Design and Fabrication of Nonconventional Optical Components by Precision Glass Molding
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Chapter 22 Reflection and Refraction of Light
Chapter 22 Reflection and Refraction of Light Problem Solutions 22.1 The total distance the light travels is d2 Dcenter to R Earth R Moon center 2 3.84 108 6.38 10 6 1.76 10 6 m 7.52 10 8 m d 7.52 108 m Therefore, v 3.00 108 m s t 2.51 s 22.2 (a) The energy of a photon is sinc nair n prism 1.00 n prism , where Planck’ s constant is 1.00 8 sinc sin 45 and the speed of light in vacuum is c 3.00 10 m s . If nprism 1.00 1010 m , 6.63 1034 J s 3.00 10 8 m s E 1.99 1015 J 1.00 10-10 m 1 eV (b) E 1.99 1015 J 1.24 10 4 eV 1.602 10-19 J (c) and (d) For the X-rays to be more penetrating, the photons should be more energetic. Since the energy of a photon is directly proportional to the frequency and inversely proportional to the wavelength, the wavelength should decrease , which is the same as saying the frequency should increase . 1 eV 22.3 (a) E hf 6.63 1034 J s 5.00 10 17 Hz 2.07 10 3 eV 1.60 1019 J 355 356 CHAPTER 22 34 8 hc 6.63 10 J s 3.00 10 m s 1 nm (b) E hf 6.63 1019 J 3.00 1029 nm 10 m 1 eV E 6.63 1019 J 4.14 eV 1.60 1019 J c 3.00 108 m s 22.4 (a) 5.50 107 m 0 f 5.45 1014 Hz (b) From Table 22.1 the index of refraction for benzene is n 1.501. -
Contents Articles
Volume 97, Number 5, September-October 1992 Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Contents Articles The Characterization of a Piston Displacement-Type G. E. Mattingly 509 Flowmeter Calibration Facility and the Calibration and Use of Pulsed Output Type Flowmeters A General Waveguide Circuit Theory Roger B. Marks and 533 Dylan F. Williams Resistive Liquid-Vapor Surface Sensors for Liquid J. D. Siegwarth, R. 0. Voth, 563 Nitrogen and Hydrogen and S. M. Snyder Fracture Toughness of Advanced Ceramics George D. Quinn, Jonathan 579 at Room Temperature Salem, Isa Bar-on, Kyu Cho, Michael Foley, and Ho Fang Errata Erratum: Optical Calibration of a Submicrometer Jon Geist, Barbara Belzer, 609 Magnification Standard Mary Lou Miller, and Peter Roitman ConferenceReports Data Administration Management Association Symposium Judith Newton 611 News Briefs GENERAL DEVELOPMENTS 615 Consortium to Develop Ceramic Machining Data Industry/NIST to Improve Advanced Polymer Systems Frequency Calibrations Using LORAN-C Explained Technology Centers Created for California, Minnesota 616 CRADA Partners to Study Concrete Failure During Fire Have You Heard? New Noise Standard Developed "Superconductivity Report" Now Available on VHS Two Views of Protein Puzzles Prove Better Than One Volume 97, Number 5, September-October 1992 Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology New Biosensor Consortium Seeks Members 617 NIST/Industry to Study Cryptography Infrastructures Standards Needs on Diamond Films Cited -
Diamond Machining of Silicon: a Review of Advances in Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Diamond machining of silicon: A review of advances in molecular dynamics simulation Goel, S., Luo, X., Agrawal, A., & Reuben, R. L. (2015). Diamond machining of silicon: A review of advances in molecular dynamics simulation. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 88, 131-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2014.09.013 Published in: International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture Document Version: Peer reviewed version Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights Copyright 2014 Elsevier This is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, [VOL 88, (January 2015)] doi:10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2014.09.013 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. -
Bullseye Glass Catalog
CATALOG BULLSEYE GLASS For Art and Architecture IMPOSSIBLE THINGS The best distinction between art and craft • A quilt of color onto which children have that I’ve ever heard came from artist John “stitched” their stories of plants and Torreano at a panel discussion I attended a animals (page 5) few years ago: • A 500-year-old street in Spain that “Craft is what we know; art is what we don’t suddenly disappears and then reappears know. Craft is knowledge; art is mystery.” in a gallery in Portland, Oregon (page 10) (Or something like that—John was talking • The infinite stories of seamstresses faster than I could write). preserved in cast-glass ghosts (page 25) The craft of glass involves a lifetime of • A tapestry of crystalline glass particles learning, but the stories that arise from that floating in space, as ethereal as the craft are what propel us into the unknown. shadows it casts (page 28) At Bullseye, the unknown and oftentimes • A magic carpet of millions of particles of alchemical aspects of glass continually push crushed glass with the artists footprints us into new territory: to powders, to strikers, fired into eternity (page 31) to reactive glasses, to developing methods • A gravity-defying vortex of glass finding like the vitrigraph and flow techniques. its way across the Pacific Ocean to Similarly, we're drawn to artists who captivate Emerge jurors (and land on the tell their stories in glass based on their cover of this catalog) exceptional skills, but even more on their We hope this catalog does more than point boundless imaginations. -
