal ritual –, – in West Francia , and title , , , , , , , northern principalities , , , , and landholding southern principalities , , , –, and Lotharingia –, –, , , –, , and markets , Dyfed, kingdom, and royal government – and papacy dynasties, ruling –, and Poland , , –, –, , , Dyrrachium , Bulgarian capture , , , and population increase Byzantine capture , , regionalisation , , – silver mines , Eadgifu (wife of Edward the Elder) , , sources , , , Eadgifu (wife of Heribert the Old) and towns – Eadhild (wife of Hugh of Neustria) , trade , –, Eadred of England see also Bavaria; Franconia; Germany; Henry II; charters – Lotharingia; Otto I; Saxony; Suabia; and the church – Thuringia as king of the English Ebbo of Déols and Northumbria – Eberhard of Bavaria , , and royal government , Eberhard of Einsiedeln – and Scotland Eberhard of Franconia, and Otto I , , will – – Eadric Streona Eberwin, abbot Eadwig of England Ebles Manzer of Poitou , and burning of Ripon Ecbasis cuiusdam per tropologiam charters , , – economy and the church and Carolingian inheritance and division of the kingdom – growth , , –, , – and Dunstan of Canterbury – economy, rural , – and Edgar and agriculture –, – as king of the English and coinage – Eadwine (æthling) and family as basic unit of production – ealdormen (England) , , and landholding , – East Anglia and markets , , , and Æthelwold and technology – and Edward the Elder , economy, urban and royal government of Byzantium –, –
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economy, urban (cont.) Egypt of Islamic lands – Fatimid rule , , , , , and lordship – and Jews see also markets; trade and trade , Edessa, and Byzantium –, , Tulunid rule Edgar of England Eigenkirchen and aristocracy Einold of Gorze , capitularies Einold of Toul , – and Carolingian kingship Einsiedeln monastery , charters – Eirik Bloodaxe and the church Ekbert (‘the One-Eyed’) of Saxony , , , bishops – monastic reform –, , Ekbert of Westfalia , reforms , – Ekkehard I of Meissen and coinage death and division of the kingdom – as duke of Thuringia and Eadwig – imperial aspirations , , – and Glastonbury , and Poland , , and intellectual life Ekkehard I of St Gallen law-codes – Vita sanctae Wiboradae marriage Vita Waltharii manufortis – mints Ekkehard IV of St Gallen as overlord Ekkehard ‘son of Liudolf ’ and succession Elbe Slavs see Slavs Edith (wife of Otto I) , , election Edmund of the East Angles abbatial , , Edmund of England , episcopal , , , –, , , , and the church , , , as king of the Anglo-Saxons papal –, , as king of the English royal , and Louis IV Bavaria and Northumbria Burgundy , , , , Edmund Ironside, succession bid East Francia , –, , , –, education , –, and the church , –, , – England and classical authors Saxony –, , – curriculum – West Francia , , –, , , , Edward the Elder and Æthelwold Elvira Menéndez (wife of Ordoño II) and aristocracy Elvira Ramírez (daughter of Ramiro II) and charters , – as regent , , coinage , , Elvira (wife of Vermudo II), as regent – coronation Ely abbey , , – and the Danes –, – Emma of Provence (wife of William II of as king of the Anglo-Saxons –, Toulouse) and Mercia , – Emma (wife of Boleslav II) and royal government Emma (wife of Lothar of France) , , and sources , – Emma (wife of Louis the German) and succession Emma (wife of Radulf of West Francia) , and urban development , , Edward the Martyr Emma (wife of William IV of Aquitaine) death empire and social disorder – and Arnulf of Carinthia – and succession and monarchy – Egbert of Trier –, –, , , , and papacy –, , , –, , –, –, – Egil’s Saga and Rome , –
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Index emporia, trading and Scotland –, , , , English , and serfs German sources , , –, , , –, –, Mediterranean – – Scandinavian , , and towns –, encellulement (regrouping) trade , , , , , ecclesiastical with France intellectual with Germany and landownership , –, – with Scandinavia , – and rise of the seigneurie , , – unification , , , endogamy, and aristocracy , and Viking raids ‒, , – Engilberga (wife of William II of Aquitaine) and Wales –, –, , England –, see also Æthelstan; Alfred the Great; Danelaw; and administration , Eadwig (‘All-Fair’); East Anglia; Edgar; and agriculture , , Edward the Elder; Mercia; Northumbria; aristocracy , –, , –, , , Wessex environment, reorganisation –, – armies Eohric of Denmark and assemblies episcopacy, and papacy and book production , , Eraclius of Liège , and Carolingian inheritance , , , Erchanger of Suabia –, – and castle-building Erchempert, Historia Langobardorum and centralisation , Beneventanorum , charters , , , –, –, , Erdmann, Carl – Erfurt, synod () , and the church Ermengald of Rouergue , bishops –, , – Ermengard (wife of Adalbert of Ivrea) , cult of Virgin Mary Ermengard (wife of Boso of Burgundy and monastic reforms –, –, , , Provence) , – Ermengard (wife of Rudolf III) monasticism , , –, – Ermengol of Urgell , , music Ermentrude of Mâcon organisation Ermessent of Barcelona reforms , –, Ermogius of Tuy and coinage , , , , , , , Ermoldus Nigellus , eschatology division of the kingdom –, and the millennium , , –, , historiography , –, , – and monarchy – as imperial realm , , Essen nunnery, Ottonian treasure – and intellectual life –, , , estates, large kings disintegration – and kingship –, –, and labour service revenues – size , ritual , , Esztergom (capital of Hungary) , , royal government , , –, , , ethnicity , –, and kingship succession and southern principalities – titles , , , –, , , , Eu, battle () – Eudes see Odo and literacy Eugenius Vulgarius and Normandy Europe and Norway and Byzantium – and peasantry Christianisation and population increase and Islamic lands , – regionalisation and trade –, – and rural society , , , urban culture and Scandinavia , Everger of Cologne
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exchange, and money –, , Flanders exogamy and agriculture Ezzo, count palatine of the Rhine and Charles the Simple and the church fairs bishops Falicsi of Hungary monastic reform , , , Falkenhausen, V.von n. and schools familia , , , – and continuity with Carolingian patterns , cathedral , , , family counts , aristocratic , –, and expansionism , extended and independent castellanries nuclear , –, , , , , and Lothar IV of France , , royal – and mints size , and population increase see also clan and Radulf of West Francia – famines –, , , , and royal authority Fatimid dynasty territorial identity – and Bulgaria and urban economy , and caliphate and Viking attacks in Egypt , , , , , see also Arnulf I; Baldwin I; Baldwin II; in North Africa , , –, , – Baldwin IV; Magyars in Sicily – fleets and trade Byzantine , , , –, , , , Faucembergues, battle () – fear Muslim , of the dead Venetian , , Feldgraswirtschaft Fleury, monastery , , , , , – feodum Flodoard of Rheims Fernán González of Castile –, , Annales , – Fernando I of Castile-León and Burgundy Fernando I of Pamplona-Navarre and Italy Fernando Ansúrez of Castile and Lotharingia , feudalism and Radulf Carolingian , , and West Francia , –, , , origins , –, , De triumphis Christi and the rich –, Historia Remensis ecclesiae , , –, , , and serfdom –, , , – in West Francia , , , and historiography , , , , – Fichtenau, H. , , , Florennes, battle () fideles/fidelitas , fodrum (regnal dues) , , in East Francia , – Folcuin of Lobbes , , – in southern Italy Formosus, pope – in Spain fortification in Venice and military policy in West Francia –, – refuge , –, northern principalities , , –, residential , , , –, , of towns , –, , , , , southern principalities –, see also incastellamento; residence Fides of Conques, St, liber miraculorum Fortu¯n ibn Muh. ammad field patterns Fossier, Robert , –, , and centuriation France strip farming , and historiography –, , Finno-Ugrian language, and Magyar and literacy Finno-Ugrian peoples , –, , , and markets and monarchy , Fiorenzuola d’Arda, battle () , and serfs fishing industry – silver mines
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Index
and towns –, , Al-Fust.a¯t. –, trade –, trade , see also Burgundy; West Francia fyrd , Francia media see Lotharingia Francia occidentalis see West Francia Gabriel-Radomir of Bulgaria , Francia orientalis see East Francia Gaeta, duchy , – Franconia and co-rulers and Arnulf of Bavaria and princely authority , , and Arnulf of Carinthia – and trade , , , and Conradines , – Galicia and East Frankish monarchy , , and Córdoba , , and Henry II and León , , , , , –, , and Otto I –, , and population increase Gallus Anonymus , n., , see also Babenbergers Gandersheim Frankfurt, and Otto I royal convent , , , , , – Franks see also Hrotsvitha unity , , , , , , – García I of León , see also Carolingians; East Francia; West García Fernandez of Castile , –, , Francia Fratres presbyteri, sermon García Gomez of Carrion Fraxinetum García Gomez of León Byzantine attack , , García Gomez of Saldaña and Saracen raids , García Sánchez I of Pamplona-Navarre , , Frederick I of Upper Lotharingia , , , , , , García Sánchez II (‘the Trembler’) of Pamplona- Frederick of Mainz , , Navarre Frederick of Salzburg – García Sánchez III of Pamplona-Navarre freedom, personal – García Sánchez of Castile – restrictions on , García Sánchez of Gascony and servitude – Garigliano, Saracen base , – freemen , Byzantine attack , , Frideruna (wife of Charles the Simple) , and papacy Garin le Lorrain – Fried, J. , Gascony friendship, political see amicitia and Aquitaine –, Frisia and the church hunter-gatherer tribes cultural and ethnic identity , and Lotharingia dukes , and Otto I and Hugh Capet and trade and Pamplona-Navarre , , , Frithegod, Breuiloquium vitae beati Wilfredi and princely authority , –, Friuli, march, political role , and sources , Fromund of Tegernsee and Viking attacks , Fruela II of León, and succession disputes , and West Francia , –, , gastald, in southern Italy , , , –, , fueros , – Fulbert of Chartres , , , , , Gausfred of Roussillon-Empuries letters Gauzlin of Fleury n., , – and William of Aquitaine Gauzlin of Toul Fulk the Good of Anjou Gauzlin of Verdun Fulk le Réchin Gebhard of Constance – Fulk Nerra of Anjou –, , , –, Gebhard, duke of Lotharingia , , n. Geertz, Clifford Fulk the Red of Anjou – genealogies, as source , Fulk of Rheims , , Genoa, and trade , , funerals, royal – Geoffrey Grisegonelle of Anjou –, , fur trade , , –, , , –, –,
