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El Arma De Moda: Impacto Del Uso De Los Drones En Las Relaciones Internacionales Y El Derecho Internacional Contemporáneo Presentación

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El Arma De Moda: Impacto Del Uso De Los Drones En Las Relaciones Internacionales Y El Derecho Internacional Contemporáneo Presentación El Instituto Catalán Internacional para la Paz –ICIP , creado por el Parlament de Catalunya para fomentar la investigación, la formación, la transferencia de conocimientos y la actuación de prevención de la violencia y promoción de la paz fomenta, a través de actuaciones diversas (convocatoria de proyectos, becas, seminarios...) la investigación de base y aplicada en los estudios de y sobre la paz. La colección *ICIP Research* recoge algunos resultados de estas actividades tratando temáticas como los conflictos armados, la seguridad humana, la resolución y transformación de conflictos, las relaciones internacionales, el derecho internacional y la construcción de paz. Todos ellos mantienen un evidente eje vertebrador: la investigación por la paz y la noviolencia. EL ARMA DE MODA: Los objetivos de la colección son difundir y ofrecer textos que puedan ayudar a la reflexión y la formación. Especialmente dirigida tanto al ámbito académico como a las personas trabajadoras de paz, los textos se publican en cualquiera de las cuatro lenguas de la colección: castellano, inglés, catalán o francés. IMPACTO DEL USO L’Institut Català Internacional per la Pau - ICIP, creat pel Parlament de Catalunya per a EN LAS RELACIONES DE LOS DRONES EN fomentar la recerca, la formació, la transferència de coneixements i l’actuació de prevenció de la violència i promoció de la pau, fomenta, a través d’actuacions diverses (convocatòria de projectes, beques, seminaris...) la recerca de base i aplicada en els estudis de i sobre la pau. LAS RELACIONES DRONES La col·lecció *ICIP Research* recull resultats d’aquestes activitats sobre temes com conflictes armats, seguretat humana, resolució i transformació de conflictes, relacions internacionals, dret internacional i construcció de pau. Tots ells però amb un evident eix vertebrador: la INTERNACIONALES recerca per la pau i la noviolència. Els objectius de la col·lecció són difondre i oferir textos que poden ajudar a la reflexió i Y EL DERECHO formació. Especialment adreçada tant a l’àmbit acadèmic, com a les persones treballadores de pau, els textos es publiquen en qualsevol de les quatre llengües de la col·lecció: català, anglès, castellà o francès. INTERNACIONAL The International Catalan Institute for Peace - ICIP, created by the Catalan Parliament to CONTEMPORÁNEO foster research, training, the transfer of knowledge and the prevention of violence and the promotion of peace, fosters applied research of peace studies through diverse actions (calls for projects, scholarships, seminars...). The *ICIP Research* collection gathers the results of these activities focusing on subjects such as armed conflicts, human security, resolution and pacific transformation of conflicts, international relations, international law and peace building. All maintain a clear leitmotif: the research for peace and nonviolence. The aims of the collection are to present and publicise texts that may help to stimulate reflection and training. Addressed specifically to academia and to peace workers, the texts are DEL USO DE LOS EL ARMA DE MODA: IMPACTO INTERNACIONALES Y EL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL CONTEMPORÁNEO published in any of the four languages of the collection: English, Catalan, Spanish or French. / ICIP Research 04 EL ARMA DE MODA: IMPACTO DEL USO DE DRONES EN LAS RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES Y EL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL CONTEMPORÁNEO Pablo AGUIAR Javier ALCALDE Josep BAQUÉS Felipe GÓMEZ Rafael GRASA Sonia GÜELL 4 Javier JORDÁN Enric LUJÁN Jaume SAURA Helena TORROJA Pere VILANOVA Biblioteca de Catalunya. Dades CIP El Arma de moda : impacto del uso de drones en las relaciones internacionales y el derecho internacional contemporáneo. – (ICIP Research ; 4) Bibliografia ISBN 9788439392361 I. Aguiar, Pablo II. Institut Català Internacional per la Pau III. Col·lecció: ICIP Research ; 4 1. Avions no tripulats – Política governamental 2. Avions no tripulats – Dret i legislació 3. Avions no tripulats – Aspectes ètics i morals 4. Assassinats selectius (Dret internacional) 355.02:341 © 2014 Institut Català Internacional per la Pau Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 658, baixos . 08010 Barcelona T. +34 93 554 42 70 | F. +34 93 554 42 80 [email protected] | www.icip.cat Disseny i Maquetació Entitat Autònoma del Diari Oficial i de Publicacions ISBN 978-84-393-9236-1 DL B 27781-2014 SUMARIO PRESENTACIÓN 5 Antoni Pigrau 1.- ANÁLISIS DE LAS CAUSAS Y DE LAS CONSECUENCIAS SOCIALES Y POLÍTICAS DEL EMPLEO DE DRONES 11 Josep Baqués 2.- LOS ASESINATOS SELECTIVOS CON DRONES: CONTEXTO, DILEMAS Y PROPUESTAS 35 Javier Alcalde, Pablo Aguiar 3.- DRONES Y POLÍTICA EXTERIOR: UN INSTRUMENTO DE MÚLTIPLES LECTURAS 69 Pere Vilanova 4.- ESTUDIO DE CASO SOBRE EL EMPLEO DE DRONES ARMADOS: LA CAMPAÑA DE ATAQUES CON DRONES CONTRA AL QAEDA EN PAKISTÁN 81 Javier Jordán SUMARIO 3 5.- EL DEBATE SOBRE LOS “DRONES” EN PERSPECTIVA: UNA MIRADA DESDE LA INVESTIGACIÓN PARA LA PAZ Y LOS ESTUDIOS ESTRATÉGICOS 109 Rafael Grasa 6.- ALGUNAS IMPLICACIONES DEL EMPLEO DE DRONES EN PERSPECTIVA JURÍDICA INTERNACIONAL 121 Jaume Saura 7.