Crafted Architecture, an Investigation Into Handcrafted Glass Techniques
Crafted Architecture, An Investigation into Handcrafted Glass Techniques Alex Krissberg Konstfack CRAFT! Department of Ceramic and Glass Master 2 Spring 2018 Tutors: Reino Björk, Birgitta Burling, Sara Isaksson From, Hans Isaksson, Agneta Linton, Anders Ljungberg, Marie O’Connor, Johanna Rosenqvist, Bella Rune, Matt Smith Word count: 5,187 Abstract This paper is an investigation into the crossroads of traditional and contemporary glass craft techniques. Through innovative methods in the workshop I have set out to bring glass into the public sphere using the potential for handcraft in architecture. Keywords: Glass, Glassblowing, Handmade, Architectural Glass, American Studio Glass Movement, Rondel, Murrini, Cane Index Introduction 1 Background 2-5 Context 6-9 Methods: Theory (Bubbles & Blobs) 10-12 Methods: Techniques 13-16 Discussion 17-18 Conclusion 19-20 References 21-22 Appendix 23-26 Introduction This paper follows my masters project where I work with my own invented glass techniques that I am using to construct glass sheets for the purpose of architectural glass. In this project I am researching in what ways can handmade architectural craft change a space? In exploring how handmade glass can change a space, I will investigate how unseen glass traditions which happen in the workshop outside of public view can be present in a crafted object, and what society’s perception of craft might be historically and currently. I believe that public glass is lacking in the handmade. In the past society had depended on craftsmen to make windows, but now as they are mostly machine made it has become void of certain qualities. I would say architectural and functional glass is often overlooked as just a building material or tool, an object that is not seen or a transparent wall. -
Understanding Firing Schedules
Understanding Firing Schedules Learn about the components of a glass fi ring schedule so you can create your own schedule for any project you want to try. BASICS – Ramp - Temperature - Hold HEATWORK – Time/Temperature Tango. COE – how it aff ects fi ring schedules. VISCOSITY – how it aff ects fi ring schedules. THICKNESS– how it aff ects fi ring schedules PREDICTION - ending accidents. ANNEALING – how and why EVENIVITY– the magic word. VOLUME CONTROL SPECIAL SCHEDULES for special eff ects. My Personal Promise The temperatures and times I refer to here for fi ring schedules are not guesswork and are not copied from comments of others. There are the result of 40 years working as a glass artisan and over 20,000 kiln fi rings. I made it a point to do comparison tests to rigid standard. Some of those tests are included in chapters here. Dennis Brady Glass Campus Publishing Understanding Firing Schedules CONTENTS CONTENTS Cover ……………………. 1 Slump ………………………21, 22 Index …………………….. 2 Drops ………………………23 Introduction …………….. 3 Fuse ………………………..24 Attitude ………………….. 4 Casting …………………….25 COE ………………………..5, 6 Heatwork …………………..26, 27 Viscosity …………………...7 Evenivity …………………...28, 29, 30 Compatibility ………………8, 9 Adapting Schedules ………31, 32 Definitions …………………10 Special Schedules ………. 33, 34, 35 Ramp ……………………...11, 12, 13 Creating Schedules ……….36 Hold ………………………..14 Volume Control ……………37, 38 Temperature ………………15, 16 Question Everything ……...39, 40, 41 Anneal …………………… 17, 18 Keep Records ……………..42 Drape ………………………19, 20 2 Understanding Firing Schedules Introduction What happens to glass when fired in a kiln depends directly on the firing schedule. When you first learn to fuse and cast glass, you start by using firing schedules created by others. -
High-Precision Micro-Machining of Glass for Mass-Personalization and Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of