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Geoffrey Martel , , – Gilbert (heir of Hugh the Black) George I of Georgia Gisela (wife of Henry of Bavaria) Georgia Gisela (wife of Stephen I) –, , and Byzantium , Giselher of Magdeburg and Khazars Gislebert of Burgundy Gerald of Aurillac –, Gislebert of Lotharingia Life , , , , and Charles the Simple and Odo of West Francia and Henry I , , –, , Gerald of Toul and monastic reform , Gerard of Augsburg, Vita santi Oudalrici , , and Otto I , , – and Radulf Gerard of Brogne , –, , Gislebert of the Meuse Gerard of Cambrai I , , Gisulf I of Salerno , , Gerard of Csanád Glastonbury, as royal cult-centre , , , Deliberatio supra hymnum trium puerorum , and Hungary Gnëzdowo, development Gerard of Saint-Médard Gniezno Gerberga Bohemian capture and Berthold of Bavaria and the church , – as wife of Gislebert of Lotharingia , , as Polish capital , , , , , , as wife of Louis IV , , , , and Prague Gerberga (wife of Albert of Vermandois) and support for monarchy Gerberga (wife of Hermann of Suabia) and trade Gerbert of Aurillac , , Godfrey of Metz , , , and historiography –, Godfrey of Verdun and Hugh Capet , Gojslav of Croatia and Life of Adalbert of Prague gold and Otto II , in book illustration and Otto III , , , in coinage , , as Pope Sylvester II , , –, , , in precious objects –, – , – trade in , , , school Gombaud of the Gascons Gerbert of Rheims , , , , Gonzalo Muñoz of Galicia – letters , , Gopl-ani tribe , , Gerhard of Augsburg see Gerard of Augsburg Gorze, monastery Gerhard of Metz , , and hagiography Germany and liturgy , map – and monastic reform , , –, –, see also East Francia , , , Gero Codex – Gothia , , , , –, Gero of Cologne , , government – Gero, Margrave , , – and the church – and Elbe Slavs , , , , of the church – and Gernrode convent – and cultural differences – as margrave – royal – and Miesco of Poland , Gozelo I of Lower Lotharingia Gesta Apollonii – grammar – Gesta Berengarii Gran, and support for monarchy , Gesta comitum Barcinonensium Granada, and S.anha¯ja¯ Berbers Géza of Hungary , , – gravarium (tax) Gha¯lib b. Abd al-Rah. ma¯n , –, , Great Moravia see Moravia Greece Ghent, importance – Bulgarian attacks Gibuin of Châlons Byzantine rule , , , Gibuin (son of Richard le Justicier) Greek , , , gift-giving , Gregory III, pope
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Index Gregory IV,pope and Normandy Gregory V,pope –, and royal government –, and Crescentii Harald Fairhair of Norway and Hungary harmscar and liturgy Hartwig of Salzburg , and Otto III , , , , Al-H. asan b. Alı¯ al-Kalbı¯ Gregory VII, pope, and Henry IV Al-H. asan b.Amma¯r al-Kalbı¯ Gregory Master , Al-H. asan b. Qannu¯m Gregory of Saint-Sever Hasday ibn Shaprut Guadbert, Epitoma Prisciani – Hatto of Mainz , Guaimar I of Salerno , Head, T. Guaimar II of Salerno , Heimskringla Guaimar III of Salerno Helena (wife of Constantine VII) Guaimar IV of Capua Helgaud of Fleury Guarimbotus and Denmark Guido of Arezzo , Life of Robert the Pious , , , , guilds Hellas, Magyar attacks craft Helmold of Bosau merchant –, Henry I of Bavaria , , , Guillot, Oliver and Bohemia Guillou, A. n. marriage Gunzelin of Meissen and rebellion against Otto I , , , , Gunzo of Novara , , Gwynedd, kingdom, and royal government Henry I of France , – – and Burgundy , Gyula of Hungary , , marriage Gyula of Transylvania , Henry I of East Francia , , , – and amicitia , , –, Hadwig (daughter of Henry of Bavaria) and aristocracy , – – and Bavaria , , –, Hadwig (wife of Hugh the Great) , , , and Bohemia , , –, and Charles the Simple , , , Hagano , , , –, and the church , , , , hagiography and Conrad I , , , and intellectual life , –, , and Danes as source , , –, , , death verse , –, as duke of Saxony , –, –, Haithabu, and trade , , , – and Elbe Slavs – Al-H. ajar (Abd Allah b. Abd al-Azı¯z) and Francia et Saxonia –, Al-H. akam II al-Mustans.ir, caliph and Heribert of Vermandois – and administration and Italy and army and Lotharingia –, –, and Castile – and Magyars –, , , – and León and regalia , library , and royal cults of saints and North Africa –, and royal marriages –, , , , and succession , Al-H. a¯kim, caliph and Slavs , , Hallinger, Kassius and Suabia Hamburg-Bremen, archdiocese –, , , and succession , Henry II, Emperor , – H. ammu¯dı¯s and aristocracy Harald III of Norway, marriage and Bavaria , , , , Harald Bluetooth of Denmark and Bohemia , – and Christianisation , and book production , – and fortresses , and Burgundy , and grave-monument , and Byzantium
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Henry II, Emperor (cont.) Heraclius, Byzantine emperor , canonisation – heresy and the church and laity and bishoprics –, and monasticism and book production , see also Bogomils monastic reform , –, Heribert I of Vermandois coronation , Heribert II of Vermandois , death , , , and Charles the Simple , , diplomata and Henry I – and Elbe Slavs , and Hugh the Great and government – and Louis IV , –, – and historiography –, – and principality of Flanders – and Hungary –, , , , and Radulf of West Francia , , and imperial kingship – – imperium and regnum – Heribert (chancellor of Otto III) , and Italy , , –, –, Heribert the Old of Omois , , , and Lotharingia , , , , Heribert the Young of Troyes , and papacy –, – Heriger of Lobbes , and Poland , , –, , Heriveus of Rheims and regalia Hermann Billung , , –, , , , and Saxony , –, , succession to Otto III –, , , Hermann of Hamburg-Bremen and trade –, Hermann of the Reichenau and William V of Aquitaine Hermann I of Suabia , , , , Henry II (‘the Quarrelsome’) of Bavaria – Hermann II of Suabia –, , and Bohemia hermits , –, , , and Hungary , Hervé of Autun marriage Hevelli, conquest , – minority , hide , and minority of Otto III , –, , Hierotheus of Tourkia , Hilarion, metropolitan of Rus′ and Poland Hildibald of Worms , rebellion against Otto II , , , Hilward of Halberstadt and Saxony –, – Himerios (Byzantine commander) and Slavs Hincmar of Rheims , , Henry III, Emperor De ecclesiis et capellis and Bohemia Hisha¯m II (‘al-Muayyad’), caliph and book production and Ibn Abı¯A¯ mir – and Burgundy and al-Mahdı¯ – and papacy , Hisha¯m b.Muh. ammad Henry IV,Emperor Hispania see Spain and Gregory VII Historia Silense and Saxony historiography and uncultivated land Marxian , , Henry IV of Bavaria see Henry II, Emperor Normanist – Henry V,Emperor, and Saxony Romanist’ Henry V of Bavaria tenth-century , , – Henry (Henry-Odo), duke of Burgundy , Bavarian , , , English – Henry of Louvain and eschatology , – Henry of Schweinfurt , , French , – Henry (son of Stephen of Hungary) – German , Henry of Stade – Italian Henry ‘the Younger’ of Carinthia , , Lotharingian Norman Henry of Trier Ottonian , , – Henry the Wrangler see Henry II (‘the Russian Quarrelsome’) of Bavaria Saxon , –
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Index twentieth-century and kingship , , and Carolingian continuity –, and Lothar IV of France –, –, cultural approach and encellulement , – and Lotharingia –, and periodisation , , marriage , , , traditions –, , , and northern principalities , , see also hagiography and Senlis assembly – history and southern principalities –, , , cultural/intellectual –, – , , – economic Hugh of Chalon , and hagiography Hugh of Chaumontois and interpretative schemata xiii–xiv, , –, Hugh of Empuries , Hugh of Farfa , – political xiii, , , – Hugh of Francia see Hugh the Great and ritual Hugh the Great religious – and Aquitaine , , , , – social – and Blois and Anjou – Hodo, Margrave and Brittany and Miesco of Poland , and Burgundy , , , Hoffmann, Hartmut –, and Charles the Simple Hohenaltheim, synod () , , , , and church and state as duke of the Franks , , Holme, battle () and justice Holy City, as model and Liudprand Holy Cross, relics , , and Lothar IV , Holy Lance , , , , , – and Louis IV , , –, –, , , Holy Sepulchre, replicas – Honoratiae civitatis Papie see Instituta regalia and Normandy house (dwelling) see residence and Otto I , , house (unit: Haus, maison, domus) – and Radulf –, household, royal and relics Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim , , –, and Saxony , Hugh of Italy Abraham – and aristocracy , –, – Calimachus – and Arnulf of Bavaria – Gesta Ottonis , , and Berengar II –, , – Primordia coenobii Gandeshemensis , , and Burgundy –, , – and Byzantium , –, , Hucbald of Saint-Amand, Vita sancta Rictrudis as imperator and Louis IV Hugh I of Dijon and Magyars Hugh II of Atuyer marriage , , , , Hugh the Abbot , , and monastic reform , Hugh of Arles see Hugh of Italy and Rudolf II –, Hugh of Beauvais Hugh of Lusignan, and William V of Aquitaine Hugh the Black (son of Richard le Justicier) , , , Hugh of Provence see Hugh of Italy Hugh of Burgundy see Hugh of Italy Hugh of Rheims , , , Hugh Capet, king of France , , , , Hugh (son of Robert II) – Hugh of Tuscany , and aristocracy – Humbert of Parma and Byzantium Humbert of Tuscany , , and Catalonia –, , , , hundred , and Charles of Lotharingia , , , , courts Hunfridings , and the church , , , Hungary , – and coinage and aristocracy , , as duke of the Franks , , army ,
