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Good Practice Guide for the Measurement of Gloss 6303 GPG 94 3/5/06 9:14 Am Page 2 6303 GPG 94 v2 24/5/06 2:05 pm Page 1 A NATIONAL MEASUREMENT GOOD PRACTICE GUIDE No. 94 Good Practice Guide for the Measurement of Gloss 6303 GPG 94 3/5/06 9:14 am Page 2 The DTI drives our ambition of ‘prosperity for all’ by working to create the best environment for business success in the UK. We help people and companies become more productive by promoting enterprise, innovation and creativity. We champion UK business at home and abroad. We invest heavily in world-class science and technology. We protect the rights of working people and consumers. And we stand up for fair and open markets in the UK, Europe and the world. This Guide was developed by the National Physical Laboratory on behalf of the NMS. Measurement Good Practice Guide No.94 Good Practice Guide for the Measurement of Gloss Andrew R. Hanson Quality of Life Division ABSTRACT This guide describes how gloss is specified and measured. It contains recommendations on how to obtain the suitable results for a given application, including descriptions of technology and the assessment of uncertainties. © Crown copyright 2006 Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and Queen's Printer for Scotland ISSN 1368-6550 National Physical Laboratory Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW Extracts from this report may be reproduced provided the source is acknowledged and the extract is not taken out of context. Approved on behalf of the Managing Director, NPL by Nigel Fox, Quality of Life Division i Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................... iii Introduction..................................................................... 1 1.1 What is Gloss? ...........................................................................................................2 1.2 Best Practice in Gloss Measurement..........................................................................3 Describing Gloss ............................................................... 5 2.1 How Light Interacts with Surfaces ............................................................................6 2.2 Empirically Modelling Gloss.....................................................................................7 2.3 Six Ways to Describe Gloss.......................................................................................9 2.4 Material Optical Properties Affecting Perceived Gloss...........................................10 2.5 Relating Specular Reflectance to Refractive Index .................................................11 2.6 Specular Gloss Units, and How They Relate to Specular Reflectance....................12 2.7 The Metallic Perfect Mirror Gloss Scale .................................................................14 2.8 Bi-Directional Reflectance Distribution Factor (BRDF).........................................14 2.9 Specular Included and Specular Excluded Geometries ...........................................15 2.10 Visual Assessment of Gloss.....................................................................................15 Measurement Standards for Gloss Measurement .......................17 Which Gloss Measurement Method is Appropriate? ....................19 Instrumentation ..............................................................23 5.1 Light Sources and Detectors for Gloss Measurement..............................................24 5.1.1 Sources.............................................................................................................24 5.1.2 Detectors..........................................................................................................25 5.2 Types of Instrumentation .........................................................................................26 5.2.1 Fixed Few Detector/Illuminator ......................................................................26 5.2.2 Mobile Single Detector/Illuminator (Goniometer) ..........................................27 5.2.3 Multi Detector Array........................................................................................28 5.3 How Results Vary With Time..................................................................................29 5.3.1 Over Short Time Periods .................................................................................29 5.3.2 Over Minutes....................................................................................................29 5.3.3 Over Longer Time Periods...............................................................................29 How Accurate are Gloss Measurements? .................................31 6.1 What is Accuracy? ...................................................................................................32 6.2 What is Uncertainty?................................................................................................32 6.3 What is Error?..........................................................................................................33 6.4 What is Traceability? ...............................................................................................33 6.5 What is Inter-Instrument Agreement? .....................................................................35 6.6 Managing Errors and Uncertainties in Gloss Measurements...................................36 6.6.1 Instrumental Traceability.................................................................................37 6.6.2 Instrumental Calibration.................................................................................37 6.6.3 Calibration Interval.........................................................................................37 6.6.4 Measurement Repeatability.............................................................................37 ii 6.6.5 Instrumental Geometry....................................................................................38 6.6.6 Scale Linearity.................................................................................................38 6.6.7 System Polarisation Response .........................................................................38 6.6.8 Angular Resolution..........................................................................................38 6.6.9 Operator...........................................................................................................38 6.6.10 Servicing ..........................................................................................................38 6.6.11 Sample Curvature............................................................................................38 6.6.12 Sample Orientation..........................................................................................39 6.6.13 Sample Fluorescence.......................................................................................39 6.6.14 Reproducibility.................................................................................................39 6.6.15 Environment.....................................................................................................39 Calibration Artefacts ........................................................41 7.1 Standards Available .................................................................................................42 7.2 Storing, Cleaning and Maintaining Standards .........................................................43 NPL Gloss Measurements ...................................................45 8.1 Measurements of Customers’ Artefacts...................................................................46 8.2 International Intercomparisons ................................................................................46 Glossary of Terms ............................................................47 Further Reading ..............................................................51 Written Gloss Standards .....................................................53 11.1 General.....................................................................................................................54 11.2 Paint .........................................................................................................................54 11.3 Plastics .....................................................................................................................55 11.4 Metals.......................................................................................................................55 11.5 Paper ........................................................................................................................56 11.6 Furniture...................................................................................................................56 11.7 Floor Polish..............................................................................................................56 11.8 Ceramics ..................................................................................................................56 11.9 Fabrics......................................................................................................................57 11.10 Standard Geometric Conditions...............................................................................57 References .....................................................................59 Contact Details ................................................................63 Agencies Performing Gloss Calibrations & Supplying Artefacts ......65 NPL Good Practice Guides...................................................71 iii List
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