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Tánczos Orsolya Causative Constructions and Their TÁNCZOS ORSOLYA CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS AND THEIR SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS IN THE UDMURT LANGUAGE (M ŰVELTET Ő SZERKEZETEK ÉS MONDATTANI ELEMZÉSÜK AZ UDMURT NYELVBEN) DOKTORI (PHD) ÉRTEKEZÉS Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem Bölcsészet és Társadalomtudományi Kar Nyelvtudományi Doktori Iskola Vezet ője: Prof. É. Kiss Katalin egyetemi tanár, akadémikus FINNUGOR M ŰHELY TÉMAVEZET Ő: PROF. CSÚCS SÁNDOR EGYETEMI TANÁR BUDAPEST 2015 Nagyapámnak, aki Zeppelint látott 2 CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 7 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... 10 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 12 1.1 The aim of the dissertation .................................................................................. 12 1.2 The Udmurt data of the dissertation................................................................... 14 1.2.1 Acceptability judgments ............................................................................... 14 1.2.2 Data collecting method ................................................................................ 15 1.2.3 The examples ................................................................................................ 16 1.3 The Udmurt language .......................................................................................... 16 1.3.1 Characteristics of Udmurt ........................................................................... 18 1.3.1.1 Main syntactic properties .................................................................. 18 1.3.1.2 Morphology ...................................................................................... 28 1.3.2 Valence-changing affixes ............................................................................. 29 1.3.2.1 The function of the -t- marker .......................................................... 29 1.3.2.2 The functions of the -sʼk- marker ..................................................... 30 1.3.3 The suffix -ez/jez in Udmurt ......................................................................... 34 1.3.3.1 A general picture of the different functions of the suffix ................. 34 1.3.3.2 Extensive use of the possessive -ez/jez in Udmurt ........................... 36 1.3.3.3 -ez/jez as the Accusative case marker ............................................... 41 1.3.3.3.1 The origin of the Accusative case in Udmurt .................... 41 1.3.3.3.2 Previous studies on Direct Object Marking in Udmurt ..... 42 1.3.3.3.3 Differential Object Marking in Udmurt ............................. 44 1.3.3.4 The grammaticalization pathway of -ez/jez ...................................... 48 1.4 Theoretical background ....................................................................................... 49 1.4.1 Distributed Morphology ............................................................................... 50 1.4.2 Pylkkänen (2002, 2008) ............................................................................... 51 1.5 The typology of Causative Constructions ........................................................... 54 1.6 Terminology .......................................................................................................... 57 1.7 Outline of the dissertation .................................................................................... 57 2 Lexical Causatives ......................................................................................................... 59 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 60 2.2 The causative alternation cross-linguistically ..................................................... 61 3 2.2.1 Focus on the alternation .............................................................................. 62 2.2.2 Typological classification of the causative alternation ............................... 63 2.3 Lexical causatives in Udmurt .............................................................................. 64 2.3.1 Causative alternation ................................................................................... 65 2.3.2 Anticausative alternation ............................................................................. 66 2.3.3 Labile alternation ......................................................................................... 67 2.3.4 Equipollent alternation ................................................................................ 68 2.3.5 Suppletive alternation versus non-alternating verbs ................................... 69 2.4 Internal structure ................................................................................................. 71 2.4.1 Distinguishing between passives and non-causatives ................................... 71 2.4.2 Half-passives vs. non-causatives: a parallel from Hungarian? ................... 76 2.4.3 The structure of the alternating verbs ........................................................... 81 2.4.3.1 Non-causative verbs ......................................................................... 81 2.4.3.2 Causative verbs ................................................................................. 87 2.4.4 True inchoative verbs .................................................................................... 90 2.4.5 Nominalization .............................................................................................. 93 2.4.5.1 The realization of the external argument .......................................... 93 2.4.5.2 Nominalization in Udmurt ................................................................ 94 2.5 Summary ............................................................................................................... 96 3 Factitive Causatives ....................................................................................................... 97 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 97 3.2 The causative morpheme in Udmurt ................................................................... 98 3.2.1 The history of the -t- morpheme in a nutshell ............................................... 98 3.2.2 Synchronic description of the -t- morpheme ................................................. 99 3.3 The arguments of the factitive causative ........................................................... 100 3.3.1 Double-object constructions ....................................................................... 101 3.3.2 The order of the arguments ......................................................................... 104 3.3.3 Neutralization of the case-marked/non-case-marked object alternation .... 106 3.3.4 Case-marking patterns ................................................................................ 107 3.4 Approach to the suffix -ez/jez .............................................................................. 112 3.4.1 Nominalization – is the suffix -ez/jez of the causee an inherent case marker? ............................................................................................... 113 3.4.2 -ez/jez as an associative suffix in factitives ................................................. 115 3.5 Pylkkänen’s (2002, 2008) diagnostics for Phase-selecting causatives ............. 116 4 3.6 Events and domains ............................................................................................. 122 3.6.1 Tests for mono- versus biclausality ............................................................. 123 3.6.1.1 Negation .......................................................................................... 123 3.6.1.2 Condition B ..................................................................................... 124 3.6.2 Monoclausal Udmurt causatives ................................................................. 125 3.6.3 Tests for mono- versus bi-eventivity ............................................................ 127 3.6.3.1 Subjects of participials .................................................................... 127 3.6.3.2 Low adverbial modifiers ................................................................. 127 3.6.4 Udmurt causatives are also bi-eventive ...................................................... 128 3.7 Summary ............................................................................................................. 129 4 Periphrastic Causatives .............................................................................................. 130 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 130 4.2 The distribution of periphrastic causatives in Udmurt ................................... 132 4.2.1 Verb + infinitival complement .................................................................... 132 4.2.3 Verb + subjunctive complement .................................................................. 134 4.3 Nonfinite clauses as complements of causative verbs ...................................... 137 4.3.1 Exceptional Case Marking vs. object control ............................................. 137 4.3.2 The syntactic position of the cause ............................................................
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