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Hungary (cont.) and Sicily and Arnulf of Carinthia –, and Tujı¯bı¯s , , , Arpad rulers , , Ibn Abı¯ Khanzı¯r (Al-H. asan b. Ah. mad) and Bavaria –, , , Ibn Abı¯’l-Fawa¯ris Black Hungary , Ibn al-Andalusı¯ , and Bohemia – Ibn al-Athı¯r and Bulgaria , , , , , – Ibn Fad. la¯n , , and Byzantium –, , –, , , Ibn H. afs.u¯n,Umar, and Abd al-Rah. ma¯n – , –, – Ibn Haijan Carolingian inheritance , Ibn al-H. ajja¯j Christianisation , , –, , , , Ibn Hawqal –, , , , , –, , Ibn H. ayya¯n, Muqtabis , , , , , , and the church , , – and Conrad II Ibn Idha¯rı¯ and Croatia Ibn Khaldu¯n eleventh-century succession – Ibn Khorda¯dhbeh , and empire , Ibn Marwa¯n al-Jillı¯qı¯ and Great Moravia Ibn Rusta – and Henry I Ibra¯hı¯m Abd-Alla¯h and Henry II –, , Ibra¯hı¯m ibn Yaqu¯b historiography and Bohemia and kingship , –, , – and Bulgaria , – royal government and coinage royal regalia , , , , and Poland , titles – and Prague , , and Lotharingia Iceland and Moravia Christianisation and nomadism – government , and Otto I , sagas , and Otto III , , , , – iconoclasm and papacy , , , , Iconoclastic Controversy and Poland , iconography , , , , –, , and Rus′ Ida (daughter of Hermann of Suabia) and seniorate – Idrisids of North Africa , , sources , , , –, –, Ifrı¯qiyyah see Morocco; North Africa; Tunisia and state formation , –, – Igor of Rus′ , , Taksony and Géza – Ilduin of Verona territory – Immo of Chèvremont tribes –, immunities see also Arpád; Géza; Magyars; Stephen; aristocratic Taksony episcopal , , –, , , , , Hunifred of Pallars hunter-gatherers , , –, – monastic hymns , incastellamento , , , Hywel Dda of Wales , , , and lordship –, , –, , , , Iaropolk (brother of Vladimir) in Lotharingia Iaroslav (‘the Wise’) of Kiev , –, and royal authority , – Ibn Abba¯d, Muh. ammad b. Isma¯¯lı in southern Italy –, , Ibn Abı¯ A¯ mir (‘al-Mans.u¯r’), Muh. ammad , and towns –, –, , and trade army –, in West Francia , , and Catalonia , , infanticide, ‘hidden’ and Christian states , –, , Ingelheim, synods and jiha¯d , , , and Madı¯nat al-Za¯hirah , , and North Africa – Ingigerd (wife of Iaroslav of Rus′)
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Index inheritance and book production partible and Byzantium , – see also primogeniture; seniorate Carolingian inheritance –, Inn, battle () , and the church Innocent III, pope, and cult of saints and bishops , , –, –, – inscriptions, runic , liturgy – Instituta regalia monastic reform –, –, intellectual life – and feudal mutation in Bavaria – and Henry I in European periphery – and Henry II , , –, – historiography and literature – historiography –, and the millennium – house of Spoleto –, and monasticism – house of Tuscany –, theatre and poetry , – and intellectual life –, –, , , tropes and hagiography – – Investiture Contest , and landholding Ireland and literacy , and kingships Magyar campaigns –, , , , and liturgy and Otto I –, –, –, , , and Vikings –, –, , –, see also Dublin and Otto II –, –, , , iron and Otto III , , –, –, , and tool-making –, –, –, trade in and papacy and urban development particularism and royal power – I¯sa¯b.Sa¯dı al-Yah. s.ubı¯ , regionalism , , , , –, – Isidore of Seville, Historia Gothorum and regnal dues Islam and royal government – and Christianity and Rudolf II of Burgundy –, , and Khazar khaganate sources –, spread and taxation Sunni and Shi’a towns , –, and Volga Bulgars – and trade , , – see also Saracens see also Berengar I; Berengar II; Hugh of Italy; Islamic lands Pavia; Rome; Wido of Spoleto and Byzantium –, , Italy, southern –, and Caucasus administration –, and Europe , – and agriculture –, historiography – and aristocracy – and post-Carolingian cultures and book production , and Rus′ – and Byzantine empire , –, , , and Seljuk attacks , , –, – and slave trade , and Henry II , and trade –, , , , – and intellectual life – and urban culture – Magyar attacks see also al-Andalus; Catalonia; Córdoba; Sicily and monasteries – Israel the Grammarian , and Muslim attacks , , , –, Italy, kingdom –, –, – and administration , –, –, , , and Normans , , –, , and Otto I –, , agriculture , and Otto II –, , , , , aristocracy –, , , –, , –, and Otto III , , , , – and papacy army population growth and Arnulf of Bavaria , , , – and princely authority – and Arnulf of Carinthia , , and private fortifications , and Bavaria , , sources , ,
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Italy, southern (cont.) John Muzalon and trade , , – John Philagathos , and Venice as antipope John XVI , , –, see also Amalfi; Apulia; Calabria; Capua- John of Ravenna Benevento; Gaeta; Lombardy; Naples; John of Rila – Salerno; Sicily John of Saint-Arnulf – Itil′ (Khazar capital) , , , , – Vita Iohannis abbatis Gorziensis –, ivory, use of , , , , John of Salerno , , , , – Ivrea John of Spoleto and Arduin () , – John Tzimisces, Byzantine Emperor and Berengar II – campaigns against Muslims and Hugh of Italy – death , political role , , and Nikephoros Phokas and Otto I , , Jafar b. Yu¯suf al-Kalbı¯ , and Sviatoslav of Rus′ , Jantzen, Hans John of Vercelli Jaromir (brother of Boleslav III) – John Vladimir of Dyrrachium Jerusalem John Vladislav of Bulgaria – liberation Jordan, bishop pilgrimage to , , Joseph, Khagan –, Jews Joseph Bringas, parakoimo¯menos merchants –, , Judaism, and Khazars , , privileges Judith (wife of Baldwin I of Flanders) in Spain Judith (wife of Henry I of Bavaria) , , jiha¯d Judith (wife of Louis the Pious) in al-Andalus , , jurisdiction, private , – in Sicily –, , justice see also Saracens local , – Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona-Navarre and monarchy , –, Johanek, Peter , – John VIII, pope Kabars, and Khazars John X, pope , , , , , Kairuan , , John XI, pope, and Byzantium Kalbı¯s, in Sicily – John XII, pope Kantorowicz, E. H. and Berengar II , Karmates, seizure of power and Hungary , katepano of Italy , –, – and Otto I , –, , , Kaupang, and trade –, John XIII, pope , , Keller, Hagen and Otto I , , , Kennedy, Hugh – John XIV,pope , Keynes, Simon – John XV,pope Khalı¯l b. Ish. a¯q John XVI, antipope (John Philagathos) , , Khalı¯l b. Ish. a¯q b.Ward –, Al-Khandaq, battle () , John XVII, pope Kharijite Muslims John XVIII, pope , , Khazar khaganate , John XIX, pope army John of Amalfi and Bosporos , , John Canaparius and Bulgars , –, John Chryselios , and Byzantium –, –, – John Cinnamus defeat John of Cluny dual kingship John the Deacon and Islam John the Exarch and Judaism , , John of Gorze , and Magyars , and Abd al-Rah. ma¯n III , , –, , and nomadism , and monastic reform – and Rus′ –, John Kourkouas –, as Russia’s first medieval state , , –
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Index sources – Kunigunde (wife of Luitpold of Bavaria and and trade , , , – Conrad I) , and tribute payments , , , Kurszán of Hungary Khusraw II (Turkic leader) Kiev Lacarra, J. M. Cathedral of St Sophia Laidulf of Capua and Christianisation laity establishment , and cult of saints – gates and episcopal property , , – growth , and monasteries , –, –, Iaroslav’s City participation and industry and royal rituals , and Khazars Lambert of Hainault , , and nomads , Lambert of Louvain Polish capture Lambert of Milan as political centre – Lambert of Spoleto – and trade , , , Lambert of Tuscany Vladimir’s City , land see also Rus′ clearance –, , kingdoms size of holdings –, indivisibility –, , , , values and kingship – land-management – kingship Landenulf of Capua , and aristocracy –, , , –, , landownership allodial –, , , , , , , , , and the church –, –, –, , , , , and bookland , and devolution of power – and the church , , , –, –, and eschatology – and the family and ethnicity Jewish and iconography , –, , and nobility , images – and wealth itinerant , –, , –, , , Landric of Nevers , – and kingdom – Landulf I of Capua-Benevento , , , and ritual , –, –, , and royal cults , , –, , , , Landulf II of Capua-Benevento –, – Landulf III of Capua-Benevento , , and royal government –, – Landulf IV of Capua and royal rituals –, , – Landulf of Milan sacral –, Langobardia see Apulia; Lombardy and succession –, Languedoc kinship structure – and castle-building see also clan; family; lineage; tribe and Catalonia , Kizo (Saxon noble) – and coinage Klebel, Ernst and monastic reform knights and population increase Koblenz, synod () , –, and Raymond III Pons Komi-Permians (Finno-Ugrian people) and rural society , , , , Komi-Zyrians (Finno-Ugrian people) sources , Koppány/Calvus Laizlaus of Hungary – and Truce of God Kourim, and trade see also Toulouse Krakras of Pernik – Lantfred of Winchester , Krautheimer, R. – Laon, diocese, and episcopal estates Kresimir III of Croatia Lapps , , – Kubrat (Bulgar leader) Lasko, Peter Kunigunde (wife of Henry II) , , , , Last World Emperor , Latin , –, –, , –,
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Latium, history and Castile , –, , –, – laudatio parentum charters , , , Laurence of Cassino and the church law and Córdoba –, –, , , – codes frontiers –, , –, ecclesiastical fueros Gothic , , kings , –, legislation as historical source – and kingship Lombard , royal government Roman , , succession , , –, royal –, and literature written and Pamplona-Navarre , –, , , see also canon law –, – Lechfeld, battle () population movements , and Bavaria , , and rural society and Conrad the Red and slave revolt () as decisive , , , , sources , –, , –, and East Frankish army Leonardi, Claudio , , – and Otto I , , , , , Leopold (margrave of Bavaria) Ledgarde of Rouergue (wife of Borrell II of Leotold of Mâcon Barcelona) Lestek of Poland legatio/legatus Letald of Micy Legend of Christian Liber miraculorum Sancti Maximini Miciacensis legislation see law – Leinster, and overkingship Within piscator – Lemarignier, J.-F. , n., , , Letgardis (wife of Otto of Burgundy) Lemuzi tribe letters, as sources Lendit Leuthoricus of Sens Lendizi tribe –, , Lex Baiuuariorum Lenzen, battle () , , Leyser, Karl Leo III, pope , , libellarii (Italy) Leo VI (‘the Wise’), Byzantine Emperor , Liber pontificalis and army – Liber Tramitis and the church – libraries , –, , –, and Italy Liège and laws , –, and church music and Louis III of Provence development , , – marriages , Life of Methodius and Symeon of Bulgaria , , , –, Lindisfarne Gospels lineage (gens; Geschlecht) – Tactica , , , male , see also Book of the Eparch Lintzel, Martin Leo VII, pope , , Listven′, battle () , Leo VIII, antipope , , literacy Leo IX, pope, reforming councils decline , –, Leo, archpriest and government Leo Choerosphaktes – and law , Leo (papal scribe) lay Leo Phokas (son of Nikephoros) –, –, and trade , , see also writing Leo of Synada –, literature Leo of Tripoli , , vernacular , , , Leo of Vercelli , , , , see also hagiography; historiography; poetry León, kingdom – Lithuania, and Christianisation and Abd al-Rah. ma¯n , , –, Litomeri tribe administration , – liturgy – and aristocracy , , –, –, and architecture –
