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Estonian and Latvian Verb Government Comparison

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Estonian and Latvian Verb Government Comparison TARTU UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ESTONIAN AND GENERAL LINGUISTICS DEPARTMENT OF ESTONIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Miķelis Zeibārts ESTONIAN AND LATVIAN VERB GOVERNMENT COMPARISON Master thesis Supervisor Dr. phil Valts Ernštreits and co-supervisor Mg. phil Ilze Tālberga Tartu 2017 Table of contents Preface ............................................................................................................................... 5 1. Method of research .................................................................................................... 8 2. Description of research sources and theoretical literature ......................................... 9 2.1. Research sources ................................................................................................ 9 2.2. Theoretical literature ........................................................................................ 10 3. Theoretical research background ............................................................................. 12 3.1. Cases in Estonian and Latvian .......................................................................... 12 3.1.1. Estonian noun cases .................................................................................. 12 3.1.2. Latvian noun cases .................................................................................... 13 3.2. The differences and similarities between Estonian and Latvian cases ............. 14 3.2.1. The differences between Estonian and Latvian case systems ................... 14 3.2.2. The similarities between Estonian and Latvian case systems ................... 19 3.3. Verb in Estonian and Latvian ........................................................................... 20 3.3.1. Verb in Estonian ........................................................................................ 20 3.3.2. Verb in Latvian ......................................................................................... 21 3.3.3. Transitive and intransitive verbs in Estonian and Latvian ........................ 22 3.3.4. Reflexive verbs in Estonian and Latvian .................................................. 23 3.4. Verb governance ............................................................................................... 23 3.4.1. Verb governance in Estonian .................................................................... 23 3.4.2. Verb governance in Latvian ...................................................................... 25 3.4.3. Obligatory and facultative governments in Estonian ................................ 26 3.5. Valency ............................................................................................................. 27 4. Research process and principles .............................................................................. 29 4.1. Research process .............................................................................................. 29 4.2. Classification of Estonian verbs and Latvian translations ................................ 30 4.2.1. Classification of verbs into groups ............................................................ 30 4.2.2. Classification by Estonian-Latvian verb pairs .......................................... 30 4.2.3. Classification of verb groups into tables ................................................... 31 4.2.4. Classification by verb government category ............................................. 31 4.2.5. Issues of classification by verb government ............................................. 32 4.2.6. Categorization by verb semantics ............................................................. 33 4.3. Verb government classification norms ............................................................. 34 4.3.1. Estonian and Latvian noun case norms ..................................................... 35 4.3.2. Estonian and Latvian location case norms ................................................ 36 4.3.3. Estonian and Latvian postposition and preposition norms ....................... 36 4.3.4. Other government norms........................................................................... 39 4.3.5. Additional grammatical information in Estonian verb governments ........ 39 5. Estonian and Latvian verb government comparison................................................ 41 5.1. Analogous Estonian and Latvian verb governments ........................................ 42 5.1.1. Estonian illative and Latvian verb government analogs ........................... 42 5.1.2. Estonian partitive and Latvian verb government analogs ......................... 43 5.1.3. Estonian location case kust and Latvian verb government analogs .......... 43 5.1.4. Estonian allative and Latvian verb government analogs........................... 43 5.1.5. Estonian location case kus and Latvian verb government equivalents ..... 44 5.2. Similar verb governments in Estonian and Latvian ......................................... 44 5.2.1. The person/inanimate difference group .................................................... 45 5.2.2. The verb infinitive difference group ......................................................... 48 5.2.3. Unique examples of similar verb governments ......................................... 48 5.3. Different Estonian and Latvian verb governments ........................................... 49 5.3.1. Different verb governments by noun case ................................................ 50 5.3.2. Different verb governments by location case............................................ 68 5.3.3. Different verb government by postpositional constructions ..................... 70 5.3.4. Disputable different verb governments ..................................................... 73 5.3.5. Estonian supine verb governments ........................................................... 78 5.4. The unavailable Estonian verb governments .................................................... 80 5.4.1. Unavailable Estonian nominative and available Latvian nominative ....... 81 5.4.2. Unavailable Estonian comitative and available Latvian instrumental ...... 81 5.4.3. Unavailable Estonian elative and available Latvian construction no + genitive ................................................................................................................... 81 5.5. Unclassified verb pairs ..................................................................................... 82 6. Semantic similarities and differences in Estonian and Latvian verb pairs .............. 83 6.1. The identical semantics group .......................................................................... 83 6.2. The different semantics group .......................................................................... 85 6.2.1. The verb pairs with different governments and semantics........................ 86 6.3. The unclassified group ..................................................................................... 92 7. Summary and conclusions ....................................................................................... 93 Eesti ja läti verbirektsioonide võrdlus ........................................................................... 102 Uurimuse sissejuhatus ............................................................................................... 102 Eesti ja läti keele käänete kirjeldus ........................................................................... 103 Verbi ja verbirektsiooni mõiste eesti ja läti keeles .................................................... 103 Verbirektsiooni liigituse normid ............................................................................... 104 Eestikeelsete ja lätikeelsete nimisõnade normid .................................................... 105 Eesti ja läti keele kohakäänete normid .................................................................. 105 Eestikeelsete ja lätikeelsete tagasõnade ning eessõnade normid ........................... 106 Muud rektsioonide normid..................................................................................... 107 Täiendav grammatiline informatsioon eestikeelsetes verbirektsioonides ............. 108 Uurimuse tulemused ja kokkuvõte ............................................................................ 109 Sources and references .................................................................................................. 118 Research sources ....................................................................................................... 118 References ................................................................................................................. 118 Appendix ....................................................................................................................... 120 Appendix 1 – Estonian and Latvian verb government comparison .......................... 120 Appendix 2 – Estonian and Latvian verb comparison verb government occurrences by category ..................................................................................................................... 230 Appendix 3 – Estonian and Latvian different verb governments .............................. 240 Preface Estonians and Latvians, and their respective ancestors, have been neighbors for several centuries, during which language contact has been inevitable. This has led to an amount of people, whose mother tongue is one of the mentioned languages, at a certain period of their lives acquire skills of the other language due to academic, economic,
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