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Eastern Mansi (Konda) Grammar Ulla-Maija Forsberg

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Eastern Mansi (Konda) Grammar Ulla-Maija Forsberg 1 EASTERN MANSI (KONDA) GRAMMAR ULLA-MAIJA FORSBERG (English version of Ulla-Maija Kulonen: Itämansin kielioppi ja tekstejä, Société Finno-Ougrienne Helsinki 2007) CONTENTS Introduction I PHONOLOGY Consonants Consonant clusters Vowel systems Vowels in the initial syllables Quantity and vowel variation Vowels in the non-initial syllables II MORPHOPHONOLOGY Syllable structure Stem rakenne Monosyllabic stems Bisyllabic stems Stem variation Denasalization Suffix structure III MORPHOLOGY Noun declension Possessive suffixes Cases and their usage Nominative, dual and plural Accusative Lative Locatice Ablative Translative Instrumental Caritive / Abessive Adjective comparison and modal Pronoun declension Numerals Verb conjugation Tense Subject conjugation 2 Object conjugation and the usage Mood Imperative and optative Conditional Passive Verb nominal forms IV SYNTAX: STRUCTURES 3 INTRODUCTION This grammar of Eastern Mansi describes the Mansi dialects of Middle Konda and Lower Konda as they are manifested in the texts and grammar notes collected by Artturi Kannisto. This language form, exactly hundred years old at the time the present grammar was published in Finnish in 2007, was no more spoken as such at the offset of the 21st century. The data that this grammar is based on consists of the texts written in Middle Konda in the collection of samples Wogulische Volksdichtung by Artturi Kannisto and Matti Liimola. The materials have been previously published by the Finno-Ugrian Society in its series numbers 101 (WV I; mythological texts), 109 (WV II; heroic and war stories); 111 (WV III; fairy tales); 116 (WV V; songs from the great bear ceremonies) and 134 (WV VI; destiny songs and different kinds of small folklore genres). For the purposes of the grammatical description I first transcribed all selected texts with a simplified phonematic transcription system. The notation used in this book differs from the traditional Finno-Ugric tradition in that the notation created for automatic processing does not include separate diacritics. The established practices in the Finno- Ugric standard languages (especially Finnish and Hungarian) have been followed in the transcription, e.g. in marking vowel length and palatalization, and the characters are part of the regular Scandinavian character encoding system. I identified all inflectional and conjugational forms in the texts entered into the computer, and wrote the morphological description based on the resulting list. In order to complete the list of forms, I used Kannisto’s morphological notes and paradigms that are kept as manuscripts in the dictionary of Mansi dialects and its card files. This compilation method defines the structure of the morphological part, which can also be motivated by the method used by Kannisto to collect his material in Siberia, and the form in which he published it. The main method in collecting the material on Konda dialects for Kannisto was to record the speech of an informant called Afanasiy in the village of Nakhrachy in the Lower Konda area. Almost all texts marked with KU represent the idiolect of this informant. Kannisto analysed these texts in detail with another informant, Andrey Yutkin, whose dialect represents a dialect within the Middle Konda (KM) group. The dialect of Middle Konda includes features that are typical especially for the Konda dialects thus separating them from other dialects, and it can be regarded as “the standard dialect” of Konda. (The standard language, written to some extent with Cyrillic characters, is based on the third variant, the Yukonda dialect.) The majority of the texts labelled with the marker KM are thus based on Yutkin’s idiolect. In the collection Wogulische Volksdichtung, the texts told by Afanasiy and analysed by Kannisto with the help of Yutkin have been printed as parallel versions, the texts by Afanasiy as version A and the texts commented by Yutkin as version B. There is therefore both a KU and a KM variant available for the majority of the words. In the present grammar these are shown parallell to each other, so that the column on the left hand side always contains the KM words and word forms, and the column on the right hand side the corresponding KU forms (i.e. the original data). Some of the materials on Middle Konda have also been collected from other informants; one text for example has been told by Kannisto’s third informant Vasiliy Nyemotop, whose idiolect clearly differs from Yutkin’s. The items on the grammatical paradigms do not always totally correspond with the forms in the texts, even if they are from the same informant. In 4 some special cases and for less frequent forms, I have given special weight to the forms found