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Index and art – and Magyar attack and chant –, and Ottonians –, , , and kingship , , , and population increase Mozarabic and princely authority , and sequences and tropes – and Rudolf II , Liubice, and trade and rural society , , Liudgard (daughter of Otto I) and slave trade Liudgard (wife of Louis the Younger) –, and succession and towns Liudolf of Saxony –, see also Capua-Benevento; Salerno; Spoleto- Liudolf of Suabia (son of Otto I) , Camerino and Italy , – London and Magyars , and Alfred the Great , rebellion , , –, , , and trade , , , Liudolfing dynasty lordship in Bavaria , and castle-building , , –, and empire , , –, and imperial kingship , and indivisibility of kingdom – legitimation , – and monastic reform – and markets , –, , in Saxony –, , and monastic reform , , –, see also Henry I of East Francia; Henry II, and serfdom – Emperor signs Liudprand of Cremona , and towns – Antapodosis , , , , – see also aristocracy; seigneurie and Berengar II of Italy , , Lot, Ferdinand and Byzantine court – Lothar I, Emperor and historiography –, , – and imperial Burgundy and Hugh of Italy , – and liturgy and Hungary , and Lotharingia , and intellectual life , and papacy and kingship Lothar II, Emperor Legatio and Burgundy , , Liberde rebus gestis Ottonis magni imperatoris and Lotharingia mission to Constantinople , , , Lothar, king of West Francia –, –, and Aquitaine , –, and papacy , and aristocracy , – Relatio de legatione Constantinopolitana , and bishops and southern Italy – and Burgundy , , and trade , , , and Catalonia , Liutfrid (Mainz merchant) and Charles of Lotharingia , , , Liutgard (wife of Conrad the Red) Liutgard (wife of Louis the Younger) and charters , , , Liuthar, margrave , and Flanders , , Liutizic confederation funeral and Bohemia –, and Hugh Capet –, –, and Henry II , , and justice and Ottonians , – and kingship –, Liutwald of Vercelli and Lotharingia –, , , Lombard, Maurice marriage , , Lombardy and Otto II , –, and agriculture and Otto III , and Bavaria , and succession , and book production and trade , and Byzantium , –, –, –, Lothar of Italy –, –, , , – and Berengar II –, , , and castle-building marriage , , , , and law , and monastic reform
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Lotharingia –, and monastic reform , - –, –, – and papacy , ‒ , – Louis II, Emperor , ‒ , , – Louis II (‘the Stammerer’) of West Francia , and al-Andalus aristocracy –, , –, – Louis III (‘the Blind’) and Arnulf of Carinthia , and Arnulf of Carinthia and art – and Carolingian inheritance , borders –, as emperor , and castle-building as king of Italy , –, and Charles the Simple , , –, , as king of Provence , –, , , marriage , and the church Louis IV (‘d’Outremer’) of West Francia bishops , , –, – and Æthelstan , , landholdings and aristocracy , –, monastic reform , , , and Burgundy , , monasticism and charters and Conradines , , and the church division , , and duchy of the Franks , ducal families and Heribert of Vermandois , , , and East Francia –, –, – economic growth – and Hugh the Great , , –, –, and Frankish unity , , and Henry I –, –, and kingship –, and Henry II , , , and Lotharingia , , and intellectual life , , – marriage , landholdings , and Normandy –, languages and Otto I , –, , and Lothar IV of France –, , , and papacy and Louis IV , , and southern principalities , – Lower –, – Louis IV (‘the Child’), of East Francia – and Magyars , , and Bavaria , and markets , and Lotharingia – and Otto I , , – and Magyars , and Otto II , –, marriage and Otto III , and Saxony , and Ottonian unity Louis V of West Francia and Radulf of West Francia , and Aquitaine – sources and Catalonia and Theophanu as co-ruler , , , and towns , , – death trade , and Lotharingia as transit region – marriage , , , – Upper , – Louis the Blind see Louis III (‘the Blind’) and West Francia , –, , –, Louis the German , , –, – and Bavaria –, – see also Aachen; Brun of Cologne; Dietrich I of and Bulgaria Upper Lotharingia; Frederick I of Upper and Hungarian attack Lotharingia; Gislebert of Lotharingia; and marriage alliances , Zwentibald Louis the Pious see Louis I (‘the Pious’) Loud, G. A. – Louis (son of Radulf of West Francia) Louis I (‘the Pious’), Emperor Louis the Younger of East Francia , –, and Burgundy and empire , , Lucania, and Byzantium , , – and Jews Ludat, H. and Lotharingia Ludmila (wife of Borivoj) , marriage Luitpirc (wife of Tassilo III)
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Index Luitpold of Bavaria, margrave , , Malcolm of Scotland, and Edmund of England Luitpolding dukes and Bavaria , , , , – Manasses ‘l’Ancien’ , , , – and empire , mancipia genealogical table mandylion –, Luke of Armento, St – Manigold, and relics Lupus Aznar of Gascony Manso of Amalfi, , Lusatia, and Poland –, Manso of Monte Cassino –, Luxemburg dynasty , , Al-Mans.u¯r, caliph of Baghdad luxury goods Al-Mans.u¯r of Córdoba see Ibn Abı¯ A¯ mir (‘al- production , Mans.u¯r’) trade in , , , , , , , , mansus , – manuscripts Macedonia, and Bulgaria , , , collection McKitterick, Rosamond , – illuminated , , –, Madı¯nat al-Za¯hirah , , production –, –, , – Madı¯nat al-Zahra¯ , , , , marches see marchiones Magdeburg marchiones see margraves archbishopric , , –, , , –, margraves in Bavaria cathedral in East Francia , , diocese in Italy –, – and monarchy , , , , in Lotharingia monastery , in Saxony – and trade , in West Francia Magi, as kings northern principalities , Magyar language , southern principalities , –, –, Magyars , , and Arnulf of Bavaria , , , –, Margut, peace () , , Mari/Cheremis (Finno-Ugrian people) , campaigns , , , – Maria (wife of John Vladislav) in Aquitaine Maria (wife of Peter of Bulgaria) , , in Balkans Marinus II, pope in Bavaria , , , –, , , markets , , and lordship , –, , in Italy –, , , , –, , monastic in Lotharingia , , regulation in Moravia , and royal government in Saxony , – and rural economy , in Spain and towns , –, , –, , , in Suabia , , Marozia (wife of Hugh of Italy) , , in Thuringia , marquess see margraves in West Francia –, , , , marriage defeat see Lechfeld, battle age at – and Luitpold aristocratic , , , , as mercenaries , and the church in Russia , , endogamous , tribes exogamous see also Hungary freedom Al-Mahdı¯, Muh. ammad b. H. isha¯m, caliph – in French principalities Mainz, councils pagan–Christian royal –, , –, , , , , Maiolus of Cluny , , –, , and serfdom Maksa¯n (Zirid leader) Martin, St, and monarchy Mal of Derevlianians Marwa¯n, caliph Malcanus, Dialogus de statu sanctae ecclesiae – Marxism, and historiography , ,
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Mastalus II of Amalfi and monastic reform – Masu¯d b. Tajt Michael III, Byzantine emperor Masu¯di , Michael (Calvus Zyrind) of Hungary , , Matfrid of Lotharingia Matfriding dukes , , , Michael Psellos , Mathuédoi of Cornouaille Miecl-aw of Mazovia Matilda of Essen –, , Miesco I of Poland , , Matilda of Quedlinburg , , – and army Matilda (wife of Conrad of Burgundy) , and Bohemia , Matilda (wife of Henry I) , , , –, , and Christianisation , , –, , death Maurice, St and Elbe Slavs Mayr-Harting, Henry , – marriage , Mazovi/Mazovia , , –, and Otto I , , , Mediterranean Sea and Otto II and trade – and Otto III , , and urban culture – and papacy Meinwerk of Paderborn , , and Pomerani , – Melitene, and Byzantium , , and Silesia , Melo of Apulia – Miesco II of Poland mendicant orders and collapse of Piast state – Menendo González of Galicia death , mercenaries marriage Magyar , and royal ritual Viking Milan, and trade –, merchants miles English milites , , , , , European –, –, – millennium Greek and eschatology , , –, guilds –, and images of monarchy importance and ‘Terrors’ , Islamic –, , mills –, , , Jewish –, , Milo of Verona , privileges – Milzen, and Poland –, Rus′ –, , ministeriales , , , , and urban development –, , mints Mercia and episcopal power –, , and Æthelstan – and royal government , , , and the church and urban development –, and Danelaw Miro of Roussillon and Danes –, Missal and Eadwig Mistui (Abodrite prince) , , and Edgar – monarchy see kingship and Edward the Martyr monasteries kingship and aristocracy and education , – and royal government Greek towns and incastellamento and Wessex –, , , , , – as landowners , Merians (Finno-Ugrian people) – and lay support , Merseburg, and trade and markets Merseburg, peace () proprietory –, , –, –, – Mesopotamia, and Byzantium , , royal , , metal-working –, , secularisation Methodius, St , , , , , and support for monarchy , Metz, diocese and urban development , and aristocracy monasticism and church lands and care for the poor –
