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The Political and Economic Influence on Northwest Airlines' Route

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The Political and Economic Influence on Northwest Airlines' Route 國立臺灣師範大學地理學系 第四十三屆碩士論文 The Political and Economic Influence on Northwest Airlines’ Route Network in East Asia 指導教授：洪致文 研 究 生：延欣智 中華民國一〇三年六月 ABSTRACT Author: Hsin-chih Yen Advisor: Dr. Chih-wen Hung Title: The Political and Economic Influence on Northwest Airlines’ Route Network in East Asia Institution: Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University Degree: Master of Liberal Arts Year: 2014 Northwest Airlines operated one of the largest international route networks in East Asia from 1947 to 2010. Although Taiwan became one of its stops in Asia since 1950, it was not in the original network plan. The complex political, military, diplomatic and economic relationships between Taiwan, China, the U.S.A and other East Asian countries deeply affected airlines development and route network after the Second World War. The aim of this research attempts to analyze how these factors affected Northwest Airlines’ route network, and to understand the development of Northwest Airlines in Asia. Moreover, this research also analyzes Taiwan’s position in Northwest Airlines’ route network. The results suggest that many various factors played different roles throughout time. From the late 1940s to 1960s, Northwest Airlines’ route network was affected significantly by political and military factors because of wars and containment of communist forces. From the 1970s to the 1980s, with the international situation changing rapidly, diplomatic factor played an important role. After the 1980s, the airlines industry became less restricted, which enabled airlines to make decisions based upon the market instead of political interference. Therefore, economic factor has become more important than before. These findings have implications for understanding foreign airlines business development in East Asia rather than local airlines. As to Taiwan, due to unprofitableness and strong competitive with local carriers, Taiwan was not a focus city, but in order to keep integrity of Northwest route network in East Asia, Taiwan was still an important market. Keywords: air transport geography, Northwest Airlines, route networks, East Asia, Taiwan I 摘要 研究生：延欣智 指導教授：洪致文 論文題目：政治及經濟因素對美國西北航空公司東亞航線網絡之影響 校系：國立臺灣師範大學地理學系 學位：文學碩士 年份：2014 美國西北航空曾於 1947 年至 2010 年間飛行美國至東亞地區之航線，並於此 建立相當大的航線網絡。西北航空於 1950 年起經營臺灣航線，但是臺灣並不在 西北航空原先的航線網絡計畫之中。第二次世界大戰後，西北航空於東亞的航線 網絡長期受到美國及東亞各國之間複雜的政治、軍事、外交及經濟等因素影響。 因此，本研究試圖分析上述因素如何影響西北航空於東亞的航線網絡，並且探討 臺灣於西北航空航線網絡中之角色。 研究結果顯示，不同的年代有不同的因素影響西北航空的航線網絡。自 1940 年代至 1960 年代間，受到多起戰爭及圍堵共產勢力的影響，可將其歸類為政治 及軍事之因素。1970 年代至 1980 年代之間，則受到國際情勢的改變，可將之歸 類為外交之因素。1980 年代後，由於全球航空業逐漸自由化，使得航空公司在 決策上擁有更多的自主權。因此，經濟因素逐漸成為最主要的影響因子。上述結 果，有助於瞭解外籍航空公司於東亞地區的發展。至於臺灣於西北航空航線網絡 之角色，主要受到臺灣航線長期獲利效益不高，同時更受到臺灣航空業者的強烈 競爭，使得臺灣一直並非西北航空的重點發展地區，但是為了保持西北航空於亞 洲航線網絡分布的完整性，臺灣對西北航空而言仍為一個重要的市場。 關鍵字：航空地理、西北航空公司、航線網絡、東亞、臺灣 II TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................IV LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................VI CHAPTERS I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1-1 Research Motivation and Purpose ................................................................... 1 1-2 Research Method ............................................................................................. 4 1-3 The Spatial Development of Northwest Airlines ............................................. 6 II. THE REVIEW OF AIR TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY................................. 10 2-1 The Development of Air Transport Geography ............................................. 10 2-2 The Route Network System ........................................................................... 13 2-3 The Development of Air Transport in Taiwan .............................................. 17 III. MILITARY INFLUENCE, THE STRATEGY OF THE U.S. ....................... 19 3-1 Fly to the Orient ............................................................................................... 19 3-2 The Imapct of Wars .......................................................................................... 24 IV. THE TRANSITION, AMBIGUOUS INTERNATIONAL SITUATION ...... 29 4-1 Travel Booms of Taiwan and Japan ............................................................... 29 4-2 The Dispute of Cross-Pacific Route in the U.S. ............................................ 34 4-3 The Diplomatic Interference .......................................................................... 39 V. OPEN SKIES, THE RISE OF ECONOMIC POWER .................................... 