Interações Digitais: Uma Proposta De Ensino De Radiojornalismo Por Meio Das Tic

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Interações Digitais: Uma Proposta De Ensino De Radiojornalismo Por Meio Das Tic UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ARTES TESE DE DOUTORADO INTERAÇÕES DIGITAIS: UMA PROPOSTA DE ENSINO DE RADIOJORNALISMO POR MEIO DAS TIC MIRNA TONUS CAMPINAS 2007 i MIRNA TONUS INTERAÇÕES DIGITAIS: UMA PROPOSTA DE ENSINO DE RADIOJORNALISMO POR MEIO DAS TIC Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Multimeios do Instituto de Artes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas para obtenção do título de Doutor em Multimeios. Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Armando Valente CAMPINAS 2007 iii FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA DO INSTITUTO DE ARTES DA UNICAMP Tonus, Mirna. T616i Interações digitais: uma proposta de ensino de radiojornalismo por meio das TIC / Mirna Tonus – Campinas, SP: [s.n.], 2007. Orientador: José Armando Valente. Tese(doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes. 1. Interação 2. Interatividade. 3. Tecnologias da informação 4. Comunicação e tecnologia 5. Som- registro e reprodução-Técnicas digitais 6. Educação a distância 7. Radiojornalismo - I. Valente, José Armando. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Artes. III. Título. (em/ia) Título em ingles:“Digital interactions: a teaching radiojournalism proposal mediated by ICT” Palavras-chave em inglês (Keywords): Interaction; Interactivity; Information , Tecnology and communication. Sound-Recording and reproducing-Digital techniques. Distance education. Radiojournalism Titulação: Doutor em Multimeios Banca examinadora: Prof. Dr. José Armando Valente Prof. Dr. Hermes Renato Hildebrand Prof. Dr. Adilson José Ruiz Prof. Dr. Francisco Cock Fontanella Profa. Dra. Marta Regina Maia Prof. Dr. Fernando de Tacca Prof. Dr. Osvando José de Morais Data da Defesa: 16-08-2007 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Multimeios iv v Dedico esta tese a meus pais Neusa e Juvenal, pelo apoio, encorajamento, amor e pelos ensinamentos que formaram os alicerces de minha história. Ao meu companheiro Marlon, por todo apoio, amor, compreensão e pela companhia ao longo da trajetória que me levou à concretização deste sonho. A Caio e Pedro, meus filhos, fontes de toda força e vontade que carrego comigo ao despertar de cada manhã. vii AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Prof. Dr. José Armando Valente, meu orientador, pelo voto de confiança, pela fundamental contribuição no meu crescimento enquanto pesquisadora e por ensinar-me a desenvolver conscientemente minha espiral de aprendizagem. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Multimeios do Instituto de Artes da Universidade de Campinas e a seus professores, na pessoa do coordenador Prof. Dr. Etienne Samain, pela oportunidade de concretizar meu crescimento científico e profissional. Aos membros das bancas de qualificação e defesa, Profa. Dra. Marta Regina Maia, que me acompanha desde a graduação; Prof. Dr. Francisco Cock Fontanella, que despertou no mestrado meu encantamento pela ciência e pela educação; Prof. Dr. Adilson José Ruiz, que me proporcionou uma rica experiência no estágio docente; Prof. Dr. Hermes Renato Hildebrand, por ter-me alertado sobre a fragilidade do óbvio. Aos suplentes das bancas, Prof. Dr. Fernando de Tacca e Prof. Dr. Osvando Morais, pela disponibilidade de participar deste importante passo em minha vida profissional. A todos meus alunos de radiojornalismo que aceitaram a proposta aqui expressa, tornando possível esta tese e transformando minha atuação enquanto docente. A todos os meus amigos, em especial a Beatriz Sanz Vazquez, amiga que esse curso me deu de presente para a vida toda, confidente, leitora crítica de muitas das linhas aqui impressas, e a Andrea Sanhudo, que abriu portas para a realização deste trabalho e para nossa amizade. A toda minha família, em especial a meu irmão Adriano Tonus, pelo apoio em muitos momentos de minha vida, e a Maria Gorete das Graças Pinheiro Costa, mais uma amiga que a vida me deu. Em nome deles, meu agradecimento a avós, tios, tias, primos, sobrinhos, cunhados, todos fundamentais nesta minha trajetória. Aos colegas de trabalho, anteriores e atuais, com quem compartilhei dúvidas e certezas geradas durante a pesquisa e que me ajudaram a encontrar o foco deste trabalho. A todas as pessoas que, direta ou indiretamente, contribuíram para a concretização deste trabalho. ix “Para mim, uma das preocupações minhas, uma das razões de minha luta, uma das razões de minha presença no mundo é exatamente a de que, como educador, eu posso co-contribuir para uma assunção crítica da possibilidade da passividade, para que se vá além dessa passividade no que eu chamo de posturas rebeldes, de posturas criticamente transformadoras do mundo” Paulo Freire xi RESUMO O radiojornalismo atual tem requisitado uma nova formação, voltada à edição digital, frente às exigências da atividade profissional. Para concretizá-la, é necessário recorrer às tecnologias da informação e da comunicação (TIC), empregando-as como dispositivo de interação com os aprendizes e de interatividade