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Index centres mutation, feudal – and commemoration of the dead –, , Mütherich, Florentine – muwallads, in al-Andalus – imperial’ , , – Al-Muz.affar, Abd al-Malik and intellectual life –, – and administration – reform –, , , –, , , and jiha¯d , , and eremitism –, , , first wave – Naples , , and hagiography and Arab attacks , , and lordship , , –, and Byzantium , , , second wave and intellectual life – see also Cluny and Magyar attacks and women – and Otto III monetisation and princely authority , money and trade , , gold Al-Na¯s.ir see Abd al-Rah.ma¯n III silver –, Na¯s.ir-i-Khusrau Monte Cassino abbey nation-state, origins and Henry II Nauching, battle () and incastellamento –, Naum of Ochrid , , , and intellectual life Navarre see Pamplona-Navarre landholdings , navies see fleets and manuscript illustration necropolises –, and reform monasticism , Nelson, Janet L. –, Saracen attack , – Nentsy people , Montpensier, battle () Neuching, battle () Moravia Neustria , , , and Bavaria –, and Charles the Simple – and Bohemia –, –, –, , and Hugh the Great , – and Odo of West Francia and Christianisation , and Robert the Strong and the church , see also Anjou; Blois-Chartres collapse , , Nicholas I, pope and East Francia , – Nicholas Picingli (strategos of Lombardy) , and Magyar attack , and Poland –, , , , Nikephoros Mystikos of Constantinople, and Mordvins (Finno-Ugrian people) Romanos Lekapenos Morocco Nikephoros Ouranos (general) and Córdoba –, – Nikephoros Phokas II, Byzantine Emperor see also Fatimid dynasty and attacks on Islamic lands –, Morosini family of Venice as commander , –, –, , mozarabs , , and court ritual Mstislav of Rus′ , and imperial title Muh. ammad I of Córdoba , , and Liudprand of Cremona , Muh. ammad b. H. ashim of Zaragoza , and Otto I – Muh. ammad b. H. isha¯m (Al-Mahdı¯), caliph – and southern Italy , –, – Al-Muizz, caliph , Nikolaos Mystikos of Constantinople Al-Muizz b. Ba¯dı¯s and Constantine VII – Al-Muktafı¯, caliph and Leo VI of Byzantium –, – Müller-Mertens, Eckhard – and Symeon of Bulgaria , , –, Al-Mundhir of Córdoba Nilus of Rossano, St , , , , Munio Fernández nomadism Al-Muqaddası¯ in Hungary – Muromians (Finno-Ugrian people) – in Russia –, –, –, , , Al-Mus.h.afı¯, Jafar b. Uthma¯n , and trade – music, and liturgy , –, –, – see also Khazar khaganate Musset, Lucien Noonan, Thomas S. –
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Norman Conquest, and development of English Notker the German state Notker of Liège , , , Normandy Notker of St Gallen (‘the Stammerer’) , and Brittany , – Nouy, battle () and Burgundy Novels and castle-building of Constantine VII and Charles the Simple – of Leo VI – charters Novgorod and the church , as political centre monastic reform and trade , , , , and coinage , – Al-Nuwayrı¯ comites and continuity with Carolingian patterns , oath-taking –, –, , – in Saxony – dukes Ochrid, as Bulgarian capital – and England Oda (wife of Miesco I) – foreign policies , Oda (wife of Zwentibald) , , and French monarchy –, , Odalbert of Salzburg and Hugh the Great Odbert of Saint-Bertin and independent castellanries Odelric of Rheims and Louis IV of France –, Odilo of Cluny and population increase and Hungary and princely ideology and monastic reform , –, –, and Radulf of West Francia and Otto III and rural society , , and Robert II of France and southern Italy , , , , and Stephen of Hungary territorial identity – Odilo of Verdun , and Viking settlement –, , –, , Odo I of Blois , , , n. Odo II of Blois North Africa and Burgundy , and Al-Mans.u¯r and Champagne , , and coinage and charters and Córdoba –, –, , and coinage and southern Italy division of territory and trade , , , and Fulk Nerra –, see also Fatimid dynasty; Morocco; Tunisia and Normandy North Sea, and trade , , , and Robert II of France Northumbria Odo of Canterbury and Æthelstan of Wessex Odo of Cluny and Æthelwold Life , , and Danes Life of Gerard of Aurillac , , , , and Eadred of England – and monastic reform , , , , and Edgar – and Edmund of England and music – and royal government Odo of Paris see Odo of West Francia and Scotland Odo of Toulouse and Wessex , Odo of West Francia Norway and Blois Christianisation , , , and Charles the Simple , – and Denmark and Cluny and East Francia election as king , , , , and England and Robert I as kingdom and southern principalities , , , , and royal government , and Rus′ Odorannus (chronicler) and Saami people , – officiales notariate, papal – Oghuz Turks ,
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Index Ogo of St Maximin and Elbe Slavs , , –, , , Ohtere (Ottar; traveller) , , , , –, Ohtrich of Magdeburg as emperor –, – Olaf Guthfrithsson , funeral – Olaf Haraldson of Norway, and Christianisation Gesta Ottonis , and Italy , –, , – Olaf Sihtricsson , and Byzantium –, Olaf of Sweden, and Rus′ kingdom –, –, , –; and Olaf Tryggvason of Norway, and Berengar II –, –, , –; Christianisation and Hugh of Italy –, , –;as Old English rex Langobardorum –, Old Ladoga, and trade , , Rome –, , , Olderic of Rheims , Venice , Oldrich (brother of Boleslav III) – and justice Oleg of Kiev , kingdom , – Olga (wife of Igor) , , and Liudolf ’s rebellion , , , , , Oliba of Besalú , – Opole, and trade and Liudprand of Cremona order, ‘public’ and Lotharingia , , – orders, monastic , ; see also Cluny and Louis IV of France , –, , ordines and Magyars , –, , , –, ecclesiastical – marriage , , royal , , , and Miesco of Poland , , , , Ordoño II of León , –, , , and papacy , , , , –, , Ordoño III of León –, , Ordoño IV (‘the Bad’) of León , , and patronage of the arts – organs , and Radulf Orosius, World Chronicle , , and royal marriages , , , , , Oskytel of York , – Oslac of Northumbria , and Saxony , –, –, Oswald, St and southern Italy –, , Oswald of Worcester and succession , , , Otbert of Piedmont , , and trade Othelbert of Saint-Bavo – and urban development Otloh of St Emmeram and West Francia , , –, , , Otric of Magdeburg Otto I, Emperor Otto II, Emperor , – and Abd al-Rah.ma¯n III –, and aristocracy , and amicitia , , , , army and aristocracy , –, , , , and Bavaria , , – and book production , and assemblies and Byzantium , –, , and Bavaria , –, , , –, as co-ruler , , , , , , , and Bohemia , – and book production – court and Bulgaria , death , , , , , , and Burgundy –, –, –, and Elbe Slavs – and Byzantium , –, , –, and historiography – – and imperial ideology –, and Catalonia and Italy and the church , , Byzantine –, , , , , bishops –, , , northern kingdom –, –, , , monastic reform , organisation –, –, , – Rome , consecration and coronation , –, , Venice , –, , and Lothar IV , –, diplomata , , , , and Lotharingia , , , ,
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Otto II, Emperor (cont.) Otto of Suabia and Bavaria (son of Liudolf) marriage , , , , –, , , and monastic reform Otto of Verdun – and papacy Otto-William of Burgundy –, , and rebellion of Henry the Quarrelsome , Ottonians , and art – and royal regalia and capitularies and Suabia , and the church –, , –, and succession , , , , –, , and court culture –, – development of regions – and trade and eastward expansion , –, – Otto III, Emperor – Francia et Saxonia , –, and amicitia and Frankish unity , and book production , , – genealogical table and Byzantium , , , – in Italy , , –, , , – and Catalonia as kings and emperors , , , –, and Charles the Great , , , , , and royal portraiture and the church , –, , –, and trade coronation , , –, see also East Francia as co-ruler , Ottonianum , court , – Otwin of Hildesheim crown Ourliac, P. death Owain of Gwent diplomata , , , , , – and empire , – Pactum Ludovicianum () and Gerbert of Aurillac , , –, , Pactum Ottonianum paganism and Hungary , , , , , – in Bohemia and Italy in Bulgaria Byzantine , , , in Denmark and Byzantium of Magyars , , kingdom , , –, –, , in Poland , – –, in Rus′ and Lombardy pagi Rome , , –, , , , – of Lotharingia , , , Venice , of West Francia , , –, , , and kingship , imperial – painting, wall-painting , –, library palaces and Lothar IV , Carolingian and papacy , , , –, , Ottonian and Poland , , –, , , , , Palermo, Muslim rule , –, , Pamplona, Muslim sack () , and regency , , –, , , Pamplona-Navarre, kingdom – and St Romuald , –, , –, administration and Saxony –, and Aragon and Slavs aristocracy and succession , , , , and Castile –, – and trade , , , and Córdoba –, , , – and Venice , expansion – Otto (brother of Miesco II) and Gascony , , , Otto of Burgundy , , intellectual life Otto of Carinthia , and León , –, , , –, , Otto of Lower Lotharingia , Otto the Magnificent , and monasticism – Otto Orseolo of Venice rulers , Otto (son of Conrad the Red) sources ,
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Index Pandenulf of Capua – mint – Pandulf I (‘Ironhead’) of Capua and regnal dues capture and royal government , and the church sack and co-ruler , and trade , and Otto I , , , –, Peace of God movement and papacy , , in Aquitaine , , and princely authority –, and councils , , , –, , and Salerno mass participation Pandulf II of Capua-Benevento , and monastic reform Pandulf IV of Capua and post-Carolingian crisis , Pandulf of Salerno peasantry, free , , Pannonia allodial and Bavaria exploitation and Hungarians –, and labour service –, – and Moravia and lordship , –, papacy and monastic landownership and administration , and serfdom , , and antipopes Slav – and aristocracy – Pecheneg nomads authority , –, and Bulgaria , and Bulgaria and Byzantium –, , , and Byzantine empire , , , –, and Hungary , , , , –, –, – and Khazar khaganate and Capua-Benevento and Rus′ –, –, , and Dalmatia , and seniorate and empire –, , , –, , and trade –, –, , – Pelagius, St , , and Hungary , , , , Pelayo of Oviedo, Liber chronicorum , leadership Pereiaslavets (Rus′ capital) list of popes Persia, Sasanian , and monasticism , – Peter II Orseolo, doge of Venice , and notariate – Peter IV Candiano, doge of Venice , and Poland Peter of Argos and Rome –, , , –, , Peter, brother of John X and southern Italy Peter of Bulgaria papal states , , and Byzantium , , , – parakoimo¯menos in Byzantium –, –, , and the church – – and the economy parias, Catalan, and gold , and Serbia and Croatia Paris, development Peter of Como parish, formation , , –, –, Peter the Deacon Parisse, Michel – Peter the Monk – paterfamilias Peter Orseolo of Venice patrimonium Petri see papal states Peter of Orte (papal legate) , patronage Peter (papal scribe) of the arts –, – Peter Phokas of church , , , , , Peter of Serbia saintly Peter the Subdeacon Paul I, pope Peter of Vercelli Paul the Deacon Petrus Damiani, St, Vita Romualdi – Gesta episcoporum Mettensium Pevsner, Nikolaus Historia Langobardorum Photius, Patriarch , as translator Piast dynasty , Paul of Latros collapse of Piast state – Paul of Serbia genealogical table Pavia and Gniezn´o as capital , –, , and Przemyslids –,
