Asing the Path for the Upcoming Muslim Conquerers
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Theme IV Societies in Central Islamic Lands Time Line Pre-Islamic Arab World Arabian Peninsula: Sarakenoi/Saraceni Arab Tribes: Quraysh, Aws, Khazraj Pre-Islamic Cities Mecca, Yathrib/Medina, Taif Rise of Islam Prophet’s march from Mecca to Medina (Hijara): 622 Caliph Abu Bakr: 632-634 Caliph Umar: 634-644 Caliph Usman: 644-656 Caliph Ali: 656-661 The Ummayad Caliphate: 661-684 Late Ummayad Caliphate: 684-750 The Abbasid Caliphate: 750-1258 Photograph: Manuscript folio with depiction by Yahya ibn Vaseti found in the Maqama of Hariri located at the BibliothequeNationale de France. Image depicts a library with pupils in it, 1237 Courtesy: Zereshk, September 2007 Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Maqamat_hariri.jpg UNIT 12 PRE-ISLAMIC ARAB WORLD AND ITS CULTURE* Structure 12.0 Objectives 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Tribal Confederations in Arabia 12.2.1 The Dominant Tribes of The Arabian Peninsula 12.2.2 Religious Diversity in The Arabian Peninsula 12.3 Tribal and Religious Practices 12.3.1 Religious and Ritual Practices of The Meccans 12.3.2 Religious and Ritual Practices at Medina 12.4 The Arab Trading Network before the 6th Century 12.5 Political Structure in Pre-Islamic Arabia 12.6 Social Structures in Pre-Islamic Arabia 12.6.1 Tribal Structure and Leadership 12.6.2 Inequality and Slavery 12.6.3 The Elite Camel Nomads 12.6.4 Intra-Tribal Warfare 12.7 Economic Conditions 12.7.1 Camel Nomadism 12.7.2 Agriculture in Arabia 12.7.3 Industry and Mining in Arabia 12.8 Literature of the Pre-Islamic Period 12.9 Summary 12.10 Keywords 12.11 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 12.12 Suggested Readings 12.13 Instructional Video Recommendations 12.0 OBJECTIVES The study of pre-Islamic Arabia is an important area of study in order to understand the history of the region in which Islam developed. -
Myth of a Christian Europe and the Massacre in Norway
Commentaries SEPTEMBER 11, 1683: MYTH OF A CHRISTIAN EUROPE AND THE MASSACRE IN NORWAY September 11, 1683: Myth of a Christian Europe and the Massacre in Norway ŞENER AKTÜRK* ABSTRACT he cause of Anders Breivik’s This essay critically approaches the massacre in Norway, which he impact of September 11, 2001 attacks Tstated rather verbosely in his in galvanizing the myth of a Christian fifteen hundred pages long manifesto, Europe, a myth that provided the 2083: A European Declaration of In- ideological justification for the dependence, was ignored in the me- recent massacre in Norway. The myth dia: The myth of a “Christian Europe” making around the failed Ottoman based on the identification of the Euro- siege of Vienna in 1683, an event that provided the inspiration for Anders pean continent solely with Christianity. Breivik’s fifteen hundred pages This is a malicious and mythical claim long anti-Muslim manifesto, 2083: A that has been calamitously employed European Declaration of Independence, throughout history in most episodes of comes under scrutiny. The author ethnic cleansing against non-Christians argues that Europe has been, not in Europe, from the expulsion of Jews only a Christian, but also a Jewish and and Muslims from Spain in 1492 to the Muslim continent for many centuries, genocidal campaign against Bosnian using examples from the centuries- Muslims in the 1990s. Hence Breivik old history of Islamic civilization in chose 2083, the 400th anniversary of France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, the Ottomans’ failed siege of Vienna, and Spain, among other European countries. The author draws attention and the beginning of 240 years of Otto- not only to the total annihilation of man retreat in Europe, as the title of his historical Muslim communities in manifesto, which can be described as places such as Sicily and Spain, but the Mein Kampf or the Turner Diaries also to the nearly total eradication of a European Islamophobe. -
Fatimid Material Culture in Al-Andalus: Presences and Influences of Egypt in Al-Andalus Between the Xth and the Xiith Centuries A.D
Fatimid Material Culture in Al-Andalus: Presences and Influences of Egypt in Al-Andalus Between the Xth and the XIIth Centuries A.D. Zabya Abo Aljadayel Dissertation of Master of Archaeology September, 2019 Dissertation submitted to fulfil the necessary requirements to obtain a Master's Degree of Archaeology, held under the scientific orientation of Prof. André Teixeira and Prof.ª Susana Gómez Martínez. 2 | P a g e Zabya Abo aljadayel | 2019 To my family, friends and every interested reader لعائلتي, ﻷصدقائي و لكل قارئ مهتم 3 | P a g e Zabya Abo aljadayel | 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I give my gratitude and love To my dear professors Susana and André for being more than advisors with their patience, kindness and support. To the Global Platform for Syrian Students for giving me the opportunity to come to Portugal to continue my higher education. In particular, I would like to commend the efforts of Dr Helena Barroco for being by my side in the formal and the nonformal situations. To FCSH-UNL for giving me a seat in the faculty. Moreover, to Dr Francisco José Gomes Caramelo and Dr João Soeiro de Carvalho for their kindness and academic support. To my beloved friends in CAM and in all Mértola for well receiving me there as a part of their lovely family. To Dr Susana Calvo Capilla and Dr María Antonia Martínez Núñez for their support. To my mother, I would say that Charles Virolleaud wasn’t entirely right when he said: “Tout homme civilisé a deux patries: la sienne et la Syrie.”. But, should have said: “Tout homme civilisé a trois patries: Sa mère, la sienne et la Syrie.”. -
