DOCSLIB.ORG

ALD13 Advanced Lens Design 9

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ALD13 Advanced Lens Design 9 Advanced Lens Design Lecture 9: Chromatical correction 2013-12-10 Herbert Gross Winter term 2013 www.iap.uni-jena.de 2 Contents 1. Dispersion 2. Glass diagram 3. Relative partial dispersion 4. Achromate 5. Apochromate 6. Schupman principle 7. Dialyte system 8. Burried surfaces 9. Transverse color aberratios 3 Overview on Chromatical Aberrations 1. Third order chromatical aberrations: - axial chromatical aberration error of the marginal ray by dispersion - transverse chromatical aberration error of the chief ray by dispersion 2. Higher order chromatical aberrations: - secondary spectrum residual axial error, if only selected wavelength are coinciding - spherochromatism chromatical variation of the spherical aberration, observed in an achromate - chromatical variation of all monochromatic aberrations e.g. astigmatism, coma, pupil location,... 4 Dispersion and Abbe number . Description of dispersion: Abbe number n 1 n n n F ' C' refractive index n . Visual range of wavelengths: 1.8 typically d,F,C or e,F’,C’ used 1.75 ne 1 ne nF ' nC' 1.7 SF1 flint . Typical range of glasses 1.65 ne = 20 ...100 1.6 . Two fundamental types of glass: Crown glasses: 1.55 n small, n large, dispersion low BK7 Flint glasses: 1.5 n large, n small, dispersion high crown 1.45 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 5 Dispersion Material with different dispersion values: - Different slope and curvature of the dispersion curve - Stronger change of index over wavelength for large dispersion - Inversion of index sequence at the boundaries of the spectrum possible refractive index n 1.7 flint F6 n small slope large 1.675 1.65 crown n large slope small 1.625 SK18A VIS 1.6 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 6 Glass Diagram . Usual representation of glasses: diagram of refractive index vs dispersion n(n) . Left to right: Increasing dispersion decreasing Abbe number 7 Relative Partial Dispersion . Long crown and short flint as special realizations of large P Long crown Short flint Crown Flint Ref.:H. Zuegge 8 Anomalous Partial Dispersion N-SF57 P . There are some special glasses with g,F SF1 a large deviation from the normal line . Of special interest: long crowns and short flints line of normal dispersion KZFSN4 PSK53A LASFN30 FK51 FK5 LAK8 ZKN7 n Pg,F n heavy flints with character of long crowns flint long crowns long crown short flint short flints crown normal line n 9 Anomalous Partial Dispersion . Arrows in the glass map: indication of the deviation from the PhF' normal line . Vertical component: at the red horizontal: at the blue end of the spectrum P a n b P normal line 12 12 d 12 12 Glass nd P hF' n arrow of deviation nd PtC' red side glass location PhF' blue side nd 10 Axial Colour: Achromate (a) (b) (c) . Compensation of axial colour by appropriate glass choice . Chromatical variation of the spherical aberrations: spherochromatism (Gaussian aberration) . Therefore perfect axial color correction BK7 BK7 F2 BK7 N-SSK8F2 (on axis) are often not feasable n = 1.5168 n = 1.5168 1.6200 n = 1.5168 1.6177 n = 64.17 n = 64.17 36.37 n = 64.17 49.83 F= 1 F = 2.31 -1.31 F = 4.47 -3.47 r p r p r p 1 1 1 486 nm 588 nm 656 nm z z z -2.5 0 -0.20 0 0.20 -100 0 100 Ref : H. Zügge Achromate . Achromate . Longitudinal aberration . Transverse aberration . Spot diagram 486 nm 587 nm 656 nm y' = 486 nm axis rp 1 = 656 nm sinu' = 587 nm 1.4° 486 nm 587 nm 656 nm 2° s' [mm] 0 0.1 0.2 Achromate . Achromate: - Axial colour correction by cementing two Crown in different glasses front - Bending: correction of spherical aberration at the full aperture - Aplanatic coma correction possible be clever choice of materials . Four possible solutions: - Crown in front, two different bendings - Flint in front, two different bendings Flint in front . Typical: - Correction for object in infinity - spherical correction at center wavelength with zone - diffraction limited for NA < 0.1 - only very small field corrected solution 1 solution 2 Achromate: Realization Versions . Advantage of cementing: solid state setup is stable at sensitive middle surface with large curvature . Disadvantage: a) flint in front loss of one degree of freedom . Different possible realization forms in practice edge contact cemented b) crown in front edge contact cemented contact on axis broken, Gaussian setup Achromate : Basic Formulas . Idea: 1. Two thin lenses close together with different materials 2. Total power F F1 F2 F F 3. Achromatic correction condition 1 2 0 n1 n 2 . Individual power values 1 1 F1 F F F n 2 1 2 n1 1 n1 n . Properties: 2 1. One positive and one negative lens necessary 2. Two different sequences of plus (crown) / minus (flint) 3. Large n-difference relaxes the bendings 4. Achromatic correction indipendent from bending 5. Bending corrects spherical aberration at the margin 6. Aplanatic coma correction for special glass choices 7. Further optimization of materials reduces the spherical zonal aberration Achromate: Correction . Cemented achromate: 6 degrees of freedom: 3 radii, 2 indices, ratio n1/n2 . Correction of spherical aberration: diverging cemented surface with positive spherical contribution for nneg > npos s'rim . Choice of glass: possible goals 1. aplanatic coma correction case with 2 solutions 2. minimization of spherochromatism 3. minimization of secondary spectrum R . Bending has no impact on chromatical 1 correction: is used to correct spherical aberration case with one solution at the edge and coma case without solution, correction . Three solution regions for bending only sperical minimum 1. no spherical correction 2. two equivalent solutions 3. one aplanatic solution, very stable 16 Optimization of Achromatic Glasses . For one given flint a line indicates the usefull crown glasses and vice versa . Perfect aplanatic line of corresponding glasses (corrected for coma) Condition: 2 . 1 1 n1 1 n1 n2 1 n 2 n1 n1 n2 n2 n1 1 r s' n n n n n n n n 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 n n fixed flint glass line of minimal spherical aberration line of minimal spherical aberration fixed crown glass n n 17 Achromate Spherical Correction Seidel surface contributions, same scale n2 n1 =70 / n2=30 / n1/n2 = 2.33 . The correction of the spherical aberration in an achromate for the marginal ray is performed by the undercorrecting effect of n 1 the cemented surface n2 n1 =65 / n2=40 / n1/n2 = 1.63 . A necessary condition for this is n1 < n2 . For large values of e n1 /n 2 n must be considerably larger then n since 2 1 n1 n2 the cemented surface is rather weak bended n1 =55 / n2=45 / n1/n2 = 1.43 . For values of e close to 1, the radii are strongly bended, the undercorrection of the cemented surface can only compensate the dominating n1 n2 first surface for a small difference in the n n1 =55 / n2=45 / n1/n2 = 1.22 . The figure shows the corresponding layouts and Seidel contributions for the case n1 = 1.5 and n2 =1.8 n1 n2 n1 =55 / n2=47 / n1/n2 = 1.17 n1 18 Achromate Spherical Correction . Spherical aberration for n1 = 1.5 Log n2 = 1.5 Sph n /n = 2.33 1 1 2 10 n1/n2 = 1.86 n1/n2 = 1.63 n1/n2 = 1.43 n1/n2 = 1.22 n1/n2 = 1.20 n1/n2 = 1.17 0 10 -1 10 -2 n2 10 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 19 Achromate . Crown glass locations for M flint aplanatic achromates glass crown glass n location n n flint 1.8 aplanatic crown lines 1.7 1.6 available glasses 1.5 n 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Achromatic Solutions in the Glass Diagram large n-differences give relaxed bendings flint crown negative lens positive lens Achromat Coma Correction: Achromate Image height: y’ = 0 mm y’ = 2 mm Achromat . Bending of an achromate Pupil section: meridional meridional sagittal bending Transverse y' y' y' - optimal choice: small residual spherical Aberration: 0.05 mm 0.05 mm 0.05 mm aberration (a) - remaining coma for finite field size . Splitting achromate: additional degree of freedom: - better total correction possible (b) - high sensitivity of thin air space . Aplanatic glass choice: vanishing coma (c) . Cases: a) simple achromate, Achromat, splitting sph corrected, with coma (d) b) simple achromate, coma corrected by bending, with sph Achromat, aplanatic glass choice c) other glass choice: sph better, coma reversed (e) d) splitted achromate: all corrected e) aplanatic glass choice: all corrected Wave length: Ref : H. Zügge Achromate . Residual aberrations of an achromate . Clearly seen: 1. Distortion 2. Chromatical magnification 3. Astigmatism 23 Spherochromatism: Achromate . Residual spherochromatism of an achromate . Representation as function of apeture or wavelength longitudinal aberration defocus variation rp 1 656 pupil height : rp = 1 r = 0.707 587 p rp = 0.4 rp = 0 486 nm 587 nm 656 nm 486 z z 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 -0.04 0 0.04 0.08 24 Axial Colour: Achromate and Apochromate . Effect of different materials . Axial chromatical aberration changes with wavelength . Different levels of correction: apochromate achromate 1.No correction: lens, one zero crossing point 644 2.Achromatic correction: C' - coincidence of outer colors - remaining error for center residual error apochromate wavelength - two zero crossing points lens 3. Apochromatic correction: - coincidence of at least three e 546 colors residual error achromate - small residual aberrations singlet - at least 3 zero crossing points - special choice of glass types F' s' with anomalous partial 480 dispertion necessery -100 0 100 25 Axial Colour : Apochromate P gF .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 22 Reflection and Refraction of Light
    Chapter 22 Reflection and Refraction of Light Problem Solutions 22.1 The total distance the light travels is d2 Dcenter to R Earth R Moon center 2 3.84 108 6.38 10 6 1.76 10 6 m 7.52 10 8 m d 7.52 108 m Therefore, v 3.00 108 m s t 2.51 s 22.2 (a) The energy of a photon is sinc nair n prism 1.00 n prism , where Planck’ s constant is 1.00 8 sinc sin 45 and the speed of light in vacuum is c 3.00 10 m s . If nprism 1.00 1010 m , 6.63 1034 J s 3.00 10 8 m s E 1.99 1015 J 1.00 10-10 m 1 eV (b) E 1.99 1015 J 1.24 10 4 eV 1.602 10-19 J (c) and (d) For the X-rays to be more penetrating, the photons should be more energetic. Since the energy of a photon is directly proportional to the frequency and inversely proportional to the wavelength, the wavelength should decrease , which is the same as saying the frequency should increase . 1 eV 22.3 (a) E hf 6.63 1034 J s 5.00 10 17 Hz 2.07 10 3 eV 1.60 1019 J 355 356 CHAPTER 22 34 8 hc 6.63 10 J s 3.00 10 m s 1 nm (b) E hf 6.63 1019 J 3.00 1029 nm 10 m 1 eV E 6.63 1019 J 4.14 eV 1.60 1019 J c 3.00 108 m s 22.4 (a) 5.50 107 m 0 f 5.45 1014 Hz (b) From Table 22.1 the index of refraction for benzene is n 1.501.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Fabrication of Nonconventional Optical Components by Precision Glass Molding
    Design and Fabrication of Nonconventional Optical Components by Precision Glass Molding DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Peng He Graduate Program in Industrial and Systems Engineering The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Allen Y. Yi, Advisor Dr. Jose M. Castro Dr. L. James Lee Copyright by Peng He 2014 Abstract Precision glass molding is a net-shaping process to fabricate glass optics by replicating optical features from precision molds to glass at elevated temperature. The advantages of precision glass molding over traditional glass lens fabrication methods make it especially suitable for the production of optical components with complicated geometries, such as aspherical lenses, diffractive hybrid lenses, microlens arrays, etc. Despite of these advantages, a number of problems must be solved before this process can be used in industrial applications. The primary goal of this research is to determine the feasibility and performance of nonconventional optical components formed by precision glass molding. This research aimed to investigate glass molding by combing experiments and finite element method (FEM) based numerical simulations. The first step was to develop an integrated compensation solution for both surface deviation and refractive index drop of glass optics. An FEM simulation based on Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan (TNM) model was applied to predict index drop of the molded optical glass. The predicted index value was then used to compensate for the optical design of the lens. Using commercially available general purpose software, ABAQUS, the entire process of glass molding was simulated to calculate the surface deviation from the adjusted lens geometry, which was applied to final mold shape modification.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Precision Micro-Machining of Glass for Mass-Personalization and Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Of