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Picardy and Otto I , , , , and mints and Otto III , , –, , , , and serfs Pilgrim of Passau , and papacy , , pilgrimage , , , , Piast rulers , , and shrines of saints prehistory – and urban development royal insignia Pippin III, king of the Franks and Rus′ , , , , , and Aquitaine and Silesia , , , and papacy , , as Slavic homeland , , piracy, and Byzantium –, and society – Pisa, and trade , , sources , , –, Pîtres, edict () , and state formation , – place-names, villages –, and towns , – placita (judicial decisions) , tribal geography –, plaints (querimoniae), as sources unification –, , ploughs , – Vistulani and Polani – Ployeucht, Patriarch and western Slavs – poetry see also Boleslav Chrobry; Miesco I; Miesco II; epic , –, , – Moravia hagiographic , –, Polani , –, Latin , and Vistulani – and sequence and trope – Polania see Poland Poitevin dynasty , , – politics, and ritual Polabian Slavs , , , , –, Pomerani/Pomerania , , –, , and Bohemia – –, and Moravia Pontelevoy, battle () and Otto I , pontificals , , and Otto III Popiel dynasty of Poland and Poland Poppe, A. Poland , – Poppo of Stavelot and aristocracy , Poppo of Trier armies population and Bohemia , , , –, –, increase , , –, –, , , , , –, –, and Byzantium movements –, , Carolingian inheritance urban Christianisation , , , , , , Portugal, and León –, , , –, –, , positivism and the church and historiography bishops , – and source-criticism – monasticism Poznan´, peace () and pagan revolution Prague and collapse of Piast state – development , , and East Francia , , –, –, , diocese and archbishopric , , , , , , – and empire and Gniezn´o Greater Poland , , and trade , and Henry II , , –, , Pravda Russkaia , historiography Premyslid rule, in Bohemia –, , , , and Hungary , and kingship , , , Preslav, Bulgarian royal residence , , regalia , , –, –, –, ritual priest see clergy royal government , , Primary Chronicle , , , , Little Poland , , , , , , primogeniture , , , , principes and local government – and kingship , –
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Index in Lotharingia and royal authority –, , – princeps militiae , and southern principalities , , , , in West Francian principalities –, , , , – and succession Priscian, Institutiones grammaticae – and William II of Aquitaine procurationes – Radzim-Gaudentius (brother of Adalbert- production, family as basic unit – Vojtech) , , Provence , , , , – Raffelstetten trading ordinance (‒) , , and agriculture , Ragnald Guthfrithsson aristocracy Raguel, Vita Pelagii and castle-building Raimbold of Cologne and Conrad of Burgundy , , Rainald of Burgundy and monasticism Ramiro II of León and Otto I and Abd al-Rah.ma¯n –, and population increase and Castile –, and Rudolf II and succession , – and rural society , , Ramiro III of León , – Saracen attacks , , , , Ramiro of Galicia as separate kingdom –, , Ramiro Sánchez of Castile see also Boso; Burgundy, imperial; Louis III Ramnulf II of Aquitaine , , (‘the Blind’); Rudolfings Ramon Borrell II of Barcelona , , , province, ecclesiastical Przemyslids, and Piasts –, Ramwold (hermit) , Pseudo-Callisthenes, Nativitas et victoria Alexandri Raoul see Radulf magni regis Rather of Verona , , Pseudo-Isidorean Decretals and Arnulf of Bavaria Psovi tribe and hagiography Puig y Cadafalch, J. and historiography –, –, punishment, ritual and Hugh of Italy – Pyrzyczani tribe and intellectual life , –, letters , , Al-Qa¯im, caliph and Ottonians Al-Qa¯sim b. H. ammu¯d Phrenesis quadrivium , , Praeloquia , Quedlinburg Annals , , – Qualitatis coniectura cuiusdam Quedlinburg convent Raymond II of Toulouse and historiography – Raymond III Pons of Toulouse and Ottonian unity , , , as dux Aquitanorum – and Louis IV , Radhanite Jews as marchio Gothiae Radulf Glaber and Radulf , as historian , , , and Roman inheritance and Normandy , razzias and Peace of God movements Arab and Radulf of West Francia Byzantine , and Robert II of France on Córdoba Radulf of West Francia Magyar , and amicitia , Saracen and aristocracy –, Viking , and Burgundy and Provence , , –, Reccemund (bishop) , Recknitz, battle () and Charles the Simple , , reconquista, and castle-building and Flanders , Redarii , , , and Henry I Redon, archives and Heribert of Vermandois , – regalia, royal –, , , and Hugh the Great –, Regensburg and Lotharingia , and book production – and monastic reform , growth ,
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Regensburg (cont.) and Ottonian unity and rebellion against Otto I and trade , , and trade , , Riade, battle () Reginar IV of Hainault , –, , , Ribemont, peace () Richard I of Normandy , , , Reginar Longneck , , , Richard II of Normandy Reginarid dukes , armies Regino of Prüm and the church , Chronicon seu libellus de temporibus dominicae and Hugh Capet incarnationis , , –, and independent castellanries and Hungary and royal government –, De synodalibus causis et disciplinis ecclesiasticis Richard of Dijon regionalism –, , Richard le Justicier and internationalism and Charles the Simple , regna and French Burgundy , , , –, of East Francia , , –, –, , , –, , , – Richard of Saint-Vanne of West Francia , , , , , , Richard of Verdun , , , Richer of Prüm Regularis concordia , –, , , Richer of Rheims, Historiae Reichenau and Adelbero of Rheims and book production , , – and Hugh Capet , –, , and church music and kingship and reform monasticism , and northern principalities , , Reichenau Gospels and Robert II of France Reinald of Paris as source –, , – Reinald of Roucy and southern principalities , relics Richeza (wife of Miesco II) , and royal cults , – Richildis (wife of Charles the Bald) and urban development –, , Ricuin of Verdun , veneration , , –, –, , Ricult of Soissons, capitula religion, popular – ritual reliquaries , , –, Byzantine Remedius of Chur, canon law collection ecclesiastical see liturgy Remigius of Auxerre and politics renaissance, urban royal , –, , , , –, , render in coin Robert I of France , in kind , , and aristocracy , – rents , and Charles the Simple , – residence and succession , appearance Robert I of Normandy fortified , , , –, , Robert II (‘the Pious’) of France Responsa literature and aristocracy –, revolution, feudal – and Blois Reynolds, S. and Brittany Rheims and Burgundy , –, – development and the church , , and episcopacy , –, , as co-ruler , – and monarchy extent of territory royal burials and Italy Rheims, council () marriage , , , rhetoric , and monastic reform , , , Rhineland and royal government –, and Arnulf of Carinthia – and southern principalities , , and Conradines , and William of Aquitaine , and Henry I Robert of Burgundy and Otto I , Robert Guiscard of Amalfi
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Index Robert of Jumièges Rorgo of Laon Robert of Neustria see Robert I of France Rorico of Laon Robert the Pious see Robert II (‘the Pious’) of Rorivoj of Moravia France Roscilla (wife of Fulk the Red) – Robert of Rouen Rothilde (daughter of Charles the Bald) Robert the Strong , , , , Rouergue, counts and royal power Rousseau, Félix Robert of Troyes , Rozala of Italy (wife of Hugh Capet) Robertines Rudolf I of Burgundy , , , , and Carolingians , , and Arnulf of Carinthia and northern principalities –, , , and succession , , – Rudolf II of Burgundy and southern principalities , –, , and Henry I , , and Italy –, , , see also Hugh Capet; Hugh the Great; Robert I; and Magyars Robert the Strong and Otto I , Robold of Provence and succession Rodez, council () Rudolf III of Burgundy Rodulf of Liège and Conrad II Roger I of Laon and Henry II , Roger II of Laon and Otto-William Rogvolod of Polotsk, and Vladimir I of Kiev revolt of aristocracy – and succession Rollo of Normandy , , – Rudolfings, genealogical table Romano-Germanic Pontifical , Rule of St Benedict Romanos I Lekapenos and consuetudines as admiral –, and eremitic monasticism , as co-emperor –, and liturgy and Italy and monastic reform , , , –, and papacy and Phokas family –, Ruotbert of Trier and Serbia Ruotger, Vita Brunonis , , and Symeon of Bulgaria –, – Ruotger of Trier , Romanos II, Byzantine Emperor Ruotpert of Mittlacht and attacks on Muslims Rurik of Rus′ marriage , Rurikids , , , Romanos III, Byzantine Emperor, and relics , Rus′ agriculture –, – Romanos-Simeon of Bulgaria and art Rome and Bohemia and aristocracy –, –, , and Bulgaria , – and Byzantium –, , and Byzantium , , –, , , and Henry II , , and Magyar attacks Christianization , , – and monastic reform – civil wars and Otto I –, , , division of state – and Otto II , and feudalism , and Otto III , , –, , , , as first east Slavic state , , – – foreign policies and papacy –, , , –, , , historiography and Khazar khaganate –, pilgrimage to , , , and law , , and trade as multi-ethnic state –, , Romuald, St and Pechenegs –, , – and Cluniac monasticism and Poland , , , , , and Hungary principalities – and Otto III , –, , –, Rurikid rulers Romuald of Ravenna and slave trade ,