History of Islam
Istanbul 1437 / 2016 © Erkam Publications 2016 / 1437 H HISTORY OF ISLAM Original Title : İslam Tarihi (Ders Kitabı) Author : Commission Auteur du Volume « Histoire de l’Afrique » : Dr. Said ZONGO Coordinator : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Faruk KANGER Academic Consultant : Lokman HELVACI Translator : Fulden ELİF AYDIN Melda DOĞAN Corrector : Mohamed ROUSSEL Editor : İsmail ERİŞ Graphics : Rasim ŞAKİROĞLU Mithat ŞENTÜRK ISBN : 978-9944-83-747-7 Addresse : İkitelli Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Mahallesi Atatürk Bulvarı Haseyad 1. Kısım No: 60/3-C Başakşehir / Istanbul - Turkey Tel : (90-212) 671-0700 (pbx) Fax : (90-212) 671-0748 E-mail : [email protected] Web : www.islamicpublishing.org Printed by : Erkam Printhouse Language : English ERKAM PUBLICATIONS TEXTBOOK HISTORY OF ISLAM 10th GRADE ERKAM PUBLICATIONS Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE ERA OF FOUR RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS (632–661) / 8 A. THE ELECTION OF THE FIRST CALIPH .............................................................................................. 11 B. THE PERIOD OF ABU BAKR (May Allah be Pleased with him) (632–634) ....................................... 11 C. THE PERIOD OF UMAR (May Allah be Pleased with him) (634–644) ............................................... 16 D. THE PERIOD OF UTHMAN (May Allah be Pleased with him) (644–656) ........................................ 21 E. THE PERIOD OF ALI (May Allah be pleased with him) (656-661) ...................................................... 26 EVALUATION QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................... -
Constructing God's Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation
Constructing God’s Community: Umayyad Religious Monumentation in Bilad al-Sham, 640-743 CE Nissim Lebovits Senior Honors Thesis in the Department of History Vanderbilt University 20 April 2020 Contents Maps 2 Note on Conventions 6 Acknowledgements 8 Chronology 9 Glossary 10 Introduction 12 Chapter One 21 Chapter Two 45 Chapter Three 74 Chapter Four 92 Conclusion 116 Figures 121 Works Cited 191 1 Maps Map 1: Bilad al-Sham, ca. 9th Century CE. “Map of Islamic Syria and its Provinces”, last modified 27 December 2013, accessed April 19, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham#/media/File:Syria_in_the_9th_century.svg. 2 Map 2: Umayyad Bilad al-Sham, early 8th century CE. Khaled Yahya Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994), 240. 3 Map 3: The approximate borders of the eastern portion of the Umayyad caliphate, ca. 724 CE. Blankinship, The End of the Jihad State, 238. 4 Map 4: Ghassanid buildings and inscriptions in Bilad al-Sham prior to the Muslim conquest. Heinz Gaube, “The Syrian desert castles: some economic and political perspectives on their genesis,” trans. Goldbloom, in The Articulation of Early Islamic State Structures, ed. Fred Donner (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2012) 352. 5 Note on Conventions Because this thesis addresses itself to a non-specialist audience, certain accommodations have been made. Dates are based on the Julian, rather than Islamic, calendar. All dates referenced are in the Common Era (CE) unless otherwise specified. Transliteration follows the system of the International Journal of Middle East Studies (IJMES), including the recommended exceptions. -
THE REIGN of AL-IHAKIM Bl AMR ALLAH ‘(386/996 - 41\ / \ Q 2 \ % "A POLITICAL STUDY"
THE REIGN OF AL-IHAKIM Bl AMR ALLAH ‘(386/996 - 41\ / \ Q 2 \ % "A POLITICAL STUDY" by SADEK ISMAIL ASSAAD Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London May 1971 ProQuest Number: 10672922 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672922 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The present thesis is a political study of the reign of al-Hakim Bi Amr Allah the sixth Fatimid Imam-Caliph who ruled between 386-411/ 996-1021. It consists of a note on the sources and seven chapters. The first chapter is a biographical review of al-Hakim's person. It introduces a history of his birth, childhood, succession to the Caliphate, his education and private life and it examines the contradiction in the sources concerning his character. Chapter II discusses the problems which al-Hakim inherited from the previous rule and examines their impact on the political life of his State. Chapter III introduces the administration of the internal affairs of the State. -
Mohamad Ballan Curriculum Vitae Assistant Professor Department of History Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY 11794-4348 [email protected]
