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Czerniakow, Adam
Czerniakow, Adam (1880-1942), Chairman of the Warsaw Judenrat. Born in Warsaw, Czerniakow was trained as a chemical engineer. He served on the Warsaw Municipal Council from 1927-1934, and was elected to the Polish Senate in 1931. Even though Czerniakow was a member of the Jewish community's executive council before World War II, the Jews of Warsaw did not consider him to be one of their leaders. He was not a member of any Jewish political party, was considered to be an assimilated Jew, and could not speak Yiddish very well. In spite of this, when the Nazis invaded Warsaw and the chairman of the Jewish community council fled the city, the mayor asked Czerniakow to take his place as the leader of the Jews. The Germans ordered him to establish a Judenrat in October 1939. During the first few months of the occupation, some leading Judenrat members managed to leave the country. Czerniakow also had this opportunity, but he refused to shirk his leadership duties and criticized those who did. The Warsaw Ghetto was established in October 1940. At this point, the Judenrat, led by Czerniakow, took on many new municipal-like responsibilities, including food, work, sanitation, housing, culture, and health services for the inhabitants of the ghetto. The Judenrat grew to encompass 25 different departments and 6,000 employees—more than 11 times the number of workers in Warsaw's Jewish Council before the war. Czerniakow was strenuously criticized by Warsaw's underground resistance for what they saw as collaboration with the Nazis. However, Czerniakow's policy of trying to work within the system was his attempt at saving lives. -
The Development and Character of the Nazi Political Machine, 1928-1930, and the Isdap Electoral Breakthrough
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1976 The evelopmeD nt and Character of the Nazi Political Machine, 1928-1930, and the Nsdap Electoral Breakthrough. Thomas Wiles Arafe Jr Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Arafe, Thomas Wiles Jr, "The eD velopment and Character of the Nazi Political Machine, 1928-1930, and the Nsdap Electoral Breakthrough." (1976). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2909. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2909 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. « The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing pega(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. -
THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust
THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE NOVEMBER 17, 2016 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First printing, April 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Jan Grabowski THE INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE, endowed by the William S. and Ina Levine Foundation of Phoenix, Arizona, enables the Center to bring a distinguished scholar to the Museum each year to conduct innovative research on the Holocaust and to disseminate this work to the American public. Wrong Memory Codes? The Polish “Blue” Police and Collaboration in the Holocaust In 2016, seventy-one years after the end of World War II, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs disseminated a long list of “wrong memory codes” (błędne kody pamięci), or expressions that “falsify the role of Poland during World War II” and that are to be reported to the nearest Polish diplomat for further action. Sadly—and not by chance—the list elaborated by the enterprising humanists at the Polish Foreign Ministry includes for the most part expressions linked to the Holocaust. On the long list of these “wrong memory codes,” which they aspire to expunge from historical narrative, one finds, among others: “Polish genocide,” “Polish war crimes,” “Polish mass murders,” “Polish internment camps,” “Polish work camps,” and—most important for the purposes of this text—“Polish participation in the Holocaust.” The issue of “wrong memory codes” will from time to time reappear in this study. -
Einsicht 16 Bulletin Des Fritz Bauer Instituts