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Rus′ (cont.) and Saracen attack and Slavs –, –, , and trade , sources , , –, –, , , , Salians, and Saxony , and trade , , –, Sa¯lim b. Rashı¯d – and tribute payment , , – salt trade , and Vikings –, , – Salzburg annals , –, and Volga Bulgars , –, Sa¯ma¯nid amirate , see also Iaroslav; Igor; Kiev; Rurik; Sviatoslav; Samonas (Byzantine eunuch) Vladimir Sampiro of Astorga see Chronicle of Sampiro Russia, European –, S.ams.am b. Yu¯suf Hunnic invasion , , Samson, count palatine and Khazar khaganate , , , – Samuel Kometopoulos of Bulgaria peoples – and Basil II –, –, and riverine trade and the church , and Scandinavia marriage and slave trade revenues states – Sancha Díaz (wife of Ramiro III) and Volga Bulgar amirate , – Sancha Sánchez (wife of Ordoño II) , see also Rus′ Sancha (wife of Fernando I of Pamplona- Navarre) – Saami , , – Sancho I (‘the Fat’) of León sacramentaries , –, and administration – sa¯ifah (summer raid) , and Castile St Andrews, as royal cult-centre , and Galicia – St Emmeram abbey, Regensburg and Pamplona-Navarre and book production , and succession disputes , and diocese of Regensburg Sancho Abarca of Pamplona-Navarre landholdings , , and al-Mans.u¯r and monastic reform – Sancho Garcés I of Pamplona-Navarre St Gallen and Córdoba –, , – archives and intellectual life and liturgy , , , – and Ramiro II and reform monasticism , , , Sancho Garcés II of Pamplona-Navarre , wall-paintings , , St Maximin monastery, Trier –, , , Sancho Garcés III of Pamplona-Navarre , –, Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, treaty () , and Aquitaine Saint-Denis, council () and extension of kingdom –, Saint-Denis fairs and monastic reform – saints Sancho García of Castile episcopal – and al-Andalus , , , , and kingship , – and León –, national , , – Sancho García of Gascony – and popular religion – Sancho Mitarra of Gascony privatised cults Sancho Ordoñez of León royal , , Sancho of Pamplona-Navarre, and trade Salerno Sancho Sánchez of Gascony and Byzantium , Sancho William of Gascony –, , and Calabria – Sanchuelo (Abd al-Rah.ma¯n) , –, and Capua-Benevento Sandrat of St Maximin and counts Santiago de Compostella Greek population as pilgrimage site and intellectual life sack () , , , Lombard control , Saracens and Otto I and Byzantium –, , , and princely authority effects on trade , and princes , and Gascony
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Index and Italy , , , , –, , , Schramm, Percy Ernst , –, Schulze, H. K. and Otto II , , sciences, study and Provence , , , , Sclavinia Sardinia, and Byzantium and trade , , , Satcenses people see also Poland Saxo Grammaticus , Scotland Saxony – and Eadred of England aristocracy –, , , , , –, and Edgar of England –, and England –, , , , army – hunter-gatherer tribes and Arnulf of Carinthia and royal cult centres and Carolingian incorporation –, , and royal government and the church , , –, see also Constantine II; Malcolm comital organisation sculpture , , , and Conradines , , seals, royal consensus-formation – Searle, Eleanor –, –, and dukedom – Sebir of Prague , and Elbe Slavs – Sedlicane tribe and border warfare – Seguin of Sens and Liudolf ’s rebellion seigneurie and organisation – and castle-building , , , and Ottonian expansion , –, – and encellulement , , – Francia et Saxonia , , –, , in French principalities –, and Henry I , – origins –, , –, and Henry II , –, , and protection historiography , – and public government and kingship see also incastellamento and Magyar invasions , – Seligenstadt, council () and Otto I , –, –, Seljuks, attacks by and Otto II seniorate and Otto III –, amongst Pechenegs and Ottonian unity in Bohemia , and royal saints in Hungary – and silver mines Senlis, assembly () – and Thuringia – Sennacherim of Vaspurakan and trade , Sens, diocese , see also Billung dukes; Liudolfing dynasty Septimania Sayf al-Dawlah – and Aquitaine Scandinavia and Catalonia , – Christianisation , , and Gothic inheritance and England , – and monastic reform hunter-gatherer tribes and princely authority , –, paucity of sources sequences and tropes – and trade , –, Serbia, and Bulgaria , , urban settlements , – serfdom see also Denmark; Iceland; Norway; Vikings and move from slavery , , , , –, Schaller, Dieter schemata, interpretative xiii–xiv, , –, , and taxation Schlesinger, Walter and tribute payment Schleswig, development Sergi, Giuseppe – Schmid, K. n. Sergios of Constantinople scholarship, and writing – Sergius II, pope schools Sergius IV,pope cathedral , –, , service, labour –, , –, –, , monastic , , – commutation reduced importance , –, and fortification
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service, military Sihtric of Northumberland in Bohemia and Poland –, Silesia in Byzantium and Bohemia , , , , , and the church and Moravia in Italy and Poland , , , , –, in Saxony tribal structure and tenancy , silk servitude – production , , settlement patterns , , trade , and boundaries silver and castles in England England introduction –, , , and traders in precious objects , and villages – and Vikings see also towns Simancas, battle () , Seulf of Rheims , Simon de Kéza Seville Skirmishing (Byzantine military treatise) –, and Abd al-Rah.ma¯n amirs , , Slav languages , , Shepard, Jonathan –, –, –, slave trade – Byzantine , sheriff see shire-reeve European , , , Shia Muslims , Islamic shire-reeve (England) , , Levant Shopkow, Leah Russian , , Sicily, Muslim rule , – slavery administration , , and armies , , agriculture extent , , , and al-Andalus and manumission Berber population – and move towards serfdom , , , , , Byzantine attacks , , –, , – Slavnikids , , , Byzantine bases –, –, , , Slavonic language , , , , Slavs Christian population , in al-Andalus –, , , , –, coinage –, and cooperation with Byzantium , as slaves , Greek population –, , Slavs, eastern and jiha¯d –, , in European Russia , –, , –, Kharijite revolt Muslim population –, and Khazars Norman rule and Sviatoslav revenues , and Volga Bulgars sources , – see also Kiev; Rus′ and southern Italy , , , , , Slavs, Elbe –, – and border warfare – and taxation , , –, and Christianisation , , , , , trade – Siegbert of Saxony conquest and incorporation into Saxony Siegfried, Margrave of Saxony , , – Siegfried (son of Gero) and Henry I , , Siegfried of Upper Lotharingia , and Henry II , , Siemomysl of Poland organisation – Siemowit of Poland and Otto I , , –, , , –, Sigehard of Trier Sigtuna, development , and Otto II – Sigulf of Piacenza and Otto III ,
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Index and Theophanu – see also al-Andalus; Castile; Catalonia; Córdoba; uprising of , , , , , León see also Abodrites; Hevelli; Liutizic Sparta, wealth confederation; Redarii; Rus′ spice trade , , –, Slavs, southern Spoleto-Camerino, duchy-march , , – Slavs, western –, and Hugh of Italy Christianisation , , and Otto I and towns , political role , , , see also Bohemia; Poland Spytihnev of Bohemia/Moravia –, Slezi tribe Stanilas of Cracow Slovaks/Slovakia Staraja Lagoda see Old Ladoga and Poland , , , Starigard, and trade and statehood state smith, importance of –, role society see also church and state fragmentation Stephen III (IV), pope rural – Stephen IV (V), pope and Carolingian inheritance Stephen VII (X), pope , and the family –, Stephen VIII, pope and landholding Stephen of Cambrai nomadic – Stephen of Gévaudun and the rich – Stephen (Vajk) of Hungary, St , , – and servitude – and Basil II of Byzantium , – and solidarity and Brun of Querfurt and tenancy – and the church , – see also aristocracy; lordship; peasantry; crown , , seigneurie Exhortations’ , urban differentiation and Henry II –, , , , see also differentiation, social and Koppány – Soissons, battle () , law-codes , – soldier see milites marriage –, , Solomon III of Constance , and Otto III , , , – Song of Roland and papacy , , songs, vernacular succession to – Sophie, abbess of Gandersheim , – Stephen Lekapenos , Sorbs, and Otto I Stephen of Liège , , source-criticism, positivist – Stephen of Novara , sources –, , –, – Stephen (papal scribe) ecclesiastical Stephen of Troyes interpretation – Stoinef (Wend princeps) –, material – Strachwas (brother of Boleslav II) paucity of –, , , , – Strachwas-Chrystian of Prague Southern, Richard – strate¯gos , –, , , , Spain –, Strojmir of Bohemia and book production Strzelczyk, Jerzy – and the church Suabia historiography – and Alsace and Islamic culture , and Arnulf of Carinthia and literacy and Conradines , , paucity of sources – and Henry I , reconquista and Henry II regionalism and Magyar campaigns , –, , and royal government and royal ritual and Otto I , , rural society and Otto II , and serfs and Otto III and trade S.ubh. (mother of Hisha¯m) , ,
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Sulayma¯n b. al-H. akam (al-Musta¯n),ı caliph , see also Byzantium; Italy, kingdom; Sicily; West Francia Sunifred of Cerdaña technology Sunni Muslims control of – Sunyer of Barcelona , progress in –, Sutri, synod () Tedald of Canossa Sven I Haraldsson of Denmark, and royal Tedald of Spoleto-Camerino , government Tellenbach, Gerd –, Sviatopolk (brother of Iaroslav) , tenancy – Sviatopolk of Great Moravia , –, , exploitation – and labour service , –, Sviatoslav of Rus′ and military service and Bulgaria – and size of holding , and Byzantium , Teresa Ansúrez (wife of Sancho I of León) , and Christianity , and civil wars terrorism and Danubian Bulgars , Terrors’, and millennium , and east Slavs Tetburgis (wife of Charles-Constantine) and Khazars Teterow, and trade and Magyars Tettenhall, battle Sweden, Christianisation , textiles Swein Forkbeard of Denmark industry Sylvester II, pope , trade in , and Arduin of Ivrea – see also silk; wool and Otto III , , –, , , Thangmar, Vita sancti Bernwardi and Stephen of Hungary , Thankmar (son of Henry I) see also Gerbert of Aurillac death Symeon of Bulgaria and Otto I and the church –, , –, and succession to Henry I , and Croatia thegns, England , and diplomacy and warfare –, – theme see Byzantium, provinces and justice Theobald of Chartres and learning , Theobald ‘le Tricheur’ of Blois , , and Leo VI , , , –, Theobald of Spoleto and Preslev –, Theoderic II of Metz and Romanos Lekapenos –, –, Theoderic of Fleury synods , –, Theoderic of Metz East Francia , – Theodosiopolis, and Byzantium , Syria, and trade Theophanu of Essen Szár László (Calvus Laizlaus) of Hungary – Theophanu (wife of Nikephoros Phokas) , Tagino of Magdeburg Theophanu (wife of Otto II) , , , , taille , –, –, , Taksony of Hungary , , impact on Ottonian court – Tale of Bygone Years Marriage Roll –, T. a¯lib ibn Ah.mad (Bulgar amir) as regent –, , –, Tanner, xiv Theophylact of Constantinople , , tapestries Theophylact family –, Tara, and overkingship Theophylact of Ochrid – T. arafa (Slav leader in al-Andalus) – Theotmar of Salzburg Tarento Thessalonika Magyar attack and Bulgaria , , –, , siege () and Byzantium Tassilo III of Bavaria , sack () , Taube, Ludwig size taxation Thiedag of Prague , and government Thietmar (margrave) , , and the seigneurie , Thietmar of Merseburg, Chronicon , ,