    High-precision micro-machining of glass for mass-personalization Lucas Abia Hof A Thesis In the Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Mechanical Engineering) at Concordia University Montreal, Québec, Canada June 2018 © Lucas Abia Hof, 2018 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Lucas Abia Hof Entitled: High-precision micro-machining of glass for mass-personalization and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Mechanical Engineering) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: ______________________________________ Chair Dr. K. Schmitt ______________________________________ External Examiner Dr. P. Koshy ______________________________________ External to Program Dr. M. Nokken ______________________________________ Examiner Dr. C. Moreau ______________________________________ Examiner Dr. R. Sedaghati ______________________________________ Thesis Supervisor Dr. R. Wüthrich Approved by: ___________________________________________________ Dr. A. Dolatabadi, Graduate Program Director August 14, 2018 __________________________________________________ Dr. A. Asif, Dean Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science Abstract High-precision micro-machining of glass for mass- personalization Lucas Abia Hof,
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix a Definitions and Symbols
    Appendix A Definitions and Symbols A.1 Symbols and Conversion Factors A absorptivity a distance aperture b net increase in number of molecules per formula unit; b = μ − 1 C constant C Euler’s constant; C = 0.577 Cp heat capacity c speed of light; c = 2.998 ×1010 cm/s cp specific heat at constant pressure [J/gK, J/molK] cv specific heat at constant volume [J/gK, J/molK] D heat diffusivity [cm2/s] transmittivity 2 Di molecular diffusion coefficient of species i [cm /s] d lateral width of laser-processed features [μm, cm] diameter E electric field [V/cm] energy [J] −2 kBT (T = 273.15 K) = 2.354 ×10 eV 1 kcal/mol =# 0.043 eV =# 5.035 ×102 K 1eV=# 1.1604 ×104 K =# 1.602 ×10−19 J 1 kcal =# 4.187 ×103 J 1cm−1 =# 1.24 ×10−4 eV =# 1.439 K 1J=# 2.39 ×10−4 kcal EF Fermi energy E activation temperature [K]; E = E/kB E ∗ normalized activation temperature; E ∗ = E /T (∞) E activation energy [eV; kcal/mol] Em activation energy for melting Ev activation energy for vaporization at Tb D. Bäuerle, Laser Processing and Chemistry, 4th ed., 739 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-17613-5, C Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 740 Appendix A Eg bandgap energy = energy distance between (lowest) conduction and (highest) valence bands E laser-pulse energy [J] e elementary charge; e = 1.602 ×10−19 C ee≈ 2.718 eV electron Volt 1eV/particle = 23.04 kcal/mol F area Faraday constant; F = 96485 C/mol f focal length [cm] Gr Grashof number G Gibbs free energy g acceleration due to gravity gT temperature discontinuity coefficient H total enthalpy [J/cm3,J/g, J/mol] reaction enthalpy H a
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering a Better Future Refraction of Light: a Forensic
    Nanotechnology Education - Engineering a better future NNCI.net Teacher’s Guide Refraction of Light: A forensic analysis Grade Level: High school Summary: This lesson uses forensic science investigations to help students understand the refraction of light. Using The Subject area(s): Physics Marching Band Analogy, the students firsts “experience” how wavelengths of light can slow and bend. This activity provides Time required: (2 – 3) 50 an excellent analogy to understanding the cause of light minute class periods refraction. The forensic portion of the lesson has students solve (depending on which a crime scene by identifying glass using the index of refraction. activities are done) Students also learn that the refraction of light occurs at the nanoscale as the visible light range is 380 to 740 nm. Learning Objectives: Using two demonstrations and Pre-requisite Knowledge: Students should have some prior an inquiry-based activity, recognition of the refraction of light phenomenon such as a students will comprehend straw in a glass of water the principles of the refraction of light and its Lesson Background: Glass and its properties: Glass is a non- application in forensic crystalline amorphous solid material usually made of some science. percentage of silica. In science terms, the definition can go beyond this to include all solids that have a non-crystalline, amorphous, structure at the atomic scale (the nanoscale). These glasses also exhibits a glass- liquid transition when they heated near the liquid state. Nearly all commercial glasses fall into one of six basic categories based on chemical composition. Within each category (except for fused silica) there are numerous distinct compositions.