Einsicht 16 Bulletin des Fritz Bauer Instituts , Völkermorde vor Gericht: Fritz Bauer Institut Von Nürnberg nach Den Haag Geschichte und MMitit BBeiträgeneiträgen vonvon KKimim PPriemel,riemel, WWolfgangolfgang Wirkung des Holocaust FForm/Axelorm/Axel FFischerischer uundnd VolkerVolker ZimmermannZimmermann Editorial Liebe Leserinnen und Leser, zur Grundlage der NSG-Verfahren zu machen, erscheint spätestens seit dem Münchner Demjanjuk-Urteil von 2011 in einem neuen, von den Nürnberger Prozessen über den kritischen Licht. Eichmann-Prozess in Jerusalem und die Nicolas Berg, Gastwissenschaftler am Fritz Bauer Institut im Prozesse an bundesdeutschen Landge- Wintersemester 2015/2016, beschäftigt sich in seinem Beitrag mit richten – wie den Chełmno-Prozess in den Spielfi lmen über Fritz Bauer, die während der beiden letzten Bonn, den Auschwitz-Prozess in Frank- Jahre in Kino und Fernsehen ein großes Publikum erreicht haben. furt am Main, den Sobibór-Prozess in Berg beginnt seine Darstellung mit der Skizze einer, wie er selbst Hagen und die Prozesse zu Treblinka sagt, noch nicht geschriebenen Wirkungs- und Rezeptionsgeschichte und Majdanek in Düsseldorf – zum In- Fritz Bauers, um vor deren Hintergrund herauszuarbeiten, wie in den ternationalen Strafgerichtshof in Den drei Filmen »die Persönlichkeit Bauers, sein Lebenswerk und sein Haag war es ein schwieriger und viel- privates Schicksal hier zum Gegenstand einer Selbstansprache der fach unterbrochener Weg. Ist es nicht Gegenwart« geworden sind. eine Überbewertung bundesdeutscher Timothy Snyder, -
Using Diaries to Understand the Final Solution in Poland
Miranda Walston Witnessing Extermination: Using Diaries to Understand the Final Solution in Poland Honours Thesis By: Miranda Walston Supervisor: Dr. Lauren Rossi 1 Miranda Walston Introduction The Holocaust spanned multiple years and states, occurring in both German-occupied countries and those of their collaborators. But in no one state were the actions of the Holocaust felt more intensely than in Poland. It was in Poland that the Nazis constructed and ran their four death camps– Treblinka, Sobibor, Chelmno, and Belzec – and created combination camps that both concentrated people for labour, and exterminated them – Auschwitz and Majdanek.1 Chelmno was the first of the death camps, established in 1941, while Treblinka, Sobibor, and Belzec were created during Operation Reinhard in 1942.2 In Poland, the Nazis concentrated many of the Jews from countries they had conquered during the war. As the major killing centers of the “Final Solution” were located within Poland, when did people in Poland become aware of the level of death and destruction perpetrated by the Nazi regime? While scholars have attributed dates to the “Final Solution,” predominantly starting in 1942, when did the people of Poland notice the shift in the treatment of Jews from relocation towards physical elimination using gas chambers? Or did they remain unaware of such events? To answer these questions, I have researched the writings of various people who were in Poland at the time of the “Final Solution.” I am specifically addressing the information found in diaries and memoirs. Given language barriers, this thesis will focus only on diaries and memoirs that were written in English or later translated and published in English.3 This thesis addresses twenty diaries and memoirs from people who were living in Poland at the time of the “Final Solution.” Most of these diaries (fifteen of twenty) were written by members of the intelligentsia. -
Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society
Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society Series Editor: Stephen McVeigh, Associate Professor, Swansea University, UK Editorial Board: Paul Preston LSE, UK Joanna Bourke Birkbeck, University of London, UK Debra Kelly University of Westminster, UK Patricia Rae Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada James J. Weingartner Southern Illimois University, USA (Emeritus) Kurt Piehler Florida State University, USA Ian Scott University of Manchester, UK War, Culture and Society is a multi- and interdisciplinary series which encourages the parallel and complementary military, historical and sociocultural investigation of 20th- and 21st-century war and conflict. Published: The British Imperial Army in the Middle East, James Kitchen (2014) The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars, Gajendra Singh (2014) South Africa’s “Border War,” Gary Baines (2014) Forthcoming: Cultural Responses to Occupation in Japan, Adam Broinowski (2015) 9/11 and the American Western, Stephen McVeigh (2015) Jewish Volunteers, the International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War, Gerben Zaagsma (2015) Military Law, the State, and Citizenship in the Modern Age, Gerard Oram (2015) The Japanese Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery During the China and Pacific Wars, Caroline Norma (2015) The Lost Cause of the Confederacy and American Civil War Memory, David J. Anderson (2015) Filming the End of the Holocaust Allied Documentaries, Nuremberg and the Liberation of the Concentration Camps John J. Michalczyk Bloomsbury Academic An Imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LONDON • OXFORD • NEW YORK • NEW DELHI • SYDNEY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2014 Paperback edition fi rst published 2016 © John J. -