entre eles e a máquina, o que inclui o desenvolvimento de habilidades para lidar com computadores, softwares e, especificamente, com o áudio digital. Este é o foco desta tese, que traça um dos caminhos possíveis para essa formação, tratando dos cenários científico e documentarista aplicados no radiojornalismo, a partir de teorias da aprendizagem envolvendo o aprender fazendo de Piaget, a zona proximal de desenvolvimento (ZPD) de Vygotsky, a construção social do conhecimento de Freire, e o ciclo de ações e a espiral de aprendizagem de Valente. Com base em pesquisa-ação junto a estudantes de Jornalismo da Universidade de Sorocaba (Uniso), a tese apresenta uma análise de similaridade e implicativa, evidenciando que o processo de aprendizagem é auxiliado com o uso das TIC em uma proposta de formação plurimodal, utilizando elementos da educação presencial e da educação a distância (EAD). Palavras-chave: Interação; Interatividade; Tecnologias da informação e da comunicação; Edição digital de áudio; Ensino de radiojornalismo; Educação a distância; Educação plurimodal xiii ABSTRACT The contemporary radiojournalism requests a new formation, directed to the digital edition, because of the requirements of the professional activity. To materialize it, it’s necessary to appeal to the information and communication technologies (ICT), using them as device of interaction with the apprenticees and interactivity between them and the machine, what includes the development of abilities to deal with computers, softwares and, specifically, with digital audio one. This is the focus of this thesis, that traces one of the possible ways for this formation, treating to the scientific and documentarist scenes applied in the radiojournalism, from learning theories involving learning by doing of Piaget, the zone of proximal development (ZPD) of Vygostky, social construction of the knowledge of Freire, and the actions cycle and learning spiral of Valente. On the basis of action-research with Journalism students at University of Sorocaba (Uniso), the thesis presents a similarity and implicative analysis, evidencing that the learning process is assisted with the use of ICT in a proposal of plural mode education, using traditional and distance education elements. Key words: Interaction; Interactivity; Information and communication technologies; Digital audio edition; Teaching radiojournalism; Distance education; Plural mode education xv SUMÁRIO 1 UMA VIDA LIGADA ÀS TIC 1 1.1 O projeto 7 1.2 Organização da tese 8 2 PONTOS DE PARTIDA 9 2.1 Objetivos 9 2.1.1 Geral 9 2.1.2 Específicos 9 2.2 Justificativa 10 2.3 Um caminho metodológico a percorrer 11 2.3.1 O que 11 2.3.2 Quem 13 2.3.3 Quando 18 2.3.4 Onde 19 2.3.5 Como 19 2.3.6 Porquê 26 3 CENÁRIOS PARA A FORMAÇÃO EM RADIOJORNALISMO 29 3.1 Cenário científico 29 3.1.1 Ciência no ar 30 3.2 Cenário documentarista 35 3.3 Cenário multimídia 38 3.3.1 Radiojornalismo e Internet 38 3.3.2 Outros caminhos na formação em radiojornalismo 51 xvii 4 TIC E APRENDIZAGEM NA FORMAÇÃO EM RADIOJORNALISMO 59 4.1 Aprender fazendo, refletindo, interagindo... 60 4.1.1 O ambiente 62 4.1.2 O material didático 66 4.1.3 A construção do conhecimento 69 4.1.4 O papel interacionista do docente 72 4.2 O computador como dispositivo pedagógico 85 4.2.1 Conceituando as TIC 85 4.2.2 Interatividade com as TIC na realização de tarefas 90 4.2.3 EAD: o computador como dispositivo pedagógico virtual 95 4.2.4 Implantação das TIC na formação interacionista 105 4.3 Rádio + computador: potencialidades pedagógicas 111 5 UMA PRÁTICA PLURIMODAL NA FORMAÇÃO EM RADIOJORNALISMO 117 5.1 Eureca: de produção radiofônica a material didático 118 5.2 Software de edição digital de áudio 121 5.3 Diagnóstico dos alunos de Radiojornalismo II 124 5.3.1 Reflexão durante o processo de aprendizagem 129 5.4 Interações com os alunos 130 5.5 Análises de similaridade e implicativa 132 5.5.1 Grupos e categorias 132 5.5.1.1 Grupo Conhecimento em tecnologia de edição (CTE) 132 5.5.1.2 Percepção sobre tecnologias (PT) 133 5.5.1.3 TIC e aprendizagem (TA) 133 5.5.1.4 Práticas presenciais (PP) 135 5.5.1.5 Ferramentas digitais (FD) 135 5.5.1.6 Avaliação da aprendizagem (AA) 137 5.5.2 Análise de similaridade 138 5.5.3 Análise implicativa 167 xix 6 PARADA PARA REFLEXÕES 175 6.1 Similaridades interacionistas 176 6.2 Similaridades informacionalistas 179 6.3 Implicações infointeracionistas 183 6.4 Espirais de informação, interação e interatividade 184 7 LINHA DE CHEGADA 187 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 193 APÊNDICES 207 Apêndice I 207 Apêndice II 208 Apêndice III 210 Apêndice IV 211 Apêndice V 212 Apêndice VI 223 Apêndice VII 240 xxi 1 UMA VIDA LIGADA ÀS TIC1 Nasci na década em que teve início a comunicação em redes computacionais, realizada por e(letronic)-mail, em computadores compartilhadores de tempo (time-sharing computers) e, quando tinha por volta de um ano de idade, em 1969, surgia a Arpanet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), com o objetivo de ligar pesquisadores mediante computadores remotos para compartilhar recursos de hardware e software, espaço de disco, processador, base de dados e computadores.
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