- GUERRA, DRONES Y DERECHO INTERNACIONAL HUMANITARIO: ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN 137 Helena Torroja 8.- LA INCIDENCIA DEL USO DE LA FUERZA LETAL CON DRONES EN LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS Y EN EL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL HUMANITARIO RELATIVO A LA PROTECCIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN CIVIL 163 Sonia Güell 9.- ALGUNAS REFLEXIONES ACERCA DEL USO DE LOS DRONES EN LA LUCHA CONTRA EL TERRORISMO 189 Felipe Gómez 10.- LOS DRONES EN EL MARCO DE LA GUERRA MODERNA: HACIA UNA COMPRENSIÓN DEL DISPOSITIVO 205 Enric Luján 4 ICIP Research 04 / EL ARMA DE MODA: IMPACTO DEL USO DE LOS DRONES EN LAS RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES Y EL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL CONTEMPORÁNEO PRESENTACIÓN Antoni Pigrau Coordinador del Programa “Conflictos Armados, Derecho y Justicia” del ICIP Catedrático de Derecho Internacional Público de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili de Tarragona “El derecho a la vida es inherente a la persona humana. Este estará protegido por ley. Nadie podrá ser privado de la vida arbitrariamente.” Art. 6 Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos. 16 de diciembre de 1966. Los vehículos aéreos no tripulados (UAV por sus siglas en inglés), también conocidos como drones, son una realidad cada vez más presente en nues- tra vida cotidiana. Inicialmente se trataba de una tecnología empleada ex- clusivamente por algunos países y con una funcionalidad reducida. En la actualidad su uso, ya sea para tareas civiles o para tareas militares se está extendiendo, sin que el Derecho haya logrado afrontar todos los retos que esta tecnología presenta. No cabe duda que el uso civil de los drones presenta desafíos jurídicos, des- de la jurisdicción sobre el espacio aéreo hasta las posibles violaciones a la intimidad. Precisamente para tratar de paliar alguna de estas lagunas a principios de julio de 2014 el Estado español aprobó un marco legislativo que estipula los requisitos y obligaciones de estos aparatos para que pue- dan operar en el territorio. También se ha estipulado su radio de acción que queda restringido a vuelos de investigación y desarrollo, extinción de incen- dios, filmación y actividades de vigilancia, publicidad aérea y operaciones de emergencia, así como búsqueda y salvamento. En contraste con esta nueva regulación es importante señalar que en el Estado español hay 20 empresas que producen y exportan drones a países que no garantizan el respeto por los Derechos Humanos. PRESENTACIÓN 5 Desde el Instituto Catalán Internacional para la Paz (ICIP), y más concreta- mente en el marco del Programa “Conflictos Armados, Derecho y Justicia” hemos impulsado diversas actuaciones centradas en el análisis de los retos que presentan un determinado tipo de drones, aquellos que van armados y que por tanto tienen un uso militar. Una primera aproximación fue la de publicar un número especial de la Revisa “Per la Pau”, consultable en for- mato electrónico en la página web del ICIP. De manera paralela se impulsó un proyecto de investigación coordinado por los profesores Pere Vilanova y Jaume Saura, de la Universidad de Barcelona. Dicho proyecto incluía la realización de un seminario de investigación que se realizó a mediados de mayo de 2014 con la colaboración de la Escuela de Postgrado de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Barcelona. La presente publicación es una directa consecuencia del seminario pues la mayoría de capítulos se corres- ponden con las ponencias que en él se presentaron. Ciertamente el fenómeno de los drones no es un elemento completamente novedoso en el marco de los conflictos armados. Existen antecedentes de drones con fines de vigilancia tanto en la Primera como en la Segunda Gue- rra Mundial, que a partir de la Guerra de Vietnam se adaptaron para tareas de combate. Según Wing Commander Andrew Brookes (RA F Ret’d) del Instituto Internacional de Estudios Estratégicos, fue con la campaña de la OTAN en Kósovo (1999) cuando “empezaron a pensar en la utilidad de aco- plar un misil al UAV, lo que llevó a la creación del dron Predator, armado con misiles Hellfire”1. Más tarde, con los atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001 y la consiguiente lucha contra el terrorismo fue cuando los primeros drones armados sobrevolaron Afganistán (2001) e Iraq (2003). No obstante, está siendo bajo la administración de Barak Obama cuando se está produciendo un aumento exponencial de su uso y sus capacidades. Actualmente se calcula que más de 70 países poseen drones. La mayoría de ellos tienen modelos de vigilancia sin armas y con una capacidad limitada, pero las expectativas en torno a los vehículos aéreos no tripulados nos indi- can que en los próximos años pasarán a ser un elemento básico en los arsena- les militares de todo el mundo. Países como Estados Unidos, Israel, Turquía, China, Reino Unido, Irán, India, Italia y Francia poseen drones con capa- 1 Eric Schmitt, ‘‘Threats and Responses: The Battlefield: US Would Use Drones to Attack Targets’’, N.Y. Times (6 de Noviembre, 2002) 6 ICIP Research 04 / EL ARMA DE MODA: IMPACTO DEL USO DE LOS DRONES EN LAS RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES Y EL DERECHO INTERNACIONAL CONTEMPORÁNEO cidad para transportar y disparar misiles2, aunque hasta ahora tan sólo tres (EEUU, Reino Unido e Israel) los han empleado armados en acciones reales.
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