High-precision micro-machining of glass for mass-personalization Lucas Abia Hof A Thesis In the Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Mechanical Engineering) at Concordia University Montreal, Québec, Canada June 2018 © Lucas Abia Hof, 2018 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Lucas Abia Hof Entitled: High-precision micro-machining of glass for mass-personalization and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Mechanical Engineering) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: ______________________________________ Chair Dr. K. Schmitt ______________________________________ External Examiner Dr. P. Koshy ______________________________________ External to Program Dr. M. Nokken ______________________________________ Examiner Dr. C. Moreau ______________________________________ Examiner Dr. R. Sedaghati ______________________________________ Thesis Supervisor Dr. R. Wüthrich Approved by: ___________________________________________________ Dr. A. Dolatabadi, Graduate Program Director August 14, 2018 __________________________________________________ Dr. A. Asif, Dean Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science Abstract High-precision micro-machining of glass for mass- personalization Lucas Abia Hof, -
Glass Circle Publications
INDEXOF GLASS CIRCLE PUBLICATIONS by Hazel Bell Incorporating and modifying the previous indexes by Peter Lole Indexed publications Key Glass Circle News Issues 1-140 (1977–2016) 1.1 (Issue no.page no(s);) The Glass Circle Journal 1-11 (1972-2009) JL The Centenary Supplement (2004) CS GCN (2004) Ex. ExFromcerpts Palace from to the Parlour first 99(2003) issues of PP The Glass Circle Diamond Jubilee 1937–1997 DJ Glass Collectors and their Collections (1999) Col. Strange and Rare: 50th Anniversary Exhibition 1937–1987 SR Major references to a topic are given in bold type Abbreviations used: c. GCN for Glass Circle News. Notesexh. for exhibition; for century; GC for Glass Circle; Short forms of article and book titles are used. Article titles, and titlesin ofitalics talks reported, are given ‘in quotes’ under the names of the speakers. Book titles are given under the names of the authors, except for multi-author books, listed under their titles. GlassReviewers Circle of books,News andreferences writers of are letters given and in obituaries, the form: are rarely included. Issue number.page number(s) with the Issue numbers followed by stops; page numbers in the same issue separated by commas; Issue numbers separated by semi-colons. Newsletters for April and July 1983 are both numbered 26; references to those issues are given in the index as 26A and 26Jy. The first page of Issue 115, 2 June 2008, shows Issue number as 114. Announcements of coming events, advertisements, auctions, fairs, and sales reports are not indexed; of exhibitions, only major ones are indexed. -
Appendix a Definitions and Symbols
Appendix A Definitions and Symbols A.1 Symbols and Conversion Factors A absorptivity a distance aperture b net increase in number of molecules per formula unit; b = μ − 1 C constant C Euler’s constant; C = 0.577 Cp heat capacity c speed of light; c = 2.998 ×1010 cm/s cp specific heat at constant pressure [J/gK, J/molK] cv specific heat at constant volume [J/gK, J/molK] D heat diffusivity [cm2/s] transmittivity 2 Di molecular diffusion coefficient of species i [cm /s] d lateral width of laser-processed features [μm, cm] diameter E electric field [V/cm] energy [J] −2 kBT (T = 273.15 K) = 2.354 ×10 eV 1 kcal/mol =# 0.043 eV =# 5.035 ×102 K 1eV=# 1.1604 ×104 K =# 1.602 ×10−19 J 1 kcal =# 4.187 ×103 J 1cm−1 =# 1.24 ×10−4 eV =# 1.439 K 1J=# 2.39 ×10−4 kcal EF Fermi energy E activation temperature [K]; E = E/kB E ∗ normalized activation temperature; E ∗ = E /T (∞) E activation energy [eV; kcal/mol] Em activation energy for melting Ev activation energy for vaporization at Tb D. Bäuerle, Laser Processing and Chemistry, 4th ed., 739 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-17613-5, C Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 740 Appendix A Eg bandgap energy = energy distance between (lowest) conduction and (highest) valence bands E laser-pulse energy [J] e elementary charge; e = 1.602 ×10−19 C ee≈ 2.718 eV electron Volt 1eV/particle = 23.04 kcal/mol F area Faraday constant; F = 96485 C/mol f focal length [cm] Gr Grashof number G Gibbs free energy g acceleration due to gravity gT temperature discontinuity coefficient H total enthalpy [J/cm3,J/g, J/mol] reaction enthalpy H a -
Engineering a Better Future Refraction of Light: a Forensic