1 Mohamad Ballan Curriculum Vitae Assistant Professor Department of History Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY 11794-4348 [email protected] ACADEMIC POSITIONS 2019–present Assistant Professor of History, Stony Brook University 2018–2019 Junior Fellow, Dartmouth Society of Fellows. Dartmouth College EDUCATION PhD, 2019 Department of History, University of Chicago Dissertation: “The Scribe of the Alhambra: Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib, Sovereignty and History in Nasrid Granada” Committee: David Nirenberg (chair), John Woods, Maribel Fierro, Ahmed El Shamsy Comprehensive exam Medieval Iberia, Pre-Modern Islamic History, and Early Modern Europe fields: MA, 2010 Social Sciences, University of Chicago BA, 2008 History Honors, University of British Columbia RESEARCH INTERESTS Medieval Europe; Mediterranean history; global history; borderlands and frontier history; political thought; Islamic history; medieval Iberia; North Africa; intercommunal relations; intellectual networks; historiography; Late Antiquity PUBLICATIONS Published articles 2010 “Fraxinetum: An Islamic Frontier State in Tenth-Century Provence,” Comitatus 41 (2010): 23–76. Translated into Portuguese by Bruno Tadeu Salles and Marina de Oliveira Carvalho as “Fraxinetum: Um Estado de Fronteira Islâmico na Provença do Século X” [História Revista (2020)] Forthcoming articles 2022 “Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib and the Politics of Genealogy in Late Medieval Granada,” Speculum 2022 “Genealogía, linaje e identidad etnocultural en la Granada nazarí.” In De sangre y leche. Raza y religión en el mundo ibérico/Of Blood and Milk: Race and Religion in the Medieval and Early Modern Iberian Worlds (Madrid, 2021), ed. Mercedes García- Arenal 2 2022 “Sayyida al-Hurra.” Encyclopedia of Islam, THREE. Leiden: Brill, 2021 2021 “Between Castilian Reconquista and Ottoman Jihad: A Reconsideration of the 1501 Hispano-Muslim Qasida to Sultan Bayezid II,” Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History Submitted articles 2021 “Zafadola Amicus Mei: A Reconsideration of the Career of Sayf al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Hud (d. -
Diplomacy Between Emperors and Caliphs in the Tenth Century
86 »The messenger is the place of a man’s judgment«: Diplomacy between Emperors and Caliphs in the Tenth Century Courtney Luckhardt* Travel and communication in the early medieval period were fundamental parts of people’s conceptions about temporal and spiritual power, which in turn demonstrated a ruler’s legit imacy. Examining the role of messengers and diplomatic envoys between the first Umayyad caliph of alAndalus, ‘Abd alRahman III, and his fellow tenthcentury rulers in Christian kingdoms, including the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos and the first Holy Roman emperor, Otto I, illuminates internal and external negotiations that defined the pluralistic Iberian society in the early Middle Ages. Formal religious and ethnic differences among Muslim rulers and nonMuslim messengers enhanced the articulation of political le gitimacy by the caliph. Diplomatic correspondence with foreign rulers using the multiplicity of talents and ethnoreligious identities of their subjects was part of the social order provided by the Andalusi rulers and produced by those they ruled, demonstrating the political autho rity of the Umayyad caliphate. Keywords: diplomacy, messengers, al-Andalus, political authority, ‘Abd al-Rahman III, Muslim- Christian relations »The wise sages have said… the messenger is the place of a man’s judgment, and his letter is the place of his intellect.« So related Ibn alFarra’ in the Rasul al-muluk, a treatise on diplomacy commissioned by the caliph of alAndalus in the second half of the tenth century.1 Political and diplomatic connections between elite groups and protostates happened at the personal and individual level in the early medieval period. -
Historiography and Politics
HISTORIOGRAPHY AND POLITICS: TWENTIETH-CENTURY ARAB SCHOLARSHIP ON ANTIQUITY Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Leicester by Botan Tofiq Maghdid, BA, MA School of Archaeology and Ancient History University of Leicester 2018 Historiography and Politics: Twentieth-Century Arab Scholarship on Antiquity Botan Tofiq Maghdid Abstract “Both sword and pen are reliant machines for the head of the state on his command”. Ibn-Khaldūn (d. 1406) This thesis examines the various ways in which ancient Arab history has been represented in modern Arab historiography in the twentieth century, from the end of the Ottoman Empire to the end of the Baʿthist regime of Iraq. It is now widely recognised that historiography is influenced by contemporary politics. Over the last few decades, theories about the relationship between politics and historiography have been advanced by Western-based scholars such as Gramsci, Foucault, and Said. It remains unclear, however, whether non-Western traditions of historiography have the same kinds of relationships with politics, or whether politics in historiography in the Arab world exist in a different configuration. To explore this issue, I will address historiographical writing produced in the Arab world during the twentieth century, considering in particular the case of Iraq. It will focus on writing that addressed a specific period of antiquity – the 1st century BCE to the 7th century CE. It is in this period of antiquity that we can first identify a specifically Arab struggle for the statehood, and the coalescing of Arab-dominated states in the Mesopotamian region. This period was therefore one of particular interest for Arab historians writing in the twentieth century, a time when Arab statehood and the nature of the Iraqi state was debated. -