in the texts and the examples highlighting them. I describe and illuminate the usage of the morphological forms (possessive suffixes, cases, the object conjugation forms and the passive forms of the verbs) with examples added to the morphological description. The aim is to avoid a heavily abstract and isolated morphological description by letting the forms that occur in the examples appear as early as possible in the language learning process. The section of syntax has therefore remained quite short in this grammar, and I have selected only the very central features. Several phenomena in Mansi have still remained outside the scope of research and I hope that this book will play a part in encouraging researchers to take up this challenging task. All examples of usage as well as text examples in the sections for both morphology and syntax derive from the original texts. In few cases only have I chosen to leave out some long and poetical sequences that are frequent in folklore and not essential to the syntactic structure in question. The fact that all the clause examples are from the Middle Konda dialect is not specifically mentioned in conjunction with the clause examples whereas the clause examples otherwise motivated to represent Lower Konda have always been marked to represent this specific dialect. Where there is no marker stating the dialect in question, the clause examples thus always represent the Middle Konda dialect. 5 I PHONOLOGY CONSONANTS The consonants in the Konda dialects are shown in the table below. For the sake of clarity the IPA transcription system is presented in parenthesis on each row: labials p w m (p, w (β), m) dentals t s l r n (t, s, l, r, n) palatals ty j sy ly ny (tʲ, j, sʲ, lʲ, nʲ) velars k k° g x x° ng (k, kʷ, ɣ, χ, χʷ, ŋ ) Out of these /g/ and /ng/ do not occur in word initial positions in either dialect, and /x/ and /x°/ do not occur in word initial positions in KM (in KU preceding the back vowel k-, k°- > x-, x°- ). /ng/ (ŋ) is here marked with n when preceding the velar (<nk> = ŋk , <nx> = ŋχ). When n (n) precedes g (ɣ) and k, it is marked with <n.g> <n.k>, e.g. møn.gøm ’I go’. Examples: /p/ Word initial: KM KU pupi ’spirit’, KM põõwøl KU paawøl ’village’, KM KU påly ’chip’ Word internal: KM KU pupi ’spirit’, KM KU sopii ’broken’ Word final: KM kop, KU xop ’wave’, KM KU seetøp ’thread’, KM KU sågrøp ’axe’ /t/ Word initial: KM KU tor ’throat, sound’, tol ’cloud’, KM töärø, KU täörø ’through’ Word internal: KM KU tåti ’to bring’ Word final: KM KU tøt ’here’, KM koot, KU xoot ’6’ /ty/ Word initial: työäty ’father’ Word internal: KM KU wityøng ’watery, wet’, öätyi ’is not’ Word final: KM KU jiiwty ’trees’, wity ’water’, /k/ Word initial: KM KU köät ’hand’, kit ’2’, köäli ’to rise, to get up’, køtiili ’to ask’, KM konti ’to find’ Word internal: KM KU wøkään ’take it (you2/Pl)’ Word final: KM KU nok ’up’, jøsøn.k ’if you come’, KM såk ’all’ /k°/ Word initial: KM KU k°äl ’house’, k°än ’out’, KM k°åt ’where’, k°åsyø ’for long’ Word internal: KM KU jeek°i ’to dance’, jeek°ør ’root’, lääk°ølti ’to creep, to move’ Word final: KM KU äk° ’one’ (otherwise word final x°) /w/ Word initial: KM KU woor ’forest’, wöä ’strength’, wity ’water’ Word internal: KM löäwi, KU läöwi ’to say’, KM põõwøl KU paawøl ’village’ Word final: KM KU jiiw ’tree’, juw ’(to) home’, KM noåløw, KU näöløw ’to the shore’ /j/ Word initial: KM KU jeek°i ’to dance’, jälwøl ’demon’, KM jor, KU jør ’offering’ Word internal: KM KU äji ’to drink’, KM kooji, KU xooji ’to hit’ Word final: KM KU muuj ’guest’, KM woj, KU uuj ’animal, bear’ /g/ Word initial: — Word internal: KM KU wøgøm ’I take’, wøgøn ’you take’, KU näägøn ’you (acc.)’ 6 Word final: KM KU näg ’you’, tøg ’here’, KM tulømkäg, KU tulømxäg ’secretly’ /x/ Word initial: KU xonti ’to find’, xoot ’six’ (in KM not in this position) Word internal: KM lyõxøl KU lyaxøl ’message’ Word final: KM KU (øs) öätyøx ’why not’, köärøx ’must’ KM kooløx, KU xooløx ’people’ /x°/ Word initial: KU x°oly ’goblin’, x°oji ’lie’, x°åt ’where’ (in KM not in this position) Word internal: (in consonant clusters only: KM põõx°ti, KU paax°ti ’to shoot’) Word final: KM KU meex° ’goblin’, KM KU äjøx°, teex°, mønøx° (to eat, to drink, to go) Infinitive suffix /s/ Word initial: KM KU sågrøp ’axe’, søs ’back’, sonsi ’look’, soj ’sound’ Word internal: KM KU råsi ’to throw’, søsäät ’his back’ Word final: KM KU pees ’old’, kees ’occasion’, ooløs ’was’ (and all Sbjc3Sg preterite forms) /sy/ Word initial: KM KU syük ’mother’, syöär ’place, region’, syüw ’ ’moment, time’’, syømør ’bit’ Word internal: KM KU uusyønti ’to see’ Word final: KM KU øsy ’ouch’, mårøsy ’a little’ /l/ Word initial: KM KU lääk°i ’to move’, løl ’spirit’, KM löätti, KU läötti ’to say’ Word internal: KM KU jäli ’to go’, KM noåløw, KU näöløw ’to the shore’ Word final: KM KU tol ’cloud’, eel-ol ’the first one’, KM öäl—öäl,
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