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Index and Burgundy , Black Sea and Ekkehardines – Byzantine , , –, , and Henry II Islamic lands –, , and Hungary , and law – and Otto I long-distance , –, , –, –, , , and Otto II , and Otto III , , and nomads – and Poland –, , North Sea , , , and Saxony , –, –, , riverine , – and Venice and towns , – Thorkell the Tall , transalpine , , Thrace, and Bulgaria , –, , , , in West Francia see also fur trade; luxury goods; markets; Thuringia merchants; wine trade and empire , transhumance , , and Henry I translations and Henry II , transport, river , , , – and Magyar attacks , Transylvania –, –, , – and Otto I Trebbia, battle and Saxony – tribe , , , Tiddingford, peace () Tribur, council () , Tiel, and merchants –, , Trier, synod () , Toda Aznárez of Pamplona-Navarre , trivium , , Todor (Theodore) Doksov tropes – Toledo Trosly, council () , –, and Abd al-Rah.ma¯n , Truce of God movement , , leadership , Tugumir (Hevelli prince) – tolls Tujı¯bı¯ dynasty , , , , , , , Tomislav of Croatia , , tools –, –, Tulunid dynasty of Egypt Tormás of Hungary Tunisia Toubert, Pierre and Aghlabids , Toul, council () and Berber groups – Toulouges, synod () see also Fatimid dynasty; North Africa Toulouse Tuotilo of St Gallen, Hodie cantandus counts , –, –, Turks and Pamplona-Navarre and Khazan khaganate –, and royal authority , , , see also Bulgars; Volga Bulgar amirate sources , , Tuscany and West Francia and Magyar attack towns –, and peasantry and aristocratic power , political role , , –, , , – Byzantine – and towns and castle-building –, , and church-building –, –, Udmurts (Finno-Ugrian people) and citizens – Ukraine, as Slavic homeland fortification , –, , , , –, Uldarich, count palatine growth , Uldarich Manfredi of Turin , Islamic –, Ulrich of Augsburg –, , and lordship – Umayyad dynasty and markets , –, in al-Andalus , , –, –, , and merchants –, , , as seigneuries and Byzantium size –, – and Khazars and streets and León , , – and urban renaissance Unger, bishop trade United States of America, and historiography Baltic , –, –, –
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Unni of Hamburg-Bremen and seigneurie Unwan of Hamburg-Bremen , and villa , urbanism see towns violence , , Urgell, and al-Andalus and decline of princely power , , Urraca Sánchez (wife of Ramiro II) , – Ursoleon of Langobardia Virgin Mary, cult , , , Vistulani tribe Vajk-Stephen of Hungary see Stephen (Vajk) of and Polani – Hungary, St Vita Burchardi – Valencia, local rulers , , Vita sancti Æthelwoldi – Varangians Vita sancti Oudalrici , , in Byzantine army Vitae Matildis , , – and tribute payment viticulture – vassalage rights Vitislav of Bohemia Vászoly of Hungary Vladimir I of Kiev Veleti tribe and Bohemia , vendetta and Byzantium –, Venice and Christianisation , , – and aristocracy and civil wars and Byzantium , , –, , and east Slavs commercial contracts and Rogvolod of Polotsk and Croatia , and sack of Cherson and Ottonians , , , , , Vladimir of Bulgaria and slave trade Vladivoj of Poland, and Bohemia – and southern Italy Volga Bulgar amirate , – and trade –, , , , , – and Byzantium Vermudo II (‘the Gouty’) of León , , , and coinage , extent and al-Mans.u¯r, – and Islam –, Vermudo III of León , and Khazars , – Vermudo Nuñez of Salamanca and Rus′ , –, Ves′ (Wı¯su) people , , sources vicomtes/vicecomites , –, , , –, and trade , , , , – – Vollrath, Hanna Vienna, growth Vratislav I of Bohemia Vikings Vueremundus (Italian noble) attacks in England –, , – attacks in Flanders Wa¯d. ih. (Slav commander) –, attacks in West Francia –, –, , Waldo of Como , –, , Waldo of Freising and Brittany , , Wales and evolution of Normandy –, , and Æthelstan of Wessex – – coinage in Rus′ –, – and Edgar of England and slave trade and England –, –, and trade , , – and royal authority , –, tribute paid to see also Dyfed; Gwynedd and urban development –, , –, wall-paintings , –, walls, city , , , see also Dublin; Scandinavia Walo of Autun villa, and village , Walpert of Milan villages , , – Waltharius , – and artisans – Walther of Orléans and castles – Walther of Speyer – and cemeteries – warfare, siege and churches – Warin of Cologne names – Warmund of Ivrea ,
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Index waterpower and Lotharingia , –, –, , , Wazul of Hungary , –, –, wealth, and land-ownership , Magyar campaigns –, , , , Welfs , – and mints Wenceslas of Bohemia and Otto I , and Bavaria and Ottonians and Christianisation , and papacy –, and Henry I regionalisation , , , , , , as national saint , regna see West Francia: northern principalities; Wends, and Otto I – West Francia: southern principalities Werner, K.-F. , , , , – and Rus′ werra (raiding) , sources –, , , –, Wessex and taxation , capitularies and Theophanu and the church Viking campaigns –, , and Danelaw , , , see also Charles III; Hugh Capet; Lothar IV; and Danish invasion () – Louis IV; Louis V; Odo of West Francia; and Edgar Radulf of West Francia; Robert I; Robert kings , II and titles West Francia: northern principalities – and Mercia –, , , , , – and aristocracy and Northumbria armies and royal cult-centre and castellanries , , –, and royal government – charters –, and succession to Alfred –, and the church , towns and continuity with Carolingian patterns see also Æthelstan; Alfred the Great; Edward –, , , , – the Elder; England foreign policies – West Francia –, and princely authority –, and aristocracy , , , , , –, and royal authority –, , –, , – –, and assemblies – see also Anjou; Blois-Chartres; Brittany; and book production – Flanders; Normandy Carolingian rule –, –, –, –, West Francia: southern principalities – , –, and aristocracy , , , , and castle-building and Capetian rule –, , , –, charters and Carolingian inheritance and the church and the church –, bishops –, , , , , – cultures – episcopal troops definition – liturgy , and feudalism , monasticism , –, and justice –, and empire – and monastic reform , as entity –, , and Odo of West Francia , , , and feudal mutation and princely authority , –, – and Flanders , and princely groupings – and Henry I and Radulf , , , and intellectual life –, rise – and kingship , –, – and royal absence –, , , , and the church –, , – decline –, –, – society –, –, revenues sources – rex Francorum , towns and royal government , –, –, trade , , –, see also Aquitaine; Auvergne; Catalonia; and royal ritual –, , Gascony; Languedoc; Toulouse and literacy Westermann-Angerhausen, Hiltrud –
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Whitney, J. P.xiii, xiv William IV (‘Fierabras’) of Aquitaine , Wichmann I (‘the Elder’) , , – William V (‘the Great’) of Aquitaine Wichmann II (‘the Younger’) , , , and the church – and Hugh Capet Wido III of Tuscany and Hugh of Lusignan Wido of Cluny and Italy , Wido of Modena –, , , , marriage Wido (son of Berengar II) and Robert II , Wido of Spoleto , , and royal government –, , , and Arnulf of Carinthia , William of Angoulême and Berengar I , – William of Burgundy and papacy William the Conqueror , Widukind of Corvey , –, , William the Good of Bordeaux and kingship , , , , , , William Longsword of Normandy and regnum Francorum and Aquitaine Res gestae Saxonicae , , , – and coinage and Berengar II and Hugh the Great , and Gernrode convent and Louis IV and Henry I , murder , and Matilda of Quedlinburg –, and territorial expansion and Otto I , , , , – William of Mainz , , , , , and Otto III William of Malmesbury and Poland , William of Normandy – and Slavs – William (Otto-William) of Burgundy – Widukind of Saxony , William the Pious see William I (‘the Pious’) of Wifred II Borrell , Aquitaine Wifred of Besalú William of Poitou , , Wifred the Hairy of Catalonia , , , William Sánchez of Gascony , William (son of Robold) Wifred of Cerdaña , William Towhead see William III (‘Towhead’) of Wigeric of Lotharingia , , , Aquitaine Wigeric of Metz , William of Volpiano , , –, Wigfrid of Verdun Willigis of Mainz , , , , , Wilhelm (Regensburg merchant) , Winchester Willa (wife of Berengar II) , , , book production , Willa (wife of Rudolf I and Hugh of Arles) cathedral canons , and liturgy , , William I of Arles Old and New Minsters , –, , , William I (‘the Pious’) of Aquitaine and Burgundy –, , and support for monarchy , and Charles the Simple , , windpower and the church wine trade , , , and Cluny , , , Wipo, Gesta Chuonradi marriage –, Wolfgang of Regensburg , , , and princely authority , Wolfram, Herwig – and Robert the Pious , Wolin and royal authority , development William II of Auvergne , and trade , William II (‘the Younger’) of Aquitaine Wolini tribe and amicitia Wollasch, Joachim , , , – and Charles the Simple women and coinage , and domestic craft and Radulf , exclusion from public role territory , and literature – William III Taillefer of Toulouse , , royal –, , – William III (‘Towhead’) of Aquitaine –, , woodland , – extent
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Index and iron-working – and trade , and pasturage , –, Viking kingdom , , , wool, export of cloth Yu¯suf b. Abd Alla¯h Worcester, and support for monarchy , , Yver, J. Worms Zacharias, pope and episcopal control , Zaragoza growth and Abd al-Rah.ma¯n , market Arab rulers , , , , writing Za¯wı¯ (Zirid leader) , and book production –, , Zimmermann, Michel – decline – Zı¯rı¯b.Atı¯ya and scholarship – Zirid dynasty –, , , in southern principalities , Zlicani people and trade , Zoe (daughter of Constantine VIII) Wulfstan (traveller), and Scandinavia , Zoe (wife of Leo VI of Byzantium) –, Wulfstan of Winchester –, , Wulfstan of York , zoos, royal Zulta of Hungary , Yah.ya b.Alı¯b.H. ammu¯d Zurich, growth York Zwentibald of Lotharingia , , , excavation and Italy and royal mint , rebellion against , –
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