    [Show full text]
  • Micro-Hole Drilling on Glass Substrates—A Review
    micromachines Review Micro-Hole Drilling on Glass Substrates—A Review Lucas A. Hof 1 and Jana Abou Ziki 2,* 1 Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada; [email protected] 2 Bharti School of Engineering, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-705-675-1151 (ext. 2296) Academic Editors: Hongrui Jiang and Nam-Trung Nguyen Received: 14 November 2016; Accepted: 3 February 2017; Published: 13 February 2017 Abstract: Glass micromachining is currently becoming essential for the fabrication of micro-devices, including micro- optical-electro-mechanical-systems (MOEMS), miniaturized total analysis systems (µTAS) and microfluidic devices for biosensing. Moreover, glass is radio frequency (RF) transparent, making it an excellent material for sensor and energy transmission devices. Advancements are constantly being made in this field, yet machining smooth through-glass vias (TGVs) with high aspect ratio remains challenging due to poor glass machinability. As TGVs are required for several micro-devices, intensive research is being carried out on numerous glass micromachining technologies. This paper reviews established and emerging technologies for glass micro-hole drilling, describing their principles of operation and characteristics, and their advantages and disadvantages. These technologies are sorted into four machining categories: mechanical, thermal, chemical, and hybrid machining (which combines several machining methods). Achieved features by these methods are summarized in a table and presented in two graphs. We believe that this paper will be a valuable resource for researchers working in the field of glass micromachining as it provides a comprehensive review of the different glass micromachining technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Bespoke Photonic Devices Using Ultrafast Laser Driven Ion Migration in Glasses ⇑ T.T
    Progress in Materials Science 94 (2018) 68–113 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Materials Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pmatsci Bespoke photonic devices using ultrafast laser driven ion migration in glasses ⇑ T.T. Fernandez a,1, M. Sakakura b,1, S.M. Eaton a, B. Sotillo a, , J. Siegel c, J. Solis c, Y. Shimotsuma d, K. Miura d a Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFN-CNR), Milano, Italy b Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom c Laser Processing Group, Instituto de Optica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IO,CSIC), Madrid, Spain d Department of Materials Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan article info abstract Article history: This Review provides an exhaustive and detailed description of ion migration phenomena Received 16 August 2016 which occur inside transparent dielectric media due to the interaction with intense ultra- Accepted 20 December 2017 short pulses. The paper differentiates various processes underlying the ion migration influ- Available online 29 December 2017 enced by simultaneous heat accumulation and diffusion. The femtosecond laser induced temperature distribution, the major driving force of ions in dielectrics, is described in detail. Keywords: This discussion is based on three meticulous analysis methods including the thermal modi- Femtosecond laser micromachining fication of transparent dielectrics at various ambient temperatures, numerical simulations Ion-migration and comparison with direct observation of the light-matter interaction and micro-Raman Scanning electron microscope Glass spectroscopy. The ion migration phenomena studied have been triggered in four different Waveguides configurations: at low repetition and high repetition rates, and observations perpendicular Photonic devices and parallel to the laser irradiation direction.