47 5-1 Open Skies Policy .......................................................................................... 47 5-2 The Advance of Aircraft Technology ............................................................ 53 5-3 Hub and Spoke System in East Asia .............................................................. 61 VI. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 70 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................ 77 III LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Operating years of the U.S-Taiwan route by American and Taiwanese carriers, 1950-2013 ................................................................................... 2 Figure 1-2 The Trademark of Northwest Airlines, 1926-2010 ................................... 8 Figure 2-1 Stages in International Airport Development .......................................... 14 Figure 2-2 Route Network Patterns (Line, Grid) ...................................................... 16 Figure 2-3 Route Network Patterns (Hub and spoke) ............................................... 16 Figure 3-1 The Orient route in 1947 ......................................................................... 20 Figure 3-2 Regime of East Asian countries in 1947 ................................................. 22 Figure 3-3 Northwest business license in mainland China in 1947 .......................... 23 Figure 3-4 Flight schedule from 1947 shows domestic routes in China ................... 24 Figure 3-5 Regimes of East Asian countries in 1950 ................................................ 25 Figure 3-6 The First Island Chain and Route Network of Northwest in 1960 ......... 28 Figure 4-1 The Number of Weekly Scheduled Flights of Northwest in Taipei ........ 31 Figure 4-2 The Aircraft of Japan Airlines leased from Northwest Airlines .............. 32 Figure 4-3 The Number of International Tourist to Japan by Airplane .................. 33 Figure 4-4 The Number of Outbound and Inbound Visitors of Japan from 1964 to 1970 ......................................................................................................... 34 Figure 4-5 The Influence of Modification to Northwest and Pan American ............ 37 Figure 4-6 Northwest’s Route Network in East Asia in July, 1968 .......................... 39 Figure 4-7 The Number of Countries Have Diplomatic Relations with R.O.C. or P.R.C........................................................................................................ 42 Figure 4-8 Northwest’s Route Network in East Asia in December, 1984 ................ 46 Figure 5-1 The Open Skies Partners with the U.S. ................................................... 51 Figure 5-2 The Percentage of the Weekly Flights between the U.S. and Japan ....... 52 Figure 5-3 The Number of Northwest Weekly Flights in Taiwan and South Korea from 2000 to 2010 ................................................................................... 53 Figure 5-4 Hamilton Metaplane and Boeing 747-400 of Northwest Airlines Fleet . 54 Figure 5-5 The Location of Cold Bay ....................................................................... 55 Figure 5-6 ETOPS Route and Non-ETOPS Route ................................................... 57 Figure 5-7 Northwest Boeing 727 and DC-10 aircraft ............................................. 58 Figure 5-8 Northwest 747-200 and 747-400 aircraft ................................................ 59 Figure 5-9 The Distance between Shemya Island and Destinations in East Asia ..... 62 Figure 5-10 The Route Network of Northwest’s Seoul Hub in 1991 ....................... 64 Figure 5-11 The Route Network of Northwest’s Osaka Hub in 2000 ...................... 65 Figure 5-12 The Route Network of Northwest’s Tokyo Hub in 2003 ...................... 66 Figure 5-13 The Number of Taiwanese and the U.S. citizens to the U.S. and Taiwan ............................................................................................................... 68 IV LIST OF TABLES Table 4-1 Pacific Route modification in 1969 .......................................................... 36 Table 5-1 The U.S. Carriers Mergers and Acquisitions in the 1980s ........................ 48 Table 5-2 The Performance of Propeller Aircraft in Northwest Airlines Fleet ......... 55 Table 5-3 The Performance of Northwest Fleet in the 1960s ................................... 56 Table 5-4 The Performance of Northwest’s Trijet aircraft ........................................ 57 Table 5-5 The Performance of Northwest Boeing 747 series ................................... 59 Table 5-6 The Number of Passengers
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