German Economic Policy and Forced Labor of Jews in the General Government, 1939–1943 Witold Wojciech Me¸Dykowski
Macht Arbeit Frei? German Economic Policy and Forced Labor of Jews in the General Government, 1939–1943 Witold Wojciech Me¸dykowski Boston 2018 Jews of Poland Series Editor ANTONY POLONSKY (Brandeis University) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: the bibliographic record for this title is available from the Library of Congress. © Academic Studies Press, 2018 ISBN 978-1-61811-596-6 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-61811-597-3 (electronic) Book design by Kryon Publishing Services (P) Ltd. www.kryonpublishing.com Academic Studies Press 28 Montfern Avenue Brighton, MA 02135, USA P: (617)782-6290 F: (857)241-3149 [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com This publication is supported by An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. The Open Access ISBN for this book is 978-1-61811-907-0. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. To Luba, with special thanks and gratitude Table of Contents Acknowledgements v Introduction vii Part One Chapter 1: The War against Poland and the Beginning of German Economic Policy in the Ocсupied Territory 1 Chapter 2: Forced Labor from the Period of Military Government until the Beginning of Ghettoization 18 Chapter 3: Forced Labor in the Ghettos and Labor Detachments 74 Chapter 4: Forced Labor in the Labor Camps 134 Part Two Chapter -
German Agricultural Occupation of France and Ukraine, 1940-1944 Margot Lyautey, Marc Elie
German Agricultural Occupation of France and Ukraine, 1940-1944 Margot Lyautey, Marc Elie To cite this version: Margot Lyautey, Marc Elie. German Agricultural Occupation of France and Ukraine, 1940-1944. Comparativ. Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, Leipziger Uni- versitätsverlag, 2019, 29, pp.86 - 117. 10.26014/j.comp.2019.03.05. hal-02562731 HAL Id: hal-02562731 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02562731 Submitted on 18 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. German Agricultural Occupation of France and Ukraine, 1940–1944 Margot Lyautey / Marc Elie ABSTRACTS Dieser Aufsatz vergleicht und vernetzt die nationalsozialistische landwirtschaftliche Ausbeu- tung von Frankreich und der Ukraine. Sie trägt zu unserem Verständnis der Prinzipien, Funkti- onsweise und Auswirkungen der Ernährungs- und Agrarpolitik im NS-Reich sowohl im Westen als auch im Osten bei. Wir befassen uns zunächst mit der allgemeinen Ernährungs- und Be- schafungspolitik des Dritten Reiches und wie sie sich auf die Völker -
A Photographic Record of Yad Vashem Fiche Listing
Archives of the Destruction: A Photographic Record of Yad Vashem Fiche Listing Bergen Belsen. Bergen Belsen. Ben Gurion visits Bergen Belsen. Child after liberation. Frame 001A03. Frame 001G07. Fiche: 001 Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. Bergen Belsen. Bodies left to rot after liberation. Child after liberation. Frame 001F09. Frame 001E09. Fiche: 001 Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. Bergen Belsen. Bodies of starved men. Children after liberation. Frame 001B01. Frame 001G09. Fiche: 001 Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. Bergen Belsen. Bodies of the dead in field. Children after liberation. Frame 001E02. Frame 001G08. Fiche: 001 Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. Bergen Belsen. Bodies of the dead in field. Children with typhus washed, re-clothed, April Frame 001D08. 20, 1945. Fiche: 001 Frame 001A06. Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. British burning baracks for health reasons. Bergen Belsen. Frame 001B04. Children, asleep or dead. Fiche: 001 Frame 001D04. Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. British burning barracks for health reasons. Bergen Belsen. Frame 001B06. Cooking meal after liberation; bodies in back. Fiche: 001 Frame 001F04. Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. British force SS to load dead onto trucks. Bergen Belsen. Frame 001B05. Crematorium. Fiche: 001 Frame 001B08. Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. British officer marries former prisoner. Bergen Belsen. Frame 001B09. Death in Bergen Belsen, April 15, 1945. Fiche: 001 Frame 001A05. Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. Burning of Bergen Belsen by British, May 21, Bergen Belsen. 1945. Entrance to H.Q., Bergen Belsen. Frame 001F08. Frame 001E07. Fiche: 001 Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. Bergen Belsen. Burning the clothes of the dead. Female inmate after liberation. Frame 001A01. Frame 001F02. Fiche: 001 Fiche: 001 Bergen Belsen. -
Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933-1945
NAZI GERMANY AND THE JEWS, 1933–1945 ABRIDGED EDITION SAUL FRIEDLÄNDER Abridged by Orna Kenan To Una CONTENTS Foreword v Acknowledgments xiii Maps xv PART ONE : PERSECUTION (January 1933–August 1939) 1. Into the Third Reich: January 1933– December 1933 3 2. The Spirit of the Laws: January 1934– February 1936 32 3. Ideology and Card Index: March 1936– March 1938 61 4. Radicalization: March 1938–November 1938 87 5. A Broken Remnant: November 1938– September 1939 111 PART TWO : TERROR (September 1939–December 1941) 6. Poland Under German Rule: September 1939– April 1940 143 7. A New European Order: May 1940– December 1940 171 iv CONTENTS 8. A Tightening Noose: December 1940–June 1941 200 9. The Eastern Onslaught: June 1941– September 1941 229 10. The “Final Solution”: September 1941– December 1941 259 PART THREE : SHOAH (January 1942–May 1945) 11. Total Extermination: January 1942–June 1942 287 12. Total Extermination: July 1942–March 1943 316 13. Total Extermination: March 1943–October 1943 345 14. Total Extermination: Fall 1943–Spring 1944 374 15. The End: March 1944–May 1945 395 Notes 423 Selected Bibliography 449 Index 457 About the Author About the Abridger Other Books by Saul Friedlander Credits Cover Copyright About the Publisher FOREWORD his abridged edition of Saul Friedländer’s two volume his- Ttory of Nazi Germany and the Jews is not meant to replace the original. Ideally it should encourage its readers to turn to the full-fledged version with its wealth of details and interpre- tive nuances, which of necessity could not be rendered here. -
Representations of the Holocaust in Texas World
REPRESENTATIONS OF THE HOLOCAUST IN TEXAS WORLD HISTORY TEXTBOOKS FROM 1947 TO 1980 by RYAN NOLAN ABT Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON MAY 2015 Copyright © by Ryan Nolan Abt 2015 All Rights Reserved ii Acknowledgements I first thank my patient and encouraging wife, Maggie, who spurred me toward this accomplishment and without complaint accepted the difficulties to which seeking it led. She encourages me and I am the better man for having her. I thank my mother for her diligence in editing the entire work and for her positivity in doing so. To all my family I extend thanks for their support in this endeavor. From my very early time at the University of Texas at Arlington, Dr. Thomas Adam has been an encourager, a mentor, and a firm motivator. His work with me has made me who I am as a scholar and has taught me so very much in the way that I approach the discipline of history. I have found my time in his class and working through my thesis to be of the greatest value. I also appreciate the great time and effort of Dr. Andrew Milson and Dr. Steven Reinhardt. Without their work on my behalf, I would not have succeeded in accomplishing this goal. When I consider how much I have developed in the past few years, I cannot help but thank all those professors whose classes I attended while at UTA. -
The Jewish Means to a Nazi End
James Madison University JMU Scholarly Commons Masters Theses The Graduate School Spring 2011 An insult to authority: The ewJ ish means to a Nazi end Samuel Joseph Preston Anno di Stefano James Madison University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019 Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation di Stefano, Samuel Joseph Preston Anno, "An insult to authority: The eJ wish means to a Nazi end" (2011). Masters Theses. 187. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/master201019/187 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Insult to Authority: The Jewish Means to a Nazi End Samuel J P A di Stefano A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts European History May 2011 Table of Contents I. Abstract ....................................................................................................................2 II. Introduction ..............................................................................................................4 III. Chapter I ................................................................................................................10 IV. Chapter II ..............................................................................................................21