    [Show full text]
  • Index of Refraction: Glass Plates
    Index of Refraction - T 1 of 11 Index of Refraction: Treasure at the Bottom of the Sea Artwork by Shelly Lynn Johnson When light moves from one material to another, the speed of the light changes. Refraction is the bending of a light ray when it moves from one medium (like air) to another (like glass or water). The amount of bending depends on the difference in speed of the light in the two different media. Snell’s Law describes this relationship. The refractive index of a material is an important optical property and is used to calculate the focusing power of lenses and the dispersive power of prisms. Refractive index is an important physical property of a substance that can be used for identification, purity determination or measurement of concentration. This activity is designed for the Nspire handheld and intends to help students understand the refraction of light as it moves from one medium to another. Students will discover Snell’s Law using an interactive diagram. Index of Refraction - T 2 of 11 Introduction 1.1.Open the IRefracT.tns file. Read the first three pages of the document. 1.2 Reflection and refraction describe the behavior of waves. Students answer questions on handout. Use a think, pair, share strategy to invite students to respond. Q1. How are they similar? Both are properties of waves. Both describe a change in direction of waves. Q2. How are they different? Reflection describes the response of a wave when it cannot pass into a new medium. Refraction describes the response of a wave when it enters a new medium.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Borosilicate Crown Glass Photonic Crystal Fibers & Silica Honeycomb Photonic Crystal Fibers Sunil Sharma
    International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR) Volume-2012, July-December 2012. Comparison of Borosilicate Crown glass Photonic Crystal Fibers & Silica Honeycomb Photonic Crystal Fibers Sunil Sharma glass. Borosilicate crown glass (BK7) is an optical material Abstract— In the conventional Photonic Crystal Fibers used in a large fraction OPTICS products. It is relatively hard (PCFs), the cladding is formed by regular lattice of air holes glass, doesn‘t scratch easily. Another important feature of with same diameter and silica glass is used as core material. In BK7 is very good transmission down to 350 nm. Due to these this paper, we have study a new structure of PCF filled properties, BK7 are widely used in the optics industry. Borosilicate Crown glass as core material. It is possible to control chromatic dispersion in wide wavelength range by In this paper , we proposed two layer cladding PCF varying the inner 3 layers hole diameter compare to outer 3 characterized by a common air hole space (pitch) and two rings hole diameter. The honeycomb lattice has recently been different air hole diameters. The structure can ensure flat suggested for the formation of a photonic band-gap guiding silica-core. There are so many difficulties occur during the dispersion in a wide wavelength range and simple than the design process because when parameters are being changed the existing designs. the optical properties of solid core HPCF with designing varies accordingly. Using this design principle, ultra different up/down doping levels are considered. The doping flattened dispersion is also designed through a Scalar effective level of the core adds new freedom of solid core HPCF index method (SEIM) with Transparent Boundary Condition design.[3-5].
    [Show full text]
  • Near-Infrared Tm3+:ZBLAN Fiber Lasers
    Near-Infrared Tm3+:ZBLAN Fiber Lasers Chenglai Jia Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada December, 2016 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. © Chenglai Jia, 2016 © 2016 Chenglai Jia All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, restored or otherwise retained in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, on any medium by any means without the prior written permission of the author. ABSTRACT All-fiber lasers in the near-IR region from 800 nm to 2500 nm have become a promising technology and been successfully applied in the fields of optical sensing, spectroscopy, communications, and medical surgery. Recognized as the most stable heavy metal fluoride glass, ZBLAN fiber is an excellent host for rare-earth ions to