Nanotechnology Education - Engineering a better future NNCI.net Teacher’s Guide Refraction of Light: A forensic analysis Grade Level: High school Summary: This lesson uses forensic science investigations to help students understand the refraction of light. Using The Subject area(s): Physics Marching Band Analogy, the students firsts “experience” how wavelengths of light can slow and bend. This activity provides Time required: (2 – 3) 50 an excellent analogy to understanding the cause of light minute class periods refraction. The forensic portion of the lesson has students solve (depending on which a crime scene by identifying glass using the index of refraction. activities are done) Students also learn that the refraction of light occurs at the nanoscale as the visible light range is 380 to 740 nm. Learning Objectives: Using two demonstrations and Pre-requisite Knowledge: Students should have some prior an inquiry-based activity, recognition of the refraction of light phenomenon such as a students will comprehend straw in a glass of water the principles of the refraction of light and its Lesson Background: Glass and its properties: Glass is a non- application in forensic crystalline amorphous solid material usually made of some science. percentage of silica. In science terms, the definition can go beyond this to include all solids that have a non-crystalline, amorphous, structure at the atomic scale (the nanoscale). These glasses also exhibits a glass- liquid transition when they heated near the liquid state. Nearly all commercial glasses fall into one of six basic categories based on chemical composition. Within each category (except for fused silica) there are numerous distinct compositions. -
Micro-Hole Drilling on Glass Substrates—A Review
micromachines Review Micro-Hole Drilling on Glass Substrates—A Review Lucas A. Hof 1 and Jana Abou Ziki 2,* 1 Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada; [email protected] 2 Bharti School of Engineering, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-705-675-1151 (ext. 2296) Academic Editors: Hongrui Jiang and Nam-Trung Nguyen Received: 14 November 2016; Accepted: 3 February 2017; Published: 13 February 2017 Abstract: Glass micromachining is currently becoming essential for the fabrication of micro-devices, including micro- optical-electro-mechanical-systems (MOEMS), miniaturized total analysis systems (µTAS) and microfluidic devices for biosensing. Moreover, glass is radio frequency (RF) transparent, making it an excellent material for sensor and energy transmission devices. Advancements are constantly being made in this field, yet machining smooth through-glass vias (TGVs) with high aspect ratio remains challenging due to poor glass machinability. As TGVs are required for several micro-devices, intensive research is being carried out on numerous glass micromachining technologies. This paper reviews established and emerging technologies for glass micro-hole drilling, describing their principles of operation and characteristics, and their advantages and disadvantages. These technologies are sorted into four machining categories: mechanical, thermal, chemical, and hybrid machining (which combines several machining methods). Achieved features by these methods are summarized in a table and presented in two graphs. We believe that this paper will be a valuable resource for researchers working in the field of glass micromachining as it provides a comprehensive review of the different glass micromachining technologies. -
Tips for Thin Castings
REUSABLE MOLDS FOR GLASS CASTING First some background: There is a Many of these molds have built-in force called “surface tension.” Sur- slumpers to add “life” to the final face tension causes any liquid to piece. A slumping schedule is also “bead up.” (An everyday example included. is the way rain drops bead up on a car’s hood.) If glass is hot enough, COE 96 Firing Schedule it will bead up, pull away from the Seg 1! 300˚F/hour to 1350- mold’s edges, and thicken. 1375˚F, Hold 10 minutes Here are the secrets to thin cast- Seg 2! AFAP (As Fast As Possi - ings with fine details: ble) to 960˚F no vent- ing. Hold 30 minutes Tips for Thin Castings ✓Use the Thin Fire fill weighs Seg 3! Off, cool kiln, no vent - As people become more experi- that can be found in “Fill enced with our molds, they start ing Weights at a Glance.” This wanting thinner and more deli- cate castings. Let us pass along lower fill weight is usually about these hints and advice to achieve two-thirds to half the fill weight COE 90 Firing Schedule that goal. shown on the packaging. One can add more or less frit to cus- Seg 1!300˚F/hour to 1375- nnn tomize the casting size. 1400˚F, Hold 10 minutes Seg 2!AFAP (As Fast As Pos - Use fine frit. It requires less ✓ sible) to 960˚F no vent- Many of our newer designs look heat work to conform the ing. Hold 30 minutes best when cast very thin.