The Arabic Language and the Bible
Page 1 of 8 Original Research The identity and witness of Arab pre-Islamic Arab Christianity: The Arabic language and the Bible Author: This article argues that Arab Christianity has had a unique place in the history of World David D. Grafton Christianity. Rooted in a biblical witness, the origins and history of Arab Christianity have Affiliations: been largely forgotten or ignored. This is not primarily as a result of the fact that the Arab 1The Lutheran Theological Christian historical legacy has been overcome by Islam. Rather, unlike other early Christian Seminary at Philadelphia, communities, the Bible was never translated into the vernacular of the Arabs. By the 7th century United States of America the language of the Qur’an became the primary standard of the Arabic language, which 2Department of New then became the written religious text of the Arabs. This article will explore the identity and Testament Studies, Faculty witness of the Christian presence in Arabia and claims that the development of an Arabic Bible of Theology, University of provides a unique counter-example to what most missiologists have assumed as the basis for Pretoria, South Africa. the spread of the Christian faith as a result of the translation of the Christian scriptures into a Note: vernacular. The Reverend Dr David D. Grafton is Associate Professor of Islamic Studies and Christian-Muslim Introduction Relations and Director of Graduate Studies at The Great Missionary Age (1792–1914) has been viewed by many Protestant and Evangelical the Lutheran Theological churches in Western Europe and North America as a time through which God provided an Seminary in Philadelphia opportunity to evangelise the whole world.This was done primarily through the translation, (USA). -
The Multiple Nature of the Islamic Da'wa
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto Egdunas Racius THE MULTIPLE NATURE OF THE ISLAMIC DA‘WA ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in auditorium XII, Unioninkatu 34, on the 23rd of October, 2004 at 10 o'clock ISBN 952-10-0489-4 (printed) ISBN 952-10-0490-8 (pdf) ISSN 1458-5359 Valopaino Oy Helsinki 2004 CONTENTS Introduction ....................................................................................................... 5 Previous research on da‘wa .......................................................................... 12 The location of the present study .................................................................. 18 Part I Islamic da‘wa: the term and its sources ............................................................ 29 1. The da‘wa in the Quran and Sunna .................................................................. 31 Scope of da‘wa meanings ............................................................................. 34 Da‘wa as invitation to Islam ......................................................................... 37 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 47 2. Da‘wa versus jihad ........................................................................................... 49 Jihad in the Quran and Hadith collections ................................................... -
Religion in Language Policy, and the Survival of Syriac
California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Theses Digitization Project John M. Pfau Library 2008 Religion in language policy, and the survival of Syriac Ibrahim George Aboud Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project Part of the Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Aboud, Ibrahim George, "Religion in language policy, and the survival of Syriac" (2008). Theses Digitization Project. 3426. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3426 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the John M. Pfau Library at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses Digitization Project by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RELIGION IN LANGUAGE POLICY, AND THE SURVIVAL OF SYRIAC A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in English Composition: Teaching English as a Second Language by Ibrahim George Aboud March 2008 RELIGION IN LANGUAGE POLICY, AND THE SURVIVAL OF SYRIAC A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by Ibrahim George Aboud March 2008 Approved by: 3/llW Salaam Yousif, Date Ronq Chen ABSTRACT Religious systems exert tremendous influence on shaping language policy, both in the ancient and the modern states of the Fertile Crescent. For two millennia the Syriac language was a symbol of identity among its Christian communities. Religious disputes in the Byzantine era produced not only doctrinal rivalries but also linguistic differences. Throughout the Islamic era, the Syriac language remained the language of the majority despite.Arabic hegemony.