generate lasing emission in the near-IR region. In this thesis, we demonstrate the use of Tm3+:ZBLAN fiber to achieve near-IR lasing emission at 810 nm, 1480 nm, 1900 nm and 2300 nm in all-fiber configuration. Simultaneous multi-band or multi-wavelength lasing outputs are realized with different output manners including CW, Q-switched, and mode-locked operations. First, experimental studies of CW Tm3+:ZBLAN fiber lasers are provided. A dual-band CW Tm3+:ZBLAN fiber at 810 nm and 1487 nm using a single linear cavity pumped at 1064 nm, as well as a dual-band three-wavelength CW Tm3+:ZBLAN fiber laser at 1460 nm, 1503 nm and 1873 nm are presented. Then, a widely tunable dual-wavelength Tm3+:silica fiber laser at 1900 nm is introduced.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Glass Terms
    Glossary of Glass Terms A Abrasion The technique of creating shallow decoration by grinding with a wheel or other device. The decorated areas remain unpolished. Acanthus In art, an ornament that resembles the leaves of the species Acanthus spinosus plant. Acid Etching The process of creating decoration on the surface of glass by applying hydrofluoric acid. A similar effect is weathering, obtained by exposing glass to fumes of hydrofluoric acid to create an all- over matte surface. Acid Polishing The technique of creating a glossy, polished surface by dipping (usually) cut glass into a mixture of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids. Developed in the late 19th century. Acid Stamping The process of acid etching a trademark or signature onto annealed glass using a rubber stamp-like tool. Aeolipile (From Greek): Globular or pear-shaped object with a narrow neck and mouth. Its function is believed to be as containers. See Grenade Agate Glass See Calcedonio Air Trap, Air Lock An air-filled void of almost any shape. Air traps in glass stems are frequently tear- shaped or elongated and spirally twisted. See Diamond Air Trap, Pegging, Twist Air Twist See Twist Alabaster Glass A type of translucent white glass first produced in Bohemia in the 19th century. Similar to opal glass. Alabastron (From Greek): A small bottle or flask for perfume or oil, usually with a flattened rim, narrow neck, cylindrical body, and two handles. Ale Glass An English drinking glass for ale or beer first made in the 17th century, with a tall and conical cup, a stem, and a foot.
    [Show full text]
  • Specialty Glass Materials Products & Specifications
    Specialty Glass Materials Products & Specifications 10/14 Web: www.abrisatechnologies.com - E–mail: [email protected] - Tel: (877) 622-7472 Page 1 Specialty Glass Materials Products & Specifications 10/14 It all starts with the basic element, the glass. Each substrate has unique and specific qualities which are matched to the application and specifications that your unique project requires. High Ion-Exchange (HIE) Thin Glass High Ion-Exchange (HIE) Aluminosilicate Thin Glass - (Page 3) - Asahi Dragontrail™ - (Pages 4 & 5) - Corning® Gorilla® Glass - (Pages 6 & 7) - SCHOTT Xensation™ Cover Glass - (Page 8) Soda-Lime Soda-Lime (Clear & Tinted) - (Page 9) Soda Lime (Grey Glass) - (Page 10) Soda-Lime (Low Iron) - (Page 11) Soda-Lime (Anti-Glare Etched Glass) - (Page 12) Patterned Glass for Light Control - (Page 13 & 14) Soda-Lime Low Emissivity (Low-E) Glass - (Page 15) Soda-Lime (Heat Absorbing Float Glass) - (Page 16) Borosilicate SCHOTT BOROFLOAT® 33 Multi-functional Float Glass - (Pages 17 & 18) SCHOTT SUPREMAX® Rolled Borosilicate - (Pages 19 & 20) SCHOTT D263® Colorless Thin Glass - (Pages 21 & 22) SCHOTT Duran® Lab Glass - (Pages 23 & 24) Ceramic/Glass SCHOTT Robax® Transparent Ceramic Glass - (Page 25) SCHOTT Pyran® Fire Rated Ceramic - (Page 26) Quartz/Fused Silica Corning® 7980 Fused Silica - (Page 27) GE 124 Fused Quartz - (Page 28) Specialty Glass Corning® Eagle XG ® LCD Glass - (Page 29 & 30) Laminated Glass - Safety Glass - (Page 31) SCHOTT Superwhite B270® Flat Glass - (Page 32) Weld Shield - (Page 33) White Flashed Opal - (Page 34) X-Ray Glass (Radiation Shielding Glass) - (Page 35) Web: www.abrisatechnologies.com - E–mail: [email protected] - Tel: (877) 622-7472 Page 2 Specialty Glass Materials Products & Specifications 10/14 High Ion-Exchange (HIE™) Chemically Strengthened Aluminosilicate Thin Glass High Ion-Exchange (HIE™) thin glass is strong, lightweight and flexible.
    [Show full text]